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  • 1980-1984  (36)
  • 1935-1939
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (24)
  • Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston  (12)
  • Social sciences.  (36)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400955608
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Resource Management Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I -- 1 Minerals in History -- 2 National Mineral Policy -- 3 Environment -- 4 Mineral Economics -- 5 Energy -- 6 Exploration -- 7 Mineral Production Technology -- 8 Crystal Gazing -- II -- 9 METALS -- 10 Non-Metals -- Annotated Bibliography.
    Abstract: This volume discusses the mineral resources upon which modern civiliza­ tion is built. Take away these minerals and humanity will rapidly return to the stone age, with its greatest concern the depletion of flint (also a mineral). It would, of course, result in about a 99% reduction in population. In other words, approximately 99% of the worlds' population is dependent on minerals for its existence. That is a pretty strong statement, but how many have even seen a travois? Without minerals, pack animals, rafts, rowboats, sail boats, sledges, and the backs of man would be the only forms of transport. Sufficient food could not be transported, nor could it be grown on our tired soils without tractors and fertilizer. Even in the more fertile tropics where nearly half of the population is now suffering from malnutrition, crops are dependent on "miracle" grains that require mechanization and mineral fertilizers. Modern buildings cannot operate without electricity and, without mineral fuels, few people in the northern latitudes would survive the first winter.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401169431
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Resource Management Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I -- Soil Profile Descriptions -- Soil Maps -- Laboratory Analyses -- Soil Taxonomy -- Computerized Groupings of Soils -- Projects -- Photographs -- First Exam -- II -- Engineering Applications -- Waste Disposal -- Agricultural Land Classification -- Erosion Control -- Yield Correlations -- Farm Planning -- Community Planning -- III -- Soil Potentials -- Soil Variability -- Sequential Testing -- Land Uses and Soils -- Tragedy of the Commons -- Strategic Implications -- Military Campaigns -- Research -- Predictions -- Soils Tours -- Slide Sets -- Final Exam -- Evaluation.
    Abstract: The success of the book Soils and the Environment imagination in the applications of soil surveys, illustrates the need for further, more detailed toward the end of improving productivity and information about soil survey interpretations (uses efficiency in the use of soils and the environment. of soil surveys), especially for laypersons, teachers, Although laypersons, teachers, and students are the and students. Much information about soils and primary groups addressed by this Field Guide, the environment is secluded in offices of various other people involved with using soil surveys are agencies and institutions and thus is not readily (or will be) agriculturalists, agronomists, assessors, available to the people who need it. Techniques for botanists, conservationists, contractors, ecologists, finding and using the information are also not well economists, engineers, extension workers, fores­ known, so there is great need for this Field Guide ters, geologists, groundwater experts, planners, to Soils and the Environment to provide teachers politicians, public health officials, range managers, and learners with exercises that will give them recreationists, soil scientists, wildlife specialists, and many others. This Field Guide complements practice leading to confidence in the manipulation and enhances the book Soils and the Environment and utilization of soil survey data. In a sense, all published in 1981. of us are (or should be) learners and teachers in the use of soil survey information. This Field Guide DONALD R.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967954
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 176 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781461598138
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Microcomputers in Brief -- Of Bits and Bytes -- Storing Information -- Elementary Computer Architecture -- Computer Languages -- 2 Cassette Deck Notes -- Cassette Decks -- Cassette Interface Cable -- Loading and Saving Programs -- 3 Keyboard Guide -- Enter Key -- Shift and Alpha Lock -- Special Symbols -- Mathematical Operators -- Control Keys -- Function Keys -- Automatic Repetition -- Using the Screen Editor -- 4 Introducing TI BASIC -- Commands, Functions, and Statements -- Immediate Mode -- Using the PRINT Command -- CALL Commands -- Command Mode Calculator -- Variables -- Functions -- Math Functions -- TAB Function -- Statement and Program Lines -- GOTO -- 5 Tools for Building Programs -- Line Numbering -- RESEQUENCE -- Editing Programs -- LIST -- Edit Mode -- Starting and Stopping Programs -- Diamond Track -- RUN -- CONtinue -- BREAK and UNBREAK -- END and STOP -- REMark Statements -- 6 Working with Numbers -- Order of Arithmetic Operations -- Relational Expressions -- 7 Variables -- Numeric Variables -- Naming Numeric Variables -- String Variables -- The Role of Variables in Programming -- 8 Using PRINT -- The PRINT System -- Quotation Marks -- Print Separators -- The TAB Function -- The Sick Rose -- 9 Branching Statements -- The Unconditional Branchers -- GOTO -- GOSUBroutine -- Conditional Branching Statements -- ON-GOTO -- ON-GOSUB -- IF-THEN-ELSE -- 10 Data Anyone? -- INPUT -- The READ/DATA Statements -- Setting Up a Data Bank -- Checking Variable Status -- Multiple-Variable READ/DATA Statements -- RESTORE -- Using Counters To Manipulate Data -- Using Data Flags -- 11 The FOR-NEXT Loop -- Entering Data with FOR-NEXT Loops -- Defining Loops With STEP -- Nested Loops -- 12 Debugging Programs -- Error Messages -- TRACE and UNTRACE -- PRINT Debug -- 13 Numeric Functions -- INTeger -- RANDOMIZE and the Random Number Function — (RND(X)) -- Other Numeric Functions -- ABS(X) -- ATN(X) -- COS(X) -- SIN(X) -- TAN(X) -- EXP(X) -- LOG(X) -- SQR(X) -- SGN(X) -- User-Defined Functions -- 14 Computer Sound and Music -- The Sound Chip -- CALLing Sound -- Noise Settings -- Negative Duration Values -- Programming a Song for One Voice -- RESTORE for Repeats -- A Song for Three Voices -- Sound Effects -- 15 BASIC Graphics -- The Screen -- BASIC Graphics Statements -- CALL CHAR -- CALL CLEAR -- CALL HCHAR and CALL VCHAR -- CALL COLOR -- CALL SCREEN -- The RANDOM Character Generator -- Combining Characters in Space: White Knight -- Combining Characters in Time: Running Man -- 16 Interacting with Your Computer: Keyboard and Joystick -- CALL KEYboard -- Key-Unit -- Return Variable -- Status Variable -- Mazemaker -- CALL JOYSTick -- Joystick Mazemaker -- 17 Arrays -- Subscripted Variables and Simple Arrays -- Using READ/DATA To Load Arrays -- OPTION BASE 1 and the DIM Statements -- Two-Dimensional Arrays -- 18 String Functions -- ASCII Value—ASC -- Character—CHR$ -- Value—VAL -- String Number—STR$ -- Length—LEN -- Position—POS -- String Segment—SEG$ -- 19 More Graphics -- FOR-NEXT Looping -- CALLing COLOR -- Strings and String Functions -- Using PRINT -- Using SEGment and LENgth String Functions -- Printing Text with HCHAR -- Using Arrays in Graphics -- 20 Live Time on the Keyboard -- Links in a Chain -- 21 Your Home Computer as a Terminal -- 22 System Options -- Extended BASIC -- Speech Synthesizer -- Peripheral Expansion Box -- RS232 Card -- Disk Drive Controller Card -- 32K Memory Expansion Card -- P-CodeCard -- Disk Drives -- Printers -- Telephone Modems -- The Fully Configured System -- Alternatives to the Peripheral Expansion Box System -- Word Processing -- Microsoft Multiplan™ -- UCSD p-System™ -- LOGO -- Machine Language -- FORTH -- Voice Recognition -- Winchester Hard Disk -- 23 Resource List.
    Abstract: Welcome to the world of computer programming. Your Texas Instruments TI-99/4A is a real 16-bit microcomputer, complete with sound and color graphics. Making these features do what you want may seem impossible at fIrst, but don't worry; there's nothing mysterious about computer programming. Learning to program computers simply means learning a new language-in this case, TI BASIC (for Beginner's All­ purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), a version of the most popular language used on today's microcomputers. This book will teach you, step by step, how to tell your machine what you wish it to do-in other words, how to program it. But that's not all. You'll also find chapters on general microcomputer principles, cassette deck use, the TI-99/4A as a terminal for much larger systems, options for expansion, and a list of resources for getting the most out of your home computer. With the 99/4A you have access to a large library of programs, or software, already written by someone else. Without knowing anything about programming, you can use this software to play games, learn math, or store addresses. But at some point you'll want to make your personal computer really personal. You might want to create your own video game or compose a tune. And that's when you'll want to learn programming.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Microcomputers in BriefOf Bits and Bytes -- Storing Information -- Elementary Computer Architecture -- Computer Languages -- 2 Cassette Deck Notes -- Cassette Decks -- Cassette Interface Cable -- Loading and Saving Programs -- 3 Keyboard Guide -- Enter Key -- Shift and Alpha Lock -- Special Symbols -- Mathematical Operators -- Control Keys -- Function Keys -- Automatic Repetition -- Using the Screen Editor -- 4 Introducing TI BASIC -- Commands, Functions, and Statements -- Immediate Mode -- Using the PRINT Command -- CALL Commands -- Command Mode Calculator -- Variables -- Functions -- Math Functions -- TAB Function -- Statement and Program Lines -- GOTO -- 5 Tools for Building Programs -- Line Numbering -- RESEQUENCE -- Editing Programs -- LIST -- Edit Mode -- Starting and Stopping Programs -- Diamond Track -- RUN -- CONtinue -- BREAK and UNBREAK -- END and STOP -- REMark Statements -- 6 Working with Numbers -- Order of Arithmetic Operations -- Relational Expressions -- 7 Variables -- Numeric Variables -- Naming Numeric Variables -- String Variables -- The Role of Variables in Programming -- 8 Using PRINT -- The PRINT System -- Quotation Marks -- Print Separators -- The TAB Function -- The Sick Rose -- 9 Branching Statements -- The Unconditional Branchers -- GOTO -- GOSUBroutine -- Conditional Branching Statements -- ON-GOTO -- ON-GOSUB -- IF-THEN-ELSE -- 10 Data Anyone? -- INPUT -- The READ/DATA Statements -- Setting Up a Data Bank -- Checking Variable Status -- Multiple-Variable READ/DATA Statements -- RESTORE -- Using Counters To Manipulate Data -- Using Data Flags -- 11 The FOR-NEXT Loop -- Entering Data with FOR-NEXT Loops -- Defining Loops With STEP -- Nested Loops -- 12 Debugging Programs -- Error Messages -- TRACE and UNTRACE -- PRINT Debug -- 13 Numeric Functions -- INTeger -- RANDOMIZE and the Random Number Function - (RND(X)) -- Other Numeric Functions -- ABS(X) -- ATN(X) -- COS(X) -- SIN(X) -- TAN(X) -- EXP(X) -- LOG(X) -- SQR(X) -- SGN(X) -- User-Defined Functions -- 14 Computer Sound and Music -- The Sound Chip -- CALLing Sound -- Noise Settings -- Negative Duration Values -- Programming a Song for One Voice -- RESTORE for Repeats -- A Song for Three Voices -- Sound Effects -- 15 BASIC Graphics -- The Screen -- BASIC Graphics Statements -- CALL CHAR -- CALL CLEAR -- CALL HCHAR and CALL VCHAR -- CALL COLOR -- CALL SCREEN -- The RANDOM Character Generator -- Combining Characters in Space: White Knight -- Combining Characters in Time: Running Man -- 16 Interacting with Your Computer: Keyboard and Joystick -- CALL KEYboard -- Key-Unit -- Return Variable -- Status Variable -- Mazemaker -- CALL JOYSTick -- Joystick Mazemaker -- 17 Arrays -- Subscripted Variables and Simple Arrays -- Using READ/DATA To Load Arrays -- OPTION BASE 1 and the DIM Statements -- Two-Dimensional Arrays -- 18 String Functions -- ASCII Value-ASC -- Character-CHR$ -- Value-VAL -- String Number-STR$ -- Length-LEN -- Position-POS -- String Segment-SEG$ -- 19 More Graphics -- FOR-NEXT Looping -- CALLing COLOR -- Strings and String Functions -- Using PRINT -- Using SEGment and LENgth String Functions -- Printing Text with HCHAR -- Using Arrays in Graphics -- 20 Live Time on the Keyboard -- Links in a Chain -- 21 Your Home Computer as a Terminal -- 22 System Options -- Extended BASIC -- Speech Synthesizer -- Peripheral Expansion Box -- RS232 Card -- Disk Drive Controller Card -- 32K Memory Expansion Card -- P-CodeCard -- Disk Drives -- Printers -- Telephone Modems -- The Fully Configured System -- Alternatives to the Peripheral Expansion Box System -- Word Processing -- Microsoft Multiplan™ -- UCSD p-System™ -- LOGO -- Machine Language -- FORTH -- Voice Recognition -- Winchester Hard Disk -- 23 Resource List.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967855
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (351 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400955547
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 166 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Population and Community Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Predators and predation -- 2 Predation theory -- 3 Clearing the decks -- 4 Field studies -- 5 Self-limitation of prey and predator populations -- 6 Age and size structure in predator and prey populations -- 7 Prey refugia -- 8 The functional response: the influence of predatory behavior upon dynamics -- 9 Spatial structure in prey populations -- 10 Predation and population cycles -- 11 The evolution of predator-prey systems -- 12 Predation and the ecological community 140 -- Appendix of scientific names.
