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  • 1985-1989  (28)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (28)
  • Hoboken : Taylor and Francis
  • Bioethics.  (15)
  • Language and languages—Philosophy.
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Language
Years
Year
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401578387
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 288 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Greek Philosophers on Euthanasia and Suicide -- A Historical Introduction to Jewish Casuistry on Suicide and Euthanasia -- Suicide and Early Christian Values -- The Ethics of Suicide in the Renaissance and Reformation -- Suicide in the Age of Reason -- Sanctity of Life and Suicide: Tensions and Developments within Common Morality -- Death by Free Choice: Modern Variations on an Antique Theme.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400922990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (576p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 204
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I - The Elements for Interpreting Kant -- 1 - Space and Time -- 2 - Thought -- 3 - Substance -- 4 - The World -- 5 - The Rework Hypothesis -- II - The Early View -- 1 - The Early Theory of Thought -- 2 - The Text of the Early View -- 3 - The Break-Up of the Early View -- III - The Middle View -- 1 - The Middle Theory of Thought -- 2 - The Text of the Middle View -- IV - The Transition to the Late View — The Mathematical Antinomies -- 1 - The Break-Up of the Middle View over the Second Antinomy -- 2 - The Argument of the Antinomies Against the Middle View -- V - The Late View -- 1 - The Late Theory of Thought -- 2 - The Text of The Late View.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789400925380
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 34
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Religion (General) ; Ethics ; Religion. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I: A Prologue -- Some Basic Considerations on Moral Teaching in the Church -- II: The Philosophical Foundations -- Nature and Human Nature as the Norm in Medical Ethics -- The Human Person and Philosophy of Medicine: A Response to William A. Wallace -- Philosophical Foundations of Catholic Medical Morals (translated by E. E. Langan) -- Moral Disagreements in Catholicism: A Commentary on Wallace, Schüller, and Thomasma -- III: The Theological Foundations -- “Catholic” Medical Moral Theology? -- “Theological” Medical Morality? A Response to Joseph Fuchs -- Theological Argument and Hermeneutics in Bioethics -- The Doctrinal Starting Points for Theology and Hermeneutics in Bioethics: A Response to Klaus Demmer -- A Brief History of Medical Ethics from the Roman Catholic Perspective: Comments on the Essays of Fuchs, Cahill, Demmer, and Hellwig -- IV: Pluralism within the Church -- Pluralism within the Church -- One Church, Plural Theologies -- Is Ethics One or Many? -- Can Ethics Be Contradictory?: A Response to Gerard J. Hughes, S. J. -- V: Pluralism in Society -- Religious Pluralism and Social Policy: The Case of Health Care -- Consensus, Moral Witness, and Health-Care Issues: A Dialogue with J. Bryan Hehir -- Notes on a Catholic Vision of Pluralism -- A Brief Commentary on “Notes on a Catholic Vision of Pluralism” -- VI: Agapeistic Medical Ethics -- The Art and Science of Medicine -- Agape and Ethics: Some Reflections on Medical Morals from a Catholic Christian Perspective -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: CATHOLIC PERSPECTIVES AND CONTEMPORARY MEDICAL MORALS A Catholic perspective on medical morals antedates the current world­ wide interest in medical and biomedical ethics by many centuries[5]. Discussions about the moral status of the fetus, abortion, contraception, and sterilization can be found in the writings of the Fathers and Doctors of the Church. Teachings on various aspects of medical morals were scattered throughout the penitential books of the early medieval church and later in more formal treatises when moral theology became recog­ nized as a distinct discipline. Still later, medical morality was incorpor­ ated into the many pastoral works on medicine. Finally, in the contemporary period, works that strictly focus on medical ethics are produced by Catholic moral theologians who have special interests in matters medical. Moreover, this long tradition of teaching has been put into practice in the medical moral directives governing the operation of hospitals under Catholic sponsorship. Catholic hospitals were monitored by Ethics Committees long before such committees were recommended by the New Jersey Court in the Karen Ann Quinlan case or by the President's Commission in 1983 ([8, 9]). Underlying the Catholic moral tradition was the use of the casuistic method, which since the 17th and 18th centuries was employed by Catholic moralists to study and resolve concrete clinical ethical dilem­ mas. The history of casuistry is of renewed interest today when the case method has become so widely used in the current revival of interest in medical ethics[ll].
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789400909878
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (552p) , digital
    Edition: 1
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 206
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Critial Essays -- Is Science Really Inductive? -- Bolzano’s Theory of Induction -- Cellular Space Models: New Formalism for Simulation and Science -- Some Reflections on Logical Truth as A Priori -- Semantics and Ontology: Arthur Burks and the Computational Perspective -- Names and Attitudes -- Machines and Behavior -- Finite Automata and Human Beings -- On Guiding Rules -- Actuality and Potentiality -- Burks’s Logic of Conditionals -- Presuppositions and the Normative Content of Probability Statements -- Arthur Burks on the Presuppositions of Induction -- Taking Physical Probability Seriously -- Presuppositions of Induction -- Scientific Objectivity and the Evaluation of Hypotheses -- II: The Philosophy of Logical Mechanism -- The Philosophy of Logical Mechanism Replies by Arthur W. Burks -- Bibliography of Works by Arthur W. Burks -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This work is divided into two parts. Part I contains sixteen critical es­ says by prominent philosophers and computer scientists. Their papers offer insightful, well-argued contemporary views of a broad range of topics that lie at the heart of philosophy in the second half of the twen­ tieth century: semantics and ontology, induction, the nature of prob­ ability, the foundations of science, scientific objectivity, the theory of naming, the logic of conditionals, simulation modeling, the relatiOn be­ tween minds and machines, and the nature of rules that guide be­ havior. In this volume honoring Arthur W. Burks, the philosophical breadth of his work is thus manifested in the diverse aspects of that work chosen for discussion and development by the contributors to his Festschrift. Part II consists of a book-length essay by Burks in which he lays out his philosophy of logical mechanism while responding to the papers in Part I. In doing so, he provides a unified and coherent context for the range of problems raised in Part I, and he highlights interesting relationships among the topics that might otherwise have gone un­ noticed. Part II is followed by a bibliography of Burks's published works.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400925939
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 197 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 202
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Foreword — The Modernity of Rhetoric -- Formal Logic and Informal Logic -- Logic and Argumentation -- To Reason While Speaking -- Organization and Articulation of Verbal Exchanges: Question-Response Exchange in Polemical Contexts -- Argumentativity and Informativity -- Saying and Knowing -- Dialectic, Rhetoric and Critique in Aristotle -- Toward an Anthropology of Rhetoric -- Rhetoric-Poetics-Hermeneutics -- Rhetoric and Literature -- The Figure and the Argument -- Rhetoric and Politics.
