Abstract: Surveying Field Notes, Data Collectors -- Measurement Errors -- Linear Measurements -- Linear Measurements—EDM Instruments -- Angle Measurement—Transits and Theodolites -- Leveling -- Instrument Adjustments -- Traversing -- Survey Drafting -- Triangulation -- Trilateration -- Geodesy -- Inertial and Satellite Positioning Surveys -- Survey Measurement Adjustments by Least Squares -- Field Astronomy for Azimuth Determinations -- Map Projections -- Plane Coordinate Systems -- Photogrammetry -- Slope Stakes and Earthwork -- Compass Surveying -- The Planetable: Instruments and Methods for Topographic Surveys and Construction Layout -- Control Surveys -- Construction Surveying -- Route Surveys -- Hydrographic Surveying -- Mining Surveys -- Land Surveys -- Public-Land Surveys -- Optical Tooling -- Land Descriptions -- The Role of the Surveyor in Land Litigation: Pretrial -- Courtroom Techniques -- Survey Business Management -- Surveying Charges, Contracts, and Liability -- Land Information Systems -- Surveying Profession, Registration, and Associations.

Abstract: 1. Signals, Spectra, and Samples -- 1.0. Introduction -- 1.1. Signals -- 1.2. Fourier Series -- 1.3. Fourier, Laplace, and Hubert Transforms -- 1.4. Linear Systems and Filters -- 1.5. Sampling -- 1.6. Digital Signals and Discrete Transforms -- 1.7. Matrix and State Variable Methods -- 1.8. Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- Appendix 1.A. The Fast Fourier Transforms -- Appendix 1.B. Zeros and Poles -- Appendix 1.C. Proofs of Fourier, Laplace, and z Transforms -- Appendix 1.D. Digital Filter Fundamentals -- 2. Random Samples -- 2.0. Introduction -- 2.1. Probability Space -- 2.2. Probability Assignment -- 2.3. Random Variable -- 2.4. Moments and Characteristic Function -- 2.5. Functions of Random Variables -- 2.6. Multidimensional Random Variable -- 2.7. Conditional Probability: Distribution and Density -- 2.8. Distribution Associated with Gaussian Variables -- 2.9. Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- Appendix 2.A. Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality -- 3. Random Signals, Estimation, and Filtering -- 3.0. Introduction -- 3.1. Definition and Description -- 3.2. Correlation and Covariance Functions -- 3.3. Gaussian and Markov Processes -- 3.4. Stationary Random Signals -- 3.5. Spectral Analysis and Sampling -- 3.6. Narrow Band Noise Process -- 3.7. Estimation of Parameters -- 3.8. Estimation Methods -- 3.9. Recursive Estimation -- 3.10. Optimum Linear Filters -- 3.11. Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- Appendix 3.A. Spectral Estimation -- Appendix 3.B. Kaiman Filtering -- 4. Detection of Signals -- 4.0. Introduction -- 4.1. Hypothesis Testing -- 4.2. Signals with Known Parameters -- 4.3. Signals with Random Parameters -- 4.4. Signals in Colored Noise -- 4.5. Multiple Signals -- 4.6. Sequential Detection -- 4.7. Nonparametric Methods -- 4.8. Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- Appendix 4.A. Two Double-Integral Identities -- Appendix 4.B. Link Calculation for Satellite Communication and Rain Attenuation.

Abstract: Signal processing arises in the design of such diverse systems as communications, sonar, radar, electrooptical, navigation, electronic warfare and medical imaging systems. It is also used in many physical sciences, such as geophysics, acoustics, and meteorology, among many others. The common theme is to extract and estimate the desired signals, which are mixed with a variety of noise sources and disturbances. Signal processing involves system analysis, random processes, statistical inferences, and software and hardware implementation. The purpose of this book is to provide an elementary, informal introduction, as well as a comprehensive account of principles of random signal processing, with emphasis on the computational aspects. This book covers linear system analysis, probability theory, random signals, spectral analysis, estimation, filtering, and detection theory. It can be used as a text for a course in signal processing by under­ graduates and beginning graduate students in engineering and science and also by engineers and scientists engaged in signal analysis, filtering, and detection. Part of the book has been used by the author while teaching at the State University of New York at Buffalo and California State University at Long Beach. An attempt has been made to make the book self-contained and straight­ forward, with the hope that readers with varied backgrounds can appreciate and apply principles of signal processing. Chapter 1 provides a brief review of linear analysis of deterministic signals.

Abstract: 1 Food Laws and Standards -- Development of Federal Food Laws -- Other FDA Regulations, Guidelines, and Action Levels -- Other Regulatory Agencies -- Operating under the Food Additives Amendment -- Approved Food Additives -- Summary -- Selected References -- 2 Sampling and Proximate Analysis -- Sampling -- Moisture -- Crude Fat -- Crude Protein -- Crude Fiber -- Ash -- Selected References -- 3 Instrumental Methods of Analysis -- Weighing Devices -- Visible and Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry -- Infrared Spectrophotometry -- Fluorometry -- Gas Chromatography -- Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry -- Column Liquid Chromatography -- Thin-Layer Chromatography -- pH -- Polarography -- X-Ray Fluorescence -- Scanning Electron Microscopy -- Selected References -- 4 Carbohydrates -- General Properties -- Monosaccharides -- Oligosaccharides -- Polysaccharides -- Biosynthesis -- Relationship of Structure to Sweetness -- Nutritional Value of Carbohydrates -- Commercial Sugar and Sugar Products -- Corn Sweeteners -- Qualitative Analysis -- Quantitative Analysis -- Selected References -- 5 Lipids -- Simple Lipids and Their Constituents -- Compound Lipids -- Derived Lipids -- Nutritional Value of Fats and Fat Products -- Commericial Fats and Fat Products -- Deterioration of Fats -- Analysis -- Selected References -- 6 Proteins -- Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond -- Classification of Proteins -- Structure of Proteins -- Molecular Weight and Isoelectric Point of Proteins -- Metabolism of Proteins -- Proteins and Nutrition -- Analysis -- Selected References -- 7 Enzymes -- Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions -- Structure and Active Site -- Nomenclature and Classification -- Food Enzymes -- Commercial Applications -- Enzyme Assays -- Selected References -- 8 The Vitamins -- Water-Soluble Vitamins -- Fat-Soluble Vitamins -- Analysis -- Selected References -- 9 Flavoring Agents -- Common Spices and Herbs -- Oleoresins -- Flavoring Extracts -- Analysis -- Selected References -- 10 Coloring Agents and Color of Foods -- Nature of Light and Color -- Specification and Measurement of Color -- Coloring Agents -- Qualitative Analysis -- Quantitative Analysis -- Selected References -- 11 Wheat and Wheat Products -- Classification of Wheats -- Grain Standards -- Analysis of Wheat -- Production of Wheat Flour -- Standards for Wheat Flours and Related Products -- Components of Flour -- Analysis of Flour -- End Products of Flour -- Determination of Baking Quality -- Selected References -- 12 Milk and Milk Products -- Composition of Milk -- Grades of Milk -- Classes of Milk -- Some Commercial Milk Products -- Analysis of Fluid Milk Products -- Analysis of Dried Milk Products -- Selected References -- 13 Meat, Poultry, and Fish -- Meat -- Poultry -- Analysis of Poultry and Meat Products -- Seafoods -- Analysis of Seafoods -- Selected References -- 14 Food Deterioration, Preservation, and Contamination -- Food Deterioration -- Food Preservation Methods -- Food Contaminants -- Analysis -- Selected References.

Abstract: There is an increasing demand for food technologists who are not only familiar with the practical aspects of food processing and mer­ chandising but who are also well grounded in chemistry as it relates to the food industry. Thus, in the training of food technologists there is a need for a textbook that combines both lecture material and lab­ oratory experiments involving the major classes of foodstuffs and food additives. To meet this need this book was written. In addition, the book is a reference text for those engaged in research and technical work in the various segments of the food industry. The chemistry of representative classes of foodstuffs is considered with respect to food composition, effects of processing on composition, food deterioration, food preservation, and food additives. Standards of identity for a number of the food products as prescribed by law are given. The food products selected from each class of foodstuffs for lab­ oratory experimentation are not necessarily the most important eco­ nomically or the most widely used. However, the experimental methods and techniques utilized are applicable to the other products of that class of foodstuff. Typical food adjuncts and additives are discussed in relation to their use in food products, together with the laws regulating their usage. Laboratory experiments are given for the qualitative identification and quantitative estimation of many of these substances.

Abstract: to Volume III -- 1. Proton ATP-ase -- 2. Electrochemical Proton Gradients and ATP Synthesis -- 3. Light-dark Regulation of Carbon Metabolism -- 4. Metabolite Regulation of Carbon Metabolism -- 5. Ribulose 1,5 Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase -- 6. Other Chloroplast Enzymes -- 7. Metabolism of C4 and CAM Plants -- 8. Integration of Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism -- 9. Photorespiration -- 10. Carbon Partitioning -- 11. Herbicide Action -- Index of names.

Abstract: These Proceedings comprise the majority of the scientific contributions that were presented at the VIIth International Congress on Photosynthesis. The Congress was held August 10-15 1986 in Providence, Rhode Island, USA on the campus of Brown University, and was the first in the series to be held on the North American continent. Despite the greater average travel distances involved the Congress was attended by over 1000 active participants of whom 25% were registered students. This was gratifying and indicated that photosynthesis will be weIl served by excellent young scientists in the future. As was the case for the VIth International Congress held in Brussels, articles for these Proceedings were delivered camera ready to expedite rapid publication. In editing the volumes it was interesting to re fleet on the impact that the recent advances in structure and molecular biology had in this Congress. It is clear that cognizance of structure and molecular genetics will be even more necessary in the design of experiments and the direction of future research.

Abstract: Table des matières -- Matériel et méthodes -- Section Pseudofestuca: -- Poa violacea -- Section Homalopoa: -- Poa chaixii, P. hybrida, P. remota -- Section Coenopoa: -- Poa trivialis, Poa sylvicola -- Section Ochlopoa: -- Poa annua -- Poa supina -- Poa annua X P. supina -- Section Bolbophorum: -- Généralités -- Les Poa du grex alpina. Introduction -- Poa badensis. Introduction -- Poa badensis. Observations cytologiques -- Poa badensis. Discussion -- Poa alpina sensu stricto -- Poa perconcinna -- Poa bulbosa -- Section Oreinos: -- Généralités -- Poa laxa, Poa minor et les forms intermédiaires -- Poa minor -- Poa laxa -- Conclusion sur la Section Oreinos -- Section Stenopoa et Section Tichopoa -- Poa palustris -- Poa nemoralis -- Poa glauca -- Poa compressa -- Section Poa: -- Poa pratensis et P. angustifolia -- Section Cenisia: -- Poa Cenisia -- Principaux résultats -- Conclusions taxonomiques -- Considérations générales -- Remerciements -- Résumé -- Summary -- Zusammenfassung -- Bibliographie.

Abstract: 1 Green Coffee Processing -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dry Processing Method -- 3. Wet Processing Method -- 4. Curing -- 5. Storage -- 6. Handling -- References -- 2 Grading, Storage, Pre-treatments and Blending -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Marketed Grades -- 3. Storage -- 4. Pre-treatments -- 5. Selection and Blending -- References -- 3 Decaffeination of Coffee -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Solvent Decaffeination -- 3. Water Decaffeination -- 4. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Decaffeination -- 5. Decaffeination of Roasted Coffee and Extract -- 6. Caffeine Refining -- References -- 4 Roasting and Grinding -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Process Factors in Roasting -- 3. Roasting Equipment -- 4. Process Factors in Grinding -- References -- 5 Extraction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanisms and Methods -- 3. Process Equipment -- References -- 6 Drying -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Process Factors in Spray-drying -- 3. Process Factors in Freeze-drying -- 4. Process Factors in Pre-concentration -- 5. Process Equipment -- References -- 7 Packing of Roast and Instant Coffee -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Packing of Roast Whole Bean Coffee -- 3. Packing of Roast and Ground Coffee -- 4. Packing of Instant Coffee -- 5. Packing Equipment -- References -- 8 Home and Catering Brewing of Coffee G. PICTET -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bibliographic Review -- 3. Personal Research -- 4. General Conclusions -- References -- 9 Waste Products -- 1. Primary Processing: the Production of Green Coffee -- 2. Secondary Processing: the Production of Instant Coffee -- References -- 1. Units -- 1.1. SI base units -- 1.2. Some SI derived units used in engineering -- 1.3. Some prefixes for SI units -- 1.4. Some conversions of SI and non-SI units -- 1.5. Dimensionless units used -- 2. Symbols for Physical Quantities in Equations -- 3. Abbreviations -- 4. Flavour Terminology -- 5. Process Engineering Terminology -- 5.1. Food engineering and unit operations -- 6. Listing of British and International Standards Relating to Coffee.

Abstract: The present volume, Volume 2 in this planned series on coffee, deals with processing and follows on naturally from the first volume on the chemistry of coffee, which described its numerous constituents in the green (raw) and various product forms. We have already remarked that coffee has great compositional complex­ ity, and this complexity of understanding extends when we come to that is, the many processes involved in the roasting consider its processing; of green coffee and its subsequent conversion into a consumable brew, especially through extraction and drying into an instant coffee. The simple brewing of roasted and ground coffee with water in the home also possesses considerable mystique and needs know-how for optimal results. The choice of green coffees from an almost bewildering array of different types available, through species/variety differences and different methods of processing from the coffee cherry to the green coffee bean, needs understanding and guidance. Furthermore, various forms of pre-treatment of green coffee before roasting are available. Some of these are little known, but others such as decaffeination, for those who desire roasted or instant coffee with little or no caffeine, are now becoming well established. Finally, both the processing of coffee cherries to coffee beans, leaving a range of different waste products (pulp, hulls, husk, parchment, etc.), and of roasted coffee after industrial aqueous extraction, leaving spent coffee grounds, provide waste products that have found considerable commercial value in different ways.

Abstract: 1 An introduction to optimization methods -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The optimization problem -- 1.3 Some simple examples -- 1.4 Minimization procedures -- 1.5 Constrained minimization -- 1.6 Summary -- 2 Direct search methods -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Univariate search methods -- 2.3 Multiparameter search methods -- 2.4 Summary -- 3 Gradient methods -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The method of steepest descent -- 3.3 The Newton—Raphson method -- 3.4 The Davidon—Fletcher—Powell method -- 3.5 The Fletcher—Reeves method -- 3.6 Summary -- 4 Some examples of the application of optimization techniques to statistical problems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Maximum likelihood estimation -- 4.3 Maximum likelihood estimation for incomplete data -- 4.4 Summary -- 5 Optimization in regression problems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Regression -- 5.3 Non-linear regression -- 5.4 Log-linear and linear logistic models -- 5.5 The generalized linear model -- 5.6 Summary -- 6 Optimization in multivariate analysis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Maximum likelihood factor analysis -- 6.3 Cluster analysis -- 6.4 Multidimensional scaling -- 6.5 Summary -- Appendix: exercises -- References.

Abstract: Optimization techniques are used to find the values of a set of parameters which maximize or minimize some objective function of interest. Such methods have become of great importance in statistics for estimation, model fitting, etc. This text attempts to give a brief introduction to optimization methods and their use in several important areas of statistics. It does not pretend to provide either a complete treatment of optimization techniques or a comprehensive review of their application in statistics; such a review would, of course, require a volume several orders of magnitude larger than this since almost every issue of every statistics journal contains one or other paper which involves the application of an optimization method. It is hoped that the text will be useful to students on applied statistics courses and to researchers needing to use optimization techniques in a statistical context. Lastly, my thanks are due to Bertha Lakey for typing the manuscript.

Abstract: One The Propositional Calculus -- 1. Propositional Connectives. Truth Tables -- 2. Tautologies -- 3. Adequate Sets of Connectives -- 4. An Axiom System for the Propositional Calculus -- 5. Independence. Many-Valued Logics -- 6. Other Axiomatizations -- Two Quantification Theory -- 1. Quantifiers -- 2. Interpretations. Satisfiability and Truth. Models -- 3. First-Order Theories -- 4. Properties of First-Order Theories -- 5. Additional Metatheorems and Derived Rules -- 6. Rule C -- 7. Completeness Theorems -- 8. First-Order Theories with Equality -- 9. Definitions of New Function Letters and Individual Constants -- 10. Prenex Normal Forms -- 11. Isomorphism of Interpretations. Categoricity of Theories -- 12. Generalized First-Order Theories. Completeness and Decidability -- 13. Elementary Equivalence. Elementary Extensions -- 14. Ultrapowers. Nonstandard Analysis -- 15. Semantic Trees -- Three Formal Number Theory -- 1. Axiom System -- 2. Number-Theoretic Functions and Relations -- 3. Primitive Recursive and Recursive Functions -- 4. Arithmetization. Gödel Numbers -- 5. The Fixed Point Theorem. Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem -- 6. Recursive Undecidability. Church’s Theorem -- Four Axiomatic Set Theory -- 1. An Axiom System -- 2. Ordinal Numbers -- 3. Equinumerosity. Finite And Denumerable Sets -- 4. Hartogs’ Theorem. Initial Ordinals. Ordinal Arithmetic -- 5. The Axiom of Choice. The Axiom of Regularity -- 6. Other Axiomatizations of Set Theory -- Five Effective Computability -- 1. Algorithms. Turing Machines -- 2. Diagrams -- 3. Partial Recursive Functions. Unsolvable Problems -- 4. The Kleene-Mostowski Hierarchy. Recursively Enumerable Sets -- 5. Other Notions of Effective Computability -- 6. Decision Problems -- Answers to Selected Exercises -- Notation.

Abstract: This is a compact mtroduction to some of the pnncipal tOpICS of mathematical logic . In the belief that beginners should be exposed to the most natural and easiest proofs, I have used free-swinging set-theoretic methods. The significance of a demand for constructive proofs can be evaluated only after a certain amount of experience with mathematical logic has been obtained. If we are to be expelled from "Cantor's paradise" (as nonconstructive set theory was called by Hilbert), at least we should know what we are missing. The major changes in this new edition are the following. (1) In Chapter 5, Effective Computability, Turing-computabIlity IS now the central notion, and diagrams (flow-charts) are used to construct Turing machines. There are also treatments of Markov algorithms, Herbrand-Godel-computability, register machines, and random access machines. Recursion theory is gone into a little more deeply, including the s-m-n theorem, the recursion theorem, and Rice's Theorem. (2) The proofs of the Incompleteness Theorems are now based upon the Diagonalization Lemma. Lob's Theorem and its connection with Godel's Second Theorem are also studied. (3) In Chapter 2, Quantification Theory, Henkin's proof of the completeness theorem has been postponed until the reader has gained more experience in proof techniques. The exposition of the proof itself has been improved by breaking it down into smaller pieces and using the notion of a scapegoat theory. There is also an entirely new section on semantic trees.

Abstract: There is an ever-growing interest in control problems today, con­ nected with the urgent problems of the effective use of natural resources, manpower, materials, and technology. When referring to the most important achievements of science and technology in the 20th Century, one usually mentions the splitting of the atom, the exploration of space, and computer engineering. Achievements in control theory seem less spectacular when viewed against this background, but the applications of control theory are playing an important role in the development of modern civilization, and there is every reason to believe that this role will be even more signifi­ cant in the future. Wherever there is active human participation, the problem arises of finding the best, or optimal, means of control. The demands of economics and technology have given birth to optimization problems which, in turn, have created new branches of mathematics. In the Forties, the investigation of problems of economics gave rise to a new branch of mathematical analysis called linear and convex program­ ming. At that time, problems of controlling flying vehicles and technolog­ ical processes of complex structures became important. A mathematical theory was formulated in the mid-Fifties known as optimal control theory. Here the maximum principle of L. S. Pontryagin played a pivotal role. Op­ timal control theory synthesized the concepts and methods of investigation using the classical methods of the calculus of variations and the methods of contemporary mathematics, for which Soviet mathematicians made valuable contributions.

Abstract: 1. Introduction to Polymer Science -- 2. The Compounding and Vulcanization of Rubber -- 3. Fillers -- I: Carbon Black -- II: Nonblack Fillers -- 4. Processing and Vulcanization Tests -- 5. Physical Testing of Vulcanizates -- 6. Natural Rubber -- 7. Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers -- 8. Polybutadiene and Polyisoprene Rubbers -- 9. Ethylene-Propylene Rubber -- 10. Butyl and Halobutyl Rubbers -- 11. Nitrile and Polyacrylic Rubbers -- 12. Neoprene and Hypalon -- I: Neoprene -- II: Hypalon -- 13. Silicone Rubber -- 14. Fluorocarbon Elastomers -- 15. Polyurethane Elastomers -- 16. Thermoplastic Elastomers -- 17. Miscellaneous Elastomers -- 18. Reclaimed Rubber -- 19. Latex and Foam Rubber -- 20. Rubber-Related Polymers -- I: Poly (vinyl chloride) -- II: Polyethylene.

Abstract: About ten years after the publication of the Second Edition (1973), it became apparent that it was time for an up-date of this book. This was especially true in this case, since the subject matter has traditionally dealt mainly with the structure, properties, and technology of the various elastomers used in industry, and these are bound to undergo significant changes over the period of a decade. In revising the contents of this volume, it was thought best to keep the orig­ inal format. Hence the first five chapters discuss the same general subject matter as before. The chapters dealing with natural rubber and the synthetic elastomers are up-dated, and an entirely new chapter has been added on the thermoplastic elastomers, which have, of course, grown tremendously in importance. Another innovation is the addition of a new chapter, "Miscellaneous Elastomers," to take care of "old" elastomers, e.g., polysulfides, which have decreased some­ what in importance, as well as to introduce some of the newly-developed syn­ thetic rubbers which have not yet reached high production levels. The editor wishes to express his sincere appreciation to all the contributors, without whose close cooperation this task would have been impossible. He would especially like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance of Dr. Howard Stephens in the planning of this book, and for his suggestion of suitable authors.

Abstract: Molecular Cytogenetics -- Genetics of Heterochromatin in Drosophila and Maize -- Chromosome Accomodation to Integration of Foreign DNA -- Rapidly Evolving Bkm DNA is Associated with Hypervariable Domains -- Chromosomes of Drosophila -- Molecular Dissection of the Drosophila Chromosome -- Polytene Chromosomes of Drosophila -- Structure and Function of Y Chromosomal Genes in Drosophila -- Chromosomes and Evolution -- A Model for Heterochromatin Dispersion and the Evolution of C-Band Patterns -- The Role of Chromosomes in Speciation: A new Interpretation -- Chromosome Evolution in Marsupials -- Comparative gene Mapping and Primate Evolution -- Chromosomes and Malignant Changes -- Chromosomal Abnormalities in Malignant Lymphoid cell Proliferations. Recent Advances -- Retroviruses with two Oncogenes -- PH1 Chromosome: Cytogenetics and Molecular Aspects -- Sex Chromosomes -- Conservation in toto of the Mammalian X-Linkage Group as A Frozen Accident -- The Genetic Basis of Testis Determination in Man -- A Molecular Analysis of the Human Y Chromosome -- An Evolutionaryly Conserved Early Replicating Segment on the sex Chromosomes of Man and the Great Apes -- Meiosis and Aneuploidy -- Meiotic Behavior of Sex Chromosomes; what is Normal? -- DNAse I Hypersensitivity Characterizes the XY Pairing Region at Meiosis in Man -- Chromosome Behaviour at Female Meiosis in two Murine (Robertsonian) Trisomies -- Meiotic Chromosome Pairing in the Human Male. Experience from Surface Spread Synaptonemal Complexes -- The Oocyte Spindle and Predisposition to Aneuploidy in Mice -- Nucleolus Organiser -- The Molecular Organization of the Human Ribo-Somal Gene -- Nucleolus Organizer Regions and Nucleoli: Cytological Findings -- Relations Between Nucleoli and Nucleolus-Organizing Regions During the cell Cycle -- Nucleolar Organisers in Plants -- Immunocytochemical Localization of RNA Poly-Merase I in the Fibrillar Centers of Nucleoli -- Distribution of Rdna and of Its Transcription Sites in the Nucleolus of the Human Sertoli cell -- Association of Ribosomal Genes in the Human Oocyte At Meiotic Prophase. Cytogenetic Consequences.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Variegated, Ever-Changing Transportation Marketplace -- Railroads -- Motor Carriers -- Household Goods Movers -- Brokers -- Shipper Associations -- Airlines -- Domestic Water Carriers -- Freight Forwarders -- Pipelines -- Intermodal Transportation -- Private Carriage -- 3. Regulation and Rates Today -- Common-Carrier Tariffs -- Reduced Protections for Shippers -- Rate Bureaus -- 4. Marketing Strategies for Carriers -- A Need for Rational Planning -- Pricing Strategies and Approaches -- The Tactics of Marketing -- The Special Case of Loss-and-Damage Liability -- The Art of Transportation Salesmanship -- 5. Buying Transportation Service: The Shipper’s View -- Characteristics of the Traffic -- The Rate and Service “Package” -- The Question of Pricing -- The Carrot, the Stick and Other Matters -- Common Pitfalls to Avoid -- Researching the Other Side -- The Special Case of Captive Traffic -- 6. Computers and Strategic Planning -- 7. The Art of Negotiating -- When, Where and Who -- The Initial Proposal(s) -- The Conduct of Negotiations -- “Boulwarism” -- Finalizing the Agreement -- Two “Winners,” No “Losers” -- Appendix: Negotiations in Transportation -- 8. Contracting for Carriers and Shippers -- The Element of Mutuality -- Transportation Contracts and the Law -- Contract Negotiation Strategies -- Key Features of Transportation Contracts -- The Ethics of Contracting -- The Negotiating Process -- Contract Administration -- Appendix: Contract for Carriage -- 9. The Many Facets of Competitive Bidding -- The Request for Proposal -- The Specifications -- Traffic Volume -- The Bid Element(s) -- Bid Format -- The Basis of Evaluation -- The Deadline -- Responding to the RFP -- Legal and Ethical Considerations -- The Future of Competitive Bidding -- 10. Antitrust Law and Rate Negotiations -- Some Recent Cases -- Other Facets of Antitrust Law.