    Abstract: When assuming the task of preparing a book such as this, one inevitably wonders why anyone would want to read it. I have always sympathized with Charles Elton's trenchant observation in his 1927 book that 'we have to face the fact that while ecological work is fascinating to do, it is unbearably dull to read about . . . ' And yet several good reasons do exist for producing a small volume on predation. The subject is interesting in its own right; no ecologist can deny that predation is one of the basic processes in the natural world. And the logical roots for much currently published reasoning about predation are remarkably well hidden; if one must do research on the subject, it helps not to be forced to start from first principles. A student facing predator-prey interactions for the first time is confronted with an amazingly diverse and sometimes inaccessible literature, with a ratio of wheat to chaff not exceeding 1: 5. A guide to the perplexed in this field does not exist at present, and I hope the book will serve that function. But apart from these more-or-Iess academic reasons for writing the book, I am forced to it by my conviction that predators are important in the ecological scheme. They playa critical role in the biological control of insects and other pests and are therefore of immediate economic concern.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400957534
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 208 p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Engineering Description of Rocks -- 1.1 Rock testing -- 1.2 Uniaxial or unconfined strength -- 1.3 Empirical field and laboratory tests -- 1.4 Porosity and permeability -- 1.5 Discontinuous rock -- 2 Stress and Strain -- 2.1 Stress at a point -- 2.2 Pore pressure and effective stress -- 2.3 Strain at a point -- 2.4 Representation of stress and strain -- 2.5 Relation between stress and strain -- 2.6 Geostatic stresses -- 2.7 Measurement of in situ stress -- 3 Rock Deformation -- 3.1 Rock tests in compression -- 3.2 Rock deformation in compression -- 3.3 Mechanics of microfracture -- 3.4 Rock macrofracture -- 3.5 The complete rock deformation curve -- 4 Rock Strength and Yield -- 4.1 Rock strength criteria -- 4.2 Yield criteria -- 4.3 The critical state concept -- 4.4 Triaxial testing -- 4.5 Axial and volumetric strain data -- 4.6 The Hvorslev surface in rocks -- 5 Time Dependency -- 5.1 Creep strain -- 5.2 Phenomenological models of creep -- 5.3 Time-dependent deformation -- 5.4 Time-dependent strength reduction -- 5.5 Cyclic loading -- 5.6 Rapid loading -- 6 Discontinuities in Rock Masses -- 6.1 Discontinuity measurement -- 6.2 Discontinuity orientation data -- 6.3 Shear resistance of a rock containing a discontinuity -- 6.4 Shear resistance of a discontinuity -- 6.5 A critical state model for rock discontinuity strength -- 6.6 Measurement of discontinuity shear resistance -- 7 Behaviour of Rock Masses -- 7.1 Discontinuity frequency -- 7.2 Rock mass classification systems -- 7.3 Rock mass strength criterion -- 7.4 The relevance of rock mass strength -- References -- Author Index.
    Abstract: The first edition of this book was received more kindly than it deserved by some, and with some scepticism by others. It set out to present a simple, concise and reasonably comprehensive introduction to some of the theoretical and empirical criteria which may be used to define rock as a structural material. The objectives - reinforced by the change in title - remain the same, but the approach has been changed considerably and only one or two sections have been retained from the first edition. The particular aim in this edition is to provide a description of the mechanical behaviour of rocks, based firmly upon experimental data, which can be used to explain how rocks deform, fracture and yield, and to show how this knowledge can be used in design. The major emphasis is on the behaviour of rocks as materials, although in the later chapters the behaviour of discontinuities in rocks, and the way in which this can affect the behaviour of rock masses, is considered. If this edition is an improvement on the first edition it reflects the debt lowe to numerous people who have attempted to explain the rudiments of the subject to me. I should like to thank Peter Attewell and Roy Scott in particular. I should also like to thank Tony Price and Mike Gilbert whose work at Newcastle I have used shamelessly.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401180481
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Ecology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Conditions for life -- 1.1 Radiant energy -- 1.2 The atmosphere -- 2 Radiation coupling -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Plant responses to light -- 3 Coupling through boundary layers -- 3.1 Electrical analogues -- 3.2 Coupling through resistance chains -- 3.3 Physiologically-influenced resistances -- 3.4 Micrometeorological stomatal resistance -- 4 Heat and water exchange at plant surfaces -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Energy balance -- 4.3 Calculations -- 5 Field observations -- 5.1 Structure of vegetation -- 5.2 Vegetation height -- 5.3 Leaf survival and design -- Appendix 1 Specific heats -- Appendix 2 Physical constants -- Appendix 3 Thermocouple data -- Appendix 5 Saturated vapour pressure and black body radiation -- Appendix 6 Useful formulae -- Appendix 7 Symbols and abbreviations -- Appendix 8 Units -- Appendix 9 Metric multiples and submultiples -- References.
    Abstract: In this small book I have tried to confine myself to the absolute necessities in a field which requires a knowledge of both biology and physics. It is meant as a primer for biological undergraduates. I hope it will lead some of them to further, more advanced, study. It has not been easy to present the subject in so few pages, and I am aware of many omissions. I hope readers will agree that it is best to concentrate on a small number of topics, which together constitute an essay on plant-atmosphere relationships. Advanced students will be able to take the subject further if they look up some of the references. Text books that I particularly recommend are those by Monteith [38] and Campbell [lOO]. If the reader intends to carry out research investigations he should also consult Fritschen and Lloyd [105] for an introduction to instrumentation in environmental biophysics.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967930
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 69 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781461598169
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Using the VIC Keyboard -- 2 Introduction to BASIC Programming -- 3 Bookkeeping in BASIC -- 4 The Basics of Editing -- 5 Printing with Color -- 6 Color and the POKE Command -- 7 Loops in Loops in Loops -- 8 Music 1 -- 9 Number Theory 1 -- 10 Music 2 -- 11 Microsurgery -- 12 Game Making -- 13 Moving Color -- 14 Number Theory 2 -- 15 Advanced Color -- 16 User Defined Characters -- Inde.
    Abstract: This book is a basic BASIC programming text. Intended primarily for beginners, experienced programmers also will find a few things of in­ terest. The VIC-20 is a simple and easy to use computer that may be coupled with this book to provide perhaps the most user-friendly and least intimidating introduction to programming possible. This book is designed to complement, not replace, the USER'S GUIDE that is included in the VIC-20 package. The USER'S GUIDE is primarily an introduction to the VIC-20 while this book is primarily an introduction to programming. Many of the available computer manuals include dozens of long pro­ grams for the reader to type in and use, but those programs don't necessarily further one's understanding of programming. Although most of the programs in this book are short (to save unnecessary typing on your part), they are the foundation for a complete understanding of BASIC programming that will enable you to build long programs de­ signed to do exactly what you want them to do.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Using the VIC Keyboard2 Introduction to BASIC Programming -- 3 Bookkeeping in BASIC -- 4 The Basics of Editing -- 5 Printing with Color -- 6 Color and the POKE Command -- 7 Loops in Loops in Loops -- 8 Music 1 -- 9 Number Theory 1 -- 10 Music 2 -- 11 Microsurgery -- 12 Game Making -- 13 Moving Color -- 14 Number Theory 2 -- 15 Advanced Color -- 16 User Defined Characters -- Inde.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781468467383
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Engineering. ; Life sciences. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities. ; Science. ; Mathematics.