    Abstract: by the question in its being an answer, if only in a circumstantial (i. e. inessential) manner. One indeed must question oneself in order to remember, says Plato, but the dialectic, which would be scientific, must be something else even if it remains a play of question and answer. This contradiction did not escape Aristotle: he split the scientific from the dialectic and logic from argumentation whose respective theories he was led to conceive in order to clearly define their boundaries and specificities. As for Plato, he found in the famous theory of Ideas what he sought in order to justify knowledge as that which is supposed to hold its truth only from itself. What do Ideas mean within the framework of our approach? In what consists the passage from rhetoric to ontology which leads to the denaturation of argumentation? When Socrates asked, for example, "What is virtue?", he thought one could not answer such a question because the answer refers to a single proposition, a single truth, whereas the formulation of the question itself does not indicate this unicity. For any answer, another can be given and thus continuously, if necessary, until eventually one will come across an incompatibility. Now, to a question as to what X, Y, or Z is, one can answer in many ways and nothing in the question itself prohibits multiplicity. Virtue is courage, is justice, and so on.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400924369
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 45
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Investigating our Mental Powers -- 1.1 Hume: Thinking versus feeling -- 1.2 Reid: Conception versus sensation -- 1.3 Laws of our constitution and epistemologically prior principles -- 1.4 How to arrive at laws of nature -- 1.5 Scientific study of the mind? -- II: The Ideal Hypothesis -- 2.1 Ideas as objects of perception -- 2.2 Perception and impressions on the mind -- 2.3 Perception by way of perceiving images -- 2.4 Is the table we see an image? -- 2.5 The role of sensation in perception -- III: The Epistemological Role of Perception -- 3.1 Is there fallacy of the senses? -- 3.2 The appearance of objects to the eye -- 3.3 Reliance on the senses -- IV: The Constituents of Reality -- 4.1 The testimony of the senses and the world of material bodies -- 4.2 Primary versus secondary qualities -- 4.3 Colour versus shape -- 4.4 Are there other minds than mine? -- 4.5 An intelligent Author of Nature? -- V: What Words Signify -- 5.1 Locke’s theory of signification -- 5.2 What proper names and general words signify according to Reid -- 5.3 Individual and general conceptions -- 5.4 Whether proper names signify attributes -- 5.5 The variety of objects of conception -- 5.6 Conceiving the real and the unreal -- 5.7 Attributions to conceivable individuals -- 5.8 Things objectively in my mind -- VI: Active Power -- 6.1 Knowingly giving rise to new actions -- 6.2 Locke on active power -- 6.3 Reid’s account of active power -- 6.4 Difficulties within Reid’s account -- 6.5 Divine prescience and active power -- 6.6 Is every future event already determined? -- 6.7 Moral attributions and active power -- VII; Causality -- 7.1 Concerning some criticisms of Hume’s view of the causal principle -- 7.2 No proof of the causal principle available within Hume’s philosophy -- 7.3 Past instances and the uniformity of nature -- 7.4 Presupposition and the authority of experience -- 7.5 Reid’s notion of cause -- 7.6 Wisdom, prudence and causal law -- VIII: Identity and Continuity -- 8.1 The sameness of a person -- 8.2 Amnesia and the same person -- 8.3 The Brave Officer paradox -- 8.4 The sameness of plants and artefacts -- 8.5 What is found on entry into the self -- 8.6 Consciousness and awareness of self -- 8.7 Memories and personal identity -- IX: Of Common Sense and First Principles -- 9.1 How to detect first principles -- 9.2 First principles and modes of argument -- 9.3 Our faculties are not fallacious -- 9.4 The first principles to be employed in the investigation of the mind -- 9.5 Accounting for beliefs -- 9.6 First principles and judgments -- 9.7 Providential Naturalism -- Notes.