Abstract: In the time-worn traditions of the transportation industry, ship­ pers and carriers regard one another as enemies. There is, to be sure, a certain degree of validity to such a viewpoint. An element of conflict will naturally be present in any vendor-purchaser relationship. The two, after all, are seeking distinctly different things from that relationship; and to a con­ siderable extent each party's success in realizing its own goals must be achieved at the expense of the other. At the same time, however, viewing that relationship as strictly zero-sum-a gain by one side always resulting in an equal and offsetting loss by the other-is a gross misconception. It overlooks the key reality that, no matter which party comes closest to its own objectives, the relationship, and the business transactions that flow from it, must ultimately benefit both. Without that level of mutual benefit the relationship will simply not exist (or will soon founder if it somehow does come into being); for it is only the self-interest of the two parties that impels them to establish and continue that relationship at all. In transportation, however, this element of mutuality-the attitude that the parties share a common interest in nurturing their relationship-is often forgotten. Instead of working to­ gether as, fundamentally, partners in a business transaction from which both expect to derive gains, they dedicate the bulk of their energies to fighting, rather than cooperating, with one another.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Current Manufacturing Techniques -- 3 The Network — The Physical Transmission Medium -- 3.1 Basic communications -- 3.2 Communications options -- 3.3 Distributed LANs -- 3.4 Head ends -- 4 The Seven Layer Model -- 4.1 The application itself -- 4.2 Applications layer (layer 7) -- 4.3 Presentation layer (layer 6) -- 4.4 Session layer (layer 5) -- 4.5 Transport layer (layer 4) -- 4.6 Network layer (layer 3) -- 4.7 Datalink layer (layer 2) -- 4.8 Physical layer (layer 1) -- 4.9 Interconnecting MAP and TOP with each other and with other systems -- 4.10 Technical and Office Protocols (TOP) -- 5 The Standards Scene -- 5.1 The origins of OSI -- 5.2 The International Standards Organization (ISO) -- 5.3 ISO stages of development of standards -- 5.4 National activity in the UK -- 5.5 Who’s who in standards -- 6 Key Issues -- 6.1 The functionality of MMS -- 6.2 Interoperability -- 6.3 Testing -- 7 Map and Top Application Case Studies -- 7.1 The Towers of Hanoi and beyond -- 7.2 Cell controller applications -- 7.3 A link from design to assembly and inspection -- 7.4 MAP in the electronics test environment -- 7.5 AIMS — an Assembly Information Management System applied to engine assembly -- 7.6 Using MAP in the factory -- 7.7 MAP in printed circuit board assembly -- 7.8 Communications in the aerospace industry -- 7.9 MAP in General Motors -- 8 The Way Ahead -- 8.1 The future -- 8.2 MAP and TOP products -- Useful Addresses -- Abbreviations -- Sources and Recommendations for Further Reading.

Abstract: Advances in technology are making the business and manufacturing environment increasingly complex. Standards can help us cope with this complexity. Given the strategic importance of computers in the economies of the industrial world, it is fitting that one of the most significant commercial stories of our time is the standardization of computer communications. Quite frankly, when we joined with other computer users to launch this effort we didn't predict its scope and we should have done. public visibility. In restrospect, I guess The computer assisted technologies looming on the horizon offer some of the greatest functional and productivity tools available to improve business operations. However, the absence of a standardized electronic link permeating most business organizations poses a severe impediment to the efficient deployment of this technology. The feasibility of using computer controlled devices to design, test, and manufacture products - as part of a massive network - is well within our technological grasp. However, unless the world agrees upon a global set of standards that will make multi-vendor computer systems interoperable, successful implementation of these technologies becomes less and less attractive.

Abstract: International Dictionary of Marketing and Communication -- Appendix 1: Associations, Institutes, Professional/Trade World-Wide -- Appendix 2: Audit Bureaux World-Wide -- Appendix 3: Journals on Communication Subjects World-Wide -- Appendix 4: News Agencies World-Wide.

Abstract: This dictionary covers marketing communications in the broadest sense, including advertising, but also extending to public relations which concerns many organizations not involved in marketing and which have little to do with advertising. Entries have been gathered from around the world, and this dictionary will therefore be valuable to those operating in an international environ­ ment where different term~, or terms with different spellings, are used. There are also terms with different meanings, depending on their country of origin. For example, in the UK newspapers are called press media, while in the USA the term print media is more usual. In the UK, print usually applies to printed items, such as sales or edu!;;ational literature. Likewise, there are big differences between European and American broadcasting systems, and sponsored radio or TV can mean different things around the world. Outdoor advertising also has different terminology in different countries, especially in North America and the UK. In many cases, alternative British and American terms are given, while some are either European or American. Some terminology is specific to a certain country. Entries have been collected from all parts of the world, including the oramedia or folk media of the Third World. Financial terms have been included because of their increasing im­ portance in advertising and public relations, and the dictionary reflects the increasing relevance of satellites and computers.

Abstract: 1 Concepts in analytical chemistry -- 2 Classical and rapid methods of analysis -- 3 Optical spectrometry: principles and instrumentation -- 4 Atomic absorption spectrometry -- 5 Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry -- 6 Arc and spark source optical emission spectrometry -- 7 Ion-selective electrodes -- 8 X-ray fluorescence analysis: principles and practice of wavelength dispersive spectrometry -- 9 Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry -- 10 Electron probe microanalysis -- 11 Other microbeam and surface analysis techniques -- 12 Neutron activation analysis -- 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination of uranium and thorium and their decay products -- 14 Ion exchange preconcentration procedures -- 15 Gold and platinum group element analysis -- 16 Mass spectrometry: principles and instrumentation -- 17 Thermal ionization mass spectrometry -- 18 Gas source mass spectrometry -- 19 Spark source mass spectrometry -- 20 Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry -- References.

Abstract: without an appreciation of what happens in between. The techniques available for the chemical analysis of silicate rocks have undergone a revolution over the last 30 years. However, to use an analytical technique most effectively, No longer is the analytical balance the only instrument used it is essential to understand its analytical characteristics, in for quantitative measurement, as it was in the days of classi­ particular the excitation mechanism and the response of the cal gravimetric procedures. A wide variety of instrumental signal detection system. In this book, these characteristics techniques is now commonly used for silicate rock analysis, have been described within a framework of practical ana­ lytical aplications, especially for the routine multi-element including some that incorporate excitation sources and detec­ tion systems that have been developed only in the last few analysis of silicate rocks. All analytical techniques available years. These instrumental developments now permit a wide for routine silicate rock analysis are discussed, including range of trace elements to be determined on a routine basis. some more specialized procedures. Sufficient detail is In parallel with these exciting advances, users have tended included to provide practitioners of geochemistry with a firm to become more remote from the data production process. base from which to assess current performance, and in some This is, in part, an inevitable result of the widespread intro­ cases, future developments.

Abstract: to Volume IV -- 1. Photoinhibition -- 2. Temperature -- 3. Water Potentials -- 4. Salinity and Nutrient Deficiency -- 5. Regulation of Gas Exchange -- 6. Mechanisms of CO2 Concentration -- 7. Crop Productivity -- 8. Biosynthesis of Photosynthetic Pigments -- 9. Photoregulation of Chloroplast Development -- 10. Chloroplast Molecular Genetics -- 11. Photosynthetic Bacteria -- 12. Cyanobacteria -- Index of names.

Abstract: These Proceedings comprise the majority of the scientific cont ribut ions that were presented at the VIIth International Congress on Photosynthesis. The Congress was held August 10-15 1986 in Providence, Rhode Island, USA on the campus of Brown University, and was the first in the series to be held on the North American continent. Despite the greater average travel distances involved the Congress was attended by over 1000 active participants of whom 25% were registered st udent s . This was gratifying and indicated that photosynthesis will be well served by excellent young scientists in the future. As was the case for the VIth International Congress held in Brussels, articles for these Proceedings were delivered camera ready to expedite rapid publication. In editing the volumes it was interesting to reflect on the impact that the recent advances in st ruct ure and molecular biology had in this Congress. It is clear that cognizance of st ruct ure and molecular genetics will be even more necessary in the design of experiments and the direction of future research.

Abstract: Opening Session -- Opening address -- Wood Defibring Processes -- BOS-038-F The wood behaviour during mechanical defibring -- BOS-137-S Chip refining : Influence of mechanical and chemical treatments on the energy consumption during fatigue of wood -- High Yield Pulping -- BOS-039-F Search for new fibrous composition in order to upgrade low value forest products -- BOS-040-F Pulp delignification and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide -- BOS-043-F New technology for bleached high yield pulp process -- BOS-057-I CTMP from hardwoods and their possible use in some paper grades -- BOS-085-UK Use of anthraquinone as a pulping aid in the NSSC pulping of European hardwoods -- The Problem of Stickies in the Reuse of Waste Paper -- BOS-013-D Formation mechanisms of stickies in waste paper pulp used in papermaking -- BOS-065-NL The influence of zeta-potential on the agglomeration of stickies on a tissue machine using waste -- BOS-122-I Easily removable hot-melt adhesives for use in repulpable paper products and related process -- BOS-006-D Optimization of bleaching and deinking of waste paper for strength and brightness improvement -- BOS-090-UK The chemical treatment of fractionated stock from “freely available” grades of waste paper -- BOS-104-DK Production scale trials with fractionation of recycled fibres -- BOS-131-D Optimization of waste paper fractionation to improve secondary fiber quality for packaging papers -- BOS-005-D Improvement of the efficiency of rosin size in the neutral pH-range -- BOS-010-D More filler in printing papers by optimizing forms and distribution curve of filler particles -- BOS-088-UK The development of processes to increase the filler content of woodfree papers to 40% -- BOS-042-F Study of the properties, applications and widening uses of corrugated board impregnated by total dipping in a solution of resin by a new process -- Paper Manufacturing -- BOS-055-I Paper drying under Z-direction restraint to improve the strength properties of short-fiber high-yield pulps -- BOS-135(I)-S Effects of improved control of the cross profile of the paper web -- BOS-135(II)-S Improved papermaking with emphasis on energy savings and high consistency technology -- Overview and Conclusions -- The future of the European paper industry as seen by CEPAC -- Wood as renewable raw material — Review and analysis of the results -- Plans for the future -- List of Participants -- Index of Authors.

Abstract: Ph. BOURDEAU, Director, Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development Opening address K. -H. NARJES, Vice-President of the Commission of the European Communities 3 INTRODUCTION Ph. Bourdeau Director Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development This seminar is in many ways similar to the one which we organized here in Brussels in February 1982 to present to European industry the results of the first EC R&D programme on the Recycling of Paper and Board. That seminar was in fact something of an experiment, being the first one of its kind that we had organized. At the time it was favourably received and we have since had ample proof of its success from the number of practical applications of the techniques developed during the first programme and which were presented at the seminar. The first programme on the Recycling of Paper and Board, which ran from 1978 to 1981, aroused considerable interest. It was consequently followed by a more ambitious programme launched in 1982 and which terminated officially in 1985 - although some of the contracts in fact ran until 1986. This second programme covered the complete wood chain with research carried out on wood production; wood harvest, storage and transport; wood, as a material; wood processing without modification of its basic structure; processing of wood and related organic materials into fibre products; wood as a source of chemicals.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Bayesian Decision Theory -- 3 Behavioral and Control Theory of the Firm -- 4 Bayesian Analysis and Duopoly Theory -- 5 Multiperiod Decision Models with Alternating Choice as a Solution to the Duopoly Problem -- 6 Cooperation and Learning in a Duopoly Context -- 7 Interfirm Learning and the Kinked Demand Curve -- 8 Sequential Strategies in Dual Control Problems -- 9 Adaptive Utility -- 10 Some Examples of Adaptive Utility -- 11 Sequential Investment Decisions -- 12 Capital Allocation within Firms -- 13 Rational Expectations -- 14 Epilogue -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: We began this research with the objective of applying Bayesian methods of analysis to various aspects of economic theory. We were attracted to the Bayesian approach because it seemed the best analytic framework available for dealing with decision making under uncertainty, and the research presented in this book has only served to strengthen our belief in the appropriateness and usefulness of this methodology. More specif­ ically, we believe that the concept of organizational learning is funda­ mental to decision making under uncertainty in economics and that the Bayesian framework is the most appropriate for developing that concept. The central and unifying theme of this book is decision making under uncertainty in microeconomic theory. Our fundamental aim is to explore the ways in which firms and households make decisions and to develop models that have a strong empirical connection. Thus, we have attempted to contribute to economic theory by formalizing models of the actual pro­ cess of decision making under uncertainty. Bayesian methodology pro­ vides the appropriate vehicle for this formalization.

Abstract: 1 Linear Elasticity -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Simple analysis -- 1.3 More complex analysis -- 2 Non-Linear And Time-Dependent Elasticity -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Material properties -- 2.3 Visco-elasticity -- 2.4 Stress waves -- 3 Plasticity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Plastic flow -- 3.3 More complex analysis -- 4 Fracture -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Ductile fracture -- 4.3 Fracture mechanics -- 5 Rigid Body Motion -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Simple analysis -- 5.3 More detailed analysis -- 6 Undamped Linear Vibrations -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Linear motion in one dimension -- 6.3 More complex analysis -- 7 Deformable Bodies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Linear motion in one dimension -- 7.3 More complex analysis -- 8 Energy Absorbers -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Isolating mountings -- 8.3 Deforming solids -- 9 Structures -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Structural components -- 9.3 Structural models -- 10 Impact Injury -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Whole body behaviour -- 10.3 Specific body components -- 11 Testing -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Tests of materials -- 11.3 Tests of components and systems -- 11.4 Data retrieval -- References.

Abstract: We are all familiar with impact. Lesser impacts such as hammering a nail, cracking an egg or stubbing a toe are part of everyday life. More violent impacts such as those caused by car crashes or bullets are fortunately less common but are still well enough known to be taken for granted. Very violent impacts such as meteorites striking the earth are outside our personal experience but we are aware of them. Despite this, impacts remain mysterious. They occur too quickly for us to follow what is happening and the evidence they leave behind is often ambiguous. Over the last thirty years improvements in high speed instrumen­ tation and developments in computing have made them more comprehensible and an increasing amount of attention is being paid to the subject which is an area of expanding scientific and engineering research. A multi-disciplinary approach is not yet established and information is scattered in many places and expressed in a variety of jargons. In applied mathematics, impacts have provided interesting theoretical problems with elegant solutions but it has been difficult to check results experimentally. Impacts can change the behaviour of materials but similar changes can sometimes be produced in other ways and the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Empirical solutions to engineering problems have worked reasonably well but it is hard to know what to do if things go wrong.

Abstract: 1. Preservation types and techniques of study of fossil plants -- 2. Principles of typology and of nomenclature of fossil plants -- Parataxa and eutaxa -- Taxa and characters -- Peculiarity of the taxonomy and nomenclature of fossil plants -- The binary (dual) system of fossil plants -- The reasons for the inflation of generic names -- The species problem in palaeobotany -- The polytypic concept of the species -- Assemblage-genera and assemblage-species -- The cladistic methods -- 3. Fossil plants systematics -- I. Prokaryotes -- II. Eukaryotes -- Higher Plants -- 4. Palaeopalynology -- Certain conceptions and terms -- Taxonomy of dispersed miospores -- Correlations between miospore parataxa and eutaxa -- Morphological evolution of miospores -- Dispersed megaspores -- 5. Epidermal-cuticular studies -- Pertinent characters used in ECS -- Systematic significance of the characters -- Evolution of the epidermal-cuticular characters -- Classification of dispersed cuticles -- 6. Plant palaeoecology -- 7. Palaeofloristics -- History of floras -- The rise of land vegetation -- Silurian-Devonian floras -- Carboniferous and Permian floras -- Transition from Palaeophyte to Mesophyte -- Triassic floras -- Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous floras -- Transition from Mesophyte to Cenophyte. Upper Cretaceous floras -- Cainozoic floras (by M. A. Akhmetyev) -- Salient features of the Cainozoic palaeofloristics. Major phytochoria -- Major features of florogeny -- 8. Relationship between palaeobotany and other fields of natural history -- Stratigraphy -- Lithology -- Palaeoclimatology -- Tectonics and plate movement -- Palaeobotany and the theory of evolution -- Palaeobotany and plant morphology -- References.

Abstract: There have been at least ten English-language textbooks of palaeobotany since D. H. Scott published the first edition of Studies inFossilBotany in 1900. Most have been written by scientists who were primarily botanists by training, and were aimed largely at a readership familiar with living plants. They tended to follow a general pattern of an introductory chapter on preservation of plants as fossils, followed by a systematic treatment, group by group. Only Seward in his Plant Life Through the Ages departed from this pattern in presenting a chronological sequence. In the present book, Meyen breaks with?is tradition. Although having a basically biological approach, he reaches out into all aspects of the history of plant life and the wider implication of its study. Only half of the present work deals sequentially with fossil plant groups, treated systematically. The remainder then explores those topics which most other textbooks have incidentally??e generally either ignored or have only mentioned rather problems of naming and classifying fragmentary plant fossils, their ecology; biogeography and palaeoclimatic significance and the contribution that?ey have made to the understanding of living plant morphology, and of the process of evolution.

Abstract: 1. Degradation of Polymers of Methacrylic Acid Salts and Copolymers of these Salts with Methyl Methacrylate -- 2. Thermal Degradation Mechanisms in Condensation Polymers -- 3. Degradation and Stabilisation of Polyesters of Biological and Synthetic Origin -- 4. Degradation of Poly (methyl methacrylate) by Ionizing Radia-tion and Mechanical Forces -- 5. Mechanochemistry of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 6. Reactions of Small Radicals with Polymers during Degradation -- 7. Mechanism of Fire-retardancy in Chloroparaffin-Polymer Mixtures.

Abstract: 1. The Widening World of Surface Coatings -- 2. Organotin-Based Antifouling Systems -- 3. High Solids Coatings -- 4. Recent Developments in the Artificial Weathering of Coatings Using Plasma Erosion -- 5. The Use of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Organic Coating Systems -- 6. Adhesion Promoters -- 7. Molecular Relaxation Processes During Film Formation.

Abstract: The field of surface coatings is now so extensive, and is developing so rapidly, that no individual person could be expected to master it in its entirety. Hence, the days have gone when a lone author could compile a comprehensive treatise on the topic without overlooking many of the most significant developments. Yet the very growth and diversity of surface coatings make it essential that workers in the field should have access to up-to-date and authoritative reviews. It is to satisfy this need that we have assembled our team of authors, each of whom is an expert in his or her branch of the subject, and is well able to as'sess w:hat is most significant and exciting within that branch. They h,ave b~en encouraged to develop their themes in what they have felt to be the most appropriate way, with minimal editorial interference from us. We believe that the results of their labours will be of benefit to those engaged not only in basic research, but also to those working ip product development and in testing and evaluation of coatings.

Abstract: BMDP programs used (or suggested) for the examples -- Some points on the BMDP instructions -- Examples -- A Admissions to intensive care unit -- B Intervals between adjacent births -- C Statistical aspects of literary style -- D Temperature distribution in a chemical reactor -- E A ‘before and after’ study of blood pressure -- F Comparison of industrial processes in the presence of trend -- G Cost of construction of nuclear power plants -- H Effect of process and purity index on fault occurrence -- I Growth of bones from chick embryos -- J Factorial experiment on cycles to failure of worsted yarn -- K Factorial experiment on diets for chickens -- L Binary preference data for detergent use -- M Fertilizer experiment on growth of cauliflowers -- N Subjective preference data on soap pads -- O Atomic weight of iodine -- P Multifactor experiment on a nutritive medium -- Q Strength of cotton yarn -- R Biochemical experiment on the blood of mice -- S Voltage regulator performance -- T Intervals between the failure of air-conditioning equipment in aircraft -- U Survival times of leukemia patients -- V A retrospective study with binary data -- W Housing and associated factors -- X Educational plans of Wisconsin schoolboys -- Further Sets of Data -- Set 3 Survival times of rats -- Set 14 Grouping of perfumes -- References.

Abstract: This handbook is a realization of a long term goal of BMDP Statistical Software. As the software supporting statistical analysis has grown in breadth and depth to the point where it can serve many of the needs of accomplished statisticians it can also serve as an essential support to those needing to expand their knowledge of statistical applications. Statisticians should not be handicapped by heavy computation or by the lack of needed options. When Applied Statistics, Principle and Examples by Cox and Snell appeared we at BMDP were impressed with the scope of the applications discussed and felt that many statisticians eager to expand their capabilities in handling such problems could profit from having the solutions carried further, to get them started and guided to a more advanced level in problem solving. Who would be better to undertake that task than the authors of Applied Statistics? A year or two later discussions with David Cox and Joyce Snell at Imperial College indicated that a wedding of the problem statements and suggested solutions with control language to accomplish these analyses would further the learning process for many statisticians. They were willing to undertake the project. Joyce Snell has done an excellent job of melding the two approaches and has carried many of the problems a step further by suggesting alternate approaches and follow-up analyses.