    Abstract: Puzzles -- 1 Hymn Numbers -- 2 Extra Homework -- 3 Crossnumber 1 -- 4 Phone Number -- 5 Maximum Capacity -- 6 The Gilberts and the Sullivans -- 7 Stamps -- 8 Perfect Squares -- 9 Dance Tickets -- 10 The Cube of the Aztecs -- 11 Sarah’s Number -- 12 Encyclopedia -- 13 Jim and Joe -- 14 Count Your Change -- 15 A Collection of Primes -- 16 Lucky Seven -- 17 Tables -- 18 The Professor’s Railway Ticket -- 19 Raise the Flag! -- 20 Diggett and Trowell -- 21 Jumbles -- 22 Keeping Up With the Joneses -- 23 Piggy Banks -- 24 Perfect Numbers -- 25 A Tale of Scheherezade -- 26 Memorial Day Picnic -- 27 Professor Hex in Los Angeles -- 28 Fudge -- 29 Crossnumber 2 -- 30 Round Trip -- 31 Jamie and His Calculator -- 32 Salaries -- 33 The Spy’s the Limit -- 34 An Odd Game -- 35 More Stamps -- 36 Marbles -- 37 Square Inches -- 38 Flight of the Bumblebee -- 39 Another Discovery -- 40 Mrs. Hex Goes to Market -- 41 The Monkey and the Coconuts -- 42 Two Families -- 43 Friendly Numbers -- 44 The Hexes Tour England -- 45 Lead Soldiers -- 46 Computer -- 47 Chuck-a-Luck -- 48 More Marbles -- 49 Cannon-Balls -- 50 Farmer Watkins and the Devil -- Programming Tips -- Programs -- Solutions.
    Description / Table of Contents: Puzzles1 Hymn Numbers -- 2 Extra Homework -- 3 Crossnumber 1 -- 4 Phone Number -- 5 Maximum Capacity -- 6 The Gilberts and the Sullivans -- 7 Stamps -- 8 Perfect Squares -- 9 Dance Tickets -- 10 The Cube of the Aztecs -- 11 Sarah’s Number -- 12 Encyclopedia -- 13 Jim and Joe -- 14 Count Your Change -- 15 A Collection of Primes -- 16 Lucky Seven -- 17 Tables -- 18 The Professor’s Railway Ticket -- 19 Raise the Flag! -- 20 Diggett and Trowell -- 21 Jumbles -- 22 Keeping Up With the Joneses -- 23 Piggy Banks -- 24 Perfect Numbers -- 25 A Tale of Scheherezade -- 26 Memorial Day Picnic -- 27 Professor Hex in Los Angeles -- 28 Fudge -- 29 Crossnumber 2 -- 30 Round Trip -- 31 Jamie and His Calculator -- 32 Salaries -- 33 The Spy’s the Limit -- 34 An Odd Game -- 35 More Stamps -- 36 Marbles -- 37 Square Inches -- 38 Flight of the Bumblebee -- 39 Another Discovery -- 40 Mrs. Hex Goes to Market -- 41 The Monkey and the Coconuts -- 42 Two Families -- 43 Friendly Numbers -- 44 The Hexes Tour England -- 45 Lead Soldiers -- 46 Computer -- 47 Chuck-a-Luck -- 48 More Marbles -- 49 Cannon-Balls -- 50 Farmer Watkins and the Devil -- Programming Tips -- Programs -- Solutions.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967879
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 124 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401169387
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 178 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Resource Management Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Soil Profile Descriptions -- Soil Horizons -- Color -- Texture -- Structure -- Consistence -- Reaction -- Boundary -- 3 Laboratory Analyses -- Soil Fertility Tests -- Engineering Soils Tests -- Soil Classification Lab Analyses -- Soil Test Kit -- 4 Soil Classification -- Nomenclature -- Maps -- Groupings of Soils -- 5 Computerized Data Processing -- SCS Form 5 -- 6 Engineering Applications -- Community Development -- Waste Disposal -- 7 Agricultural Land Classification -- Land Capability -- Productivity Index -- Land Economics -- Land Use -- 8 Erosion Control -- Soil-Loss Equation -- Evidence of Soil Erosion -- Canadarago Computer Study -- 9 Yield Correlations -- Estimated Yields -- Soil Correlations -- National Programs -- Crop Responses -- Experiment Design -- Sequential Testing -- 10 Archeological Considerations -- New York -- Mesa Verde -- Phoenix -- Tikal -- Sardis -- Mexico City -- Negev Desert -- Rajasthan Desert -- 11 Planning for the Future -- FAO World Soil Map -- Soil Taxonomy -- CRIES -- Benchmark Project -- Soil Quantification -- Conclusions -- Appendix 1 Conversion Factors for U.S. and Metric Units -- Appendix 2 Glossary -- References.
    Abstract: As we enter the last decades of the twentieth century, many persistent and perplexing problems continue to afflict humankind. Thus it is appropriate to address, in a new group of books, two of the monumental issues that haunt people throughout the world. Soils and the Environment by Professor Gerald W. Olson is the first book in this new publish­ ing program on Environment, Energy, and Society. The purpose of all these books will be to explore the many interrelated facets of these topics and to provide guidance for deal ing with problems and offering ideas for their solutions. Environment and energy are twin problems that occupy what many believe to be opposite sides of a two-headed coin. They are often viewed as being antithetical and incompatible. The various books in this program will try to place in perspective the options that are available to those who design policy and plan and manage societal matters. Typical of books being developed currently are ones on coal resources, environmental geoscience, environmental pollution, land-use planning, nuclear energy, mineral resources, and water resources. However, because soils are at the very heart of civilization and provide the building block for human sustenance, it is fitting to inaugurate this series with Dr. Olson's timely analysis of soils. Unfortu­ nately, these most vital resources seen. to have low priority in many farming enterprises, urbanization projects, deforestation schemes, and mining and developmental terrain changes.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400959255
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Population and Community Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Food webs -- 1.1 What and why? -- 1.2 Where? -- 1.3 How? -- 2 Models and their local stability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Models -- 2.3 Stability -- 2.4 Summary -- Appendix 2A: Taylor’s expansion -- Appendix 2B: An example of calculating eigenvalues -- Appendix 2C: Jacobian matrices -- 3 Stability: other definitions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Global stability -- 3.3 Species deletion stability -- 3.4 Stability in stochastic environments -- 3.5 Other stability criteria -- 3.6 Summary: models and their stabilities — Is there a best buy? -- 4 Food web complexity I: theoretical results -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Bounds on food web complexity: local stability -- 4.3 Complexity and stability under large perturbations -- 4.4 Summary of theoretical results -- 5 Food web complexity II: empirical results -- 5.1 Direct tests -- 5.2 Indirect tests -- 5.3 Summary -- 6 The length of food chains -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Hypothesis A: Energy flow -- 6.3 Hypothesis B: Size and other design constraints -- 6.4 Hypothesis C: Optimal foraging; why are food chains so long? -- 6.5 Hypothesis D: Dynamical constraints -- 6.6 Summary -- Appendix 6A: Drawing inferences about food web attributes -- 7 The patterns of omnivory -- 7.1 Models of omnivory -- 7.2 Testing the hypotheses -- 7.3 Summary -- 8 Compartments -- 8.1 Reasons for a compartmented design -- 8.2 Testing the hypotheses: habitats as compartments -- 8.3 Testing the hypotheses: compartments within habitats -- 8.4 Four comments -- 8.5 Summary -- 9 Descriptive statistics -- 9.1 Predator—prey ratios -- 9.2 The number of species of prey that a species exploits and the number of species of predator it suffers -- 9.3 Interval and non-interval food webs -- 9.4 Summary -- 10 Food web design: causes and consequences -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Causes -- 10.3 Consequences -- 10.4 Summary.
    Abstract: Often the meanings of words are changed subtly for interesting reasons. The implication of the word 'community' has changed from including all the organisms in an area to only those species at a particular trophic level (and often a taxonomically restricted group), for example, 'bird-community'. If this observation is correct, its probable cause is the dramatic growth in our knowledge of the ecological patterns along trophic levels (I call these horizontal patterns) and the processes that generate them. This book deals with vertical patterns - those across trophic levels -and tries to compensate for their relative neglect. In cataloging a dozen vertical patterns I hope to convince the reader that species interactions across trophic levels are as patterned as those along trophic levels and demand explanations equally forcefully. But this is not the only objective. A limited number of processes shape the patterns of species interaction; to demonstrate their existence is an essential step in understanding why ecosystems are the way they are. To achieve these aims I must resort to both mathematical techniques to develop theories and statistical techniques to decide between rival hypotheses. The level of mathematics is likely to offend nearly everyone. Some will find any mathematics too much, while others will consider the material to be old, familiar ground and probably explained with a poor regard for rigour and generality.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401170659
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Electrical / Computer Science and Engineering Series
    Series Statement: Van Nostrand Reinhold Electrical/Computer Science and Engineering Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I The PN Junction -- A. The Need to Understand Low Frequency Diode Behavior -- B. Silicon — The Semiconductor -- C. The PN Depletion Zone -- D. Junction Potential -- E. Diffusion and Drift Currents -- F. Rectification and the I-V Law -- G. Depletion Zone Width Modulation — The Depletion C(V) Law -- H. Reverse Voltage Breakdown -- References -- Questions -- II PIN Diodes and the Theory of Microwave Operation -- A. The PIN Diode — An Extension of the PN Junction -- B. Microwave Equivalent Circuit -- C. High RF Power Limits -- References -- Questions -- III Practical PIN Diodes -- A. Basic Parameters — I Region Thickness and Area -- B. Table of Typically Available PIN Diodes -- C. Definition of Characteristics -- References -- Questions -- IV Binary State Transistor Drivers -- A. What The Driver Must Do -- B. The Driver as a Logic Signal — Power Supply Buffer (TTL Compatibility) -- C. Switching Speed -- D. High Power Reverse Bias (Enhanced) Leakage Current Supply -- E. Fault Detection Circuits -- F. Complementary Drivers -- References -- Questions -- V Fundamental Limits of Control Networks -- A. Introduction -- B. The Simple Loss (or Isolation) Formula -- C. The General Three-Port SPST Equivalent Circuit -- D. Switching Limits -- E. Duplexing Limits -- F. Phase Shifting Limits -- G. Summary -- References -- Questions -- VI Mathematical Techniques and Computer Aided Design (CAD) -- A. Introduction -- B. CAD Mathematical Analysis Approaches -- C. FORTRAN Computer Programming -- References -- Questions -- VII Limiters and Duplexers -- A. Introduction to Practical Circuit Designs -- B. How Limiters Function -- C. Coaxial Duplexers -- D. High Frequency, Waveguide Limiters -- E. Integrated Circuit Limiters -- F. Bulk Limiters -- References -- VIII Switches and Attenuators -- A. Broadband Coaxial Switches -- B. Coaxial High Power -- C. Switched Duplexers -- D. Waveguide Switches -- E. Stripline Switches -- F. Microstrip Switching -- G. Bulk Effect Switching -- References -- IX Phase Shifters and Time Delay Networks -- A. Introduction -- B. Switched Path Circuits -- C. Transmission Phase Shifters -- D. Reflection Phase Shifters -- E. Schiffman Phase Shifters -- F. Continuous Phase Shifters -- References -- Answers -- Appendices -- A. Constants and Formulas -- B. Material Properties -- C. Thermal Resistance Calculations -- D. Coaxial Lines -- E. Microstrip -- F. Stripline -- G. Waveguide -- H. Stripline Backward Wave Hybrid Coupler -- I. Bias Blocks and Returns -- J. The Smith Chart -- References and Bibliography.