    Abstract: This book is meant to serve as an introduction to the philosophy of Thomas Reid by way of a study of certain themes central to that philosophy as we find it expounded in his extensive and influential published writings. The choice of these themes inevitably reflects philosophical interests of the author of this book to some extent but a main consideration behind their selection is that they are extensively treated by Reid in response to treatments by certain of his predecessors in an identifiable tradition called by Yolton 'The Way ofIdeas'. My interest in Reid's philosophy was first awakened by the brilliant writings of A.N. Prior, and in particular by Part II of his posthumous 'Objects of Thought' called 'What we think about' together with his suggestion that Reid was a precursor of Mill on the signification of proper names. It is my hope that the standard of exegesis and of discussion throughout the book, and especially in the case of these topics, is a not unworthy tribute to that thinker.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789400924178
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (376p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 207
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; History ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Introduction: Language as Calculus vs. Language as the Universal Medium -- 1. Continental and Analytical Philosophy -- 2. The Interpretational Framework -- 3. Some Qualifications and the Main Theses of this Study -- II: Husserl’s Phenomenology and Language as Calculus -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Formalism—Threat and Temptation—The Emergence of Language as Calculus in the Early Writings -- 3. Defending the Accessibility of Semantics Against Psychologistic Relativism: The Logical Investigations -- 4. Transcendental Phenomenology and the Calculus Conception -- 5. Summary of Husserl’s Notion of Language as Calculus -- III: Heidegger’s Ontology and Language as the Universal Medium -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Heidegger as Adherer to the Conception of Language as Calculus in his Early Writings -- 3. The World as a ”Closed Whole”—The Period of Being and Time -- 4. ”Language is the House of Being”—Language as the Universal Medium in Heidegger’s Later ”Thought” -- 5. Summary of Heidegger’s Conception of Language as the Universal Medium -- IV: Between Scylla and Charybdis—Gadamer’s Hermeneutics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tradition and the Return of the Subject—Why Heidegger had Reason to Dislike the ”Effective-Historical Consciousness” -- 3. Language as Universal Adumbration -- Notes to Part I -- Notes to Part II -- Notes to Part III -- Notes to Part IV -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: I first became interested in Husserl and Heidegger as long ago as 1980, when as an undergraduate at the Freie Universitat Berlin I studied the books by Professor Ernst Tugendhat. Tugendhat's at­ tempt to bring together analytical and continental philosophy has never ceased to fascinate me, and even though in more recent years other influences have perhaps been stronger, I should like to look upon the present study as still being indebted to Tugendhat's initial incentive. It was my good fortune that for personal reasons I had to con­ tinue my academic training from 1981 onwards in Finland. Even though Finland is a stronghold of analytical philosophy, it also has a tradition of combining continental and Anglosaxon philosophical thought. Since I had already admired this line of work in Tugendhat, it is hardly surprising that once in Finland I soon became impressed by Professor Jaakko Hintikka's studies on Husserl and intentionality, and by Professor Georg Henrik von Wright's analytical hermeneu­ tics. While the latter influence has-at least in part-led to a book on the history of hermeneutics, the former influence has led to the present work. My indebtedness to Professor Hintikka is enormous. Not only is the research reported here based on his suggestions, but Hintikka has also commented extensively on different versions of the manuscript, helped me to make important contacts, found a publisher for me, and-last but not least-was a never failing source of encouragement.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400913974
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 236 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Medicine -- 2. Philosophy -- 3. The book -- Acknowledgements -- II. Cultural Infusions in the Philosophy of Medicine -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An American ontology -- 3. The case of anthropological medicine -- 4. Getting the record straight -- 5. Conclusions -- III. Regular Versus Alternative Medicine -- 1. Introduction -- 2. How not to think about science and philosophy -- 3. What is special about science -- 4. Interlude: how to proceed? -- 5. The scientific status of homeopathy -- 6. Psychic or spiritual healing -- 7. Discussion -- IV. Concepts of Health and Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Health and disease in a biological perspective -- 3. The philosophy of normativism -- 4. Towards a new research program -- 5. The interplay of science, common sense and philosophy -- 6. Afterthoughts -- V. Mind and Body in Science and Philosophy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The philosophical agenda -- 3. The mental and the physical: five philosophical views -- 4. A science of the mental? -- 5. The primacy of human existence: phenomenology -- 6. Things which don’t fit -- 7. Discussion -- VI. Mind and Body in Medicine -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The mental suppressed: biological psychiatry -- 3. Will psychology help? -- 4. The psychosomatic connection -- 5. The limits of integration -- 6. The philosophical turn -- 7. Conclusions -- VII. Theses -- References.
    Abstract: 1. MEDICINE Illness, disease and disability plague man in every culture. But the form they take is not the same everywhere. Neither is man's reaction. Coping strategies, and the experience and knowledge backing them, depend very much on cultural setting. So medicine, the fabric of strategy and know­ ledge, can only be understood in the context of culture. In western society today, severe judgements are passed on medicine. Its store of knowledge and experience, and its repertory of strategies, have grown immensely during the last few decades. But it hardly alleviates dominant ailments, especially chronic diseases, diseases of old age and disturbances of social and mental functioning. We know that these ailments have come to the fore as the incidence of more "primitive" diseases declined in industrial societies. Infant deaths, and malnutrition and infections striking at young age, have dwindled to marginal significance in Western Europe and life expectancy at birth is twice that of some 150 years ago. Thus our new troubles are connected with past successes.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789401578073
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 369 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Endogenous growth (Economics) ; Ethics ; Public health ; Economic development. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Value Conflicts in Allocation and Care -- National Health Care Systems: Conflicting Visions -- National Health Care Systems: Concurring Conflicts -- National Health Care Systems -- An Ethical Evaluation of Health Care in the United States -- The Health Care System of the Federal Republic of Germany: Moral Issues and Public Policy -- The American and West German Health Care Systems: A Physician’s Reflections -- Socialism, Equity, and Cost Containment in Health: The French Experience -- Ethics and Health Policy in the Netherlands -- Health in the U.S.S.R.: Organization, Trends, and Ethics -- The Public and Private Regulation of Health Care Markets -- Justice as Fairness or Fairness as Prudence? -- Macro-Allocation and Micro-Allocation -- Macro-Allocation in Health Care in the Federal Republic of Germany -- The Macro-Allocation of Health Care Resources -- Rights, Reasonable Expectations, and Rationing: A Commentary on the Essays of Ruth Mattheis and Baruch Brody -- Political-Medical Allocations in the Compulsory Health Insurance Program in the Federal Republic of Germany -- Micro-Allocation in the Health Care System: Fiscal Consolidation with Structural Reforms? -- Medical Micro-Allocation: Is and Ought -- Preventive Medicine, Occupational Health, and Future Issues -- Preventive Interventionism and Individual Liberty -- Improving Occupational Health in the Federal Republic of Germany -- A View from a Clinician’s Window -- Epilogue.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789400926479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 200