Abstract: Theme Paper -- The Role of ACME in the Direction of Production Research -- Quality and Measurement -- The Development of Ultrasonic Sensors for Ranging and Imaging -- A High Speed Assembly Force Monitoring System for Quality Control -- Modelling Integrated Systems of Quality Control -- Automotive Suppliers: A Survey of Quality Management Methods and Attitudes -- The Influence of Cost, Function and Process Capability on Tolerance -- Problems of Very Long Life Prediction When Employing Short Term (Routine) Test Methods -- Plastic and Composite Materials -- Comparative Flow Properties of the Polyethylenes -- Processing Characteristics of PVC Powder Formulations -- Use of Fibre Reinforced Composites in Robot Structures -- The Use of Composite Materials in Engineering -- CAD -- Blend Design Scheme of Solids with Parametric Surfaces -- Performance Experiments on an Industrial Minicomputer Running Computer-aided Design Software -- Quadratic Surfaces on Triangles and Squares for CAD/CAM -- An Approach to Layout Planning Using a CAD System -- CIM and Expert Systems -- MAP and CIM -- Napier CIM Centre -- An Expert Systems Approach to Machine Tool Selection -- Simulation -- A Modular Simulation Model for FMS Using Structured Techniques -- Performance and Simulation of Heat Treatment Furnaces -- FMS — Simulation and Practice -- A Simulation Tool for Real Time Scheduling of FMS -- Automation -- A Survey of Wire Harness Manufacturing Strategies -- The Development of a Modular Cell Control System for FMS -- An Automated Press Working System -- The Design of a Low Cost System for the Automatic Locating and Clamping of Components within a Flexible Manufacturing Cell -- Robots and Assembly -- Correcting the End Deflection of an Industrial Robot Arm and Employing a Weighing Mechanism on the Robot Arm -- Developments in Post-processing for Offline Robot Programming -- The Presentation of Parts for Robot Assembly -- An Analytical and Modular Approach to Robotic Force Control Using a Wrist-based Force Sensor -- Mathematical Model and Test Method for ‘Static’ and Dynamic Positional Accuracy Measurement of Robots for Six Degrees of Freedom -- Rapid Estimation of Operation Times for Robotic Assembly -- The Development of Autonomous Devices to Aid Component Assembly -- Small Parts Feeding Using a Horizontal Belt Feeder and a Low Cost Vision System -- An Investigation into the Effect of Inter-transducer Distance on the Voltage-gap Relationship of a Set of Inductive Transducers for Robot ‘Static’ and Dynamic Positional Accuracy Measurement -- An Intelligent Vacuum Gripper for Robotic Handling -- Determining Flexibility Requirements in Robotic Assembly -- The Use of Compliance in Robotic Assembly -- Work Design and Organization -- How Not to Design a Questionnaire Form! -- A Study of Effectiveness of Some Algerian Production Organizations -- Who Manages Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing? -- Watching Managers at Work: A Research Approach -- Computer Aided Production Management -- A Pragmatic Approach to CAPM in Smaller Companies -- A Petri-net Representation of Computer-aided Production Management -- Computer-aided Flow Shop Scheduling -- Production Management System -- Production Economics -- Technology and the Small Company -- The Relationship between Costing Systems and AMT Investment -- Loss Generated by Poor Production System Specification and Design -- The Development of an In-house PCB Manufacturing Facility -- Product Quality and UK Trade Performance -- The Output and Trade Performance of the UK’s Manufacturing Industries -- The Financial Management of Quality as a Strategy -- Manufacturing Systems -- Design For Manufacture: Good Practice and its Implementation -- The Application of SSADM to the Design of Information Systems in Manufacturing -- An Analytical Approach to the Introduction of Advanced Production Systems -- Bridging the Gap between CAD and CAM — GIPPS: A Generative Integrated Process Planning System -- The Development of a Manufacturing Design Procedure -- Low Stock Manufacturing -- Work Loading of Multi-model Flow Process Lines -- The Implementation of a Computerized Classification System in a High Variety, Batch Manufacturing Company -- A Knowledge-based Information Sub-system for Flexibly Automated Manufacturing Systems -- The Influence of Management Systems on Production Line Design -- The Design of an Optimum Information System in a Manufacturing Environment -- Processes -- Monitoring, Targeting and the Use of SPC within the Energy Chain of Manufacture -- The Temperature Compensated Grinding of Bearing Rings -- The Effect of Gullet Geometry on the Performance of Hacksaw Teeth -- Use of Computers to Reduce Plastic Injection Mould Lead Times -- Metallurgical Effects Associated with the Centreless Grinding of EN24 Steels -- Polishing Moulds and Dies by Electrochemical Machining — A Theoretical Study of Smoothing EDM Surfaces by ECM -- A Mathematics Analysis for the Experimental Study of Plate Springback at the Top Roll Contact in Four-roll Plate Bending -- Human Factors -- Developing a Human Interface for a Rotary Forging Machine: Definingthe Issues -- Developments in the Design and Evaluation of Industrial Seating -- Author index.

Abstract: EN Corlett Joint-Chairman - COPED, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK The contributions offered to this Third National Conference demonstrate that research in production is very much alive. The considerable numbers of papers on robotics, automation and flexible manufacturing systems, together with those in production control and quality matters, demonstrate that there is much work going on in our colleges, polytechnics and universities related to modern methods of manufacture. The future of manufacture undoubtedly hinges on better control. Control over the supply and movement of materials is now keenly sought. Control over manufacturing equipment is also a goal, not just to maintain quality but to give flexibility in sequence and quantity. None of these objectives for improved performance is entirely a technical matter, although there is an increasing technical ability to influence all of them. To achieve their potential, they depend on competent people at all levels. Discussion with alert managers soon reveals that this is one of their major concerns. Either the people they have require more training, or they cannot hire the people with the abilities they need. This applies at all levels, and the availability of people with competence in manufacture is particularly low.

Abstract: Towards the end of 1983, the Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development (ACARD) published a report giving the findings of a working group which had been set up to study the factors which inhibited or supported the introduction of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) in engineering manufacture. Prominent amongst their findings was that, up to that time, 'appraisal of investment in AMT on a short-term financial basis was not entirely adequate' and that 'the conventional approach to financial appraisal techniques, directed towards an early return on capital invested, may be inappropriate'. Today, over three years later, advanced manufacturing technology is more widely recognised and is providing a proven solution to survival and growth for manufacturers. However, many medium-and small-size companies are still finding great difficulty in the evaluation and justification of investment in this vital area. The Institution of Production Engineers therefore set up a special joint working party with The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants to follow up the ACARD report, with the objective of examining the whole area of the justification of investment in advanced manufacturing technology.

Abstract: 1 What Is Real-Time Program Design? -- 2 The Hardware Substrate -- 3 Design Languages -- 4 Implementing the Data Flow Diagram -- 5 A Detailed Example -- 6 Improving Performance, the Real-Time Railroad, and Goodbye.

Abstract: Computers these days spend a fairly low fraction of their time computing. In fact, the very word "computer" has become something of a misnomer. In the American History museum of the Smithsonian Institute in Wash­ ington, D.C., there is an exhibit of early computers. Three features of these machines are striking. First, they are enormous, especially in com­ parison to their capabilities. The museum visitor who has just come from the Natural History building next door may be reminded of fossilized di­ nosaur bones. Second, they don't look at all like modern computing ma­ chines. The cases are made of crude metal or beautifully worked wood, recalling an approach to the design of scientific apparatus which belongs to a previous generation. Lastly, the function of these machines is mainly to compute-to perform rapid arithmetic. The computer of today bears little resemblance in size, form, or function to its ancestors. It is, most obviously, smaller by several orders of mag­ nitude. Its form has changed from the carefully crafted one-of-a-kind in­ strument to the mass-produced microchip. But the change in its function is perhaps the most dramatic of all. Instead of being a computing engine, it is a machine for the processing of information. The word "processor" has come into common usage. A processor used to be a central processing unit-a set of wires and vacuum tubes, or later a set of printed circuit boards-which was nestled deep within the computer. Today a processor is an off-the-shelf component.

Abstract: 1 Introduction to polymer morphology -- 1.1 Polymer materials -- 1.2 Polymer morphology -- 1.3 Polymer processes -- 1.4 Polymer characterization -- 2 Fundamentals of microscopy -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Optical microscopy -- 2.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -- 2.4 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -- 2.5 Microscopy of radiation sensitive materials -- 2.6 Analytical microscopy -- 2.7 Quantitative microscopy -- 2.8 Dynamic microscopy -- 3 Imaging theory -- 3.1 Imaging with lenses -- 3.2 Imaging by scanning -- 3.3 Polarizing microscopy -- 3.4 Radiation effects -- 4 Specimen preparation methods -- 4.1 Simple preparation methods -- 4.2 Polishing -- 4.3 Microtomy -- 4.4 Staining -- 4.5 Etching -- 4.6 Replication -- 4.7 Conductive coatings -- 4.8 Yielding and fracture -- 4.9 Freezing and drying methods -- 5 Polymer applications -- 5.1 Fibers -- 5.2 Films and membranes -- 5.3 Engineering resins and plastics -- 5.4 Composites -- 5.5 Emulsions and adhesives -- 5.6 Liquid crystalline polymers -- 6 Problem solving summary -- 6.1 Where to start -- 6.2 Instrumental techniques -- 6.3 Interpretation -- 6.4 Supporting characterizations -- Appendixes -- Appendix I Abbreviations of polymer names -- Appendix II List of acronyms — techniques -- Appendix III Manmade polymeric fibers -- Appendix IV Common commercial polymers and tradenames for plastics, films and engineering resins -- Appendix V General suppliers of EM accessories -- Appendix VI Suppliers of optical and electron microscopes -- Appendix VII Suppliers of x-ray microanalysis equipment.

Abstract: Modern materials include a vast array of polymers and plastics which are found in applications such as housing, appliances, clothing and household textiles and automotive and aerospace industries. Thus research scientists, engineers and materials science graduate students need to be aware of the methods and techniques required to understand the structure-property relations of polymer materials. This book will review the field of the microscopy of polymers. There is a vast literature which describes the research results obtained by study of polymer materials using microscopy and other complementary analytical techniques and such studies are best left to journals on specific topics. The major objective of this text is to provide the basic microscopy techniques and specimen preparation methods applicable to polymers. The book will attempt to provide enough detail so that the methods described can be applied, and also to reference appropriate publications for the investigator interested in more detail. The selection of two authors for this text came from the desire for a comprehen­ sive review of polymer microscopy with emphasis on methods and techniques, rather than on research results. The synergism provided by two authors with widely varied backgrounds was thought to be important: one author (LCS) has an industrial focus and a background in chemistry whilst the other (DTG) has an academic environment and offers a background in polymer physics.

Abstract: I The Liner Shipping Industry -- 1 Characteristics of demand and supply of liner shipping -- 2 Market organization: the conference system -- 3 The level and structure of freight rates -- 4 The art of charging what the traffic can bear -- II Liner Service Optimization -- 5 Ship size and shipping costs -- 6 Multi-port calling versus trans-shipment -- 7 Shippers’ costs of sailings infrequency and transit time -- 8 Port costs and charges and the problem of shipping and port sub-optimizations -- 9 A cost minimization model of a liner trade -- III Economic Evaluation of the Conference System -- 10 The charging floor reconsidered -- 11 The freight rate structure is out of line with the marginal cost structure -- 12 Potential cartel profits become social costs -- 13 Conclusion: price competition in liner shipping should be encouraged -- References -- Author index.

Abstract: The importance of international liner shipping needs little emphasizing. A large majority of international trade moves by sea, and the liner shipping share in total freight revenue exceeds one-half. Notwithstanding, people in general know surprisingly little about the basic facts of the liner shipping industry, and, in particular, about the economics ofliner shipping. Perhaps because it is an international industry, where shipping lines flying many different flags participate, it has tended to fall in between national accounts of domestic industries. Even transport economists have, generally speaking, treated liner shipping rather 'stepmotherly'; besides the work of Bennathan and Walters (1969), a relatively small group of specialized maritime economists, including A. Stromme-Svendsen, T. Thorburn, S. Sturmey, R. Goss, and B. M. Deakin, have in the post-war period made important contributions to the subject, but so far no coherent and reasonably comprehensive treatise of liner shipping economics has appeared. The first purpose of the present volume is therefore obvious: to provide just that. The book is divided in three parts: Part I The liner shipping industry; Part II Liner service optimization; Part III Economic evaluation of the conference system. Needless to say, all three parts concur to fulfill the first purpose of providing a complete book of liner shipping economics. In Part II a more or less separate, second, purpose has been to develop analytical tools for liner service optimization. Thereby we use different approaches.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Differential equations and associated conditions -- 1.2 Linear and non-linear differential equations -- 1.3 Uniqueness of solutions -- 1.4 Mathematical and numerical methods of solution -- 1.5 Difference equations -- 1.6 Additional notes -- Exercises -- 2 Sensitivity analysis: inherent instability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 A simple example of sensitivity analysis -- 2.3 Variational equations -- 2.4 Inherent instability of linear recurrence relations. Initial-value problems -- 2.5 Inherent instability of linear differential equations. Initial-value problems -- 2.6 Inherent instability: boundary-value problems -- 2.7 Additional notes -- Exercises -- 3 Initial-value problems: one-step methods -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Three possible one-step methods (finite-difference methods) -- 3.3 Error analysis: linear problems -- 3.4 Error analysis and techniques for non-linear problems -- 3.5 Induced instability: partial instability -- 3.6 Systems of equations -- 3.7 Improving the accuracy -- 3.8 More accurate one-step methods -- 3.9 Additional notes -- Exercises -- 4 Initial-value problems: multi-step methods -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Multi-step finite-difference formulae -- 4.3 Convergence, consistency and zero stability -- 4.4 Partial and other stabilities -- 4.5 Predictor-corrector methods -- 4.6 Error estimation and choice of interval -- 4.7 Starting the computation -- 4.8 Changing the interval -- 4.9 Additional notes -- Exercises -- 5 Initial-value methods for boundary-value problems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The shooting method: linear problems -- 5.3 The shooting method: non-linear problems -- 5.4 The shooting method: eigenvalue problems -- 5.5 The shooting method: problems with unknown boundaries -- 5.6 Induced instabilities of shooting methods -- 5.7 Avoiding induced instabilities -- 5.8 Invariant embedding for linear problems -- 5.9 Additional notes -- Exercises -- 6 Global (finite-difference) methods for boundary-value problems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Solving linear algebraic equations -- 6.3 Linear differential equations of orders two and four -- 6.4 Simultaneous linear differential equations of first order -- 6.5 Convenience and accuracy of methods -- 6.6 Improvement of accuracy -- 6.7 Non-linear problems -- 6.8 Continuation for non-linear problems -- 6.9 Additional notes -- Exercise -- 7 Expansion methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Properties and computational importance of Chebyshev polynomials -- 7.3 Chebyshev solution of ordinary differential equations -- 7.4 Spline solution of boundary-value problems -- 7.5 Additional notes -- Exercises -- 8 Algorithms -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Routines for initial-value problems -- 8.3 Routines for boundary-value problems -- 9 Further notes and bibliography -- 10 Answers to selected exercises.

Abstract: Nearly 20 years ago we produced a treatise (of about the same length as this book) entitled Computing methods for scientists and engineers. It was stated that most computation is performed by workers whose mathematical training stopped somewhere short of the 'professional' level, and that some books are therefore needed which use quite simple mathematics but which nevertheless communicate the essence of the 'numerical sense' which is exhibited by the real computing experts and which is surely needed, at least to some extent, by all who use modern computers and modern numerical software. In that book we treated, at no great length, a variety of computational problems in which the material on ordinary differential equations occupied about 50 pages. At that time it was quite common to find books on numerical analysis, with a little on each topic ofthat field, whereas today we are more likely to see similarly-sized books on each major topic: for example on numerical linear algebra, numerical approximation, numerical solution ofordinary differential equations, numerical solution of partial differential equations, and so on. These are needed because our numerical education and software have improved and because our relevant problems exhibit more variety and more difficulty. Ordinary differential equa­ tions are obvious candidates for such treatment, and the current book is written in this sense.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Rounding errors and instability -- 2 Linear algebraic equations -- 2.1 Gauss elimination -- 2.2 Matrix decomposition methods -- 2.3 Iterative methods -- 3 Non-linear algebraic equations -- 3:1 Bracketing methods -- 3.2 Fixed point iteration -- 3.3 Newton’s method -- 3.4 Systems of non-linear equations -- 4 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors -- 4.1 The power method -- 4.2 Deflation -- 4.3 Jacobi’s method -- 4.4 Sturm sequence iteration -- 4.5 Givens’ and Householder’s methods -- 4.6 The LR and QR methods -- 4.7 Hessenberg form -- 5 Methods of approximation theory -- 5.1 Polynomial interpolation: Lagrange form -- 5.2 Polynomial interpolation: divided difference form -- 5.3 Polynomial interpolation: finite difference form -- 5.4 Hermite interpolation -- 5.5 Cubic spline interpolation -- 5.6 Least squares approximation to discrete data -- 5.7 Least squares approximation to continuous functions -- 6 Numerical differentiation and integration -- 6.1 Numerical differentiation -- 6.2 Numerical integration: Newton—Cotes formulas -- 6.3 Quadrature rules in composite form -- 6.4 Romberg’s method -- 6.5 Simpson’s adaptive quadrature -- 6.6 Gaussian quadrature -- 7 Ordinary differential equations: initial value problems -- 7.1 Derivation of linear multistep methods -- 7.2 Analysis of linear multistep methods -- 7.3 Runge-Kutta methods -- 7.4 Systems and higher order equations -- 8 Ordinary differential equations: boundary value problems -- 8.1 The finite difference method -- 8.2 The shooting method -- References -- Solutions to exercises.

Abstract: This book is primarily intended for undergraduates in mathematics, the physical sciences and engineering. It introduces students to most of the techniques forming the core component of courses in numerical analysis. The text is divided into eight chapters which are largely self-contained. However, with a subject as intricately woven as mathematics, there is inevitably some interdependence between them. The level of difficulty varies and, although emphasis is firmly placed on the methods themselves rather than their analysis, we have not hesitated to include theoretical material when we consider it to be sufficiently interesting. However, it should be possible to omit those parts that do seem daunting while still being able to follow the worked examples and to tackle the exercises accompanying each section. Familiarity with the basic results of analysis and linear algebra is assumed since these are normally taught in first courses on mathematical methods. For reference purposes a list of theorems used in the text is given in the appendix.

Abstract: 1 Introduction to instrumental methods of analysis -- 1.1 Precision and accuracy -- 1.2 Speed of analysis -- 1.3 Cost -- 1.4 Safety -- 1.5 Automation -- Recommended general texts -- 2 Liquid chromatography -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Theory of liquid chromatography -- 2.3 Modes of chromatography -- 2.4 Chromatographic techniques -- 2.5 Sample preparation -- References -- 3 Gas chromatography -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Principles -- 3.3 The chromatographic system -- 3.4 GLC columns -- 3.5 Principles of separation -- 3.6 Stationary phases -- 3.7 Gas—solid chromatography -- 3.8 Detectors -- 3.9 Sample preparation -- 3.10 Quantification -- References -- 4 Electrophoresis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Effect of pH on charge -- 4.3 Techniques of electrophoresis -- 4.4 Isotachophoresis -- References -- 5 Introduction to spectroscopy -- 5.1 Spectroscopy -- 5.2 The electromagnetic spectrum -- 5.3 Molecular energy states -- 5.4 Molecular transitions -- 5.5 Quantitative analysis -- 5.6 Determination of a spectrum -- Further reading -- 6 UV—visible spectrophotometry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Electronic energy levels -- 6.3 Electronic transitions -- 6.4 Qualitative analysis -- 6.5 Quantitative analysis -- 6.6 Calibration of spectrophotometers -- 6.7 Sample presentation -- 6.8 Difference spectrophotometry -- 6.9 Spectrophotometric titrations -- 6.10 Derivative spectrophotometry -- 6.11 Dual-wavelength spectrophotometry -- 6.12 Spectrophotometers and colorimeters -- 6.13 Turbidimetry and nephelometry -- 6.14 Colour and gloss of solid samples -- References -- 7 Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectrophotometry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fluorophores -- 7.3 Excitation and emission spectra -- 7.4 Quantitative measurements -- 7.5 Factors affecting fluorescence spectra -- 7.6 Instruments for fluorescence studies -- 7.7 Applications of fluorescence spectrophotometry -- References -- 8 Infrared spectroscopy -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Molecular vibrations -- 8.3 Qualitative analysis -- 8.4 Quantitative analysis -- 8.5 Instrumentation -- 8.7 Attenuated total reflectance -- 8.8 Near-infrared reflectance analysis -- References -- 9 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Principles -- 9.3 Pulse NMR spectrometer -- 9.4 Chemical shifts -- 9.5 Spin—spin coupling -- 9.6 Integration -- 9.7 Further techniques for elucidation of NMR spectra -- 9.8 Wide-line NMR -- 9.9 In-vivo NMR -- References -- 10 Electron spin resonance -- 10.1 Principles -- 10.2 ESR spectra -- 10.3 ESR spectrometer -- 10.4 Sample preparation -- 10.5 Spin labelling -- 10.6 Quantitative analysis -- References -- 11 Flame techniques -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Flame emission spectrometry (FES) -- 11.3 Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) -- 11.4 Applications -- References -- 12 Mass spectrometry -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Mass spectrometer -- 12.3 Analysis of mixtures -- 12.4 Determination of molecular structures -- References -- 13 Electrochemical techniques -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Conductivity of solutions -- 13.3 Voltammetry -- 13.4 Potentiometric measurements -- References.

Abstract: Instrumental techniques of analysis have now moved from the confines of the chemistry laboratory to form an indispensable part of the analytical armoury of many workers involved in the biological sciences. It is now quite out of the question to considcr a laboratory dealing with the analysis of biological materials that is not equipped with an extensive range of instrumentation. Recent years have also seen a dramatic improvement in the ease with which such instruments can be used, and the quality and quantity of the analytical data that they can produce. This is due in no sm all part to the ubiquitous use of microprocessors and computers for instrumental control. However, under these circumstances there is areal danger of the analyst adopting a 'black box' mentality and not treating the analytical data produced in accordance with the limitations that may be inherent in the method used. Such a problem can only be overcome if the operator is fully aware of both the theoretical and instrumental constraints relevant to the technique in question. As the complexity and sheer volume of material in undergraduate courses increases, there is a tendency to reduce the amount of fundamental material that is taught prior to embarking on the more applied aspects. This is nowhere more apparent than in the teaching of instrumental techniques of analysis.

Abstract: 1 Recognition of the problem -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 National response to contaminated land in the UK -- 1.3 National response to contaminated land in Europe and North America -- References -- 2 Types of contaminated land -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Transportation of contamination -- 2.3 Main sources of land contamination -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Main types of contaminants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Metallic contaminants -- 3.3 Inorganic contaminants -- 3.4 Organic contaminants -- 3.5 Asbestos -- 3.6 Combustible materials -- 3.7 Gases -- 3.8 Other contaminants -- References -- 4 Appropriate site investigations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Recognition that an investigation is needed and establishment of the basis for that investigation -- 4.3 Design of site sampling/analytical programme -- 4.4 On-site sampling, observation and testing -- 4.5 Analysis of material taken from the site -- 4.6 Interpretation of analytical data -- References -- 5 Available reclamation methods -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The land use option -- 5.3 General considerations -- 5.4 The options -- 5.5 Excavation -- 5.6 Soil treatment after excavation -- 5.7 In-situ treatment -- 5.8 Macro-encapsulation/isolation -- 5.9 Covering systems -- 5.10 Execution of reclamation works -- 5.11 Monitoring and evaluation of performance -- 5.12 Guidance available -- References -- 6 Soil cover reclamations -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Performance requirements for soil cover reclamations -- 6.3 The contaminant problem -- 6.4 Pathways for contaminant migration -- 6.5 Groundwater and soil moisture movements -- 6.6 Choice of soil cover materials -- 6.7 The design of soil cover reclamations -- 6.8 Summary -- References -- 7 Long-term monitoring of reclaimed sites -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2 Established precedents for monitoring -- 7.3 Questions on the long-term effectiveness of reclamation options -- 7.4 Monitoring systems and methods -- 7.5 Organization control of monitoring -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- 8 Safety in site reclamation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Nature of hazards -- 8.3 Protection against hazards -- 8.4 Safety procedures -- 8.5 Conclusions -- 8.6 Appendix: environmental health and safety guide for construction site staff (an example) -- References -- 9 Policy, planning and financial issues -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Controlling the development of contaminated land -- 9.3 Land-use planning and control -- 9.4 Public health legislation and development control -- 9.5 Financial resources -- References -- 10 Landscaping and vegetating reclaimed sites -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Requirements of plants -- 10.3 Physical support for plants -- 10.4 Compaction -- 10.5 Water supply and storage -- 10.6 Plant nutrients -- 10.7 Grassland establishment -- 10.8 Grass seed mixtures -- 10.9 Grass cutting -- 10.10 Wild species -- 10.11 Trees and shrubs -- 10.12 Timing -- 10.13 Plant and soil interactions -- 10.14 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Hazards from methane (and carbon dioxide) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Relevant gases and their principal characteristics -- 11.3 Gas flow in and from landfill sites -- 11.4 Gas measurement -- 11.5 Gas control measures -- 11.6 Hazards in buildings -- 11.7 Effects on plants -- Acknowledgement -- References.

Abstract: Chemically contaminated land has only recently been recognized as an immediate or long-term potential hazard, and published guidance on how to tackle such land has been sparse. Indeed much of the available technical work emphasizes the risks and dangers, rather than indicating safe and economical strategies of reclamation. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the important aspects of land reclamation. Its basic aim is to dispel the myths that have become associated with the subject and to indicate methods and strategies that can be used for safe and economical reclamation. The authors concentrate on the more important facets of reclamation and indicate where advice and information is more or less certain. As in any newly developed field there are still uncertainties and, for this reason, not all the chapters contain equivalent amounts of detail. All the authors have expertise in the field of land reclamation, and differences in emphasis between authors reflect the present state of the subject. Overall, the book emphasizes that contaminated land can be reclaimed safely provided that sufficient attention is paid to detail and that the proposed end use of the land is appropriate and based on a detailed knowledge of the site.