    Abstract: Joseph F. White has studied, worked, and taught in all aspects of microwave semiconductor materials, control diodes, and circuit applications. He is thoroughly grounded in the physics and math­ ematics of the field, but has primarily the engineer's viewpoint, combining basic knowledge with experience and ingenuity to gen­ erate practical designs under constraints of required performance and costs of development and production. As a result of his teach­ ing experience and numerous technical papers and oral presenta­ tions, he has developed a clear, well-organized writing style that makes this book easy to use as a self-teaching text, a reference volume, and a design handbook. Dr. White believes that an engineer must have a good understand­ ing of semiconductor physics, a thorough knowledge of microwave circuit theory, at least an elementary acquaintance with transistor drivers, and the ability to check and refine a microwave circuit on a computer terminal to be qualified for modern, creative design of microwave semiconductor control components. These subjects are well covered in approximately the first half of the book; the second half treats the general and specific design of switches, at­ tenuators, limiters, duplexers, and phase shifters, with many ex­ amples drawn from his experience and that of others.
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  • 16
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400973527
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Pollution Monitoring Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Definition and Use of the Term Heavy Metal -- 1.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in the Environment -- 1.3 Biological Indicators and Monitors -- 1.4 Philosophy of Monitoring -- 1.5 Why Biological? -- 1.6 Criteria for Selecting Good Biological Materials/Species -- 1.7 Concluding Remarks -- 2 Biological Indicators of Natural Ore-bodies: Geobotanical and Blogeochemical Prospecting for Heavy Metal Deposits -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Geobotanical Prospecting -- 2.3 Biogeochemical Prospecting -- 2.4 Use of Herbaria in Geobotanical and Biogeochemical Prospecting -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 The Use of Vegetation for Monitoring Airborne Heavy Metal Deposition -- 3A Background and Practical Considerations -- 3A.1 Introduction -- 3A.2 Particulate Transfer to Vegetation -- 3A.3 Vegetation as a Monitoring Agent -- 3A.4 Aerial Versus Soil Origins of Metals in Plant Samples -- 3A.5 Exposure Periods -- 3A.6 Use of Leaves -- 3A.7 Surface Characteristics of Vegetation, Especially Leaves -- 3B Examples of the Use of Vegetation Monitoring Surveys for Aerial Deposition of Metals -- 3B.1 Roadside Locations -- 3B.2 Smelters and Other Point Sources -- 3B.3 General Industrial or Urban Areas with Diffuse or Unidentified Sources -- 3B.4 Use of Tree Bark -- 3B.5 Use of Epiphytic Vascular Plants, Mosses, Lichens, Micro-organisms and Fungi -- 3B.6 Specific Use of Vegetation for Assessing Potential Hazards to Human and Domestic Animal Health . -- 4 Plants as Monitors of Soil Contamination -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Metal Distribution in Soils -- 4.3 Characteristics of Metal Uptake by Roots -- 4.4 Metal Tolerance and its Relevance to the Use of Higher Plants as Monitors of Soil Contamination . -- 4.5 Interpretation of Monitoring Results, Conclusions and Recommendations -- 5 The use of Terrestrial Animals as Monitors and Indicators of Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Invertebrates as Monitors and Indicators -- 5.3 Other Animals as Monitors -- 5.4 Conclusions -- 6 The Use of Imported Biological Materials as Monitoring Agents -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Preparation, Exposure and Analysis of Moss-bags. -- 6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Moss-bags -- 6.4 Examples of the Use of Sphagnum Moss-bags in the Field -- 6.5 Wind Tunnel Studies of Moss-bag Characteristics . -- 6.6 Empirical Calibration of Moss-bags Against Air-filter Samplers, Deposit Gauges, Plant and Soil Surfaces. -- 6.7 Relationships with Other Collection Materials -- 6.8 Conclusions -- 7 Retrospective and Historical Monitoring -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Tree-ring Analysis -- 7.3 Use of Tree Ring-widths as a Measure of Pollution -- 7.4 Use of Peat Samples -- 7.5 Use of Herbarium Specimens of Bryophytes and Lichens -- 7.6 Use of Preserved Higher Plant Specimens. -- 7.7 Use of Animal Specimens -- 7.8 Conclusions -- 8 Biological Monitoring in Perspective -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Related Studies -- 8.3 Selection of Material and Aims of Study -- 8.4 Sampling Standards and Cross-calibration -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Species and Subject Index.
    Abstract: In the past two decades there has been an increasing public awareness of the hazards that exist from the contamination of the environment by toxic substances. 'Heavy metals' and the terrestrial environment are but one facet of the impact of toxic substances on the natural environment, and the use of biological materials for indicating the occurrence of, and continually monitoring the presence of, these materials is a specific topic which is of considerable interest to a diverse range of individuals, organisations and disciplines. It was our intention when we first en­ visaged this book that it should contain a description of a range of circumstances in which biological monitoring techniques have been employed in the terrestrial environment and that it should be seen as a practical text which dealt with the merits, shortcomings and suitability of biological monitoring materials. Monitoring is, however, a manifold process. It serves not only to provide information on past and present concentrations of toxic materials in various components of the environ­ ment, but also to provide information on the processes of environmental release, transport, accumulation and toxicity. Indeed, this may be one of the greatest virtues of biological monitoring over other forms of monitor­ ing. According to the skill of the staff employed in the monitoring procedure, the information that is accrued can have a vastly different value.
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  • 17
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400959682
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Ecology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 What is a model? -- 1.1 The concept of models -- 1.2 Word models -- 1.3 Definition of model -- 1.4 Examples -- 2 Why do I need a model? -- 2.1 Reason for use of models -- 2.2 Complexity -- 2.3 Integration and testing of compatibility of information already collected about a system -- 2.4 Simulation as a synthesis of available information -- 3 How do I start? -- 3.1 Defining the problem -- 3.2 Word models -- 3.3 Diagrams -- 4 What help can I expect from mathematics? -- 4.1 Mathematical notations -- 4.2 Families of mathematical models -- 5 Do I need a computer? -- 5.1 Access to computers -- 5.2 Computer languages -- 5.3 Using the computer -- 6 How do I know when to stop? -- 6.1 Re-examination of objectives -- 6.2 Sensitivity analysis -- 6.3 Verification -- 6.4 Validation -- Appendix: Modelling checklist -- References.
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  • 18
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401095396
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Gross anatomy and physiology -- 2.1 Muscle types -- 2.2 Physiological states -- 2.3 Activation -- 2.4 Physiological performance -- 2.5 Fuel and energetics -- 3 Muscle cells -- 3.1 Striated muscle -- 3.2 Sliding filament theory -- 3.3 Membrane systems -- 3.4 Fibre preparations -- 3.5 Unstriated muscle -- 4 Protein components -- 4.1 Proteins of the myofibril -- 4.2 Actin -- 4.3 Myosin -- 4.4 Actin—myosin interactions -- 5 Mechanism of ATP hydrolysis -- 5.1 Kinetic analysis -- 5.2 Myosin ATPase -- 5.3 Actin activation -- 6 Molecular basis of contraction -- 6.1 What makes filaments slide? -- 6.2 Electron microscope studies -- 6.3 X-ray diffraction studies -- 6.4 Mechanical transients -- 6.5 Mechanochemical coupling -- 7 Molecular basis of regulation -- 7.1 Role of calcium -- 7.2 Actin-linked regulation -- 7.3 Myosin-linked regulation -- 7.4 Multiple regulatory systems -- 8 Problems and prospects -- References.
    Abstract: The student of biolo,gical science in his final years as an undergraduate and his first years as a graduate is expected to gain some familiarity with current research at the frontiers of his discipline. New research work is published in a perplexing diversity of publications and is inevitably concerned with the minutiae of the subject. The sheer number of research journals and papers also causes confusion and difficulties of assimilation. Review articles usually presuppose a background knowledge of the field and are inevitably rather restricted in scope. There is thus a need for short but authoritative introductions to those areas of modern biological research which are either not dealt with in standard introductory textbooks or are not dealt with in sufficient detail to enable the student to go on from them to read scholarly reviews with profit. This series of books is designed to satisfy this need. The authors have been asked to produce a brief outline of their subject assuming that their readers will have read and remembered much of a standard introductory textbook of biology. This outline then sets out to provide by building on this basis, the conceptual framework within which modern research work is progressing and aims to give the reader an indication of the problems, both conceptual and practical, which must be overcome if progress is to be maintained.