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Essay 1. Is Alethic Modal Logic Possible? -- Essay 2. Reasoning About Knowledge in Philosophy: The Paradigm of Epistemic Logic -- Essay 3. Are There Nonexistent Objects? Why Not? But Where Are They? -- Essay 4. On Sense, Reference, and the Objects of Knowledge -- Essay 5. Impossible Possible Worlds Vindicated -- Essay 6. Towards a General Theory of Individuation and Identification -- Essay 7. On the Proper Treatment of Quantifiers in Montague Semantics -- Essay 8. The Cartesian cogito, Epistemic Logic and Neuroscience: Some Surprising Interrelations -- Essay 9. Quine on Who’s Who -- Essay 10. How Can Language Be Sexist? -- Essay 11. On Denoting What? -- Essay 12. Degrees and Dimensions of Intentionality -- Essay 13. Situations, Possible Worlds and Attitudes -- Essay 14. Questioning as a Philosophical Method -- Erratum -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Names.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789400927056
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Public health laws ; Ethics ; Medical laws and legislation. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Human Experimentation and the Legacy of Nuremberg -- The Search for Universality in the Ethics of Human Research: Andrew C. Ivy, Henry K. Beecher, and the Legacy of Nuremberg -- Section II / The Development in Medicine of the Imperative to Conduct Research with Human Subjects: an Historical Analysis -- Cultural Contents in the History of the Use of Human Subjects in Research -- Reflections on the History of Human Experimentation -- Comparative Models and Goals for the Regulation of Human Research -- Moral Appropriateness in Human Research -- Public Control over Biomedical Experiments Involving Human Beings: An Israeli Perspective -- Section III / Ethical and Epistemological Issues in Randomized Clinical Trials -- Diagnosing Well and Treating Prudently: Randomized Clinical Trials and the Problem of Knowing Truly -- Research Risks, Randomization, and Risks to Research: Reflections on the Prudential Use of “Pilot” Trials -- Epistemological Presuppositions Involved in the Programs of Human Research -- At What Level of Statistical Certainty Ought a Random Clinical Trial to be Interrupted? -- Comment on Michael Ruse’s Essay -- Section IV / Obligations and the Avoidance of Injury -- Is There an Obligation to Participate in Biomedical Research? -- Physicians Experimenting on Themselves: Some Ethical and Philosophical Considerations -- Protection of Human Subjects: Remedies for Injury -- Israel Health Regulations: Experiments on Human Subjects - 1980 -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: This volume, which has developed from the Fourteenth Trans­ Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine, September 5-8, 1982, at Tel Aviv University, Israel, contains the contributions of a group of distinguished scholars who together examine the ethical issues raised by the advance of biomedical science and technology. We are, of course, still at the beginning of a revolution in our understanding of human biology; scientific medicine and clinical research are scarcely one hundred years old. Both the sciences and the technology of medicine until ten or fifteen years ago had the feeling of the 19th century about them; we sense that they belonged to an older time; that era is ending. The next twenty-five to fifty years of investigative work belong to neurobiology, genetics, and reproductive biology. The technologies of information processing and imaging will make diagnosis and treatment almost incomprehensible by my generation of physicians. Our science and technology will become so powerful that we shall require all of the art and wisdom we can muster to be sure that they remain dedicated, as Francis Bacon hoped four centuries ago, "to the uses of life." It is well that, as philosophers and physicians, we grapple with the issues now when they are relatively simple, and while the pace of change is relatively slow. We require a strategy for the future; that strategy must be worked out by scientists, philosophers, physicians, lawyers, theologians, and, I should like to add, artists and poets.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927254
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (572p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Anthropology ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Sociology. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I: The Social Sciences and Biomedicine -- Relationships between Society, Culture, and Biomedicine: Introduction to the Essays -- II: Mind, Body, Values, and Society -- Tenacious Assumptions in Western Medicine -- Mind and Body as Metaphors: Hidden Values in Biomedicine -- Psyche, Soma, and Society: The Social Construction of Psychosomatic Disorders -- III: Reproducing Medical Perception and Practice -- Medical Students and the Cadaver in Social and Cultural Context -- Patients, Physicians and Context: Medical Care in the Home -- Discourse, Descriptions and Diagnoses: Reproducing Normal Medicine -- IV: Medicine Evolving, Medicine Adapting -- Space and Time in British General Practice -- Thinking Prevention: Concepts and Constructs in General Practice -- Clinical Science and Clinical Expertise: Changing Boundaries Between Art and Science in Medicine -- V: Medical Construction of life Cycle Processes -- Babyhood: The Social Construction of Infant Care as a Medical Problem in England in the Years Around 1900 -- Menopause as Process or Event: The Creation of Definitions in Biomedicine -- On the Boundary of Life and Death: The Definition of Dying by Medical Residents -- VI: Biomedical Knowledge and Practice Across Cultures -- A Nation at Risk: Interpretations of School Refusal in Japan -- Medical Practice in Response to a Folk Illness: The Treatment of Nervios in Costa Rica -- VII: Constructing the “Ordinary” out of the “Extraordinary” -- Physicians and the Disclosure of Undesirable Information -- The Technological Imperative in Medical Practice: The Social Creation of a “Routine” Treatment -- The Social Construction of a Machine: Ritual, Superstition, Magical Thinking and Other Pragmatic Responses to Running a CT Scanner -- List of Contributors -- Author Index.
    Abstract: The culture of contemporary medicine is the object of investigation in this book; the meanings and values implicit in biomedical knowledge and practice and the social processes through which they are produced are examined through the use of specific case studies. The essays provide examples of how various facets of 20th century medicine, including edu­ cation, research, the creation of medical knowledge, the development and application of technology, and day to day medical practice, are per­ vaded by a value system characteristic of an industrial-capitalistic view of the world in which the idea that science represents an objective and value free body of knowledge is dominant. The authors of the essays are sociologists and anthropologists (in almost equal numbers); also included are papers by a social historian and by three physicians all of whom have steeped themselves in the social sci­ ences and humanities. This co-operative endeavor, which has necessi­ tated the breaking down of disciplinary barriers to some extent, is per­ haps indicative of a larger movement in the social sciences, one in which there is a searching for a middle ground between grand theory and attempts at universal explanations on the one hand, and the context-spe­ cific empiricism and relativistic accounts characteristic of many historical and anthropological analyses on the other.