Abstract: Hypoxia-Induced Intermitochondrial Junctions in the Rabbit Carotid-Body: An Ultrastructural and Experimental Study -- Ultrastructural Studies of the Cat Carotid Body Perfused for Short Periods with Physiological Saline Solutions -- Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of the Laryngeal Nerve Paraganglia -- Central Terminations of Carotid Body Chemoreceptor Afferents -- Vascular Geometry of Arterial Chemoreceptors: Learning about the Carotid Body by Studying Paraganglia of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve -- Altered Function of Cat Carotid Body Chemoreceptors in Prolonged Hyperoxia -- Glycolysis as a Link for Chemoreception? -- Spectrophotometric Studies on Carotid Body Tissue -- ATP Content in the Cat Carotid Body under Different Experimental Conditions. Support for the Metabolic Hypothesis -- Pathways for Calcium Entry into Type I Cells: Significance for the Secretory Response -- Effects of Cyanide and Acetylcholine on Extracellular K+ and Ca++ Activities in the Cat Carotid Body -- Application of the Chemiluminescent Method to Carotid Body for Detecting Choline and Acetylcholine -- Monoamine Content and Metabolism in the Rabbit Carotid Body -- A Comparative Study of the Metabolism of Catecholamines in the Rabbit and Cat Carotid Body -- Release of Catecholamines by Electrical Stimulation of the Cat Carotid Sinus Nerve in Vitro -- Dopamine and 3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid Concentrations in Rat Carotid Body: The Effects of Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia from Birth -- Prolonged Hyperoxia and Oligomycin have Similar Effects on Cat Carotid Body Chemoreceptors -- In Vitro Carotid Chemoreceptor Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia after Reserpinization or AMPT-Treatment in the Rabbit and in the Cat -- Regulation of Neuropeptide Levels in Sensory Receptors and Autonomic Ganglia -- Origin of Respiratory Oscillations in Chemoreceptor Discharge -- Afferent Activity in the Sinus Nerve of the Rabbit after Regeneration -- The Role of the Carotid Body in Acclimatization to Hypoxia -- The Role of the Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors in the Cardiovascular Responses of the Cat to Acute Systemic Hypoxia -- The Effect of Premature Delivery on Chemoreceptor Sensitivity in the Lamb -- Studies of Chemoreceptor Resetting after Hyperoxic Ventilation of the Fetus in Utero -- The Chemoreception of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia: Further Evidence for a Dual Sensing Mechanism -- Carotid Body Chemoreceptor Response to Transient Arterial Occlusion -- The Carotid Bodies in Coarctation of the Aorta -- The Carotid Bodies in a Case of Ventricular Septal Defect -- Histological Changes Associated with Ageing of the Human Carotid Body -- Slow Ventilatory Dynamics in Hypoxic Patients with Obstructive Airways Disease -- Propranolol Treatment Inhibits the Carotid Body Vascular Changes Evoked by Long-Term Hypoxia -- Acetylcholine- and Dopamine-Induced Excitation of Cultured Newborn Rabbit Nodose Ganglion Neurons: Effects of Co-Culture with Carotid Body Fragments -- Pharmacological Studies on Opioid Receptors in the Cat Carotid Body -- Chemoexcitation Evoked by Adenosine: Pharmacological Characterisation of the Receptor -- Adenosine Modulation of Respiration Mediated by Carotid Body Chemoreceptors -- Interference by Domperidone on Chemosensory and Ventilatory Responses to Dopamine -- The Double Reflexogenic Action of Lobeline, Acetylcholine and Cyanides on the Carotid Body, Influence of Phentolamine and Sulpiride -- Power Spectral Analysis of Chemoreceptor Discharges During Asphyxia and after Administration of Almitrine Bismesylate -- Peripheral Chemoreceptor Stimulation and Pulmonary Circulation in the Rat -- Almitrine Anatagonizes the Depressant Effect of the Morphinomimetic Agent, Fentanyl on Bulbar Respiratory Neurons -- Effects of Chronic Hypoxia on Chemoreceptor Function in the Newborn -- Reduction in Dopaminergic Activity in the Rat Carotid Body after Acute or Chronic Almitrine -- Carotid Body Responses to Administration of Almitrine Bismesylate -- Kinetics of Almitrine Bismesylate and its Metabolites in the Carotid Body and Other Tissues of the Rat.

Abstract: List of Participants 1 Hypoxia-Induced Intermitochondrial Junctions in the Rabbit Carotid-Body : An Ultrastructural and Experimental Study. A. VERNA. N. TALIB and A. BARETS. 11 Ultrastructural Studies of the Cat Carotid Body Perfused for Short Periods with Physiological Saline Solutions. R.G. O'REGAN. M. KENNEDY. D. COTTELL and S. FEELY. Morphological and Biochemical 19 Characteristics of the Laryngeal Nerve paraganglia. A. DAHLQVIST. S. HELLSTROM. B. CARLSOO. J.M. PEGUIGNOT and S. DOMEIJ. 29 Central Terminations of Carotid Body Chemoreceptor Afferents. D. JORDAN. S. DONOGHUE. R.B. FELDER and K.M. SPYER. 39 Vascular Geometry of Arterial Chemoreceptors: Learning about the Caritud Body by Studying paraganglia of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve D. M. McDONALD and AMY HASKELL. Altered Function of Cat Carotid Body 50 Chemoreceptors in Prolonged Hyperoxia. S. LAHIRI. E. MULLIGAN. A. MORASHI. S. ADNRONIKOU and M. SHIRAHATA. 59 Glycolysis as a Link for Chemoreception? MARCO A. DELPIANO. Spectrophotometric Studies on Carotid 69 Body Tissue. H. ACKER. C. EYZAGUIRRE. ATP Content in the Cat Carotid Body 78 under Different Experimental Conditions. Support for the Metabolic Hypothesis. A. onESO. L. AL~ffiRAZ and C. GONZALEZ. 91 pathways for Calcium Entry into Type I Cells: Significance for the Secretory Response. A. OBESO. S. FIDONE and C. GONZALEZ. Effects of Cyanide and Acetylcholine on 99 Extracellular K+ and Ca++ Activities in the Cat Carotid Body. R.G. O'REGAN and H. ACKER. Application of the Chemiluminescent 108 Method to Carotid Body for Detecting Choline and Acetylcholine. ARCADI GUAL and JORDI HARSAL.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Mercury -- 1.2 Cadmium -- 1.3 Other Metals -- 1.4 Sources and Controls -- 2 Toxicity Testing Techniques -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Terminology -- 2.3 Physical Factors in Toxicity Tests -- 2.4 Biological Factors in Toxicity Tests -- 2.5 Numbers of Test Animals -- 2.6 Chemical Conditions of Tests -- 3 Toxicity of Metals to Freshwater Fish -- 3.1 Arsenic -- 3.2 Cadmium -- 3.3 Chromium -- 3.4 Copper -- 3.5 Lead -- 3.6 Mercury -- 3.7 Nickel -- 3.8 Selenium -- 3.9 Silver -- 3.10 Vanadium -- 3.11 Zinc -- 4 Toxicity of Metals to Freshwater Invertebrates -- 4.1 Arsenic -- 4.2 Cadmium -- 4.3 Chromium -- 4.4 Copper -- 4.5 Lead -- 4.6 Mercury -- 4.7 Nickel -- 4.8 Selenium -- 4.9 Silver -- 4.10 Vanadium -- 4.11 Zinc -- 5 Toxicity of Metals to Marine Life -- 5.1 Arsenic -- 5.2 Cadmium -- 5.3 Chromium -- 5.4 Copper -- 5.5 Lead -- 5.6 Mercury -- 5.7 Nickel -- 5.8 Selenium -- 5.9 Silver -- 5.10 Vanadium -- 5.11 Zinc -- 6 Factors Affecting Toxicity -- 6.1 Interspecies Variations in Freshwater Fish -- 6.2 Interphyletic Variations -- 6.3 Life Stage -- 6.4 Water Hardness -- 6.5 Temperature -- 6.6 pH -- 6.7 Salinity -- 6.8 Acclimation -- 6.9 Fluctuating Exposure Concentrations -- 6.10 Mixtures of Metals -- 7 Freshwater Field Studies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biological Assessment -- 7.3 Water Quality -- 7.4 Case Studies -- 8 Tidal Water Field Studies -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Physical Factors -- 8.3 Chemical Factors -- 8.4 Biology -- 8.5 Case Studies -- 9 Bioaccumulation -- 9.1 Biomagnification of Metals -- 9.2 Factors Affecting Bioaccumulation -- 9.3 Monitoring -- 10 Environmental Standards -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Derivation of Standards -- 10.3 Statistical Expression of the Standard -- 10.4 The Relationship between Field and Laboratory Information -- 10.5 Effluent Controls from Environmental Standards -- 11 International Controls -- References.

Abstract: The role of the European Community in developing environmental legislation has focused the minds of pollution control agencies and industrialists on the need for, and the evidence to support, water quality standards. This is particularly so for the Dangerous Substances Directive which has led to European standards for cadmium, mercury and lindane. Additionally the United Kingdom has published standards for six other non-ferrous metals. In this book I have sought to review the aquatic toxicity information for these and other metals, not just by the collation of the results of all the published toxicity tests, but by the critical consideration of the test techniques. A surprising proportion of the reported toxicity studies for aquatic organisms are based on unsatisfactory chemical or biological methods. That such weaknesses persist at a time of limited resources for environmental research is disappointing, especially when sound metho­ dologies are extensively documented and widely published. Evaluation of the critically reviewed and vetted data indicates that many of the previously accepted generalisations about the toxicity of metals to aquatic life are invalid: for instance the assumption that salmonid species of fish are more susceptible to these metals than coarse fish, or that increased water hardness decreases toxicity. Too few studies have actually sought to test such hypotheses.

Abstract: Sommaire -- Aperçu chronologique -- Première Partie -- L’homme et l’artiste -- Deuxième Partie Biographie -- Chapitre I Les premières années :Le Fresne, Nogent-le-Rotrou, Paris 1822–1849 -- Chapitre II Le séjour à Tulle et ses environs 1849–1851 Le premier séjour à Bordeaux 1851–1852 -- Chapitre III Le séjour à Toulouse 1852–1861 -- Chapitre IV Le Bon Samaritain 1860–1861 -- Chapitre V La deuxième période parisienne 1861 -- Chapitre VI Le séjour à Fronsac 1862–1864 Le deuxième séjour à Bordeaux 1864–1869 -- Chapitre VII La troisième période parisienne 1869–1873 -- Chapitre VIII Le séjour au Canada 1873–1877 -- Chapitre IX La quatrième période parisienne 1877–1881 -- Chapitre X La fin: Sèvres 1881–1885 -- Troisième Partie -- Style et technique dans l’œuvre gravé de Bresdin -- Appendices -- I Notices biographiques -- II La Revue Fantaisiste de 1861 -- III La commande d’Hippolyte de Thierry Faletans -- IV Les péripéties du Bon Samaritain -- V Les reports sur pierre de huit eaux-fortes de Bresdin -- VI L’art de l’eau-forte et de la lithographie chez Bresdin -- VII Les tirages posthumes de lithographies et d’eaux-fortes de Bresdin -- VIII L’œuvre de Bresdin jugée par treize de ses contemporains -- IX Vingt-cinq lettres de Rodolphe Bresdin.

Abstract: I: A plant-centred biological complex -- 1 Plants, roots and ion absorption -- 2 Mineral composition of plant tissues and the function of ions -- 3 Plants and water -- 4 Symbiotic and other associations for nutrient capture -- 5 Herbivores, decomposers and other soil organisms -- 6 Vegetation and fire -- II: Environmental complexes -- 7 Soil formation -- 8 Soil matrix and soil water -- 9 Soil atmosphere and soil temperature -- 10 Some examples of mineral nutrient supply -- 11 Measuring availability of nutrients and toxic ions -- 12 Experimental approaches to the study of soil variables -- III: Interactions in the real world. Some case histories -- 13 The autecology of two contrasting species -- 14 Restoration of derelict land -- 15 Two aspects of forest mineral-nutrient economy -- 16 Australian heathlands and other nutrient-poor terrestrial ecosystems -- 17 Three aspects of the Alaskan Arctic tundra Complex -- 18 Saltmarshes and the coastal zone -- 19 Calcareous and serpentine soils and their vegetation -- Further reading.

Abstract: Soil-plant relationships once had a limited meaning. To the student of agriculture it meant creating optimum conditions for plant growth. To the ecologist it meant explaining some plant community distribu­ tion patterns by correlation with soil type or conditions. This dual view has been greatly expanded at an academic level by the discovery of the ecosystem as a practical working unit. A flood of concepts and information subsequently emerged from the International Biological Programme. At a totally different level of resolution, it is appreciated that certain soil-based ecological problems have a molecular basis, and must be addressed by physiological or biochemical approaches. From ecosystem to molecule we have powerful new tools to increase the flow of ecological data and process it for interpretation. Society is now experiencing a series of adverse global phenomena which demand an appreciation of soil-plant relationships. These include desertification leading to famine, soil degradation accom­ panying forest destruction, acidification of watersheds and the spasmodic dispersal of radionuclides and other pollutants. It is public policy, not merely to identify problems, but to seek strategies for minimising their ill effects. This book is written as a guide to soil-plant relationships, cen­ trally oriented towards ecology, but of interest to students of geo­ graphy and agriculture. For ecology students it will bring together subfields such as microbiology, plant physiology, systematics and pro­ vide interfaces with animal biology, meteorology and soil science.

Abstract: This book brings together and makes easily accessible data on flash points pres­ ently listed in the standard references, plus many values measured in American indus­ trial laboratories and European data as represented by the Fluka catalog and by values given in Nabert and Schoen. It is a collection that should be useful to those involved in manufacturing, handling, and shipping the many organics and organometallics now in production. The author would like to thank David Harvey, President, and Chuck Pouchert, of Aldrich Chemical Company, for permission to use their material and for provid­ ing a computer printout of some six thousand chemicals listed in the Aldrich cata­ log. Flash points for most of these chemicals were measured in the Aldrich laboratories and are not available elsewhere. Thanks are due also to Dr. Marjan Bace of Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., who recognized the need for a handbook on flash points and handled the pub­ lishing arrangements. Particular thanks go to my wife, Mary, who prepared the entire camera-ready manuscript. Richard M. Stephenson The University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut December, 1986 v Introduction Flash points are of particular importance to those involved with the handling and ship­ ping of organics and organometaliics. As each country has its own shipping regula­ tions, this can be a real problem for international shippers. Many flash points have been determined by individual chemical manufacturers in answer to their own needs

Abstract: One: Evolution and Breeding History of the Rupicaprini -- 1 On the evolution of the Caprinae -- 2 The saiga (Saiga tatarica) in captivity, with special reference to the Zoological Society of San Diego -- 3 Evolutionary aspects of the biology of chamois, Rupicapra spp. (Bovidae, Caprinae) -- 4 Evolutionary pathways of karyotypes of the tribe Rupicaprini -- Two: Ecological Distribution and Behaviour of Capricornis -- 5 Survey of 217 Japanese serows, Capricornis crispus, bred in captivity -- 6 Distribution of Japanese serow in its southern range, Kyushu -- 7 Family break-up in Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus -- 8 Censusing Japanese serow by helicopter in deciduous mountain forests -- 9 Radio tracking of Japanese serow in Akita Prefecture, Japan -- 10 A preliminary study on the ecology of Formosan serow, Capricornis crispus swinhoei -- 11 Social behaviour of Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus crispus -- Three: Keeping and Breeding of Capricornis -- 12 Breeding of Sumatran serow at Dusit Zoo -- 13 Breeding and behaviour of Formosan serow at Taipei Zoo -- 14 Behaviour of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) at the San Diego Wild Animal Park -- Four: Ecology and Breeding of the Rupicaprini -- 15 Keeping and breeding of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra Linné 1758) at the Alpine Zoo, Innsbruck/Tirol -- 16 Experiences of keeping and breeding saiga antelope at Tierpark, Berlin -- 17 Breeding of Mongolian gazelle at Osaka Zoo -- 18 Nemorhaedus cranbrooki Hayman -- 19 Breeding of goral, Formosan serow and chamois -- Five: Anatomy of Capricornis -- 20 Morphological characteristics of Japanese serow, with special reference to the interdigital glands -- 21 Histology and lipid analysis of the infraorbital gland of Japanese serow, and functional considerations -- 22 Brachial and lumbosacral plexuses and brains of the Japanese serow -- 23 What can serow horns tell us? -- Six: Diseases of the Rupicaprini -- 24 Clostridial infections in chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) in captivity -- 25 Pathological studies on Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) -- 26 Serological survey for selected microbial pathogens in Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) in Gifu Prefecture, Japan -- 27 Haematological and biochemical findings on Japanese serow -- Seven: Endocrinology and Reproduction of Capricornis -- 28 Reproduction of female Japanese serow based on the morphology of ovaries and fetuses -- 29 Seasonal changes in male reproductive functions of Japanese serow -- 30 Steroid hormone synthesis and secretion by adrenals of wild Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus -- Eight: Nutritional Status of Capricornis -- 31 The quantity of food taken by raised Japanese serow -- 32 Nutritional estimation of Japanese serow by faecal analysis -- 33 Heavy metal accumulation in wild Japanese serow.

Abstract: The Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) has been protected by law since 1955 in Japan, because it was becoming rarer and approaching extinction. Thereafter, the serow population has increased gradually. The Japanese serow is thought to be a primitive relict species on the islands of Japan, and the geographical range of the serow has retracted upwards into the moun­ tain forests to avoid contact with humans. Little was therefore known about these animals. However, increasing losses of forest habitat due to exploit­ ation of the mountain forests or expanding cultivation by local foresters have driven the Japanese serow back into the lowlands of Japan. Since then, complaints of damage to trees and other vegetation have accumulated against the serow. In some prefectures the shooting of Japanese serow was allowed in order to prevent damage to forests. The animals killed were taken for research by the Departments of the Environment and by universities. was set up at the summit of Mt. Gozaisho, The Japan Serow Center Komono-cho, Mie Prefecture, in 1962 and has made a great effort to breed the serow and its related species in captivity. In addition, the International Studbook of Capricorn is crispus in captivity was established in Japan, and the state of breeding of the Japanese serows is now reported annually. However, without detailed scientific research, it is impossible to conduct sensible protection, conservation or management of the serow in captivity or in the wild.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Field Properties -- 3. Problem Definition -- 4. Linear Spaces in Field Computations -- 5. Projection Methods in Field Computations -- 6. Finite Element Method for Interior Problems -- 7. Finite Element Method for Exterior Problems -- 8. Integral Equation Method -- 9. Static Magnetic Problem -- 10. Eddy Current Problem -- Appendix A Derivation of the Helmholtz Theorem -- Appendix B Properties of the Magnetic Vector Potential, A -- Appendix C Integral Expressions for Scalar Potential from Green’s Theorem.

Abstract: For well over a decade, the numerical approach to field computation has been gaining progressively greater importance. Analytical methods offield compu­ tation are, at best, unable to accommodate the very wide variety of configura­ tions in which fields must be computed. On the other hand, numerical methods can accommodate many practical configurations that analytical methods cannot. With the advent of high-speed digital computers, numerical field computations have finally become practical. However, in order to implement numerical methods of field computation, we need algorithms, numerical methods, and mathematical tools that are largely quite different from those that have been traditionally used with analytical methods. Many of these algorithms have, in fact, been presented in the large number of papers that have been published on this subject in the last two decades. And to some of those who are already experienced in the art of numerical field computations, these papers, in addition to their own original work, are enough to give them the knowledge that they need to perform practical numerical field computations.

Abstract: 1. Introduction. Plans, Strategies and Actions -- Categories of Muscles -- Problems of Moving -- A Legacy -- 2. Mechanical Properties of Muscles -- Review of Muscle Anatomy -- Mechanical Properties of Muscle -- Behaviour of Isolated Muscle Stimulated at Subtetanic Rates -- Muscle Mechanics in Intact Man -- Effects of Muscle Properties on Control of Movement -- A Theory of Movement Control which Makes Use of the Mechanical Properties of Muscle -- 3. The Motor Unit -- The Concept of the Motor Unit -- Twitch and Tonic Muscle Fibres -- Physiological Investigation of the Motor Unit -- Histochemical and Biochemical Classification of Muscle Fibres -- Some Electrophysiological Properties of Motoneurones -- Control of Motor Units and their Recruitment Order -- The Study of Motor Units in Human Physiology -- Pathophysiology of the Motor Unit -- 4. Proprioceptors in Muscle, Joint and Skin -- Muscle Receptors: I. The Muscle Spindle -- Muscle Receptors: II. Golgi Tendon Organs -- Muscle Receptors: III. Other Types of Ending -- Joint Receptors -- Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors -- Recordings from Human Afferent Nerve Fibres -- 5. Reflex Pathways in the Spinal Cord -- Classification of Nerve Fibres -- Reflex Pathways from la Muscle Spindle Afferents -- Reflex Pathways from lb Tendon Organ Afferents -- Reflex Pathways from Group II Muscle Afferents and the ‘Flexor Reflex Afferents’ -- The Renshaw Cell -- Integration in Spinal Reflex Pathways -- Presynaptic Inhibition -- 6. Functional Consequences of Activity in Spinal Reflex Pathways -- The Stretch Reflex in Animals -- Stretch Reflexes in Human Muscles -- The Servo Hypothesis and Alpha-Gamma Coactivation -- The Regulation of Stiffness Hypothesis and lb Effects -- Other Spinal Reflex Pathways -- Cutaneous Reflexes -- Pathophysiology of the Stretch Reflex: Disorders of Muscle Tone -- Pathophysiology of Other Reflex Pathways -- 7. Ascending and Descending Pathways of the Spinal Cord -- Ascending Pathways -- 8. Cerebral Cortex -- Structure of Cerebral Cortex -- Detailed Electrophysiology of Primary Motor (MI) Cortex -- The Pyramidal Tract -- Motor Cortex Cell Activity During Voluntary Movements -- Sensory Input to Motor Cortex -- Other Motor Areas of Cortex -- Supplementary Motor Area -- Motor Functions of Parietal Cortex -- Pathophysiology of Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex -- 9. The Cerebellum -- Cerebellar Anatomy -- Electrophysiological Studies of the Cerebellum -- Effects of Cerebellar Lesions -- Studies of Cerebellar Dysfunction in Man -- Theories of Cerebellar Function -- 10. The Basal Ganglia -- Anatomy -- Electrophysiological Recordings from Behaving Animals -- Pathophysiology of Diseases of the Basal Ganglia in Man.

Abstract: The human motor system is unique. It talks, walks and can play the piano from a remarkably early age. But it is difficult to study. One cannot impale single neurones with electrodes or lesion discrete areas of the nervous system in man. However, data gleaned from such elegant experiments in lower species that walk on four feet may not reflect the organisation of human motor mechanisms. John Rothwell is one of a small band of human-motor physiologists who have followed the dictum 'The proper study of mankind is man'. In this book, he brings together what is known about human motor physiology in an eminently readable and critical fashion. Of course, there is a stimulating symbiosis between animal and human experimental motor physiology, and this is effected by the integration of critical information that can only be obtained from work on animals with what is known about man. Many disciplines have interest in the mechanisms of human voluntary movement - physiologists, psychologists, physiotherapists and clinicians, be they neurologists or those working in orthopaedics, physical medicine or rehabilitation. All will find John Rothwell's book invaluable. To the beginner it provides an excellent introduction to the subject. To the expert it presents a coherent review of current knowledge and areas of uncertainty. What is abundantly clear is how much more remains to be discovered about how man controls movement. The stimulus provided by this volume will be invaluable to thought and experiment.