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9781468473742
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (607 p) , online resource
    Edition: 12., neu bearbeitete Auflage
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Zahl, Raum, Zeit und Einheiten -- Zahlen und ihre Darstellung Dezimalzahlen -- Geometrie -- Trigonometrie Zeit Einheiten und Größen -- Physik -- Allgemeiner Überblick -- Mechanik -- Akustik -- Temperaturen -- Elektrizität und Magnetismus -- Atomphysik -- Chemie -- Allgemeiner Überblick -- Chemische Elemente -- Chemische Verbindungen -- Astronomie -- Allgemeiner Überblick -- Das Sonnensystem -- Sterne und Weltraum -- Biologie -- Allgemeine Biologie Die Pflanze -- Die Pflanze -- Das Tier -- Der Mensch -- Die Erde -- Gestalt und Größe -- Bevölkerung -- Geologischer Aufbau -- Naturkatastrophen -- Lufthülle und Klima -- Das Festland -- Die Meere -- Entdeckungen und Forschungsreisen -- Geschichte -- Weltgeschichte im Überblick -- Regentenlisten -- Kultur, Philosophie und Religion -- Sprache und Schrift -- Literatur -- Musik -- Bildende Kunst -- Philosophie -- Religion -- Bildung und Wissenschaft -- Ausbildung -- Medien -- Wissenschaft und Forschung -- Nobelpreisträger -- Energie, Umwelt und Technik -- Energie und Umwelt -- Bau- und Haustechnik -- Elektrotechnik -- Daten- und Informationsverarbeitung verarbeitung -- Kraftfahrzeugtechnik -- Schiffbau -- Flugzeugbau -- Raketen- und Raumfahrttechnik -- Technische Erfindungen -- Deutschland -- Fläche und Bevölkerung -- Staatsaufbau der Bundesrepublik Deutschland -- Staatsaufbau der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik -- Politik -- Parteien und Regierungen -- Internationale Organisationen -- Staaten der Erde -- Verkehr -- Tourismus -- Straßenverkehr -- Eisenbahn -- Luftverkehr -- Schiffahrt -- Wirtschaft -- Deutsche Wirtschaft -- Weltwirtschaft -- Sport und Spiele -- Organisation des Sports -- Geräte- und Wettkampfbestimmungen -- Olympische Spiele -- Sportleistungsabzeichen -- Bekannte Gesellschafts- und Unterhaltungsspiele -- Gesundheit -- Erkrankungen -- Vergiftungen -- Heilung und Vorsorge -- Erste Hilfe -- Register.
    Description / Table of Contents: Zahl, Raum, Zeit und EinheitenZahlen und ihre Darstellung Dezimalzahlen -- Geometrie -- Trigonometrie Zeit Einheiten und Größen -- Physik -- Allgemeiner Überblick -- Mechanik -- Akustik -- Temperaturen -- Elektrizität und Magnetismus -- Atomphysik -- Chemie -- Allgemeiner Überblick -- Chemische Elemente -- Chemische Verbindungen -- Astronomie -- Allgemeiner Überblick -- Das Sonnensystem -- Sterne und Weltraum -- Biologie -- Allgemeine Biologie Die Pflanze -- Die Pflanze -- Das Tier -- Der Mensch -- Die Erde -- Gestalt und Größe -- Bevölkerung -- Geologischer Aufbau -- Naturkatastrophen -- Lufthülle und Klima -- Das Festland -- Die Meere -- Entdeckungen und Forschungsreisen -- Geschichte -- Weltgeschichte im Überblick -- Regentenlisten -- Kultur, Philosophie und Religion -- Sprache und Schrift -- Literatur -- Musik -- Bildende Kunst -- Philosophie -- Religion -- Bildung und Wissenschaft -- Ausbildung -- Medien -- Wissenschaft und Forschung -- Nobelpreisträger -- Energie, Umwelt und Technik -- Energie und Umwelt -- Bau- und Haustechnik -- Elektrotechnik -- Daten- und Informationsverarbeitung verarbeitung -- Kraftfahrzeugtechnik -- Schiffbau -- Flugzeugbau -- Raketen- und Raumfahrttechnik -- Technische Erfindungen -- Deutschland -- Fläche und Bevölkerung -- Staatsaufbau der Bundesrepublik Deutschland -- Staatsaufbau der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik -- Politik -- Parteien und Regierungen -- Internationale Organisationen -- Staaten der Erde -- Verkehr -- Tourismus -- Straßenverkehr -- Eisenbahn -- Luftverkehr -- Schiffahrt -- Wirtschaft -- Deutsche Wirtschaft -- Weltwirtschaft -- Sport und Spiele -- Organisation des Sports -- Geräte- und Wettkampfbestimmungen -- Olympische Spiele -- Sportleistungsabzeichen -- Bekannte Gesellschafts- und Unterhaltungsspiele -- Gesundheit -- Erkrankungen -- Vergiftungen -- Heilung und Vorsorge -- Erste Hilfe -- Register.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9781475739183
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 320 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Rules of the Game: Playing with and Against Computers -- 2. Learning Games -- 3. Games with Graphics -- 4. Games of Searching and Guessing -- 5. Games of Chance -- 6. Games of Strategy -- 7. Varied Strategies -- 8. Puzzles -- 9. Mixed Brainteasers -- 10. Appendix The Programming Language BASIC.
    Abstract: The computer is a toy tossed to us by Nature for diversion and comfort in the darkness. d'Alembert I hate everything which merely instructs without stimulating me or increasing my own activity. Goethe Let's try to eliminate some misconceptions from the outset: this book is not a collection of game recipes as­ sembled in the form of finished programs which only have to be typed into the computer and then played. Far from it. The object is to challenge readers to activate their own creativity in using computer games. The game concept is designed to develop into game strategy and this then should form the basis of computer programming. Programming comput­ ers is in itself the game. Or, to put it another way, read­ ers can learn programming while playing. No previous knowledge of programming is assumed of readers and users of this book -- only the willingness to accept new ideas and improve upon them independently. While all the programs in this book have been run and tested, some are intentionally imperfect. They await the finishing touches from you, the reader. The additional brainteasers at the end of the chapters (or, occasionally, after a sec­ tion within a chapter) are therefore designed to inspire your imagination and encourage your independence. The material is drawn from numerous sources.
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  • 21
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400958838
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 146 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular factors that modify pKa values -- 3 Methods of pKa prediction -- 4 Prediction of pKa values of substituted aliphatic acids and bases -- 5 Prediction of pKa values for phenols, aromatic carboxylic acids and aromatic amines -- 6 Further applications of Hammett and Taft equations -- 7 Some more difficult cases -- 8 Extension of the Hammett and Taft equations -- 9 Examples where prediction presents difficulties -- 10 Recapitulation of the main pKa prediction methods -- A.1 Substituent constants for the Hammett and Taft equations -- A.4 Special sigma constants for para substituents -- A.6 Sigma constants for heteroatoms in heterocyclic rings -- References.
    Abstract: Many chemists and biochemists require to know the ionization constants of organic acids and bases. This is evident from the Science Citation Index which lists The Determination of Ionization Constants by A. Albert and E. P. Serjeant (1971) as one of the most widely quoted books in the chemical literature. Although, ultimately, there is no satisfactory alternative to experimental measurement, it is not always convenient or practicable to make the necessary measure­ ments and calculations. Moreover, the massive pK. compilations currently available provide values for only a small fraction of known or possible acids or bases. For example, the compilations listed in Section 1. 3 give pK. data for some 6 000--8 000 acids, whereas if the conservative estimate is made that there are one hundred different substituent groups available to substitute in the benzene ring of benzoic acid, approximately five million tri-substituted benzoic acids are theoretically possible. Thus we have long felt that it is useful to consider methods by which a pK. value might be predicted as an interim value to within several tenths of a pH unit using arguments based on linear free energy relationships, by analogy, by extrapolation, by interpolation from existing data, or in some other way. This degree of precision may be adequate for many purposes such as the recording of spectra of pure species (as anion, neutral molecule or cation), for selection of conditions favourable to solvent extraction, and for the interpretation of pH-profiles for organic reactions.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401173704
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Fundamentals of Naval Science Series 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 The Art of Navigation -- 2 The Shipboard Navigation Department Organization -- Duties of the Navigator -- Relationship of the Navigator to the Command Structure -- The Navigator’s Staff -- 3 The Piloting Team -- The Navigator and His Plotter -- The Bearing Recorder -- The Bearing Taker -- The Radar Operator -- The Echo Sounder Operator -- The Piloting Team Routine -- Conclusion -- 4 The Nautical Chart -- The Terrestrial Coordinate System -- Chart Projections -- Chart Interpretation 26 Determination of Position, Distance, and Direction on a Mercator Chart -- Production of Nautical Charts -- The Chart Numbering System -- The Chart Correction System -- Summary -- 5 Navigational Publications -- Catalog of Nautical Charts, Publication No. 1-N -- NOS Nautical Chart Catalogs -- Coast Pilots -- Sailing Directions -- Fleet Guides -- Light List -- List of Lights -- Tide and Tidal Current Tables -- Pilot Charts -- Distance Between Ports, Publication No. 151 -- Almanacs -- Reference Texts and Manuals -- Publication Correction System -- Summary -- 6 Visual Navigation Aids -- Characteristics of Lighted Navigation Aids -- Identifying a Navigational Light -- Computing the Visibility of a Light -- Buoys and Beacons -- The U.S. Lateral System -- The IALA Combined Cardinal and Lateral System -- Use of Buoys and Beacons During Piloting -- Summary -- 7 Navigational Instruments -- The Measurement of Direction -- Measurement of Distance -- Measurement of Speed -- Measurement of Depth -- Plotting Instruments -- Miscellaneous Instruments -- Summary -- 8 Dead Reckoning -- Determining the Fix -- Principles of the Dead Reckoning Plot -- The Running Fix -- The Estimated Position -- The Track -- Summary -- 9 Shipboard Compasses -- The Magnetic Compass -- The Gyrocompass -- Summary -- 10 Radar -- Characteristics of a Surface-Search/Navigational Radar -- The Radar Output Display -- Interpretation of a Radarscope Presentation -- Use of Radar During Piloting -- Summary -- 11 Tide -- Causes of Tide -- Types of Tides -- Tidal Reference Planes -- Predicting Height of Tide -- The Bridge Problem -- The Shoal Problem -- Effect of Unusual Meteorological Conditions -- Summary -- 12 Current -- Ocean Current -- Tidal Current -- Wind-driven Currents -- Summary -- 13 Current Sailing -- The Estimated Current Triangle -- Solving the Estimated Current Triangle -- The Estimated Position Allowing for Current -- Determining an EP from a Running Fix -- The Actual Current Triangle -- Summary -- 14 Precise Piloting and Anchoring -- Ship’s Handling Characteristics -- Use of Advance and Transfer During Piloting -- Anchoring -- Summary -- 15 Voyage Planning -- Time -- The Voyage-Planning Process -- Optimum Track Ship Routing -- Miscellaneous Considerations -- Summary -- Appendix A. Chart No. 1 285 -- Appendix B. Abbreviations and Symbols Commonly Used in Piloting.