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400929098
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 363 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 39
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Analytic philosophy is alive and in good health, as this collection of twenty, previously unpublished essays most ably demonstrates. The reader will find here assembled some of the finest writings of modern analytic philosophers at the top of their form. Matthews discusses Plato's attempt to deal with the problem of false belief about identities. Parson evaluates Russell's early theory of denoting phrases. Chisholm exhibits the utility of thirteen epistemic categories. Plantinga criticizes Chisholm's account of justification. Conee argues that solving the Gettier Problem is important, and Ginet proposes a solution to it. Lehrer criticizes an argument based on the simplicity of our belief in material objects and other minds. R. Feldman defends an account of having evidence. F. Feldman defends a propositional account of pleasure. Van Fraassen criticizes Garber's solution to the problem of old evidence. Castañeda investigates the nature of negation. McKay argues that de se analyses of belief do not account for belief de re. Richard argues that no Fregean semantics for belief attribution will succeed. Ryckman suggests that the Millian theory of names has little to do with the theory of belief is no threat to God's omniscience. Dunn investigates constraints imposed on non-classical modal logics by extensionality. Fitch argues that singular propositions perform important functions in modal logic. Jubien evaluates arguments for and against possible worlds. Ratzsch argues that there must be a deeper source of nomicality than ordinary subjunctives, and Stalnaker argues that there is room for determinancy of identity and indeterminacy in reference
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  • 14
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927070
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Public health laws ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Medical laws and legislation. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I / Historical and Conceptual Foundations -- Back from the Grave: Recurring Controversies over Defining and Diagnosing Death In History -- Does Anyone Survive Neocortical Death? -- Reexamining the Definition of Death and Becoming Clearer about What it is to be Alive -- II / Beyond Whole-Brain Criteria of Death: Legal Considerations -- Should the Law Define Death? — A Genuine Question -- Legal Issues Leading to the Notion of Neocortical Death -- III / The President’s Commission and Beyond -- The Report of the President’s Commission on the Uniform Determination of Death Act -- Whole-Brain, Neocortical, and Higher Brain Related Concepts -- Brains and Persons: A Critique of Veatch’s View -- Human Death and the Destruction of the Neocortex -- IV / The Cultural Context -- Beyond a Whole-Brain Definition of Death: Reconsidering the Metaphysics of Death -- The Many Times of Death -- The Element of Choice in Criteria of Death -- Person Perception and the Death of the Person: A New Role for Health Professionals in Cases of Brain Death -- Notes on contributors.
    Abstract: From the tone of the report by the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Re­ search, one might conclude that the whole-brain-oriented definition of death is now firmly established as an enduring element of public policy. In that report, Defining Death: Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death, the President's Commission forwarded a uni­ form determination of death act, which laid heavy accent on the signifi­ cance of the brain stem in determining whether an individual is alive or dead: An individual who has sustained either (1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions, or (2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem, is dead. A determination of death must be made in accordance with accepted medical standards ([1], p. 2). The plausibility of these criteria is undermined as soon as one confronts the question of the level of treatment that ought to be provided to human bodies that have permanently lost consciousness but whose brain stems are still functioning.
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  • 15
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400937253
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 22
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Public health. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I: Human Sexuality -- Medical and Psychiatric Perspectives on a ‘Healthy Sexuality’ -- Medical and Psychiatric Perspectives on Human Sexual Behavior -- The Origins of Sexual Identity: A Clinician’s View -- Theories of Transsexualism -- Sex Research and Therapy -- A Survey of Human Reproduction, Infertility Therapy, Fertility Control and Ethical Consequences -- Section II: Sexuality and Sexual Concepts -- Philosophy, Medicine, and Healthy Sexuality -- Concepts of Disease and Sexuality -- Freud and Perversion -- The Politics of The Natural: The Case of Sex Differences -- Heterosex -- Bisexuality: Challenging Our Understanding of Human Sexuality and Sexual Orientation -- Sex and Love: Sexual Dysfunction as a Spiritual Disorder -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: When confronted by the concerns of human sexual function or dys­ function, American medicine finds itself well impaled on the horns of a dilemma. Currently it is acceptable medical practice to treat sexual dysfunctions, disorders, or dissatisfactions that arise from psy­ chogenic etiologies, endocrine imbalances, neurologic defects or are side effects of necessary medication regimes. In addition, implanta­ tion of penile prostheses in cases of organic impotence is an increas­ ingly popular surgical procedure. These clinical approaches to sexual inadequacies, accepted by medicine since 1970, represent one horn of the dilemma. The opposite horn pictures the medical profession firmly backed into a corner by cultural influences. For example, when hospital admissions occur, a significant portion of the routine medical history is the section on system review. A few questions are asked about the cardio-respiratory, the genito-urinary, and the gastro-intestinal sys­ tems. But in a preponderance of hospitals no questions are permitted or, if raised, answers are not recorded about human sexual functioning. Physicians tend to forget that they are victims of cultural imposition first and of professional training a distant second.
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  • 16
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401539432
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 23
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Table of Contents Volume II -- Section I: Reproduction, Medicine, and Morals -- Sexual Ethics: Some Perspectives from the History of Philosophy -- Medicine and the Control of Reproduction -- On the Connection of Sex to Reproduction -- Having Sex and Making Love: The Search for Morality in Eros -- Section II: Society, Sexuality, and Medicine -- Sex, Society, Medicine: An Historical Comment -- The Clinician as Sexual Philosopher -- The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association: Classifying Sexual Disorders -- Changing Life-Styles and Medical Practice -- Human Sexuality: Counselling and Treatment in a Family Medicine Practice -- Sex Research and Therapy: On the Morality of the Methods, Practices and Procedures -- Section III: Religion, Medicine, and Moral Controversy -- Theological Approaches to Sexuality: An Overview -- Contemporary Controversies in Sexual Ethics: A Case Study in Post-Vatican II Moral Theology -- Transsexual Surgery: Some Reflections on the Moral Issues Involved -- The Irrelevance of Theology for Sexual Ethics -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: It may be unnecessary to some to publish a text on sexuality in 1986 since the popular press speaks of the sexual revolution as if it were over and was possibly a mistake. Some people characterize society as too sexually obsessed, and there is an undercurrent of desire for a return to a supposedly simpler and happier time when sex was not openly dis­ cussed, displayed, taught or even, presumedly, contemplated. Indeed, we are experiencing something of a backlash against open sexuality and sexual liberation. For example, during the '60s and '70s tolerance of homosexual persons and homosexuality increased. Of late there has been a conservative backlash against gay-rights laws. Sexual intercourse before marriage, which had been considered healthy and good, has been, of late, characterized as promiscuous. In fact, numer­ ous articles have appeared about the growing popularity of sexual abstinence. There is a renewed vigor in the fight against sex education in the schools, and an 'anti-pornography' battle being waged by those on the right and those on the left who organize under the guise of such worthy goals as deterring child abuse and rape, but who are basically uncomfortable with diverse expressions of sexuality. One would hope that such trends, and the ignorance about sex and sexuality that they reflect, would not touch medical professionals. That Dr.