Abstract: 1 Control Theory and Terminology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What is “Control”? -- 1.3 Elementary Control System -- 1.4 Purposes of Control -- 1.5 Control Action -- 1.6 Energy Sources for Control Systems -- 1.7 Measurement -- 1.8 Symbols and Abbreviations -- 1.9 Psychrometrics -- 1.10 Relationships -- 1.11 Summary -- 2 Pneumatic Control Devices -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Pneumatic Control Devices -- 2.3 Control Cabinets -- 2.4 Air Supply -- 3 Electric and Electronic Control Devices -- 3.1 Electric Control Devices -- 3.2 Electronic Control Devices -- 4 Fluidic Control Devices -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Wall Attachment Devices -- 4.3 Turbulence Amplifiers -- 4.4 Vortex Amplifiers -- 4.5 Radial Jet Amplifier -- 4.6 Fluidic Transducers -- 4.7 Manual Switches -- 5 Flow Control Devices -- 5.1 Dampers -- 5.2 Steam and Water Flow Control Valves -- 5.3 System Gains -- 5.4 Summary -- 6 Elementary Control Systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Outside Air Controls -- 6.3 Air Stratification -- 6.4 Heating -- 6.5 Cooling Coils -- 6.6 Humidity Control -- 6.7 Dehumidifiers -- 6.8 Static Pressure Control -- 6.9 Electric Heat -- 6.10 Gas-Fired Heaters -- 6.11 Oil-Fired Heaters -- 6.12 Refrigeration Equipment -- 6.13 Fire and Smoke Control -- 6.14 Electrical Interlocks -- 6.15 Location of Sensors -- 6.16 Summary -- 7 Complete Control Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Single-Zone Systems -- 7.3 Multizone Air Handling Systems -- 7.4 Dual-Duct Systems -- 7.5 Variable-Volume Systems -- 7.6 Reheat Systems -- 7.7 Heat Reclaim -- 7.8 Fan-Coil Units -- 7.9 Induction Systems -- 7.10 Unit Ventilators -- 7.11 Packaged Equipment -- 7.12 Other Packaged Equipment -- 7.13 Radiant Heating and Cooling -- 7.14 Radiators and Convectors -- 7.15 Heat Exchangers -- 7.16 Solar Heating and Cooling Systems -- 7.17 Summary -- 8 Electric Control Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Electric Control Diagrams -- 8.3 Electrical Control of a Chiller -- 8.4 Electrical Control of an Air Handling Unit -- 8.5 Example: A Typical Small Air Conditioning System -- 8.6 Electric Heaters -- 8.7 Reduced-Voltage Starters -- 8.8 Multispeed Starters -- 8.9 Variable Speed Controllers -- 8.10 Summary -- 9 Special Control Systems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Close Temperature and/or Humidity Control -- 9.3 Controlled Environment Rooms for Testing -- 9.4 Some Examples from Practice -- 9.5 Summary -- 10 Supervisory Control Systems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Hard-Wired Systems -- 10.3 Multiplexing Systems -- 10.4 Computer-Based Systems for Monitoring and Control -- 10.5 The Economics of Supervisory Systems -- 10.6 Benefits of the Computer System -- 10.7 Training for Maintenance and Operation -- 10.8 Summary -- 11 Psychrometrics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Psychrometric Properties -- 11.3 Psychrometric Tables -- 11.4 Psychrometric Charts -- 11.5 Processes on the Psychrometric Chart -- 11.6 HVAC Cycles on the Chart -- 11.7 Impossible Processes -- 11.8 Effects of Altitude -- 11.9 Summary -- 12 Central Plant Pumping and Distribution Systems -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Diversity -- 12.3 Constant Flow Systems -- 12.4 Variable Flow Systems -- 12.5 Distribution Systems -- 12.6 Building Interfaces -- 12.7 Summary -- 13 Retrofit of Existing Control Systems -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Economic Analysis -- 13.3 Discriminators -- 13.4 Control Modes -- 13.5 Economy Cycle Controls -- 13.6 Single-Zone Systems -- 13.7 Reheat Systems -- 13.8 Multizone Systems -- 13.9 Dual-Duct Systems -- 13.10 Systems with Humidity Control -- 13.11 Control Valves and Pumping Arrangements -- 13.12 Summary -- 13.13 Conclusion -- Control Bibliography -- Abbreviations Used in this Book -- Symbols Used in this Book.

Abstract: There are two reasons why we have a new edition every four or five years. The first is that technology changes. Chapter 10, on computer-based con­ trols, has had to be almost completely rewritten. Fundamentals don't change, but the tools available to us do change. Evaluation and proper use of those tools makes it even more imperative that we understand fundamentals. Many of our control problems stem from the use of new devices as a solution to problems that are, in fact, control design errors. New gadgets, for example, Direct Digital Controls (DDC), will not solve basic problems and may even compound them. None-the-Iess, you will find an extensive discussion of DDC because I think it is the probable "future" in HVAC control. But it must be applied with a good understanding of fundamentals. The second reason is that I keep learning and need to pass on my new and improved understanding to my readers. Thus you will find a number of small but important revisions, a dissertation on control "modes," and a much more detailed discussion of how electronic control devices work. There are a few places where I have corrected what I now perceive to be errors. I apologize for these. I have been much encouraged by the acceptance of this book in the past, and I hope that this new edition will be helpful. Thank you for your support.

Abstract: Les eaux-fortes et les lithographies que nous présen­ a paru offrir de grands avantages. Présenter l'œuvre tons dans le catalogue ont été, dans la mesure du de Bresdin par catégorie aurait manqué de logique à possible, classées par ordre chronologique. bien des égards, sans rendre plus clair, bien au con­ Ce classement s'est révélé difficile pour les œuvres traire, l'ensemble de l'œuvre. datant d'avant I850, la documentation faisant défaut. La Troisième Partie du Volume 1 présente, à la page La classification choisie constitue donc souvent une I54, un tableau synthétique des vingt lithographies de l'artiste. hypothèse, encore que quelques dates connues éta­ blissent certains points de repère. Nous nous référons D'une façon générale, les gravures n'ont pas été dé­ aussi à la Troisième Partie du Volume I. A partir de I854, la plupart des œuvres de Bresdin, crites; le commentaire se contente d'indiquer et­ et notamment les plus importantes, sont datées, mais lorsque c'est nécessaire et possible-d'expliquer les comme les indications de l'artiste contiennent nom­ différences entre les divers états et, éventuellement, bre d'obscurités, nous avons dû, pour ces œuvres éga­ les divers tirages. lement, nous appuyer sur un appareil documentaire Les reproductions constituent l'élément essentiel permettant d'identifier les gravures dans leurs divers et une étude critique du style

Abstract: I Background: Concepts and field evidence -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geochronology and other uses of isotopic analysis -- 3 Archaean terrains: the available geological evidence -- II Reconstructing the Archaean Earth -- 4 The beginnings of life -- 5 Archaean continents -- 6 Archaean volcanism -- 7 Mineral deposits in Archaean rocks -- 8 Models of the early Earth -- Glossary of geological terms for non-geologists -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: 'What are we going to do with a parcel of old stones?' wrote the director of an African museum a century and a half ago, when one of my ancestors presented him with a splendid collection of fossils of mammal-like reptiles. Old stones, however intriguing, are difficult to interpret, dusty, and do not fit well in the neatly ordered contents of a house of learning. Archaean geology, which is the study of the Earth's history in the period from after 9 the end of planetary accretion (4.5-4.4 x 10 years ago) up to the beginning 9 of the Proterozoic (2.5 x 10 years ago) is much the same - a parcel of old stones seemingly impossible to understand. Yet these stones contain the history of our origins: they can tell us a story that is interesting not just to the geologist (for whom this book is primarily written) but instead addresses the human condition in general.

Abstract: 1 Plant Breeders and Their Work -- What Is Plant Breeding? -- The Strategy of Plant Breeding -- Training for the Modern Plant Breeder -- Some Early Plant Breeders -- Some Accomplishments in Plant Breeding -- Who Does Plant Breeding in the United States? -- 2 Reproduction in Crop Plants -- Types of Reproduction -- Sexual Reproduction in Crop Plants -- Asexual Reproduction in Crop Plants -- 3 Gene Recombination in Plant Breeding -- Variation, the Basis of Plant Breeding -- The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity -- Gene Recombination Following Hybridization -- Gene Structure and Action -- 4 Quantitative Inheritance in Plant Breeding -- Quantitative Inheritance and its Measurement -- Multiple Alleles -- Types of Gene Action -- Heritability -- Selection Intensity and Genetic Advance -- Gene Frequency and Genetic Equilibrium -- Gene Recombination and Plant Breeding -- 5 Variations in Chromosome Number -- Polyploidy -- Aneuploidy -- Haploidy -- 6 Mutation -- The Nature of Mutation -- Induction of Mutation -- Mutator Genes and Controlling Elements -- Some Mutation-Breeding Experiments -- Role of Mutation Breeding -- 7 Fertility-Regulating Mechanisms and Their Manipulation -- Incompatibility -- Male Sterility -- Apomixis -- Interspecific Hybridization -- 8 Plant Cell and Tissue Culture: Applications in Plant Breeding -- Plant Cell and Tissue Culture -- Clonal Propagation -- Embryo Culture, Ovule Culture, and in Vitro Pollination -- Anther Culture and Haploid Plant Production -- Genetic Variability from Cell Cultures -- Somatic Cell Hybridization -- Plant Genetic Engineering -- 9 Germplasm Resources and Conservation -- Germplasm Conservation -- Germplasm Resources and Their Maintenance in the United States -- How Genetic Resources Are Utilized -- Acclimatization -- 10 Breeding Self-Pollinated Crops -- What Is a Variety? -- Genetic Significance of Pollination Method -- Breeding Methods in Self-Pollinated Crops -- Plant Breeding: A Numbers Game? -- 11 Breeding Cross-Pollinated and Clonally Propagated Crops -- Genetic Structure of Cross-Pollinated Crops -- Breeding Seed-Propagated Cross-Pollinated Crops -- Breeding Clonally Propagated Crops -- 12 Breeding Hybrids -- Proprietary Nature of Hybrid Varieties -- Inbreeding -- Hybrid Vigor or Heterosis -- Double-Cross Hybrid Corn—The Model for Hybrid Breeding -- Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Hybrid Seed Production -- Alternative Hybrid Procedures -- 13 Techniques in Breeding Field Crops -- Selfing and Crossing -- Conducting Field Trials -- Maturity Comparisons -- Resistance to Lodging and Shattering -- Resistance to Stress -- Breeding for Disease Resistance -- Breeding for Insect Resistance -- Measuring Quality -- Keeping Accurate Records -- 14 Breeding Wheat and Triticale -- Breeding Wheat -- Breeding Triticale -- 15 Breeding Rice -- Origin and Types -- Varieties -- Botany and Genetics -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- Upland Rice -- Deep-Water and Floating Rice -- Wild Rice -- 16 Breeding Barley and Oats -- Breeding Barley -- Breeding Oats -- 17 Breeding Soybeans -- Origin and Species -- Genetics -- Botany -- Varieties -- The USDA and Cooperative State Agricultural Experimental Stations -- International Soybean Program (INTSOY) -- Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- 18 Breeding Corn (Maize) -- Origin -- Races of Corn -- Genetics -- Pollination -- Heterozygous Nature of Open-Pollinated Corn -- Breeding Open-Pollinated Corn -- Hybrid Corn -- Breeding Improved Hybrids -- Population Improvement -- Breeding Objectives -- Special-Purpose Hybrids -- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center -- 19 Breeding Sorghum and Millet -- Breeding Sorghum -- Breeding Millet -- 20 Breeding Cotton -- Botany, Pollination, and Male Sterility -- Genetics and Cytology -- Varieties -- Breeding Methods -- Variety Maintenance -- Breeding Objectives -- 21 Breeding Sugar Beets -- History of the Sugar Beet -- Botany and Genetics -- Varieties -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- 22 Breeding Forage Crops -- Forage Crop Breeding Problems -- Pollination, Fertilization, and Seed Setting -- Vegetative Propagation -- Genetic and Cytogenetic Studies -- Natural Selection -- Endophytic Fungi: Impact on Grass Breeding -- Breeding Self-Pollinated Forage Species -- Breeding Cross-Pollinated Forage Species -- Public versus Private Breeding of Forage Crops -- Breeding Objectives -- Seed Increase of New Varieties -- 23 Seed Production Practices -- Public and Private Plant Breeding and Seed Distribution -- Classes of Certified Seed -- How a New Variety Reaches the Farmer -- How a Variety is Certified -- Agencies Concerned with Seed Certification in the United States -- Practical Problems in Seed Production -- Vegetatively Propagated Forages.

Abstract: While preparing the first edition of this textbook I attended an extension short course on writing agricultural publications. The message I remember was "select your audience and write to it. " There has never been any doubt about the audience for which this textbook was written, the introductory course in crop breeding. In addition, it has become a widely used reference for the graduate plant-breeding student and the practicing plant breeder. In its prepa­ ration, particular attention has been given to advances in plant-breeding theo­ ry and their utility in plant-breeding practice. The blend of the theoretical with the practical has set this book apart from other plant-breeding textbooks. The basic structure and the objectives of the earlier editions remain un­ changed. These objectives are (1) to review essential features of plant re­ production, Mendelian genetic principles, and related genetic developments applicable in plant-breeding practice; (2) to describe and evaluate established and new plant-breeding procedures and techniques, and (3) to discuss plant­ breeding objectives with emphasis on the importance of proper choice of objec­ tive for achieving success in variety development. Because plant-breeding activities are normally organized around specific crops, there are chapters describing breeding procedures and objectives for the major crop plants; the crops were chosen for their economic importance or diversity in breeding sys­ tems. These chapters provide a broad overview of the kinds of problems with which the breeder must cope.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- I Transducers -- 2 Position transducers -- 3 Light transducers -- 4 Force transducers -- 5 Velocity transducers -- II Sensors -- 6 Robot Vision Sensors -- 7 Robot Tactile Sensors -- III Image Processing -- 8 Image processing -- Solutions to revision questions -- References.

Abstract: The use of sensor's with machines, whether to control them continuously or to inspect and verify their operation, can be highly cost-effective in particular areas of industrial automation. Examples of such areas include sensing systems to monitor tool condition, force and torque sensing for robot assembly systems, vision-based automatic inspection, and tracking sensor's for robot arc welding and seam sealing. Many think these will be the basis of an important future industry. So far, design of sensor systems to meet these needs has been (in the interest of cheapness) rather ad hoc and carefully tailored to the application both as to the transducer hardware and the associated processing software. There are now, however, encouraging signs of commonality emerging between different sensor application areas. For instance, many commercial vision systems and some tactile systems just emerging from research are able to use more or less standardized techniques for two-dimensional image processing and shape representation. Structured-light triangulation systems can be applied with relatively minor hardware and software variations to measure three-dimensional profiles of objects as diverse as individual soldered joints, body pressings, and weldments. Sensors make it possible for machines to recover 'sensibly' from errors, and standard software proce­ dures such as expert systems can now be applied to facilitate this.

Abstract: I Basic equations -- 1 Hydrodynamic plasma description -- 2 Basic equations for high-frequency processes -- 3 Basic equations for low-frequency processes -- II Elements of linear wave propagation -- 4 Linear wave propagation in plasmas -- 5 Structure resonances -- III High-frequency nonlinear processes -- 6 Harmonic generation -- 7 Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and two-plasmon- decay (TPD) -- IV Low-frequency nonlinear processes -- 8 Linearized plasma dynamics -- 9 Stimulated Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering (SBS) -- 10 Strongly nonlinear stationary waves -- 11 Strongly nonlinear instationary interaction -- References.

Abstract: The text presented here is an extended english version of a report by the authors which appeared in April 1983 at the Institute of Cosmical Research of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR in German. It covers several selected topics on nonlinear wave-plasma interactio,ll in a treatment based on a hydrodynamic plasma description. Thus, no attempt has been made to give a comprehensive view on all aspects of the interaction of strong electromagnetic waves with plasmas. The text is partly introductory and presents partly current results. The authors hope that it will be of interest to students and scientists not only in the field of plasma physics. The authors thank Akademie-Verlag, Berlin and Birkhiiuser-Verlag, Basel for their encouragement to prepare the English manuscript and Mrs. Ch. Geier for carefully typing the final off-set version. Klaus Baumgiirtel Konrad Sauer Berlin, in April 1986 Contents Preface 5 Introduction 9 General References 13 Part I Basic equations 15 1 Hydrodynamic plasma description 15 2 Basic equations for high-frequency processes 19 3 Basic equations for low-frequency processes 25 References 28 Part n Elements of linear wave propagation 31 4 Linear wave propagation in plasmas 31 4. 1 Linear wave equation 4. 2 Penetration of a plasma by an electromagnetic wave 34 4. 3 Resonance absorption 38 References 43 5 Structure resonances 45 5. 1 Resonances at s-polarization 46 56 5. 2 Sl'l'face wave resonances 5.

Abstract: 1 Thermal energy and the thermal environment -- 1.1 Thermal energy and temperature -- 1.2 Life, the low-temperature phenomenon -- 1.3 Mechanisms of heat transfer -- 1.4 The thermal environment -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2 The direct effects of temperature changes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rate–temperature curves – experimental considerations -- 2.3 Empirical descriptions of rate effects -- 2.4 Theoretical equations -- 2.5 The classification of biological processes by temperature coefficients -- 2.6 Theory of absolute reaction rates -- 2.7 Destructive effects of temperature -- 2.8 Temperature optima of biological processes -- 2.9 Low Q10 and temperature-independent processes -- 2.10 Conclusions -- 3 Body temperature in bradymetabolic animals -- 3.1 Thermal inertia – the contribution of body size to the stabilization of Tb -- 3.2 Selection of a preferred body temperature in ectotherms – an adaptive behavioural response -- 3.3 Body temperature in field conditions -- 3.4 Ecological significance of body temperature – costs and benefits -- 3.5 Is preferred Tb the temperature for optimal functioning? -- 3.6 Endothermic animals -- 3.7 Why set Tb between 30°C and 45°C? -- 3.8 Endothermic insects -- 3.9 The need for ‘warm-up’ -- 3.10 Thermoregulation in flight -- 3.11 Thermoregulation in honeybee swarms -- 3.12 Ecological costs and benefits of endothermy in insects -- 3.13 Endothermic fish -- 3.14 Endothermic reptiles -- 3.15 Conclusions -- 4 Body temperature in tachymetabolic animals -- 4.1 Body temperature -- 4.2 Distribution of heat within the body -- 4.3 Metabolism and ambient temperature -- 4.4 Heat production -- 4.5 Heat loss -- 4.6 Thermal insulation -- 4.7 Regional heterothermy -- 4.8 Thermoregulation -- 4.9 Thermoreceptors -- 4.10 Disturbances of the set-point -- 4.11 Adaptive and acclimatory mechanisms -- 4.12 Ontogenetic aspects of thermoregulation -- 4.13 Conclusions -- 5 Rate compensations and capacity adaptations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Patterns of compensation -- 5.3 Temperature acclimation -- 5.4 Seasonal effects upon acclimation -- 5.5 Cellular mechanisms of compensation -- 5.6 Genotypic adaptation to temperature -- 5.7 Conclusions -- 6 Thermal injury, thermal death and resistance adaptation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methods for determining lethal limits -- 6.3 Resistance adaptation -- 6.4 Hardening -- 6.5 Causes of heat death -- 6.6 Cold injury and death -- 6.7 Mechanisms of cold tolerance -- 6.8 A cellular basis for thermal injury and death -- 6.9 Thermal tolerance in multivariate conditions -- 6.10 Lethal limits, temperature and animal distribution -- 6.11 Conclusions -- 7 Effect of temperature on reproduction, development and growth -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Reproduction -- 7.3 Development -- 7.4 Thermal limits of development and temperature-sensitive stages -- 7.5 Temperature and gene expression -- 7.6 Temperature and ageing -- 7.7 Growth -- 7.8 Populations -- 7.9 Conclusions -- References.

Abstract: Temperature is one facet in the mosaic of physical and biotic factors that describes the niche of an animal. Ofthe physical factors it is ecologically the most important. for it is a factor that is all-pervasive and one that. in most environments. lacks spatial or temporal constancy. Evolution has produced a wide variety of adaptive strategies and tactics to exploit or deal with this variable environmental factor. The ease with which temperature can be measured. and controlled experimentally. together with its widespread influence on the affairs of animals. has understandably led to a large. dispersed literature. In spite of this no recent book provides a comprehensive treatment of the biology of animals in relation to temperature. Our intention in writing this book was to fill that gap. We hope we have provided a modern statement with a critical synthesis of this diverse field. which will be suitable and stimulating for both advanced undergraduate and post­ graduate students of biology. This book is emphatically not intended as a monographical review. as thermal biology is such a diverse. developed discipline that it could not be encompassed within the confines of a book of this size.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Waveguide Analysis -- Single-Mode Waveguide Analysis -- Loss Mechanisms -- Material Attenuation -- Waveguide Attenuation -- Dispersion in Single-Mode Waveguide -- Standard Waveguide Profiles -- Bandwidth Considerations -- Test Equipment -- Laser -- Detectors -- Beamsplitters and Couplers -- Boxcar Average -- Launcher -- Apertures -- Applications of the OTDR -- Review Problems -- References -- 3. Transmitters -- Solid-State Laser Physics -- Long-Wavelength Sources -- Edge-Emitting Diodes -- Gas Lasers -- YAG Lasers -- Laser Feedback Techniques -- Temperature Control -- Optical FeedbackCircuitry -- Digital Transmitter Design with Lasers -- LinearTransmitters -- Linearizing LED Transmitters -- References -- 4. Receivers -- PiN Diode Detectors -- Avalanche Photodiode Detectors (APD) -- Linear Receivers -- Microwave Preamplifier Biasing -- Receiver Design -- Preamplifier Noise -- Review Problems -- References -- 5. Waveguide Terminations and Splices -- Misalignment Losses -- Connectors -- Splices -- Common Commercial Connector Designs -- Commercially Available Splices -- Review Problems -- References -- 6. Integrated Optic and Network Components -- Fiber-Optic Switches and Couplers (Active) -- Couplers (Fixed) -- Wavelength Multiplexing/Demultiplexing -- Review Problems -- References -- 7. Integrated Optics -- Integrated Optics Components -- Mode Numbers and Cut-off Derivations -- Coupling to Integrated Optics -- Fiber-Optic Modulators -- VLSI Techniques Applied to Integrated Optics -- Review Problems -- References -- 8. Local Area Networks -- International Standards Organization (ISO) Network Model -- Common Networks -- Physical Layer -- Simplex Links -- Review Problems -- References -- 9. Local Area Networks Applied to Single-Mode Fiber-Optic Technology -- Network Topology -- Graph Theory -- Network Flow -- Time Delay Analysis -- Channel Capacity -- Noise Considerations -- Backbone Design -- Network Layer (Virtual Circuits) -- Datagram -- Routing Techniques -- Local Area Networks -- Token Passing Networks -- Hybrid Star Network -- Gateways -- Broadband Fiber-Optic Networks -- Review Problems -- References -- 10. Long-Haul Networks -- M-ary Codes -- Long-Distance Transmission Systems (Over 10 Kilometers) -- Long-Distance Cable Plant and the Loss Budget -- High-Sensitivity Receivers -- Review Problems -- References -- 11. Fiber-Optic Sensors -- Sagnac Effect -- Temperature Sensitivity -- Review Problems -- References -- 12. Angular Division Multiplexer (ADM) -- Modal Analysis -- Crosstalk -- ADM Bandwidth Considerations -- Loss Mechanisms -- Noise -- ADM Transmitters -- ADM Receivers -- Cable Plant Design -- ADM Demultiplexer -- Review Problems -- References.

Abstract: Fiber optics is a transmission technique that uses electrical signals to modulate a light source and thereby produce an optical signal proportional to the electrical signal. These optical signals contain information that is transmitted via a glass waveguide to a light-sensitive receiver. Fiber optics has a distinct advantage over copper networks for some applications. The objective of this book is to explore monomode, as opposed to multimode, applications of fiber optics to local area networks (LANs), which have become a rather important aspect of this technology because of the ever-increasing growth of LANs. Monomode fiber optics requires the use of coherent light sources such as laser diodes, YAGs, and HeNe lasers, to name just a few. It has some distinct advantages over multimode that this text will investigate in a cursory manner. (The author's previous book on multimode fiber optics, Fiber Optic Design and Applications, published by Reston, would be helpful but not necessary to aug­ ment this text.) Monomode (or single-mode) fiber optics is the present direction of the state­ of-the-art because of its superior performance. Since a few problems existed that limited the growth of monomode technology at the time this book was being written, several sections of the text will be devoted to examining the shortcom­ ings as well as the performance advantages of this technology.