    Abstract: Throughout the history of warfare at sea, navigation has been an important basic determinant of victory. Occasionally, new members of the fraternity of the sea will look upon navigation as a chore to be tolerated only as long as it takes to find someone else to assume the responsibility. In my experience, such individuals never make good naval officers. Commander Hobbs has succeeded in bringing together the information and practical skills required for that individual who would take the first step down the road toward becoming a competent marine navigator. At the outset of this book, the author stresses the necessity for safe navigation, but there is another basic tenet of sea warfare that this book serves. The best weapons system man has ever devised cannot function effectively unless it knows where it is in relation to the real world, where it is in relation to the enemy, and where the enemy is in relation to the real world. Not all defeats can be attributed to this lack of information, but no victories have been won by those who did not know where they were.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789400981027
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Energy from Wastes Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods of production of fuels from biomass -- Physical and physico-chemical methods -- Biological methods -- 3 The microbiology and biochemistry of anaerobic digestion -- The microbial population in general -- The breakdown of carbohydrates -- The breakdown of nitrogenous compounds -- The breakdown of fats -- Minor bacterial reactions -- Methane production -- Factors affecting the rates of growth and activities of digester bacteria and interactions amongst the bacteria -- Conclusions -- 4 Types of digesters: theoretical aspects and modelling of digester systems and deviations from theory -- Biological models -- The Engineering Model -- The Economic Model -- 5 Types of digesters being constructed and the operation of digesters -- Starting a digestion -- The single-stage stirred-tank digester -- The contact digester -- Anaerobic filters -- The upflow sludge-blanket digester -- The fluidised-bed digester -- Digesters for agricultural wastes and vegetable matter -- Gas-holders and gas handling -- Safety precautions and tests with digesters -- 6 Uses of digested sludge -- Use as fertiliser -- Use in animal feedstuffs -- 7 Biogas production—laboratory and pilot-plant experiments -- General—the apparatus -- Domestic sewage -- Domestic garbage -- Industrial wastes -- Agricultural wastes -- Conclusions -- 8 Energy production by practical-scale digesters -- Domestic and municipal sewage -- Domestic garbage with sewage sludge -- Other wastes -- Appendix 1 Photographs of full-scale working digesters -- Appendix 2 Some estimates of wastes available for biogas or other fuel production -- Appendix 3 Glossary of terms.
    Abstract: This volume in the Energy from Wastes Series covers the area of methane production from agricultural and domestic wastes. Principally this involves the conversion of excreta and other organic effluents to a valuable gaseous fuel plus, in many cases, a useful sludge for fertiliser or feedstuffs. Dr Hobson and his colleagues have written a comprehensive text on the principles of microbiological processes and the biochemistry of anaerobic digestion, embracing the design of digesters with examples of current working installations. The potential for anaerobic digestion of wastes as diverse as sewage to fruit processing effluents is also reviewed. This work should be of interest to all who have to manage organic waste treatment and disposal, as well as to a wider readership who wish to know more about methane production by anaerobic digestion. ANDREW PORTEOUS v Preface The production of methane, or more exactly, a flammable 'biogas' containing methane and carbon dioxide, by microbiological methods ('anaerobic digestion') is not new. The reactions have been in industrial use for over a hundred years, but only in sewage purification processes. In some times of national stress, such as war-time, the microbiological production of gas purely for fuel has been investigated, but with the resumption of plentiful su pplies of fossil fuels the investigations have faded awa y.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789401173391
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Pollution Monitoring Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Chemistry and Biochemistry of Trace Metals in Biological Systems -- 2 Lead: Understanding the Minimal Toxicity of Lead in Plants -- 3 Cadmium -- 4 Copper -- 5 Zinc -- 6 Nickel -- 7 Other Trace Metals -- 8 Metalloids.
    Abstract: Trace metals occur as natural constituents of the earth's crust, and are ever present constituents of soils, natural waters and living matter. The biological significance of this disparate assemblage of elements has gradually been uncovered during the twentieth century; the resultant picture is one of ever-increasing complexity. Several of these elements have been demonstrated to be essential to the functions of living organisms, others appear to only interact with living matter in a toxic manner, whilst an ever-decreasing number do not fall conveniently into either category. When the interactions between trace metals and plants are considered, one must take full account of the known chemical properties of each element. Consideration must be given to differences in chemical reactivity, solubility and to interactions with other inorganic and organic molecules. A clear understanding of the basic chemical properties of an element of interest is an essential pre-requisite to any subsequent consideration of its biological significance. Due consideration to basic chemical considerations is a theme which runs through the collection of chapters in both volumes.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400981058
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Developments Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Determination of Static Corrections -- 2. Vibroseis Processing -- 3. The l1 Norm in Seismic Data Processing -- 4. Predictive Deconvolution -- 5. Exploration for Geothermal Energy -- 6. Migration.
    Abstract: One facet of development in this field is that the methods of gathering and processing geophysical data, and displaying results, lead to presentations which are more and more comprehensible geologically. Expressed in another way, the work of the interpreter becomes progressively less onerous. The contributions in this collection of original papers illustrate this direction of development, especially in seismic prospecting. If one could carry out to perfection the steps of spiking deconvolution, migration and time--depth conversion, then the seismic section would be as significant geologically as a cliff-face, and as easy to understand. Perhaps this is not yet achieved, but it remains an objective, brought closer by work such as that described by the authors. The editor offers his best thanks to the contributors-busy geophysicists who have written with erudition on this range of subjects of current interest. A. A. FITCH v CONTENTS Preface v List of Contributors IX 1. Determination of Static Corrections A. W. ROGERS 2. Vibroseis Processing 37 P. KIRK The 11 Norm in Seismic Data Processing 53 3. H. L. TAYLOR 4. Predictive Deconvolution 77 E. A. ROBINSON 5. Exploration for Geothermal Energy 107 G. V. KELLER 6. Migration 151 P. HOOD Index 231 vii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS P. HOOD Geophysicist, Geophysics Research Branch, The British Petroleum Co. Ltd, Britannic House, Moor Lane, London EC2Y 9BU, UK.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401164566
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 65
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 65
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction: Science in Its Social Setting -- 2. The Present State of the Philosophy of Science -- 3. Was Wittgenstein Really Necessary? -- 4. Epistemology as an Aid to Science -- 5. Externalism -- 6. The Autonomy of Science -- 7. The Legitimation of Science -- 8. Sociologism in Philosophy of Science -- 9. Revolutions in Science, Occasional or Permanent? -- 10. Cultural Lag in Science -- 11. Storage and Communication of Knowledge -- 12. The Economics of Scientific Publications -- 13. Revising the Referee System -- 14. Scientific Schools and Their Success -- 15. Genius in Science -- 16. Scientists as Sleepwalkers -- 17. The Logic of Scientific Inquiry -- 18. The Choice of Scientific Problems -- 19. Between Metaphysics and Methodology -- 20. Research Project -- 21. The Methodology of Research Projects: A Sketch -- 22. Continuity and Discontinuity in the History of Science -- 23. Three Views of the Renaissance of Science -- 24. On Explaining the Trial of Galileo -- 25. The Origins of the Royal Society -- 26. The Ideological Import of Newton -- 27. Sir John Herschel’s Philosophy of Success -- 28. What Makes for a Scientific Golden Age? -- 29. Max Weber’s Scientific Religion -- 30. On Pursuing the Unattainable -- 31. Faith Has Nothing to do With Rationality -- 32. Rationality and the Tu Quoque Argument -- 33. Technocracy and Scientific Progress -- 34. Standards to Live By -- Bibliography of Joseph Agasssi -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: "If a science has to be supported by fraudulent means, let it perish. " With these words of Kepler, Agassi plunges into the actual troubles and glories of science (321). The SOciology of science is no foreign intruder upon scientific knowledge in these essays, for we see clearly how Agassi transforms the tired internalistJexternalist debate about the causal influences in the history of science. The social character of the entire intertwined epistemological and practical natures of the sciences is intrinsic to science and itself split: the internal sociology within science, the external sociology of the social setting without. Agassi sees these social matters in the small as well as the large: from the details of scientific communication, changing publishing as he thinks to 'on-demand' centralism with less waste (Ch. 12), to the colossal tension of romanticism and rationality in the sweep of historical cultures. Agassi is a moral and political philosopher of science, defending, dis­ turbing, comprehending, criticizing. For him, science in a society requires confrontation, again and again, with issues of autonomy vs. legitimation as the central problem of democracy. And furthermore, devotion to science, pace Popper, Polanyi, and Weber, carries preoccupational dangers: Popper's elitist rooting out of 'pseudo-science', Weber's hard-working obsessive . com­ mitment to science. See Agassi's Weberian gloss on the social psychology of science in his provocative 'picture of the scientist as maniac' (437).
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401572880
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 260 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 19
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Sources of Modern Methodology: Two Models of Change -- 3. A Revisionist Note on the Methodological Significance of Galilean Mechanics -- 4. The Clock Metaphor and Hypotheses: The Impact of Descartes on English Methodological Thought, 1650–1670 -- 5. John Locke on Hypotheses: Placing The Essay in the ‘Scientific Tradition’ -- 6. Hume (and Hacking) on Induction -- 7. Thomas Reid and the Newtonian Turn of British Methodological Thought -- 8. The Epistemology of Light: Some Methodological Issues in the Subtle Fluids Debate -- 9. Towards a Reassessment of Comte’s ‘Méthode Positive’ -- 10. William Whewell on the Consilience of Inductions -- 11. Why was the Logic of Discovery Abandoned? -- 12. A Note on Induction and Probability in the 19th Century -- 13. Ernst Mach’s Opposition to Atomism -- 14. Peirce and the Trivialization of the Self-Corrective Thesis -- Bibliographic Note -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This book consists of a collection of essays written between 1965 and 1981. Some have been published elsewhere; others appear here for the first time. Although dealing with different figures and different periods, they have a common theme: all are concerned with examining how the method of hy­ pothesis came to be the ruling orthodoxy in the philosophy of science and the quasi-official methodology of the scientific community. It might have been otherwise. Barely three centuries ago, hypothetico­ deduction was in both disfavor and disarray. Numerous rival methods for scientific inquiry - including eliminative and enumerative induction, analogy and derivation from first principles - were widely touted. The method of hypothesis, known since antiquity, found few proponents between 1700 and 1850. During the last century, of course, that ordering has been inverted and - despite an almost universal acknowledgement of its weaknesses - the method of hypothesis (usually under such descriptions as 'hypothetico­ deduction' or 'conjectures and refutations') has become the orthodoxy of the 20th century. Behind the waxing and waning of the method of hypothesis, embedded within the vicissitudes of its fortunes, there is a fascinating story to be told. It is a story that forms an integral part of modern science and its philosophy.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400959026
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Techniques in Visible and Ultraviolet Spectometry 2
    Series Statement: Techniques in Visible and Ultraviolet Spectrometry 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 General considerations on fluorescence spectrometry -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Molecular photochemistry -- 1.3 Fluorescence instrumentation -- 1.4 Good spectroscopic practice -- 1.5 Fluorescence intensities -- 1.6 Nomenclature in fluorescence spectrometry -- 2 Monochromator wavelength calibration -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Characteristics of calibration methods -- 2.3 Use of spectral lines from the spectrometer light source -- 2.4 Use of an auxiliary light source -- 2.5 Use of narrow bandwidth fluorescence maxima of inorganic and organic solutes -- 2.6 Conclusions and recommendations -- 3 Stray light in fluorescence spectrometers -- 3.1 Origins of stray light and resultant errors -- 3.2 Stray light in grating monochromators -- 3.3 Summary and recommendations -- 4 Criteria for fluorescence spectrometer sensitivity -- 4.1 Background: inter-instrument comparisons -- 4.2 The limit of detection method -- 4.3 The signal-to-noise ratio method -- 4.4 Summary and recommendations -- 5 Inner filter effects, sample cells and their geometry in fluorescence spectrometry -- 5.1 Inner filter effects -- 5.2 Sample cells -- 5.3 Recommendations -- 6 Temperature effects and photodecomposition in fluorescence spectrometry -- 6.1 Errors caused by temperature effects -- 6.2 Countermeasures and recommendations for temperature effects -- 6.3 Errors caused by photolysis effects -- 6.4 Countermeasures and recommendations -- 7 Correction o excitation and emission spectra -- 7.1 Introduction: the need for correction procedures -- 7.2 Excitation spectra -- 7.3 Emission spectra -- 7.4 Polarization effects -- 7.5 Recommendations -- 8 The determination of quantum yields -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Primary methods of determining quantum yields -- 8.3 Secondary methods of determining quantum yields: use of fluorescence standards -- 8.4 Other methods of determining quantum yields -- 8.5 Summary and recommendations -- Appendix Corrected excitation and emission spectra.