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  • 17
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400937635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 8
    Series Statement: Profiles 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Constituents -- Surface Information and Analyticity -- Hintikka on Quantifying In and On Trans-World Identity -- Game-Theoretical Semantics and Logical Form -- Hintikka’s Inductive Logic -- Hintikka’s Epistemic Logic -- Hintikka’s Theory of Questions -- What Is a “Perceptually Well-Defined Individual”? Hintikka’s Views on Perception -- On Objects and Worlds of Thought in the Philosophy of Hintikka -- Hintikka on Modalities and Determinism in Aristotle -- Hintikka’s Ontology -- Replies and Comments -- Three -- Bibliography of Jaakko Hintikka -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc. ) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PROFILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of significant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant his to rial and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussion will also be included.
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  • 18
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400937376
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 36
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. The Problem -- 2. Beginning Assumptions -- 1 Descriptions -- 1. Indeterminate Descriptions -- 2. The Referential/Attributive Distinction -- 2 Names and Indexicals -- 1. Rigid Designators -- 2. Names and Essences -- 3. Indexicals -- 4. The Meaning of Names -- 3 Singular Propositions -- 1. Propositional Roles -- 2. Propositions and Worlds -- 3. Propositions and Times -- 4. Possible Worlds -- 4 Believing -- 1. Problems with Belief -- 2. Direct and Indirect Attribution -- 3. Two Aspects of Believing -- 4. A Solution to Frege’s Problem -- 5 Empty Names, Semantics, and the A Priori -- 1. Truth Conditions and Propositions -- 2. Empty Names and Beliefs -- 3. Necessary A Posteriori Truths -- 4. Conclusions -- 1. Formal Description -- 2. Remarks -- Notes -- References.
    Abstract: The relationship between thought, language, and the world is an intimate one. When we have an idea or thought about the world and we wish to express that idea or thought to others we utter a sentence or make a statement. If the statement correctly describes the world then it is true. Moreover, it seems as though our ability to have more complex or sophisticated thoughts about the world increases as the complexity of our language or our ability to use the language increases. Understanding the complex relationship between language, thought, and the world is one of the central aims of philosophy. This book is an attempt to increase our understanding of this complex relationship by focusing on certain philosophical issues that arise from our ability to refer to objects in the world though the use of language. In particular, it is an attempt to solve the puzzles of reference and belief that Frege and Russell presented within the context of a theory of direct reference for proper names.
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  • 19
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401577687
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 204 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 26
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Anthropology ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: 1: Some Basic Issues in the Philosophy of Health -- 2: An Analytic Theory of Health: The Biostatistical Theory (BST) -- 3: Towards a Holistic Theory of Health -- 4: On the Factors Which Compromise Health -- 5: On Some Societal and Scientific Consequences of the Welfare Notion of Health -- 6: Conclusions and Summary of the Welfare Theory of Health -- Appendix: On the Ontology of Diseases -- 1. A Classical Debate — Physiologism Versus Ontologism -- 2. The Problem of Historical Change -- 3. Towards a Reconstruction of Medical Ontology -- 4. Some Modern Definitions of Diseases -- 5. An Analysis of the Disease Concepts -- 6. Summary -- Notes.
    Abstract: GENERAL INTRODUCTION This study of the concept of health is an attempt to combine central ideas in modern philosophy of medicine with certain results from analytical action theory. What emerges from the study is a concept of health based on an action-theoretic foundation. A person's health is characterized as his ability to achieve his vital goals. The general conception is not new. This study has been inspired by a number of scholars, both ancient and modern. The most important influences from the latter have been those of Georges Canguilhem, H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. , Caroline Whitbeck and Ingmar Pörn. The novel aspect of this book consists of elaborations made to the general conception. First, the action-theoretic platform is analysed in some detail. The nature of the ability involved, as well as the conditions for having that ability, are specified. Second, the vital goals of man are given considerable attention. Some previous attempts to define such vital goals are analysed and criticized. A new characterization is proposed, in which the vital goals are conceptually linked to the notion of happiness. A person's vital goals are such states of affairs as are necessary and together sufficient for his minimal happiness. Third, a number of consequences of this con­ ception are observed and analysed. One issue which is particularly empha­ sized is that ofwhether the concept ofhealth is a theoretical or a normative concept.
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  • 20
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400933811
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 31
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Noun Phrases, Generalized Quantifiers and Anaphora -- Towards a Computational Semantics -- Preliminaries to the Treatment of Generalized Quantifiers in Situation Semantics -- There-Sentences and Generalized Quantifiers -- Unreducible n-ary Quantifiers in Natural Language -- Generalized Quantifiers and Plurals -- Natural Language and Generalized Quantifier Theory -- Collective Readings of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases -- Noun Phrase Interpretation in Montague Grammar, File Change Semantics, and Situation Semantics -- Branching Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language -- List of Contributors -- Bibliography for Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Some fifteen years ago, research on generalized quantifiers was con­ sidered to be a branch of mathematical logic, mainly carried out by mathematicians. Since then an increasing number of linguists and philosophers have become interested in exploring the relevance of general quantifiers for natural language as shown by the bibliography compiled for this volume. To a large extent, the new research has been inspired by Jon Barwise and Robin Cooper's path-breaking article "Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language" from 1981. A concrete sign of this development was the workshop on this topic at Lund University, May 9-11, 1985, which was organized by Robin Cooper, Elisabet Engdahl, and the present editor. All except two of the papers in this volume derive from that workshop. Jon Barwise's paper in the volume is different from the one he presented in connection with the workshop. Mats Rooth's contribution has been added because of its close relationship with the rest of the papers. The articles have been revised for publication here and the authors have commented on each other's contributions in order to integrate the collection. The organizers of the workshop gratefully acknowledge support from the Department of Linguistics, the Department of Philosophy and the Faculty of Humanities at Lund University, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (through the Wallenberg Foundation), the Swedish Institute, and the Letterstedt Foundation.