Abstract: 1. Physical Properties of Fats and Oils -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Melting and Crystallization Behaviour -- 1.3 Solids Content and Phase Diagrams -- 1.4 Compatibility of Fats: Product Defects -- 1.5 Final Remarks -- 1.6 References -- 2. Fatty Acid Sequence in Triglycerides and Related Compounds -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods for Determining Fatty Acid Sequence -- 2.3 Selected Applications -- 2.4 Appendix: Experimental Procedures -- 2.5 References -- 3. Industrial Aspects of Lipid Oxidation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Raw Materials -- 3.3 The Finished Product -- 4. Hydrogenation of Oils and Fats -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Layout -- 4.3 Autoclave Design -- 4.4 Reactions at the Catalyst Surface -- 4.5 References -- 5. The Analysis of Lipids with Special Reference to Milk Fat -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Lipid Class Separations -- 5.3 Fatty Acids and Related Aliphatic Compounds -- 5.4 The Positional Distributions of Fatty Acids in Milk Triacylglycerols -- 5.5 Molecular Species of Milk Triacylglycerols -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Acknowledgement -- 5.8 References -- 6. Wheat Grain Lipids and their Role in the Bread-making Process -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Structure of the Wheat Grain -- 6.3 Composition of Lipids in Wheat Grains -- 6.4 Relationship Between Grain Lipid Composition and Flour Lipid Composition -- 6.5 Storage Stability of Wheat Flour -- 6.6 The Role of Flour Lipids in Baking of Bread -- 6.7 Acknowledgements -- 6.8 References -- 7. Varietal Differences in Fatty Acid Compositions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Plant Lipid Compositions -- 7.3 Varieties Grown for Different Environmental Conditions -- 7.4 Compositions for Some Minor Seed Oils -- 7.5 References -- 8. Application of Modification Techniques -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Soybean Hydrogenation -- 8.3 Lard — as a Shortening -- 8.4 Margarine Development -- 8.5 Palm Oil Utilisation -- 8.6 Summary -- 8.7 References.

Abstract: Since we produced Fats and Oils: Chemistry and Technology in 1980, the trend we anticipated to up-date the classical texts of oils and fats has manifested itself. Bailey's famous textbook has been completely revised and a second edition of Bernardini's work has been produced. The present text is an attempt to provide some insight into the current state of the art. Chapter 1 discusses the physical properties of oils and fats with special reference to those properties which can be monitored to give an in­ dication of the suitability of fats for chocolate production. The physical properties of the fats are often determined by the order in which the fatty acids are attached to the glyceride molecule. Ram Bhati, in the last article he wrote before his death, showed how mass spectrometry and chemical methods could be used to determine the sequence of fatty acids. Ram's essentially practical approach to the problem is exemplified by the section dealing with the experimental details of the techniques. Chapter 3 outlines some of the problems which can arise in industry when the lipid part of a foodstuff undergoes oxidation, whilst in Chapter 4 Patterson describes the major technique, hydrogenation, which is used to circumvent the problems caused by oxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids. In Chapter 4 the essentials of the theory are given to enable the reader to appreciate the design features of the apparatus. Chapter 5 deals with the analysis, mainly chromatographic, of lipids.

Abstract: 1 Opening Session / Jean Vertut Memorial Session, Eulogy -- Advanced Teleoperation. Introductory Paper. The Advanced Teleoperation Project -- Advanced Teleoperation (I). Control and Supervision in Computer Aided Teleoperation -- Advanced Teleoperation (II). The Generalized Information Feedback Concept in Computer-Aided Teleoperation -- Advanced Teleoperation (III). An Integrated Experiment -- Analysis of a Robot Wrist Device for Mechanical Decoupling of the End-Effector Position and Orientation -- 2 Mechanics 1 -- Robot Motion: Configuration Analysis of Redundant and Non Redundant Manipulators -- Analysis of the Positioning and Orientation Accuracy in 6R Manipulators (Direct Task) -- A Unified Approach to Modelling of Flexible Robot Arms -- Solving the Inverse Kinematic Problem for Robotic Manipulators -- Determination of the Accuracy of Flexible Automatic Positioning Module with Clearances -- Invariant Kinestatic Filtering -- 3 Mechanics 2 -- Redundant Manipulators and Kinematic Singularities The Operational Space Approach -- Modelling and Simulation of Mechanical Process in Hyperstatical Gripping with n-Contact Points -- Computer Aided Modelling of Pneumo-Hydraulic Robots -- A Cartesian Model of Manipulator Kinematics -- A Method for Solving the Inverse Problem of Kinematics of Anthropomorphic Manipulators with Spherical Wrist -- Dynamic Equations of General Robots by Kane’s Method -- The Role of Delay in Robot Dynamics -- 4 Synthesis and Design 1 -- Smart Hand Systems for Robotics and Teleoperation -- A Mathematical Model of a Flexible Manipulator of the Elephant’s-Trunk-Type -- Analytical Design of Two-Revolute Open Chains -- On a Fundamental Study of Micro Mechanical Gripper Using Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Actuator -- The Kinematic Design and Mass Redistribution of Manipulator Arms for Decoupled and Invariant Inertia -- Graphical-Interactive System for CAD and Simulation of Manipulation Systems -- 5 Sensing and Machine Intelligence 1 -- Force Feedback in Telemanipulators -- Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Optical Fibre Reflective Sensors for Robotics -- Task Specification and Closed Loop Control of Manipulators in the Presence of External Sensors -- Adaptive Force Control of Grippers Taking into Account the Dynamics of Objects -- Bilateral Remote Control with Dynamic Reflexion -- 6 Control of Motion 1 -- Finger-Arm Coordination Control Method for Multiple Degrees of Freedom Robot -- A Model-Based Expert System for Strategical Control Level of Manipulation Robots -- Robot-Task Adaptability by Semi-Local Correction without Contact -- Robot Control Synthesis in Conjunction with Moving Workpieces -- Dynamic Command Motion Tuning for Robots. A Self Learning Algorithm -- 7 Sensing and Machine Intelligence 2 -- C-Surface Theory Applied to Force-Feedback Control of Robots -- Experimental Investigation of Active Force Control of Robot and Manipulator Arms -- Automatic Grasp Planning. An Operation Space Approach -- A Method of Optical Processing in the Robot Vision -- Tridimensional Optical Syntaxer -- 8 Locomotion and Walking Machines -- Towards Generalized Concepts and Tools for Unconventional Mobile Robots. General Languages, Mobility Modes -- Mobile Robotic Systems for Use in Unstructured Terrain -- Wall Climbing Vehicle Using Internally Balanced Magnetic Unit -- Experimental Development of a Walking Transport Robot -- Legs that Deform Elastically -- Features of Mechanisms Synthesis of Walking Robot Propelling Agents -- Avoiding Obstacles by a Mobile Robotized Vehicle -- 9 Application and Performance Evaluation -- The Automation of the Mine Support Erection Technology with Remotely-Controlled Manipulators -- Experimental Investigations of Robots and Manipulators -- Minimization of Vibrations of a Gantry Manipulator During Positioning -- Experimental Evaluation of Feedforward and Computed Torque Control -- Experimental Research and Development of Methods for Improving Kinematic and Dynamic Robot Characteristics -- 10 Synthesis and Design 2 -- Kinematics and Torque Control of Multi-Fingered Articulated Robot Hand -- Progress towards a Robotic Aid for the severely Disabled -- Logical Structures for Collision Avoidance in Assembly with Robots -- Repositioning-Unit for very Fine and Accurate Displacements Analysis and Design -- 11 Synthesis and Design 3 -- Polyarticulated Mechanical Structure for Decoupling the Position and Orientation of a Robot -- Application of I-Coordinates in Robotics -- Design of Spring Mechanisms for Balancing the Weight of Robots -- Structural and Geometrical Systematization of Spatial Positioning Kinematic Chains Employed in Industrial Robots -- Tasks and Methods of Constructing Mechanical Facilities and Control Systems of Industrial Robots Taking into Account their Force Interaction with the Equipment -- 12 Control of Motion 2 -- Contribution to Solving Dynamic Robot Control in Machining Process -- An Approach to Development of Real-Time Robot Models -- Time-Optimal Robotic Manipulator Task Planning -- Time-Optimal Motions of Some Robotic Systems -- Frequency Space Synthesis of a Robust Dynamic Command -- Structure Strategy Problem on a Redundant Manipulator -- Participants.

Abstract: Temperament and Eating Characteristics: General Measures and Interrelationships provides a comprehensive description of the various ways people eat, and how these individual eating styles relate to personality. Dr. Mehrabian introduces a new approach to the study of eating and presents innovative measures of eating and personal temperament. Based on large samples from normal populations, the research calls attention to the complex interrelationship between aspects of the personality and eating. General measures of temperament provide a basis for comparing the results of this important effort with past research on arousal, temperament, and emotions

Abstract: 1. Introduction: First Principles and the Scope of Sea-surface Studies -- 1. Introduction: First Principles and the Scope of Sea-surface Studies -- One: Sea-Surface (Sea-level) Changes: What Are They? -- 2. Ocean Volume Change and the History of Sea Water -- 3. Mechanisms of Relative Sea-level Change and the Geophysical Responses to Ice-Water Loading -- 4. Glaciation and Sea Level: A Case Study -- 5. Tectonic Processes and their Impact on the Recording of Relative Sea-level Changes -- Two: The Evidence and Interpretation of Sea-Surface (Sea-level) Movements -- 6. Dating and Associated Methodological Problems in the Study of Quaternary Sea-level Changes -- 7. Global Analysis and Correlation of Sea-level Data -- Three: The State of Current Knowledge: Regional and Global Views -- 8a. Pre-Quaternary Long-Term Changes in Sea Level -- 8b. Quaternary Sea-level Changes: Northern Hemisphere Data -- 9. Quaternary Sea-level Changes: Southern Hemisphere Data -- 10. Sea-level Changes During the Holocene: The North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans -- 11. Sea-level Changes During the Holocene: The Northwest Pacific -- 12. Holocene Sea-level Changes in Australasia and the Southern Pacific -- The Impact and Application of Sea-surface Changes: An Introduction to Parts Four and Five -- The Impact and Application of Sea-surface Changes: An Introduction to Parts Four and Five -- Four: The Coastline: Processes, Planning and Management -- 13. Coastal Processes: The Coastal Response to Sea-level Variation -- 14. Man’s Response to Sea-level Change -- 15. The Greenhouse Effect, Rising Sea Level and Society’s Response -- Five: Sea-surface (Sea-level) Changes: Some Wider Implications -- 16. Hydrocarbon Exploration and Biostratigraphy: The Application of Sea-level Studies -- 17. Placer Deposits of the Nearshore and Coastal Zones: The Role of Littoral Processes and Sea-level Changes in their Formation -- 18. Sea-surface Variations and Energy: Tidal and Wave Power -- Six: Conclusions -- 19. Sea-surface Changes: Where Do We Go From Here? -- Appendix I -- Appendix II.

Abstract: The oceans are vast with t,¥o-thirds of our planet being covered by a thick layer of water, the depth of which can be likened to flying above the earth's surface at an altitude of 30,000 feet (9,800 m). Good to play in, essential for life but deadly to breathe, water is important to all organisms on the planet, and the oceans form its major reservoir containing approximately 97 per cent of all freely available surface water. In spite of this obvious importance mankind has still much to learn about this ocean environment. Study of the oceans has grown enormously since the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century voyages of scientific discovery, expanding greatly in the period post 1945. One of the subjects that has blossomed in this period has been the study of the ocean's surface, and in particular the study of sea­ level and related sea-surface changes. Indeed this topic may even be termed 'popular', as reflected in the growing number of general geo­ morphology, physical geology and oceanography texts which now give space to the subject.

Abstract: 1 Polymer structures and general properties -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Polymer structures -- 1.3 Morphology and softening behavior -- 1.4 Amorphous polymers and softening behavior -- 1.5 Semi-crystalline polymers and softening behavior -- 1.6 Molecular weight -- 1.7 Copolymers -- 1.8 Chemical behavior -- 1.9 Solubility -- 1.10 Electrical properties -- 1.11 Conclusion -- Further reading -- 2 Polymerization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Addition polymerization -- 2.3 Step-growth polymerization -- 2.4 Copolymer formation -- 2.5 Chemical conversion -- 2.6 Polyblends -- 2.7 Conclusion -- 3 High-temperature and fire-resistant polymers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The need for thermally resistant polymers -- 3.3 Improving low-performance polymers for high-temperature -- 3.4 The need for fire-resistant polymers -- 3.5 Polymers for low fire hazards -- 3.6 Polymers for high temperature resistance -- 3.7 Heterocyclic polymers -- Further reading -- 4 Hydrophilic polymers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Natural polymers -- 4.3 Semi-synthetic polymers -- 4.4 Synthetic polymers -- Further reading -- 5 Polymers with electrical and electromeric properties -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Conducting polymers -- 5.3 Photoconducting polymers -- 5.4 Polymers in non-linear optics -- 5.5 Polymers with piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties -- 5.6 Photoresists for semiconductor fabrication -- References -- 6 Ionic polymers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Classification -- 6.3 Synthesis -- 6.4 Physical properties and applications -- 6.5 lonomers based on polyethylene -- 6.6 Elastomeric ionomers -- 6.7 Ionomers based on polystyrene -- 6.8 Ionomers based on polytetrafluoroethylene -- 6.9 Ionomers with polyaromatic backbones -- 6.10 Polyelectrolytes for ion-exchange -- 6.11 Polyelectrolytes based on carboxylates -- 6.12 Polymers with integral ions -- 6.13 Polyelectrolyte complexes -- 6.14 Blends of polymers and salts -- 6.15 Biological and inorganic ionic polymers -- 6.16 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Polyurethanes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Chemical aspects -- 7.3 Product types -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References and further reading.

Abstract: R. W. DYSON There will be few readers of this book who are not aware of the contribution that polymers make to modern life. They are to be seen around the home, at work, in transport and in leisure pursuits. They take many forms which include plastic mouldings and extrusions, plastic film and sheet, plastic laminates (fibreglass and formica) rubber gloves, hoses, tyres and sealing rings, fibres for textiles and carpets and so on, cellular products for cushioning and thermal insulation, adhesives and coating materials such as paints and varnishes. The majority of these polymers are synthetic and are derived from oil products. The most important of these in terms of tonnage used are polymers based upon styrene, vinyl chloride, ethylene, propylene and butadiene among plastics and rubber materials, and nylons, polyethylenetere­ phthalate and polyacrylonitrile among fibres. The total amount of these polymers used each year runs into millions of tonnes. These polymers are sometimes known as commodity polymers because they are used for everyday artefacts. They are available in many grades and formats to meet a variety of applications and processing techniques. The and light stabilizers, properties can be adjusted by using additives such as heat plasticizers, and reinforcing materials. Often, grades are specially designed and formulated to meet particular requirements and, in a sense, these might be regarded as specialities. Much has been written about these materials elsewhere and they are not the concern of this book.

Abstract: One -- 1 Introduction: Sociology and Engineering -- 2 Engineering and the Social Process -- 3 Engineering and the British Economic Problem -- 4 The British Economy in Context -- 5 The Legal and Political Context of Engineering -- Two -- 6 Engineering Education -- 7 Theories of Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction -- 8 The Colleagues of the Engineer -- 9 The Organization and Experience of Engineering -- 10 Engineers, Professional Associations and Trade Unions -- 11 Engineering Work: The Division of Labour -- 12 Conclusions -- References -- Authorlndex.

Abstract: to Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems -- Definitions A to Z -- Points of Contact -- Acronyms -- Trademarks.

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence and expert systems research, development, and demonstration have rapidly expanded over the past several years; as a result, new terminology is appearing at a phenomenal rate. This sourcebook provides an introduction to artificial intelligence and expert systems, it provides brief definitions, it includes brief descriptions of software products, and vendors, and notes leaders in the field. Extensive support material is provided by delineating points of contact for receiving additional information, acronyms, a detailed bibliography, and other reference data. The terminology includes artificial intelligence and expert system elements for: • Artificial Intelligence • Expert Systems • Natural language Processing • Smart Robots • Machine Vision • Speech Synthesis The Artificial Intelligence and Expert System Sourcebook is compiled from informa­ tion acquired from numerous books, journals, and authorities in the field of artificial intelligence and expert systems. I hope this compilation of information will help clarify the terminology for artificial intelligence and expert systems' activities. Your comments, revisions, or questions are welcome. V. Daniel Hunt Springfield, Virginia May, 1986 ix Acknowledgments The information in Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems Sourcebook has been compiled from a wide variety of authorities who are specialists in their respective fields. The following publications were used as the basic technical resources for this book. Portions of these publications may have been used in the book. Those definitions or artwork used have been reproduced with the permission to reprint of the respective publisher.

Abstract: 1 Machine Code or Assembly Language -- (Why machine code?) -- 2 Numbers -- (Binary, hex and decimal, Binary to decimal conversion, Decimal to binary conversion, Binary to hex conversion, Hex to decimal conversion) -- 3 It All Adds Up! -- (Binary arithmetic, Addition, Subtraction, Binary coded decimal (BCD), BCD addition, BCD subtraction) -- 4 It’s Logical -- (Logical operations, AND, OR, EOR) -- 5 The Registers -- (The accumulator, The index registers, The program counter) -- 6 A Poke at Machine Code -- (Code —the program counter, Entering machine code, The hex loader program, Calling machine code, Saving it out to disk, The Apple ROMs -- 7 Status Symbols -- (The status register) -- 8 Addressing Modes I -- (Zero page addressing, Immediate addressing) -- 9 Bits and Bytes -- (Load, store and transfer, Paging memory) -- 10 Arithmetic in Assembler -- (Addition, Subtraction, Negation, Using BCD) -- 11 Addressing Modes II -- (Absolute addressing, Zero page indexed addressing, Absolute indexed addressing, Indirect addressing, Post-indexed indirect addressing, Pre-indexed absolute addressing, Implied and relative addressing) -- 12 Stacks of Fun -- (The stack, Stack instructions for saving data) -- 13 Looping -- (Loops, Counters, Comparisons, Branches, FOR ... NEXT, Memory counters) -- 14 Subroutines and Jumps -- (Subroutines, Passing parameters, Jumps) -- 15 Shifts and Rotates -- (Arithmetic shift left, Logical shift right, Rotate left, Rotate right, Logically speaking, Printing binary!, BIT) -- 16 Multiplication and Division -- (Multiplication, Division) -- 17 Assembly Types -- (Conditional assembly, Look-up tables) -- 18 Floating a Point -- (The floating point accumulators, Using USR, Integer to floating point, Floating point to integer, Floating memory, The subroutines) -- 19 Speeding Up and Slowing Down -- 20 Interrupts and Breaks -- (Interrupts, Breaks) -- 21 Prepacked Utilities -- (Hex to binary conversion, Binary to hex conversion, Output ASCII string) -- Appendices -- 1 The Screen -- 2 The 6502 and 65C02 -- 3 The Instruction Set -- 4 Instruction Cycle Times -- 5 Apple // Memory Map -- 6 Branch Calculators -- 7 6502 and 65C02 Opcodes -- General Index -- Program Index.

Abstract: The Apple / / series of computers represents one of the most versatile and powerful home computers available. If you've used your computer for a while, you've probably become quite familiar with Applesoft BASIC. That's good, because once you know that, this book will show you how to graduate from BASIC programming to assembly language programming. There are many reasons to program your Apple in assembly language. First and foremost is speed. Assembly language is about 100 times faster than BASIC. If you're thinking of writing games or business programs that do sorting, speed is of the essence and assembly language is a must. Assembly language programs usually also require less memory. Thus you can squeeze more complex programs into a smaller amount of memory. Finally, assembly language programs offer you a considerable amount of security, because they are more difficult to trace and change. While assembly language is powerful, it doesn't have to be difficult to learn. In fact, if you can write programs in Applesoft BASIC, you're already half-way home. This book assumes you know BASIC and absolutely nothing about assembly language or machine language. Every effort has been made to write in nontechnical language and to set the chapters out in a logical manner, introducing new concepts in digestible pieces as and when they are needed, rather than devoting whole chapters to specific items.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Purpose and Objectives -- 1.2 Developments and Trends in Space Communications -- 1.3 Frequency Allocations and Regulatory Aspects -- References -- 2 Fundamentals of Radiowave Propagation -- 2.1 Transmission Principles -- 2.2 Antenna Gain and Free Space Attenuation -- 2.3 Polarization -- 2.4 Radiowave Frequency and Space Communications -- 2.5 Radiowave Propagation Mechanisms -- 2.6 Major Radiowave Propagation Factors in Space Communications -- References -- 3 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases -- 3.1 Oxygen and Water Vapor Attenuation 25 -- 3.2 Total Slant Path Atmospheric Attenuation -- 3.3 Summary of Atmospheric Attenuation Procedure -- References -- 4 Hydrometeor Attenuation on Satellite Paths -- 4.1 Classical Development for Rain Attenuation -- 4.2 Rain Attenuation Measurements -- 4.3 Cloud and Fog Attenuation -- References -- 5 Rain Attenuation Prediction Methods -- 5.1 Rice Holmberg Rain Model -- 5.2 Dutton-Dougherty Attenution Prediction -- 5.3 Lin Rain Attenuation Model -- 5.4 Crane Global Rain Attenuation Model -- 5.5 CCIR Rain Attenuation Model -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- 6 Depolarization on Satellite Paths -- 6.1 Depolarization Caused By Rain -- 6.2 Ice Depolarization -- 6.3 Multipath Depolarization -- References -- 7 Radio Noise in Satellite Communications -- 7.1 Noise From Atmospheric Gases -- 7.2 Noise From Clouds -- 7.3 Noise From Rain -- 7.4 Noise From Surface Emissions -- 7.5 Noise From Extra-terrestrial Sources -- References -- 8 Scintillation, Bandwidth Coherence, and Other Propagation Factors -- 8.1 Scintillation -- 8.2 Bandwidth Coherence -- 8.3 Antenna Gain Degradation and Angle of Arrival Effects -- References -- 9 Propagation Effects on Communications Satellite Link Performance -- 9.1 Communications System Parameters -- 9.2 Link Performance in the Presence of Propagation Effects -- References -- 10 Restoration Techniques for Overcoming Severe Attenuation -- 10.1 Site Diversity -- 10.2 Power Control -- 10.3 Orbital Diversity -- 10.4 Spot Beams -- 10.5 Signal Processing Restoration Techniques -- 10.6 Summary -- References -- Appendix A Elevation Angle Dependence for Slant Path Communications Links -- Appendix B Interpolation Procedure for Atmospheric Attenuation Coefficients -- Appendix D Crane Global Rain Attenuation Model Calculation Procedure -- Appendix E CCIR Rain Attenuation Model Calculation Procedure -- Appendix F CCIR Tropospheric Scintillation Model Procedure.

Abstract: Radiowave Propagation in Communications was written with two basic objec­ tives: (l) to present an up-to-date review of the major radiowave propagation phenomena which hinder reliable space communications, and (2) to describe how these propagation phenomena affect the design and performance of satellite communications systems. Earth-orbiting satellites are employed extensively for the relay of information in a vast array of telecommunications, meteorological, government, and sci­ entific applications. Satellite systems rely on the transmission of radiowaves to and from the satellite and are dependent on the propagation characteristics of the transmission path, primarily the earth's atmosphere. Radiowave propagation thus plays a very important part in the design and ultimate performance of space communications systems. This book presents, for the first time, the meshing in a single publication of the fundamentals of radiowave propagation factors with a discussion of the practical consequences of these factors on satellite communications systems. Two major subfie1ds are involved in this book. Radiowave propagation, which is basically applied electromagnetic theory, provides the theory and an­ alytical tools for the first several chapters. Later chapters then apply propagation effects to the field of electrical engineering involved with satellite communi­ cations. The material progresses from the essential aspects of radiowave prop­ agation to the application of practical methods and techniques in the design and performance of satellite communications systems.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Evolution of computer aided manufacture (CAM) -- Automation and CAM -- 2 Numerical control -- History of numerical control -- The conventional numerical control concept -- programming -- Real-time control of machine tools -- 3 Computer technology -- Computer assisted programming -- Automatic programmed tooling (APT) -- Adaptive control -- Machinability data banks -- 4 Communications networking -- Conventional ways of connecting terminals -- Uses of computer networks -- Local area networks (LANs) -- Wide area networks (WANs) -- Network architecture: protocols and standards -- Data transmission -- 5 Computer process control monitoring -- Information provided by monitoring -- Supervisory computer control -- Communications networks for factory monitoring -- Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) -- Input/output interfaces -- Shop floor information systems -- 6 The integration of CAD and CAM -- The evolution of CADCAM -- The concept of integration -- Fundamentals of CAD -- CAM software -- CADCAM database -- Where does CADCAM improve productivity? -- Defining CADCAM project objectives -- Procedures to be followed in a CADCAM implementation -- 7 Robotics technology and applications -- Definition of an industrial robot -- Basic components of industrial robots -- Robot performance characteristics -- Commercial robots -- Future developments -- Problem areas -- Future trends -- 8 Flexible manufacturing systems -- The growth of flexible processing and handling -- FMS characteristics -- Flexibility -- Computer control functions -- Material handling in the FMS -- FMS-GT connection -- Prospects for FMS in UK industry -- 9 Computer aided production management -- Objectives of CAPM -- Functions of CAPM -- Stock recording and control -- Material requirements planning (MRP) -- Capacity requirements planning (CRP) -- Process planning -- CAPM package systems -- Cost estimation and financial justification of CAPM -- The effects of CAPM on the UK manufacturing industry -- Computer integrated manufacturing -- 10 Artificial intelligence in manufacturing -- Fifth generation computer systems -- Expert systems -- Expert system languages -- Problem solving and planning -- Diagnostic problems -- Application of AI in engineering design and manufacture -- Application of AI in computer aided process planning -- Limitations of existing AI applications -- Management guidelines towards AI implementation -- The future for artificial intelligence -- Research directions for AI in manufacturing -- References and Bibliography.