    Abstract: The Photoelectric Spectrometry Group was formed in July 1948 in Cambridge. The Group was born out of a need for a forum of users to discuss problems and methodology associated with the new era of photoelectric spectrometers. Over the years the aims and objectives of the Group have been broadened to include many aspects of ultraviolet and visible spectrometry. In 1973, the Group renamed itself the UV Spectrometry Group (UVSG). The techniques of fluorescence, diffuse reflectance, ORD and CD were included in the Group's interest. In 1979, the UVSG became a registered charity. The present Group membership is some 200 practising spectroscopists, mostly from the UK with a small but growing overseas membership. In August 1977, the UVSG Committee set up three Working Parties: Cells for UV-Visible Spectrophotometers; Photometric and Wavelength Standards; and the Calibration of Fluorimeters. It was felt that a wealth of information and expertise in the practice of spectrometry was available within the Group and that it was appropriate for this to be gathered together in the form of a number of monographs. Initially the intention was that these should be circulated only amongst the Group membership. However, the suggestion was made that these monographs would be of interest to other scientists outside our specialist Group. The conclusions of the first two Working Parties were combined in Volume 1 of this series, and this monograph summarizes the work of the third Working Party.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9781461259909
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: A Neutrino-Free Universe -- The Kolar Gold Field Nucleon Decay Experiment: A Status Report -- Search For Nucleon Decay: The Deep Underground Water Cerenkov Detector and the Homestake Tracking Spectrometer -- Experiments at the Soudan Mine: Operating and Proposed -- The Mont Blanc Fine Grain Experiment on Nucleon Stability. -- A Fine Grain Detector in the Frejus Tunnel -- Status Report on Harvard, Purdue, Wisconsin Proton Decay Experiment -- Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (I. B. M.) Nucleon Decay Search: Status Report -- Review of Neutron-Antineutron Oscillation Experiments -- Limitations on Proton Decay Modes from a Passive Detection Scheme -- Ultimate Limits to Proton Decay Searches -- Theoretical Expectations for Proton Decay -- Su (5) Theory vs. Experiment -- Effective Lagrangian and Effective Parameters in Grand Unified Theories -- Thresholds in Particle Physics -- The TeV Picture -- Complexions of Baryon and Lepton Number Violations Within Maximal Symmetries -- Grand Unification and the Fundamental Problems of Classical Cosmology -- Constraints on Grand Unified Theories from Cosmological Baryon Asymmetry -- Fixed Points: Fermion Mass Predictions -- Fermion Masses: Another Look -- Petite Unification: An Alternative Viewpoint -- Supersymmetric Technicolor -- Supersymmetric Guts -- Conference Summary -- Workshop Program -- Local Organizing Committee -- Advisory Committee -- List of Participants.
    Abstract: Recently there has been rapid progress towards understanding the separate theories of the strong, weak and electromagnetic inter­ actions within the framework of the standard SU(3) x SU(2) x U(l) model. The purpose of the Second Workshop on Grand Unification was to discuss the physics beyond the standard model and the major topic was grand unified theories which unify the strong, weak and electromagnetic sectors. Grand unified theories are presently being used to calculate experimentally accessible quantities such as the proton lifetime and nucleon decay branching ratios. Meanwhile, experiments are currently being performed, and new, dedicated experiments mounted, to measure these quantities. Reports on these experimental and theoretical activities occupied much of the workshop. Furthermore, since grand unified theories allow one to extrapolate the behavior of the universe back to the first instants after the big bang, their cosmological implications and the constraints on these theories from cosmology were of great interest at the workshop. The conference opened with a keynote address by S. L. Glashow in which he discussed among other topics baryon minus lepton number conservation, neutrino masses and a neutrino-free universe. To maximize the interplay between theorists and experimentalists, theoretical and experimental talks were interleaved. An experimental highlight of the workshop was the presentation by S. Miyake of three candidate events for proton decay.
    Description / Table of Contents: A Neutrino-Free UniverseThe Kolar Gold Field Nucleon Decay Experiment: A Status Report -- Search For Nucleon Decay: The Deep Underground Water Cerenkov Detector and the Homestake Tracking Spectrometer -- Experiments at the Soudan Mine: Operating and Proposed -- The Mont Blanc Fine Grain Experiment on Nucleon Stability. -- A Fine Grain Detector in the Frejus Tunnel -- Status Report on Harvard, Purdue, Wisconsin Proton Decay Experiment -- Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (I. B. M.) Nucleon Decay Search: Status Report -- Review of Neutron-Antineutron Oscillation Experiments -- Limitations on Proton Decay Modes from a Passive Detection Scheme -- Ultimate Limits to Proton Decay Searches -- Theoretical Expectations for Proton Decay -- Su (5) Theory vs. Experiment -- Effective Lagrangian and Effective Parameters in Grand Unified Theories -- Thresholds in Particle Physics -- The TeV Picture -- Complexions of Baryon and Lepton Number Violations Within Maximal Symmetries -- Grand Unification and the Fundamental Problems of Classical Cosmology -- Constraints on Grand Unified Theories from Cosmological Baryon Asymmetry -- Fixed Points: Fermion Mass Predictions -- Fermion Masses: Another Look -- Petite Unification: An Alternative Viewpoint -- Supersymmetric Technicolor -- Supersymmetric Guts -- Conference Summary -- Workshop Program -- Local Organizing Committee -- Advisory Committee -- List of Participants.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9781468473681
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Was fesselt uns an den Sternen? -- Die Bären und der Polarstern -- Sterne des Nordens -- Der Himmelsjäger Orion im Kampf gegen den Stier -- Die Geschichte vom vergeßlichen Raben -- Von Schlange, Skorpion und anderen Tieren -- Die Rettung der Andromeda -- Die Sonne zieht über den Himmel -- Warum sich die Sonne zu bewegen scheint -- Die Sonne und die Tierkreisbilder -- Vorsicht — wir beobachten die gleißend helle Sonne -- Guter Mond, du gehst so stille -- Schattenspiele im All -- Wir schauen mit dem Fernrohr zum Mond -- Die ersten Menschen auf dem Mond -- Landkarten vom Mond -- Wanderer am Himmel -- Große Astronomen erklären die Bewegung der Planeten -- Warum sich die Planeten bewegen -- Rohre, die den Himmel erschließen -- Ein Fernrohr für uns -- Riesensternwarten -- Radioteleskope -- Auf dem Feuerstuhl ins All: Raketen und Satelliten -- Die Landkarten unseres Planetensystems -- Gluthölle Merkur -- Wolkenverhangene Venus -- Vulkane und Sandstürme auf dem Mars -- Liliputaner in unserem Sonnensystem -- Riesenplanet Jupiter -- Ungleiche Geschwister — die Monde des Jupiter -- Saturn, der geheimnisvolle Ringplanet -- An den Grenzen unseres Planetensystems -- Steine, die vom Himmel fallen -- Gewaltige Meteoritenkrater -- Kometen — seltsame Wanderer im All -- Wie weit sind die Sterne weg? -- Zwillingssterne im All -- Sternhaufen -- Gas und Staub im Weltall -- Sterne, die ihr Licht verändern -- Die Milchstraße in Sage und Wissenschaft -- Andere Milchstraßen -- Wie entstehen die Sterne? -- Gibt es noch anderswo Leben im All? -- Volkssternwarten und Planetarien -- Kleines Himmelslexikon.