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  • 21
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400947047
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 21
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Finance ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Finance, Public. ; Public health. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I / Medical Economics and Ethics: Some Theoretical Considerations -- Economics and the Allocation of Resources to Improve Health -- Economic Cost and Moral Value -- II / Costs and Benefits in Medicine: Some Philosophical Views -- Computing the Quality of Life -- CBA, Utilitarianism, and Reliance Upon Intuitions -- Prior Consent and Valuing Life -- Cost-Benefit Analysis, Monetary Value, and Medical Decision -- III / Economics and Ethics in Health Policy -- Intervention Against Genetic Disease: Economic and Ethical Considerations -- Ethical Reflections in Genetic Screening: A Reply to Swint and Kaback -- Rationing Medical Care: Processes for Defining Adequacy -- Comments on “Rationing Medical Care: Processes for Defining Adequacy” -- Rationing and Publicity -- Comments on “Rationing and Publicity” -- IV / Controlling Costs/Maximizing Profit: The Role of Providers -- Physicians and Cost Control -- Shifting Priorities and Values: A Challenge to the Hospital’s Mission -- Shifting the Priorities and Values: A Commentary on Hiller and Gorsky -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: Medicine, morals and money have, for centuries, lived in uneasy cohabitation. Dwelling in the social institution of care of the sick, each needs the other, yet each is embarrassed to admit the other's presence. Morality, in particular, suffers embarrassment, for it is often required to explain how money and medicine are not inimical. Throughout the history of Western medicine, morality's explanations have been con­ sistently ambiguous. Pla.o held that the physician must cultivate the art of getting paid as well as the art of healing, for even if the goal of medicine is healing and not making money, the self-interest of the craftsman is satisfied thereby [4]. Centuries later, a medieval medical moralist, Henri de Mandeville, said: "The chief object of the patient ... is to get cured ... the object of the surgeon, on the other hand, is to obtain his money ... ([5], p. 16). This incompatibility, while general, is not universal. Throughout history, medical practitioners have resolved the problem - either in conscience or to their satisfaction. Some physicians have been so reluctant to make a profit from the ills of those whom they treated that they preferred to live in poverty. Samuel Johnson described his friend, Dr. Robert Levet, a Practiser of Physic: No summons mock'd by chill delay, No petty gain disdain'd by pride; The modest wants of ev'ry day The toil of ev'ry day supplied [3].
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  • 22
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401577236
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIV, 315 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Hendricks, John L. Theology and Bioethics: Exploring the Foundations and Frontiers. Earl E. Shelp 1989
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 20
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I: Theology, Science, and Bioethics -- Religion and the Renaissance of Medical Ethics in the United States: 1965–1975 -- Theology and Science: Their Difference as a Source of Interaction in Ethics -- Scientific and Religious Aspects of Bioethics -- Hartshorne, Theology, and the Nameless God -- The Potential of Theology for Ethics -- The Role of Theology in Bioethics -- Looking for God and Finding the Abyss: Bioethics and Natural Theology -- Section II: Foundations and Frontiers in Religious Bioethics -- Theology and Bioethics: Christian Foundations -- Theological Frontiers: Implications for Bioethics -- Contextuality and Convenant: The Pertinence of Social Theory and Theology to Bioethics -- Feminist Theology and Bioethics -- Doing Ethics in a Plural World -- Section III: Religious Reasoning about Bioethics and Medical Practice -- Salvation and Health: Why Medicine Needs the Church -- Love and Justice in Christian Biomedical Ethics -- Contemporary Jewish Bioethics: A Critical Assessment -- Medical Loyalty: Dimensions and Problems of a Rich Idea -- Responsibility for Life: Bioethics in Theological Perspective -- Epilogue: Does Theology Make a Contribution to Bioethics? -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: We who live in this post-modern late twentieth century culture are still children of dualism. For a variety of rather complex reasons we continue to split apart and treat as radical opposites body and spirit, medicine and religion, sacred and secular, private and public, love and justice, men and women. Though this is still our strong tendency, we are beginning to­ discover both the futility and the harm of such dualistic splitting. Peoples of many ancient cultures might smile at the belatedness of our discovery concerning the commonalities of medicine and religion. A cur­ sory glance back at ancient Egypt, Samaria, Babylonia, Persia, Greece, and Rome would disclose a common thread - the close union of religion and medicine. Both were centrally concerned with healing, health, and wholeness. The person was understood as a unity of body, mind, and spirit. The priest and the physician frequently were combined in the same individual. One of the important contributions of this significant volume of essays is the sustained attack upon dualism. From a variety of vantage points, virtually all of the authors unmask the varied manifestations of dualism in religion and medicine, urging a more holistic approach. Since the editor has provided an excellent summary of each article, I shall not attempt to comment on specific contributions. Rather , I wish to highlight three 1 broad themes which I find notable for theological ethics.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789400952355
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 18
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: One/ The Social and Scientific Setting -- I/ The Status of the Physician -- II/ Theories of Health and Disease -- III/ Attitudes Toward Death -- Two/ The Rise of Medical Ethics -- IV/ Who was Hippocrates? -- V/ The Hippocratic Oath -- Three/ Abortion and Euthanasia -- VI/ The Problem of Abortion -- VII/ The Problem of Euthanasia -- VIII/ The Physician’s Moral Responsibility -- IX/ Conclusion -- X/ Epilogue -- Appendices -- Appendix A -- Principles of Medical Ethics -- Appendix B -- A Patient’s Bill of Rights -- Appendix C -- Declaration of Geneva -- Notes -- Select Bibliography.
    Abstract: The idea of reviewing the ethical concerns of ancient medicine with an eye as to how they might instruct us about the extremely lively disputes of our own contemporary medicine is such a natural one that it surprises us to real­ ize how very slow we have been to pursue it in a sustained way_ Ideologues have often seized on the very name of Hippocrates to close off debate about such matters as abortion and euthanasia - as if by appeal to a well-known and sacred authority that no informed person would care or dare to oppose_ And yet, beneath the polite fakery of such reference, we have deprived our­ selves of a familiarity with the genuinely 'unsimple' variety of Greek and Roman reflections on the great questions of medical ethics. The fascination of recovering those views surely depends on one stunning truism at least: humans sicken and die; they must be cared for by those who are socially endorsed to specialize in the task; and the changes in the rounds of human life are so much the same from ancient times to our own that the disputes and agreements of the past are remarkably similar to those of our own.