Abstract: The development of the 'factory of the future' by major international corporations such as General Motors, IBM, Westinghouse, etc now involves many practising engineers. This book is an attempt to identify and describe some of the building blocks required for computer aided engineering for manufacture. It begins with numerical control and the infrastructure required for the automation of individual 'islands' within existing factories. Computer aided design and computer aided manufacture are then discussed in detail together with their integration to improve manufacturing efficiency and flexibility. Robotics and flexible manufacturing systems are examined, as well as the management of these systems required for production optimization. Finally, there is an overview of the relatively new field of artificial intelligence, which is being increasingly used in most aspects of computer aided engineering for manufacture. There are many topics which could have been included or expanded upon with advantage, but the authors have attempted to strike a balance so that the reader can obtain the maximum usefulness from a reasonably concise volume.

Abstract: AI in Architectural CAD -- A Schematic Representation of the Designers’ Logic -- Knowledge-Based Computer-Aided Design: The Computer as Design Partner -- Modelling Design Descriptions -- OPS5 in Architecture: Four Test Cases -- ROOSI — Version One of a Generative Expert System for the Design of Building Layouts -- Expert Systems in Construction: Initial Experiences -- Computer-Aided Architectural Design Education -- The Virtual “Maquette” and the Synthesis of Images in the Architecture Project -- Construction Robotics: A Perspective -- Robotization of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction in Japan -- Ditching the Dinosaur Sanctuary: Seventeen Years On -- Development of the Integrated Construction Automation Methodology -- Major Factors in Robotization of Construction Operations -- A Framework for Integrating Multiple Construction Robots -- Robotics in Construction: State of the Art in the Federal Republic of Germany -- Cost and Design Impact of Robotic Construction Finishing Work -- Geometry and Domain Modelling for Construction Robots -- Grammars, Design and Assembly in Building -- Simulation Methodology in Construction Process -- Navigation and World Modelling for a Mobile Robot: a Progress Report -- Application of Robots in Construction Industry: Navigation of a Mobile Robot, Robotic Welding of Steel Bridge Girders -- Evolution of a Robotic Excavator -- Femo technique: A Milestone for Remote Operation and Maintenance -- The Development of the “Mark II” Mobile Robot for Concrete Slab Finishing -- Construction Robots for Site Automation.

Abstract: After two decades, data processing has finally, and probably forever, found its niche among civil engineering and construction (CEC) professionnals, through word processors, digitizing tables, management software, and increasingly via drawing software and computer-aided design (CAD), recently, robots have even started invading work sites. What are the main trends of CAD and robotics in the field of architecture and civil enginee­ ring? What type of R&D effort do university and industrial laboratories undertake to devise the professional software that will be on the market in the next three to five years? These are the issues which will be addressed during this symposium. To this effect, we have planned concurrently an equipment and software show, as well as a twofold conference. Robotic is just starting in the field of civil engineering and construction. A pioneer, the Civil Engineering Departement of Carnegie-Mellon University, in the United States, organized the first two international symposia, in 1984 and 1985 in Pittsburgh. This is the third meeting on the subject (this year, however, we have also included CAD). It constitutes the first large international symposium where CAD experts, specialists in architecture and CEC robotics will meet. From this standpoint, it should be an ideal forum for exchanging views and expe­ riences on a wide range of topics, and we hope it will give rise to novel applications and new syntheses. This symposium is intented for scientists, teachers, students and also for manufacturers and all CEC professionals.

Abstract: I: Data Requirements -- 1. Multiaxial Data Requirements for Structural Integrity Assessments in Creep -- II: Biaxial Testing -- 2. The Application of Torsional and Double Shear Tests -- 3. Requirements for Thin-walled Torsion Testing -- 4. A Tension-Torsion Testing Technique -- 5. A Biaxial Tension-Torsion, Constant Stress, Creep Testing Machine -- 6. Torsion Testing in an Inert Atmosphere -- 7. Biaxial Testing Using Cruciform Specimens -- 8. Effects of Overloads and Creep on the Yield Surface of a Nickel-based Superalloy -- III: Triaxial Testing -- 9. An Overview on Studies of Stress State Effects During Creep of Circumferentially Notched Bars -- 10. Practical Aspects of Testing Circumferential Notch Specimens at High Temperature -- 11. Creep Tests on Axisymmetric Notched Bars: Global Displacement Measurements and Metallographic Determination of Local Strain and Damage -- 12. Computer Modelling of Creep Damage in Components with Variable Metallurgical Structure -- 13. Multiaxial Creep Testing Using Uniaxially Loaded Specimens with a Superimposed Hydrostatic Pressure -- Editors’ Note: Creep Rupture Testing under Triaxial Tension -- IV: Pressurised Tubes and Components -- 14. Stress State Distributions in Thick-walled Pressurised Tubes under Creep Loading -- 15. Potential for Standardisation of Techniques for Creep Testing of Internally Pressurised Tubular Components -- 16. Experiments on Multiaxial Creep Above 800°C -- 17. Some Experiences in the Creep Testing of Piping Elbows -- 18. Creep Rupture Testing of Tubular Model Components -- 19. Full Size Component Testing under Creep Conditions.

Abstract: The design and assessment of modern high temperature plant demands an understanding of the creep and rupture behaviour of materials under multi axial stress states. Examples include thread roots in steam turbine casing bolts, branch connections in nuclear pressure vessels and blade root fixings in gas or steam turbine rotors. At one extreme the simple notch weakening/notch strengthening characterization of the material by circumferentially vee-notched uniaxial rupture tests, as specified in many national standards, may be sufficient. These were originally intended to model thread roots and their conservatism is such that they frequently are considered adequate for design purposes. At the other extreme full size or model component tests may be employed to determine the safety margins built into design codes. This latter approach is most commonly used for internally pressurized components, particularly where welds are involved. However, such tests are extremely expensive and the use of modern stress analysis techniques combined with a detailed knowledge of multiaxial properties offers a more economic alternative. Design codes, by their nature, must ensure conservatism and are based on a material's minimum specified properties. In the case of high temperature components the extension of life beyond the nominal design figure, say from 100000 to 200000 h, offers very significant economic benefits. However, this may require a more detailed understanding of the multiaxial behaviour of a specific material than was available at the design stage.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Isolation and culture -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Choice of starting material -- 2.3 Enzymes and osmotica -- 2.4 Isolation methods -- 2.5 Purification of isolated protoplasts -- 2.6 Protoplast viability and plating density -- 2.7 Methods for protoplast culture -- 2.8 Cell wall regeneration -- 2.9 Division and growth -- 2.10 Isolation of subprotoplasts -- 2.11 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Regeneration of plants -- 3.1 History of plant regeneration studies -- 3.2 Organogenesis -- 3.3 Embryogenesis -- 3.4 Handling of regenerated plantlets -- 3.5 Genetic stability of regenerated plantlets -- References -- 4 Protoplast fusion -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods to induce fusion -- 4.3 Selection of fusion hybrids -- 4.4 Which plants to hybridize -- 4.5 Cybrid formation -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Protoplasts as physiological tools -- 5.1 Studies on DNA, RNA and protein synthesis -- 5.2 Protoplasts for isolation of cell components -- 5.3 Protoplasts for studies on cell wall regeneration -- References -- 6 Uptake of foreign materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Nuclei and subprotoplasts -- 6.3 Chloroplasts and mitochondria -- 6.4 Bacteria -- 6.5 Blue-green algae -- 6.6 Viruses -- 6.7 DNA -- 6.8 Non-biological materials -- References -- 7 Genetic engineering -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Induced tumours -- 7.3 The infective plasmid -- 7.4 Transformation of protoplasts -- 7.5 Which genes to engineer? -- References.

Abstract: Isolated plant protoplasts are 'naked' cells that have had their cell wall removed either by mechanical action or by enzymic digestion. As a result of wall removal the only barrier that exists between the cell protoplasm and the external environment is the plasma membrane. The removal of the cell wall has drastic osmotic consequences for the isolated cell. Rather like animal cells, the isolated protoplasts must be maintained in an osmotically balanced (isotonic) nutrient medium or they will burst. As will be seen later, the isolation of plant protoplasts is not a particularly new event; as early as the 1890s scientists were isolating protoplasts mechanically and studying effects such as protoplast streaming. What has brought protoplast technology to the forefront of plant biology is the potential application of these structures in non-traditional plant improvement methods. Extreme care must be exercised by the reader, however, in be­ lieving some of the claims that have been put forward for the use of protoplasts in improvement programmes. In the 20 years since the first experiments in routine enzyme isolation of large numbers of protoplasts no real improvement has been obtained in a commercial crop plant. This does not mean that improvement is impossible; it simply indicates that it may be a longer term objective than some people would like to admit.

Abstract: I Introduction -- 1 The Management of Agricultural and Natural Resource Systems -- II The Methods of Dynamic Programming -- 2 Introduction to Dynamic Programming -- 3 Stochastic and Infinite-Stage Dynamic Programming -- 4 Extensions to the Basic Formulation -- III Dynamic Programming Applications to Agriculture -- 5 Scheduling, Replacement and Inventory Management -- 6 Crop Management -- 7 Livestock Management -- IV Dynamic Programming Applications to Natural Resources -- 8 Land Management -- 9 Forestry Management -- 10 Fisheries Management -- V Conclusion -- 11 The Scope for Dynamic Programming Applied to Resource Management -- Appendices -- A1 Coding Sheets for Entering Data Using DPD -- A2 Program Listings -- A2.1 Listing of DPD -- A2.2 Listing of FDP -- A2.3 Listing of IDP -- A2.4 Listing of DIM -- Author Index.

Abstract: Humans interact with and are part of the mysterious processes of nature. Inevitably they have to discover how to manage the environment for their long-term survival and benefit. To do this successfully means learning something about the dynamics of natural processes, and then using the knowledge to work with the forces of nature for some desired outcome. These are intriguing and challenging tasks. This book describes a technique which has much to offer in attempting to achieve the latter task. A knowledge of dynamic programming is useful for anyone interested in the optimal management of agricultural and natural resources for two reasons. First, resource management problems are often problems of dynamic optimization. The dynamic programming approach offers insights into the economics of dynamic optimization which can be explained much more simply than can other approaches. Conditions for the optimal management of a resource can be derived using the logic of dynamic programming, taking as a starting point the usual economic definition of the value of a resource which is optimally managed through time. This is set out in Chapter I for a general resource problem with the minimum of mathematics. The results are related to the discrete maximum principle of control theory. In subsequent chapters dynamic programming arguments are used to derive optimality conditions for particular resources.

Abstract: 1 PST 1: Injection Moulding and its Materials -- 2 Optimizing Injection Moulding Conditions -- 3 Some Examples of Polymer Selection -- 4 Plastics Gears -- 5 Acetal Clips for Roof Tiles -- 6 Acetal Spring for Selector Switch -- 7 PST 2: Foam Cored Mouldings -- 8 Structural Foam Trolley Base -- 9 Washing Machine Tank in Glass-coupled Polypropylene Structural Foam -- 10 Sandwich Moulded TV Screen Frame -- 11 PST 3: Polyurethanes -- 12 Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding (RRIM) -- 13 Polyurethane Shoe Soles -- 14 Printed Gaskets in Hydraulic Control Equipment -- 15 PST 4: Glass-reinforced Plastics (GRP) -- 16 GRP-Clad Lorry Cab -- 17 High Speed Train Cab -- 18 DMC Vehicle Headlamps -- 19 ‘Fiberlam’ Aircraft Flooring -- 20 PST 5: Rubbers -- 21 Rubber-Steel Conveyor Belt -- 22 The Blow Moulding Process -- 23 The Acitainer Blow Moulded Acid Container -- 24 Chemical Effluent Pipe in HDPE -- 25 Failure of a Polypropylene Vessel -- 26 Heat Shrinkable Terminations for Power Cables.

Abstract: This book is derived from a recent project sponsored by the Polymer Engineering Directorate of the SERC and carried out at the University of Lancaster under the joint auspices of the Departments of Chemistry and Engineering. The project set out to provide a novel type of teaching material for introducing polymers and their uses to students, especially of engineering. Case studies of real examples of polymers at work are used, so the student or teacher can start with a successful and well-designed product and work backwards to its origins in the market, in design and material selection and in the manufacturing process. The philosophy is that such an approach captures interest right at the start by means of a real example and then retains it because of the relevance of the technical explanation. This after all is what most of us do habitually; we turn to examples to make our point. The hope is that subject matter with a somewhat notorious reputation among engineers, such as aspects of polymer chemistry and the non-linear behaviour of polymers under mechanical loading will be fairly painlessly absorbed through the context of the examples. Each study becomes a separate chapter in the book. The original studies, and hence the present chapters, vary in length because different topics demanded different approaches. No attempt has been made to alter this, or to adopt a standardized format because to have done so would have interfered with the vitality of the original work.

Abstract: 1. Concepts of Tool Design -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Pass Geometry and Product Quality -- 1.3. Empirical and Theoretical Bases for Design -- 1.4. Design Concepts and Their Effects -- References -- 2. Longitudinal and Oblique Rolling -- 2.1. Longitudinal Rolling: Hollow Sections -- 2.2. Roll Groove Design: Sinking and Stretch-Reducing Mills -- 2.3. Longitudinal Rolling: Bar and Rod -- 2.4. The Pilger Process: Rotary Forging -- 2.5. The Push Bench Process -- 2.6. The Diescher Mill: Elongation by Oblique Rolling -- 2.7. Expanding by Oblique Rolling -- 2.8. The Assel Mill: Oblique Elongating by Three Stepped Rolls -- 2.9. Three-Roll Planetary Rolling -- 2.10. Rotary Piercing -- References -- 3. The Drawing of Metals -- 3.1. Developments in the Drawing of Metals -- 3.2. Developments in Drawing Lubricants -- 3.3. Development of Tool Materials -- 3.4. The Mechanical Design of Draw Tools -- 3.5. Theoretical Considerations -- 3.6. Unusual and Recent Developments in Drawing -- References -- 4. Extrusion -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Design of Tools for Hot Extrusion -- 4.3. Industrial Practice in Tool Design -- 4.4. Theoretical Approaches and Limitations -- 4.5. Future Developments -- 4.6. Conform -- 4.7. Cold Extrusion of Steel -- 4.8. Cold Extrusion of Non-Ferrous Components -- 4.9. Hydrostatic, HERF and Other Extrusion Techniques -- References -- 5. Forging -- 5.1. Forging Process Variables Affecting Die Design and Manufacture -- 5.2. Importance of Forging Geometry and Shape Complexity -- 5.3. Design of Finisher Dies -- 5.4. Design of Blocker Dies -- 5.5. Computer-Aided Methods for Designing Forging Dies -- 5.6. Metal Flow Simulation for Optimizing Die Design -- 5.7. Manufacturing of Forging Dies -- 5.8. Dies for Special Forging Techniques -- References -- 6. Friction and Tools -- 6.1. Influence of Friction in Metal-Working -- 6.2. The Mechanics of Asperity Deformation -- 6.3. The Origin of Friction Stresses -- 6.4. Lubrication -- 6.5. Measurement of Friction -- 6.6. Friction and Normal Stress Distributions in Various Metal-Forming Processes -- 6.6.1. Upsetting -- References -- 7. Selection of Tool Materials -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Required Properties of Metal-Forming Tooling -- 7.3. Steels -- 7.4. Near Net Shape Tooling -- 7.5. Cemented Carbide -- 7.6. Ceramic and Ultra Hard Tool Materials -- 7.7. Titanium Carbide: High-Speed Steels -- 7.8. Surface Treatments and Coatings on Tool Materials -- 7.9. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8. Computer Design -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Computer-Integrated Manufacturing -- 8.3. Computer-Aided Design: A Review -- 8.4. Computer-Aided Manufacture -- 8.5. Applications of Solid Modelling -- 8.6. Conclusion -- References.

Abstract: Although the problem of tool design - involving both the selection of suitable geometry and material- has exercised the attention of metal­ forming engineers for as long as this industrial activity has existed, the approach to its solution has been generally that of the 'trial and error' variety. It is only relatively recently that the continuing expansion of the bulk metal-forming industry, combined with an increase in the degree of sophistication required of its products and processes, has focussed attention on the problem of optimisation of tool design. This, in turn, produced a considerable expansion of theoretical and practical investi­ gations of the existing methods, techniques r,nd concepts, and helped to systematise our thinking and ideas in this area of engineering activity. In the virtual absence, so far, of a single, encyclopaedic, but sufficien­ tly deep, summation of the state of the art, a group of engineers and materials scientists felt that an opportune moment had arrived to try and produce, concisely, answers to many tool designers' dilemmas. This book attempts to set, in perspective, the existing - and proven - concepts of design, to show their respective advantages and weaknesses and to indicate how they should be applied to the individual main forming processes of rolling, drawing, extrusion and forging.

Abstract: 1. Acoustical Fundamentals for the Recording Engineer -- 2. Microphones -- 3. Basic Stereophonic Imaging Techniques -- 4. Audio Transmission Systems -- 5. Monitor Loudspeakers and the Monitoring Environment -- 6. Signal Processing Devices and Applications -- 7. Classical Recording Production Techniques -- 8. Popular Record Production Techniques -- 9. Analog Magnetic Recording -- 10. Analog Disc Recording and Reproduction -- 11. Digital Recording -- 12. The Low-Cost Studio: An Overview.

Abstract: The Handbook of Recording Engineering is a logical outgrowth of the first two editions of Sound Recording. The ten years since the first edition have seen no slackening in the development of recording technology, and they have wit­ nessed an almost phenomenal growth in the teaching of recording and audio engineering at all academic levels. The earlier editions of Sound Recording have been widely used as texts at all educational levels, and it is the author's intent in the Handbook of Recording Engineering to produce a book which is even more suited to these purposes. At the same time, the book has been organized as a true handbook, which presents of reference material in easily accessible form. a broad array The organization of the book is unique in that it progresses as the signal transmission chain itself does-from the recording venue on through the micro­ phone, transmission channel, and finally to the listening environment. The first six chapters thus form a logical sequence, and the author recommends that in­ structors using the Handbook follow them accordingly. Chapter One presents a discussion of acoustical fundamentals, including an introduction to some basic psychoacoustical considerations having to do with performance spaces. Chapter Two covers the basic operating principles of mi­ crophones, while Chapter Three extends the discussion of microphones to cover the entire range of stereophonic imaging phenomena.

Abstract: Editorial introduction -- 1 Polymers -- 1.1 Introduction and history -- 1.2 Production of polymers -- 1.3 Nature of polymers -- 1.4 Thermoplastics and thermosets -- 1.5 Mode of polymerization -- 1.6 Thermodynamics of polymerization -- 1.7 Homopolymers and copolymers -- 1.8 Mechanism of polymerization -- 1.9 Industrial polymerization techniques -- 1.10 Properties of polymers -- 1.11 Suitability of polymers and mechanical properties -- 1.12 Fibres -- 1.13 Elastomers and rubbers -- 1.14 Composites -- 1.15 Individual polymers -- 1.16 Future trends -- 2 Dyestuffs -- 2.1 Origin -- 2.2 The economic importance of the dyestuffs industry -- 2.3 Colour and constitution -- 2.4 Classification of dyes -- 2.5 Major products -- 2.6 Principal dyes, pigments and related products -- 2.7 Dyestuffs manufacture -- 2.8 Current and future trends -- 3 The chlor-alkali, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus industries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The chlor-alkali industry -- 3.3 The nitrogen-based industries -- 3.4 The sulphur industry -- 3.5 Phosphorus-based industry -- 3.6 The future demand for bulk chemicals -- 3.7 Future developments 167 References and bibliography -- 4 The pharmaceutical industry -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The world pharmaceutical market -- 4.3 Some representative drugs -- 4.4 The initiation of a project in the pharmaceutical industry -- 4.5 Financial and economic considerations -- 4.6 Health benefits -- 4.7 Future trends -- 5 Agrochemicals -- 5.1 Introduction229 -- 5.2 Present position of the industry -- 5.3 Discovery and development of new pesticides -- 5.4 Fungicides -- 5.5 Herbicides -- 5.6 Insecticides -- 5.7 Pesticide resistance -- 5.8 Integrated pest management -- 5.9 The future 281 References and bibliography -- 6 Biological catalysis and biotechnology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microbial synthesis of primary metabolites -- 6.3 Microbial synthesis of secondary metabolites -- 6.4 Microbial synthesis of proteins -- 6.5 Microbial transformations -- 6.6 Enzymatic processes -- 6.7 Artificial enzymes 344 References and bibliography -- 7 The future -- 7.1 Current situation -- 7.2 Significant influences -- 7.3 The future.

Abstract: Background This book provides an introduction to the main sectors of the chemical industry, and complements An Introduction to Industrial Chemistry (sub­ sequently referred to as Volume I) which covers the physico-chemical principles of the subject, as well as introductory technical economics and chemical engineering. Processes considered include the large-scale production of polymers (up to 1000 tonnes per day for a single plant); the chlor-alkali, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus industries; and the production, on a smaller scale, of dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The rapidly developing area of biotech­ nology is dealt with under biological catalysis. The consequences of scale of operation are also highlighted in Chapter 7. Each chapter includes common themes, such as brief history, present position, major products and the future. The final chapter links together the predictions made for the future of each sector, to give an overall projection for the whole chemical industry; the quadrupling of oil prices in 1974 and the widespread recession at the beginning of the 1980s provide a salutary lesson about the difficulty of such projections.

Abstract: 1: Review of some basic ideas -- Cartesian coordinates -- Use of vectors -- Some simple geometric shapes -- Use of matrix notation -- The standard linear equation -- Non-linear equations -- 2: Simple datastructures and transformations -- Use of nodes -- Node and edge lists -- Transformations of the nodes -- Three-dimensional coordinates -- Transformations in three dimensions -- Homogeneous coordinates -- Homogeneous transformation matrices -- View transformations -- Application to assemblies of shapes -- Application to robotics -- 3: Representation of curves -- Implicit equations -- Use of parameters -- The Bézier formulation -- More general Bézier forms -- Manipulating Bézier segments -- Bézier segments with homogeneous coordinates -- The de Casteljau algorithm -- to B-spline curves -- B-spline basis functions -- B-splines and some of their properties -- Extensions of B-spline ideas -- Joining curve segments together -- Curves through given points -- 4: Intersection of curves -- Intersection of straight line segments -- Non-linearity and the intersection of curves -- Subdivision and box-testing techniques -- Closed curves -- A data structure for closed curves -- The merging of closed curves -- 5: Representation of surfaces -- Ruled surfaces -- Coons’ patches -- Surfaces through given points -- Bézier surface patches -- B-spline surfaces -- The DUCT system -- Problems involved in putting patches together -- 6: MODCON: an example system -- Background to the system -- The use of primitive shapes -- Putting primitives together -- A simple example -- Operation of the system -- Limitations of the system -- Conclusions -- 7: Introduction to surface and solid modelling -- Types of geometric modeller -- Solid modelling -- Obtaining volumetric properties -- Defining primitive volumetric shapes -- Hidden line removal and surface shading -- References.