    Description / Table of Contents: Was fesselt uns an den Sternen?Die Bären und der Polarstern -- Sterne des Nordens -- Der Himmelsjäger Orion im Kampf gegen den Stier -- Die Geschichte vom vergeßlichen Raben -- Von Schlange, Skorpion und anderen Tieren -- Die Rettung der Andromeda -- Die Sonne zieht über den Himmel -- Warum sich die Sonne zu bewegen scheint -- Die Sonne und die Tierkreisbilder -- Vorsicht - wir beobachten die gleißend helle Sonne -- Guter Mond, du gehst so stille -- Schattenspiele im All -- Wir schauen mit dem Fernrohr zum Mond -- Die ersten Menschen auf dem Mond -- Landkarten vom Mond -- Wanderer am Himmel -- Große Astronomen erklären die Bewegung der Planeten -- Warum sich die Planeten bewegen -- Rohre, die den Himmel erschließen -- Ein Fernrohr für uns -- Riesensternwarten -- Radioteleskope -- Auf dem Feuerstuhl ins All: Raketen und Satelliten -- Die Landkarten unseres Planetensystems -- Gluthölle Merkur -- Wolkenverhangene Venus -- Vulkane und Sandstürme auf dem Mars -- Liliputaner in unserem Sonnensystem -- Riesenplanet Jupiter -- Ungleiche Geschwister - die Monde des Jupiter -- Saturn, der geheimnisvolle Ringplanet -- An den Grenzen unseres Planetensystems -- Steine, die vom Himmel fallen -- Gewaltige Meteoritenkrater -- Kometen - seltsame Wanderer im All -- Wie weit sind die Sterne weg? -- Zwillingssterne im All -- Sternhaufen -- Gas und Staub im Weltall -- Sterne, die ihr Licht verändern -- Die Milchstraße in Sage und Wissenschaft -- Andere Milchstraßen -- Wie entstehen die Sterne? -- Gibt es noch anderswo Leben im All? -- Volkssternwarten und Planetarien -- Kleines Himmelslexikon.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Birkhäuser Boston
    ISBN: 9781489967824
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 99 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Progress in Physics
    Series Statement: Progress in Mathematical Physics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400959415
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (79 p) , digital
    Edition: Second edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Regional cerebral metabolism -- 1.2 Cerebral requirements for glucose and oxygen -- References -- 2 Appearance of the brain -- 2.1 Gross appearance -- 2.2 Fluid compartments -- 2.3 Microscopic appearance -- References -- 3 Neurotransmission -- 3.1 The resting potential -- 3.2 The sodium pump -- 3.3 The action potential and nerve conduction -- 3.4 Chemical events at the synapse -- 3.5 Origin of synaptic vesicles -- 3.6 Post-synaptic events -- 3.7 Neurone-axonal transport -- References -- 4 Adaptive processes in the brain -- 4.1 Inducible enzymes -- 4.2 Adaptation to the environment -- 4.3 Drug tolerance and dependence -- 4.4 Learning and memory as adaptive processes? -- References.
    Abstract: The student of biological science in his final years as an undergraduate and his first years as a graduate is expected to gain some familiarity with current research at the frontiers of his discipline. New research work is published in a perplexing diversity of publications and is inevitably concerned with the minutiae of the subject. The sheer number of research journals and papers also causes confusion and difficulties of assimilation. Review articles usually presuppose a back­ ground knowledge of the field and are inevitably rather restricted in scope. There is thus a need for short but authoritative introductions to those areas of modern biological research which are either not dealt with in standard introductory textbooks or are not dealt with in suffi­ cient detail to enable the student to go on from them to read scholarly reviews with profit. This series of books is designed to satisfy this need. The authors have been asked to produce a brief outline of their subject assuming that their readers will have read and remembered much of a standard introductory textbook on biology. This outline then sets out to provide by building on this basis, the conceptual framework within which modern research work is progressing and aims to give the reader an indication of the problems, both conceptual and practical, which must be overcome if progress is to be maintained.
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  • 33
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401092371
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 244 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Developments Series 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Copolymer Characterisation by 13C NMR -- Semi-Crystalline Polymers by Neutron Scattering -- 3. Laser Raman Spectroscopy on Synthetic Polymers -- 4. Characterisation of Polymers by ESCA -- 5. Characterisation of Polymer Solutions and Melts by Acoustic Techniques -- 6. Flow Birefringence and the Kerr Effect.
    Abstract: The policy adopted in Volume 1 of this series of including a relatively small number of topics for detailed review has been continued here. The techniques selected have received considerable attention in recent years. F or this reason and because of the significance of the characterisation data, further coverage of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and small angle neutron scattering is given in the first two chapters. In Chapter I a large part of the review describes the determination of monomer sequence distributions and configurational sequences in copolymers formed from more than one polymerisable monomer. The review on neutron scattering (Chapter 2) is directed towards the determination of the chain conformation in semi-crystaIIine polymers, which has provided important results for the interpretation of chain folding and morphology in crystaIIisable polymers. Laser Raman spectroscopy has also been used for morphological studies, and this application together with a description of the theoretical and experimental aspects of the technique is given in Chapter 3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy because of its extreme sensitivity to surface characteristics has provided information on polymeric solids that could not be obtained by other techniques. The principles and practice of this ESCA technique, including its use for simple elemental analysis, structural elucidation and depth profiling, are described in Chapter 4. The final two chapters are mainly concerned with the chain conformation of polymers in dilute solution. Ultrasonic techniques (Chapter 5) show pmmise for observing the dynamics of conformational changes.
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  • 34
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401539227
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Organisms, genes and enzymes -- 2. Nucleic acids as the genetic material -- 3. The genetic code -- 4. Mutants and metabolism -- 5. The genetic control of metabolism -- 6. Gene structure -- Suggestions for further reading.
    Abstract: Writing this second edition of Biochemical Genetics proved to be more difficult than I had anticipated. The fixed format of the series meant that the addition of new material was made possible only by the dele­ tion of old. Since the book is intended for a student audience, I have retained the historical approach of the first edition and added new material only when it demonstrates a principle more effectively. At the time of writing, we are witnessing an information explosion resulting from the application of recombinant DNA technology to all manner of problems. I have added a sixth chapter indicating the impact of this work on our concepts of gene structure. I should like to thank Ed Byard, Bill Evans, Charles Schorn and Ed Ward, colleagues in the Biology Department at the University of Winnipeg, and Andrew Spence, a student in the department, for their comments on the manuscript of the second edition, and to reiterate my thanks to all those in the Department of Genetics at the University of Sheffield who commented on the first edition.
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  • 35
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400959231
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Chemical Physics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 The Mossbauer Effect -- 1.1 Resonant absorption and fluorescence -- 1.2 The Mossbauer effect -- 1.3 The Mossbauer spectrum -- 1.4 The Mossbauer spectrometer -- 1.5 Mossbauer isotopes -- 1.6 Computation of data -- References -- 2 Hyperfine Interactions -- 2.1 The chemical isomer shift -- 2.2 Magnetic hyperfine interactions -- 2.3 Electric quadrupole interactions -- 2.4 Combined magnetic and quadrupole interactions -- 2.5 Relative line intensities -- References -- 3 Molecular Structure -- 3.1 Iron carbonyls and derivatives -- 3.2 Geometrical isomerism in Fe and Sn compounds -- 3.3 Linkage isomerism in cyano-complexes of Fe -- 3.4 Conformations in organometallic compounds of Fe -- 3.5 Stereochemistry in tin compounds -- 3.6 Molecular iodine compounds -- Appendix Quadrupole splitting in cis- and trans-isomers -- References -- 4 Electronic Structure and Bonding: Diamagnetic Compounds -- 4.1 Formal oxidation state -- 4.2 Iodine -- 4.3 Tellurium and antimony -- 4.4 Tin -- 4.5 Covalent iron compounds -- References -- 5 Electronic Structure and Bonding:Paramagnetic Compounds -- 5.1 Quadrupole interactions -- 5.2 Magnetic hyperfine interactions -- 5.3 Spin cross-over -- 5.4 Pressure effects -- 5.5 Second and third row transition elements -- 5.6 Lanthanides and actinides -- References -- 6 Dynamic Effects -- 6.1 Second-order Doppler shift and recoilless fraction -- 6.2 The Gold an skii-Karyagin effect -- 6.3 Electron hopping and atomic diffusion -- 6.4 Paramagnetic relaxation -- 6.5 Superparamagnetism -- References -- 7 Oxides and Related Systems -- 7.1 Stoichiome tric spinels -- 7.2 Non-stoichiometric spinels -- 7.3 Exchange interactions in spinels -- 7.4 Rare-earth iron garnets -- 7.5 Transferred hyperfine interactions -- References -- 8 Alloys and Intermeiallic Compounds -- 8.1 Disordered alloys -- 8.2 Intermetallic compounds -- References -- 9 Analytical Applications -- 9.1 Chemical analysis -- 9.2 Silicate minerals -- 9.3 Surface chemistry -- References -- 10 Impurity and Decay After-effect Studies -- 10.1 Impurity doping -- 10.2 Decay after-effects -- References -- 11 Biological Systems -- 11.1 Haemoproteins -- 11.2 Ferredoxins -- References -- Observed Mossbauer Resonances.
    Abstract: The emergence of Mossbauer spectroscopy as an important experi­ mental technique for the study of solids has resulted in a wide range of applications in chemistry, physics, metallurgy and biophysics. This book is intended to summarize the elementary principles of the technique at a level appropriate to the advanced student or experienced chemist requiring a moderately comprehensive but basically non-mathematical introduction. Thus the major part of the book is concerned with the practical applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy, using carefully selected examples to illustrate the concepts. The references cited and the bibliography are intended to provide a bridge to the main literature for those who subseouent­ ly require a deeper knowledge. The text is complementary to the longer research monograph, 'Mossbauer Spectroscopy', which was written a few years ago in co-authorship with Professor N.N. Greenwood, and to whom I am deeply indebted for reading the preliminary draft of the present volume. I also wish to thank my many colleagues over the past ten years, and in particular Dr. R. Greatrex, for the many stimu­ lating discussions which we have had together. However my greatest debt is to my wife, who not only had to tolerate my eccen­ tricities during the gestation period, but being a chemist herself was also able to provide much useful criticism of the penultima te draft.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401094474
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Structural aspects of isoenzymes -- 3 Isoenzymes in genetics and evolution -- 4 Isoenzymes in development and differentiation -- 5 Isoenzymes in metabolic regulation -- 6 Isoenzymes in cancer -- 7 Isoenzymes in diagnosis and disease -- 8 Separation and determination of isoenzymes.
    Abstract: Isoenzymes were 'discovered' 20 years ago and were at first regarded as interesting but rare occurrences. Since then a wealth of information on enzyme heterogeneity has accrued and it now seems likely that at least half of all enzymes exist as isoenzymes. This is important in many areas of biological and medical science. Thus isoenzyme studies have provided the main experimental substance for the neutral drift controversy in genetics and evolution; they have greatly extended our understanding of metabolic regulation not only in animals but also in bacteria and plants; their existence has made available a multitude of highly sensitive markers for the study of differentiation and development, as well as providing indices of aberrant gene expression in carcinogenesis and other pathological processes. Iso­ enzymes are also being used increasingly in diagnostic clinical bio­ chemistry. It is surprising that this phenomenon which affects such a high pro­ portion of enzymes and is clearly important in biochemistry should receive such scant attention in the standard textbooks of that subject, the formal treatment of isoenzymology in these rarely exceeding one or two pages. This may be because the 'pure biochemist' has tended to regard variation in enzyme properties between tissues more as an unwanted complication than as a potential source of insight into diversity of biological function.
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