Abstract: Intersection of straight line segments 103 Non-linearity and the intersection of curves 109 Subdivision and box-testing techniques 114 Closed curves 120 A data structure for closed curves 123 The merging of closed curves 125 Chapter 5: Representation of surfaces 133 Introduction 133 Ruled surfaces 134 Coons' patches 136 Surfaces through given points 141 Bezier surface patches 143 B-spline surfaces 148 The DUCT system 149 Problems involved in putting patches together 153 Chapter 6: MODCON: an example system 159 Background to the system 159 The use of primitive shapes 160 Putting primitives together 165 A simple example 170 Operation of the system 171 Limitations of the system 174 Conclusions 176 Chapter 7: Introduction to surface and solid modelling 177 Introduction 177 Types of geometric modeller 177 Solid modelling 181 Obtaining volumetric properties 186 Defining primitive volumetric shapes 188 Hidden line removal and surface shading 190 References 197 Index 199 CHAPTER 1 Review of some basic ideas Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to review some of the standard notation and concepts that underlie the material to be presented later. These are the ideas of mathematics and of numerical mathematics. They are important from a computer­ aided design (CAD) point of view because the only way in which we can persuade a computer system to deal with geometry for us is by reducing it to a set of numbers which can then be stored and manipulated.

Abstract: 1 Manufacturing Engineering: Definition and Purpose -- 2 Fundamentals of Supervising -- 3 Work Simplification -- 4 Manufacturing Engineering Methods -- 5 Manufacturing Standards for Setting Labor Costs -- 6 Standard Manufacturing Process -- 7 Soldering -- 8 Mechanical Assembly -- 9 Plastic-Coated Electronic Equipment -- 10 Adhesive Bonding -- 11 Rework and Repair -- 12 Printed Circuit Processing and Assembly -- 13 Safety -- 14 Reference Tables -- 15 Terminology.

Abstract: 1 Random Signals -- 1.0 Introduction -- 1.1 Characterization and Classification -- 1.2 Correlation and Covariance Functions -- 1.3 Gaussian Processes and Wiener Processes -- 1.4 Poisson Process -- 1.5 Mean Square Calculus -- 1.6 Markov Process -- 1.7 Renewal Process -- 1.8 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- 2 Stationary Random Signals -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Linear Systems with Random Signal Input -- 2.3 Cross Covariance and Coherence -- 2.4 Narrowband Noise Process -- 2.5 Orthogonal Expansion and Sampling -- 2.6 Ergodicity and Entropy -- 2.7 Zero Crossing Detectors -- 2.8 Nonlinear Systems -- 2.9 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- 3 Estimation, Optimization, and Detection -- 3.0 Introduction -- 3.1 Sampling Distribution -- 3.2 Estimation of Parameter: Point Estimation -- 3.3 Estimation Criteria -- 3.4 Maximum Likelihood Estimation -- 3.5 Linear Mean Square Estimation -- 3.6 Method of Least Squares: Regression Models -- 3.7 Interval Estimation: Confidence Interval -- 3.8 Cramer-Rao Inequality -- 3.9 Estimation in Colored Noise -- 3.10 Optimum Linear Filters -- 3.11 Signal Detection -- 3.12 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- 4 Spectral Analysis -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1 The Periodogram Approach -- 4.2 Spectral Windows -- 4.3 Autoregressive Method -- 4.4 The Maximum Entropy Method -- 4.5 Maximum Likelihood Estimator -- 4.6 Pisarenko and Prony Methods -- 4.7 Adaptive Lattices Method -- 4.8 Cross Spectral Estimation -- 4.9 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- 5 Prediction, Filtering, and Identification -- 5.0 Introduction -- 5.1 State Space Representation -- 5.2 The Innovation Process -- 5.3 Linear Prediction and Kalman Filtering -- 5.4 Smoothing -- 5.5 Extended Kalman Filtering -- 5.6 System Identification -- 5.7 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- Appendix 1. Linear Systems Analysis -- Appendix 2. Probability -- Appendix 3. Stochastic Integrals -- Appendix 4. Hilbert Space.

Abstract: The techniques used for the extraction of information from received or ob­ served signals are applicable in many diverse areas such as radar, sonar, communications, geophysics, remote sensing, acoustics, meteorology, med­ ical imaging systems, and electronics warfare. The received signal is usually disturbed by thermal, electrical, atmospheric, channel, or intentional inter­ ferences. The received signal cannot be predicted deterministically, so that statistical methods are needed to describe the signal. In general, therefore, any received signal is analyzed as a random signal or process. The purpose of this book is to provide an elementary introduction to random signal analysis, estimation, filtering, and identification. The emphasis of the book is on the computational aspects as well as presentation of com­ mon analytical tools for systems involving random signals. The book covers random processes, stationary signals, spectral analysis, estimation, optimiz­ ation, detection, spectrum estimation, prediction, filtering, and identification. The book is addressed to practicing engineers and scientists. It can be used as a text for courses in the areas of random processes, estimation theory, and system identification by undergraduates and graduate students in engineer­ ing and science with some background in probability and linear algebra. Part of the book has been used by the author while teaching at State University of New York at Buffalo and California State University at Long Beach. Some of the algorithms presented in this book have been successfully applied to industrial projects.

Abstract: 1 Introduction and Background History -- 2 The Code of Federal Regulations -- 3 The Regulation of Hazardous Materials -- 4 Shipping and Marking Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Waste -- 5 Hazardous Materials in Transit -- 6 Hazardous Classes and Properties -- 7 Recognizing and Identifying Hazardous Materials -- 8 Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents -- 9 The Code of Federal Regulations—CFR Title 40 -- 10 Polychlorinated Biphenyls—PCBs -- 11 Asbestos, the Curse and Cure -- 12 Pesticides -- 13 Heavy Metal Wastes and Other Toxic Pollutants -- 14 Acid Rain -- 15 Oil Spills -- 16 Hospital Handling of Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Waste -- 17 Handling Radioactive Waste -- 18 Superfund, a Remedial Response Program -- 19 The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) -- 20 The Toxic Substances Control Act -- Appendices.

Abstract: This book deals with the safe and legal handling of hazardous materials and waste from the manufacturer's plant through the storage, transportation and distribution channels to the user, and, ultimately, to the disposal of the product or waste materials. There is increasing pressure today from the public, academia, government at all levels, and industry to improve the handling and management of hazardous materials. A knowledge of the methods required to safely handle and manage those materials in all of their various aspects, together with an understanding of the many governmental regulations that apply to those materials in the various stages of the distribution chain, is absolutely essential to their proper handling and disposal. Efficient handling and the safe management of hazardous materials requires an expertise in the skills and techniques of the latest innovations, which in turn are often based upon the firm foundation of data and experience in those areas. Personal and public safety require that the information concerning hazardous materials be disseminated as widely as possible. This document should not be used to determine compliance with the u.s. DOT hazardous material regulations, or with any other regulations imposed by loca\, State, or Federal regulatory bodies. T.H. Allegri, Sr.

Abstract: 1. Liner Service and Tramp Shipping -- 2. Tramp Shipping -- 3. The Management of Tramp Shipping -- 4. Chartering and Tramp Ship Operation -- 5. Organization of a Liner-Service Company -- 6. Terminal Management -- 7. Terminal Operation -- 8. The Stevedore Contract -- 9. Procurement of Vessel Stores and Supplies -- 10. Containerization: The Beginning -- 11. The Ramifications of Containerization -- 12. The Ocean Bill of Lading -- 13. How Freight Rates Are Made -- 14. The Traffic Study -- 15. Steamship Conferences -- 16. The Logic of Steamship Scheduling -- 17. Scheduling and Bunkering -- 18. Planning for a New Ship -- 19. Passenger Cruises -- 20. Industrial and Special Carriers -- 21. Tanker Management -- 22. The American Shipping Subsidy System -- 23. The Business of Shipping -- Notes -- About the Author.

Abstract: T HIS VOL U M E has been written to describe the business side of a commercial enterprise whose field is the entire civilized world. Historically, the theory and knowledge of shipping management, as distinguished from the practical skills of seaman­ ship, have been transmitted from one generation to the next by word of mouth. Little has been put on paper, primarily because the finest exponents of the art of steamship management have been too busy with their day-to-day concerns to do so. The "working level" personnel often are superbly competent, but rarely qualify as liter­ ary craftsmen. It has been my aim, in preparing this analysis of the principles of the "business" of commercial shipping, to describe that which trans­ pires in the various divisions of a shipowning and operating organi­ zation. Insofar as possible, the procedures followed in the offices have been described and explained, as well as the underlying prin­ ciples of management by which their decisions are reached. In the process of learning the principles and practices that are set forth in these pages, I have spent ajoy-filled lifetime in associa­ tion with ships. It has been my good fortune to work in large and small American steamship offices, to operate a major cargo termi­ nal, to participate in establishing and putting into effect the policies of a world-girdling American steamship organization, and to teach young men these principles learned from experience as well as from precept.

Abstract: Session I The European Joint Colloborative Project -- Assessment, Architecture and Performance of Industrial Programmable Electronic Systems, with Particular Reference to Robotic Safety -- Presentation of Objectives 1 and 2 of the Joint Collaborative Project on Programmable Electronic Systems: Collection and Data Banking of Information -- Analysis of Accidents and Disturbances Involving Industrial Robots -- Collection and Assessment of Current Standards and Guidelines for Programmable Electronic Systems: CEC Collaborative Project, Objective 3 -- The Inadequacies of Research into Programmable Electronic Systems in Industrial Robots -- Guideline Framework for the Assessment of Programmable Electronic Systems -- Case Study Using the Guidelines Framework -- Session II Programmable Electronic Systems In Nuclear Applications -- Use of Programmable Electronic Systems in Indian Nuclear Power Plants -- Failsafe Operation of a Programmable Electronic System in a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Refuelling System -- Software Safety Using Fault Tree Analysis Technique -- Programmable Controller Fault Tree Models for use in Nuclear Power Plant Risk Assessments -- The Integrated Protection System: High Integrity Design as a Response to Safety Issues -- Session III Industrial Applications Of Programmable Electronic Systems -- Enhancing System Reliability by Improving Component Reliability -- Improving the Safety of Programmable Electronic Systems -- Session IV Assessment Methodologies -- PASS II — Program for Analysing Sequential Circuits -- Experience with Computer Assessment -- Safety Assessment Methods for New AGR Fuel Route Control Systems -- Session V Software For Programmable Electronic Systems -- Guidelines for the Synthesis of Software for Distributed Processors -- Experiences with the Diverse Redundancy in Programmable Electronic Systems -- Session VI Experience With Emc, Signature Analysis, Fault Simulation And Safety Of Machine Tools -- Effects of Electromagnetic Interferences on Programmable Electronic Systems -- Improving the Safety Level of Programmable Electronic Systems by Applying the Concept of Signature Analysis -- The Physical Simulation of Fault: A Tool for the Evaluation of Programmable Controller’s Behaviour on Internal Failure -- Safety with Numerically Controlled Machine Tools -- Session VII National And Industrial Guidelines For Programmable Electronic Systems -- Requirements for Microcomputer Systems in Safety Relevant Application — State of the Art in the Federal Republic of Germany -- Use of Microprocessors in Safety Critical Applications — Guidelines for the Nordic Factory Inspectorates -- Standardisation for Computer Safety — The Current Situation in Germany -- Harmonisation of Safety Standards for Programmable Electronic Systems -- Guidance on the Use of Programmable Electronic Systems in Safety Related Applications.

Abstract: The use of programmable electronic systems (PES) in industry has grown considerably with the availability of microcomputers. These systems offer many benefits to the designer and user in providing more comprehensive control of industrial processes, enviroments, machine tools and in robot installations. As confidence grows with the application of PES, users and manufacturers are considering incorporating safety functions within the requirements and functions of the PES. This book represents the proceedings of the Programmable Electronic Systems Safety Symposium (PES-3) held in Guernsey, Channel Islands, May 28th - 30th 1986, which presented the guidance available to users, designers and safety assessors of programmable electronic systems. This guidance is applicable for many real and potential risk and safety situations in a wide variety of industries ranging from nuclear power plants and industrial robotics, to machine tools and chemical process controllers. The original impetus to hold the Symposium came from a two year collaborative project partially funded by the Commission of the European Communities under the 1979-83 Informatics Initiative. The sponsors of the Symposium studied the assessment, architecture and performance of industrial programmable electronic systems, with particular reference to robotics. The group of papers in the first session give the first public report of the results of this project. The session was Chaired by H Fangmeyer from the Commission's Joint Research Centre at Ispra, Italy, who was the Commission's Project Manager throughout the collaboration.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 The structure of the nucleic acids -- 2.1 Monomeric components -- 2.1.1 Pyrimidine bases -- 2.1.2 Purine bases -- 2.1.3 Pentose and deoxypentose sugars -- 2.1.4 Nucleosides -- 2.1.5 Nucleotides -- 2.2 The primary structure of the nucleic acids -- 2.3 Shorthand notation -- 2.4 Base composition analysis of DNA -- 2.5 Molecular weight of DNA -- 2.6 The secondary structure of DNA -- 2.6.1 The basic structures -- 2.6.2 Variations on the B-form of DNA -- 2.6.3 Z-DNA -- 2.6.4 The dynamic structure of DNA -- 2.7 Denaturation and renaturation -- 2.7.1 DNA denaturation: the helix-coil transition -- 2.7.2 The renaturation of DNA: C0t value analysis -- 2.7.3 The buoyant density of DNA -- 2.8 Supercoils, cruciforms and triple-stranded structures -- 2.9 The secondary and tertiary structure of RNA -- 2.10 Chemical reactions of bases, nucleotides and polynucleotides -- 2.10.1 Reactions of ribose and deoxyribose -- 2.10.2 Reactions of the bases -- 2.10.3 Phosphodiester bond cleavage -- 2.10.4 Photochemistry -- References -- 3 Chromosome organization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Eukaryote DNA -- 3.2.1 The eukaryote cell cycle -- 3.2.2 Eukaryote chromosomes -- 3.2.3 The allocation of specific genes to specific chromosomes -- 3.2.4 Haploid DNA content (C value) -- 3.2.5 Gene frequency -- 3.2.6 Eukaryote gene structure -- 3.3 Chromatin structure -- 3.3.1 Histones and non-histone proteins -- 3.3.2 The nucleosome -- 3.3.3 Nucleosome phasing -- 3.3.4 Higher orders of chromatin structure -- 3.3.5 Loops, matrix and the chromosome scaffold -- 3.3.6 Lampbrush chromosomes -- 3.3.7 Polytene chromosomes -- 3.4 Extranuclear DNA -- 3.4.1 Mitochondrial DNA -- 3.4.2 Chloroplast DNA -- 3.4.3 Kinetoplast DNA -- 3.5 Bacteria -- 3.5.1 The bacterial chromosome -- 3.5.2 The bacterial division cycle -- 3.5.3 Bacterial transformation -- 3.6 Viruses -- 3.6.1 Structure -- 3.6.2 Virus classification -- 3.6.3 Life cycle -- 3.6.4 The Hershey-Chase experiment -- 3.6.5 Virus mutants -- 3.6.6 Virus nucleic acids -- 3.6.7 The information content of viral nucleic acids -- 3.6.8 Lysogeny and transduction -- 3.6.9 Tumour viruses and animal cell transformation -- 3.6.10 Viroids -- 3.6.11 Prions -- 3.7 Plasmids and transposons 77 -- References -- 4 Degradation and modification of nucleic acids -- 4.1 Introduction and classification of nucleases -- 4.2 Non-specific nucleases -- 4.2.1 Non-specific endonucleases -- 4.2.2 Non-specific exonucleases -- 4.3 Ribonucleases (RNases) -- 4.3.1 Endonucleases which form 3?-phosphate groups -- 4.3.2 Endonucleases which form 5?-phosphate groups -- 4.3.3 RNA exonucleases -- 4.3.4 Ribonucleases which act on RNA:DNA hybrids (RNase H) -- 4.3.5 Double-stranded RNA-specific ribonucleases -- 4.3.6 Ribonuclease inhibitors -- 4.4 Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) -- 4.5 Deoxy ribonucleases (DNases) -- 4.5.1 Endonucleases -- 4.5.2 Exonucleases -- 4.5.3 Restriction endonucleases -- 4.6 Nucleic acid methylation -- 4.6.1 DNA methylation -- 4.6.2 RNA methylation and other RNA nucleotide modifications -- 4.7 Nucleic acid kinases and phosphatases -- 4.7.1 Bacteriophage polynucleotide kinase -- 4.7.2 Eukaryotic DNA and RNA kinases -- 4.8 Base exchange in RNA and DNA -- References -- 5 The metabolism of nucleotides -- 5.1 Anabolic pathways -- 5.2 The biosynthesis of the purines -- 5.3 Preformed purines as precursors -- 5.4 The biosynthesis of the pyrimidines -- 5.5 The biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides and its control -- 5.6 The biosynthesis of thymine derivatives -- 5.7 Aminopterin in selective media -- 5.8 Formation of nucleoside triphosphates -- 5.9 General aspects of catabolism -- 5.10 Purine catabolism -- 5.11 Pyrimidine catabolism -- References -- 6 Replication of DNA -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Semiconservative replication -- 6.3 The replication fork -- 6.3.1 Discontinuous synthesis -- 6.3.2 Okazaki pieces -- 6.3.3 Direction of chain growth -- 6.3.4 Initiation of Okazaki pieces -- 6.3.5 Continuous synthesis -- 6.4 Enzymes of DNA synthesis -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 DNA polymerases -- 6.4.3 DNA ligases -- 6.4.4 Helix-destabilizing proteins (HD) or single-stranded DNA- binding proteins (ssb) -- 6.4.5 DNA unwinding proteins or DNA helicases (DNA-dependent ATPases) -- 6.4.6 Topoisomerases -- 6.5 Fidelity of replication -- 6.6 In vitro systems for studying DNA replication -- 6.6.1 dna mutants -- 6.6.2 Permeable cells -- 6.6.3 Cell lysates -- 6.6.4 Soluble extracts -- 6.6.5 Reconstruction experiments -- 6.7 Molecular biology of the replication fork -- 6.7.1 Lagging-strand synthesis -- 6.7.2 Leading-strand synthesis -- 6.7.3 RF replication -- 6.8 Initiation of replication-general -- 6.8.1 Methods of locating the origin and direction of replication -- 6.8.2 Replicons -- 6.8.3 Rate of replication -- 6.8.4 Origin strategies -- 6.8.5 Positive or negative control of initiation -- 6.9 Initiation of replication-specific examples -- 6.9.1 Small single-stranded phage -- 6.9.2 Double-stranded phage -- 6.9.3 Plasmids -- 6.9.4 Bacteria -- 6.9.5 Mitochondria -- 6.9.6 Double-stranded cyclic DNA viruses (SV40 and polyoma) -- 6.9.7 Adenoviruses -- 6.9.8 Yeast -- 6.9.9 Higher eukaryotes -- 6.9.10 Retroviruses -- 6.10 Termination of replication -- 6.10.1 Cyclic chromosomes -- 6.10.2 Small linear chromosomes -- 6.10.3 Telomeres -- 6.11 Replication complexes -- 6.12 Chromatin replication -- References -- 7 Repair, recombination and DNA rearrangement -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Mutations and mutagens -- 7.2.1 Base and nucleoside analogues -- 7.2.2 Alkylating agents -- 7.2.3 Intercalating agents -- 7.2.4 The effects of ionizing radiation -- 7.2.5 Ultraviolet radiation -- 7.3 Repair mechanisms -- 7.3.1 Reversal of damage -- 7.3.2 Excision repair -- 7.3.3 Mismatch repair -- 7.3.4 Post-replication repair -- 7.4 Recombination -- 7.4.1 E. coli rec system and single-strand invasion -- 7.4.2 Reciprocal recombination between duplex DNA molecules -- 7.4.3 Site-specific recombination -- 7.5 Gene amplification -- 7.5.1 Developmental amplification -- 7.5.2 Amplification by chemical selection -- 7.5.3 Mechanism of amplification -- 7.6 Gene duplication and pseudogenes -- 7.6.1 Multiple related copies of eukaryotic genes -- 7.6.2 Mechanism of tandem gene duplication -- 7.6.3 Pseudogenes -- 7.6.4 Concerted evolution of duplicated genes -- 7.7 Transposition of DNA -- 7.7.1 Transposable elements -- 7.7.2 Transposition in prokaryotes -- 7.7.3 Transposition in eukaryotes -- 7.8 Gene conversion -- 7.8.1 Yeast mating-type locus -- 7.8.2 Variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes in trypanosomes -- 7.9 Gene rearrangements -- 7.9.1 Immunoglobulin genes -- 7.9.2 T-cell receptor genes -- 7.9.3 Other gene rearrangements -- 7.10 Chromosomal translocations -- References -- 8 RNA biosynthesis -- 8.1 DNA-dependent RNA polymerases -- 8.1.1 Bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase -- 8.1.2 Eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases -- 8.2 Prokaryotic RNA synthesis -- 8.2.1 Prokaryotic initiation of transcription -- 8.2.2 Elongation of RNA transcripts -- 8.2.3 Termination of transcription in prokaryotes -- 8.3 Eukaryotic RNA synthesis -- 8.3.1 Initiation by RNA polymerase II -- 8.3.2 Initiation by RNA polymerase III -- 8.3.3 Initiation by RNA polymerase I -- 8.3.4 Eukaryotic termination -- 8.3.5 Transcription of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes -- 8.4 RNA polymerases and RNA synthesis in DNA viruses -- 8.5 The replication of RNA viruses by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Replicase) -- 8.5.1 RNA bacteriophage -- 8.5.2 Eukaryotic RNA viruses -- References -- 9 The arrangement of genes, their transcription and processing -- 9.1 Transcription and processing of prokaryotic and bacteriophage mRNA -- 9.2 The organization of eukaryotic protein-encoding genes -- 9.2.1 Genes are often discontinuous -- 9.2.2 Gene families and gene clustering -- 9.3 Transcription and processing of eukaryotic pre-messenger RNA -- 9.3.1 The nature of gene transcripts -- 9.3.2 Caps and 5?-leader sequences of eukaryotic mRNA -- 9.3.3 Poly adenylate tails, 3? -processing and 3? -non-coding sequences of eukaryotic mRNAs -- 9.3.4 Removal of intron transcripts from pre-mRNA -- 9.4 The arrangement of rRNA genes, their transcription and processing -- 9.4.1 The prokaryotic rRNA genes and their processing -- 9.4.2 The rRNA genes of eukaryotes -- 9.4.3 The transcription and processing of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA -- 9.5 The arrangement and expression of tRNA genes -- 9.5.1 tRNA genes -- 9.5.2 The processing of tRNA -- 9.6 The arrangement and expression of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes -- 9.6.1 Protein-encoding genes of mitochondria and chloroplasts -- 9.6.2 Mitochondrial and chloroplast rDNA -- 9.6.3 Mitochondrial and chloroplast tRNA genes -- 9.6.4 The introns of mitochondrial genes and their splicing -- 9.7 A postscript on splicing -- References -- 10 Control of transcription and mRNA processing -- 10.1 The regulation of prokaryotic RNA chain initiation -- 10.1.1 Induction of the lac operon - a negative control system -- ...

Abstract: When the first edition of this book was published in 1950, it set out to present an elementary outline of the state of knowledge of nucleic acid biochemistry at that time and it was the first monograph on the subject to appear since Levene's book on Nucleic Acids in 1931. The fact that a tenth edition is required after thirty five years and that virtually nothing of the original book has been retained is some measure of the speed with which knowledge has advanced in this field. As a result of this vast increase in information it becomes increasingly difficult to fulfil the aims of providing an introduction to nucleic acid biochemistry and satisfying the requirements of advanced undergraduates and postgraduates in biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology. We have attempted to achieve these aims by con­ centrating on those basic aspects not normally covered in the general biochemistry textbooks and by providing copious references so that details of methodology can readily be retrieved by those requiring further information. The first seven editions emerged from the pen of J. N. Davidson who died in September 1972 shortly after completing the seventh edition. The subsequent editions have been produced by various colleagues who have tried to retain something of the character and structure of the earlier editions while at the same time introducing new ideas and concepts and eliminating some of the more out -dated material.