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  • 24
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400952331
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 19
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Emergency medicine ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Public health. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: A Movable Medical Crisis -- Moral Absurdities in Critical Care Medicine: Commentary on a Parable -- Moral Tensions in Critical Care Medicine: “Absurdities” as Indications of Finitude -- “Conceptual Construals” vs. Moral Experience: A Rejoinder -- Can Principles Survive in Situations of Critical Care? -- Coercion, Conversation and the Casuist: A Reply to Jay Katz -- Justice and the Hippocratic Tradition of Acting for the Good of the Sick -- Clinical Ethics and Resource Allocation: The Problem of Chronic Illness in Childhood -- Moral Choice, the Good of the Patient, and the Patient’s Good -- What Good is Another Paper on The Good? No Codes and Dr. Pellegrino -- Allocating Resources Within Health Care: Critical Care vs. Prevention -- Report of the President’s 2003 Commission on the Fall of Medicine -- Triage and Critical Care -- The Ethics of Critical Care in Cross-Cultural Perspective -- Triage: Philosophical and Cross-Cultural Perspectives -- Critical Care in an Historical Context -- Commentary on Stanley J. Reiser’s ‘Critical Care in an Historical Context’ -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: The expense of critical care and emergency medicine, along with widespread expectations for good care when the need arises, pose hard moral and political problems. How should we spend our tax d'ollars, and who should get help? The purpose of this volume is to reflect upon our choices. The authors whose papers appear herein identify major difficulties and offer various solutions to them. Four topics are discussed throughout the volume: First, encounters between patients and health professionals in critical situations in general, and where scarcity makes rationing necessary; second, allocation and social policy, including how much to spend on preventive, chronic or critical care medicine, or for medicine in general compared to other important social projects; third, conflicts between or ranking of important goals and values; and fourth, conceptual issues affecting the choices we make. Since these topics are raised by the authors in almost every essay, we did not divide the papers into separate sections within the volume. Warren Reich begins the volume with a parable illustrating a key problem for contemporary medicine and two very different approaches to its solution. His story begins with the "delivery" of three indigent, critically ill, foreign patients to the emergency room of a large American private hospital. Although the hospital is legally bound to care for these patients, providing long term, high cost care for them and others soon becomes a major financial strain.
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  • 25
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400952294
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 17
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Historical Analyses -- Virtue and Health/Medicine in Pre-Christian Antiquity -- Virtue and Medicine from Early Christianity Through the Sixteenth Century -- Virtue and Medicine During the Enlightenment in Germany -- Virtues, Etiquette, and Anglo-American Medical Ethics in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries -- Section II / Theories of Virtue -- Virtue and Vice -- Two Cheers for Meno: The Definition of the Virtues -- Critique of Pure Virtue: Animadversions on a Virtue-Based Ethics -- The Virtues: A Theological Analysis -- Section III / Virtue and medicine -- Virtues and Vices: The Social and Historical Construction of Medical Norms -- The Virtues of Medicine: Meaning and Import -- Virtue and Medicine: A Physician’s Analysis -- The Virtuous Physician, and the Ethics of Medicine -- Virtue and the Practice of Nursing -- The Virtuous Patient -- Virtue and Public Health: Societal Obligation and Individual Need -- Section IV / Critique -- What’s So Special About the Virtues? -- Against Virtue: A Deontological Critique of Virtue Theory in Medical Ethics -- On Medicine and Virtue: A Response -- Notes on Contributors.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789400954106
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 26
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Introduction to Game-Theoretical Semantics -- 1. General -- 2. Formal first-order languages -- 3. Equivalence with Tarski-type truth-definitions -- 4. Translation to higher-order languages -- 5. Partially ordered quantifiers -- 6. Subgames and functional interpretations -- 7. Extension to natural languages -- 8. Similarities and differences between formal and natural languages -- 9. Competing ordering principles -- 10. Atomic sentences -- 11. Further rules for natural languages -- 12. Explanatory strategies -- Notes to Part I -- II: Definite Descriptions -- 1. Russell on definite descriptions -- 2. Prima facie difficulties with Russell’s theory -- 3. Can we localize Russell’s theory? -- 4. Game-theoretical solution to the localization problem -- 5. Anaphoric “the” in formal languages -- 6. Applications -- 7. Epithetic and counterepithetic the-phrases -- 8. Vagaries of the alleged head-anaphor relation -- 9. The anaphoric use of definite descriptions as a semantical phenomenon -- 10. The quantifier-exclusion phenomenon in natural languages -- 11. Inductive choice sets -- 12. Other uses of “the” -- 13. The Russellian use -- 14. The generic use motivated -- 15. Conclusions from the “pragmatic deduction” -- Notes to Part II -- III: Towards a Semantical Theory of Pronominal Anaphora -- I: Different Approaches to Anaphora -- II: A Game-Theoretical Approach to Anaphora -- III: The Exclusion Principle -- IV: General Theoretical Issues -- V: GTS expalains Coreference Restrictions -- VI: Comparisons with Other Treatments -- Notes to Part III -- Name Index.
    Abstract: I n order to appreciate properly what we are doing in this book it is necessary to realize that our approach to linguistic theorizing differs from the prevailing views. Our approach can be described by indicating what distinguishes it from the methodological ideas current in theoretical linguistics, which I consider seriously misguided. Linguists typically construe their task in these days as that of making exceptionless generalizations from particular examples. This explanatory strategy is wrong in several different ways. It presupposes that we can have "intuitions" about particular examples, usually examples invented by the linguist himself or herself, reliable and sharp enough to serve as a basis of sharp generalizations. It also presupposes that we cannot have equally reliable direct access to general linguistic regularities. Both assumptions appear to me extremely dubious, and the first of them has in effect been challenged by linguists like Dwight Bol inger. There is also some evidence that the degree of unanimity among linguists is fairly low when it comes to less clear cases, even in connection with such relatively simple questions as grammaticality (acceptability). For this reason we have tried to rely more on quotations from contemporary fiction, newspapers and magazines than on linguists' and philosophers' ad hoc examples. I also find it strange that some of the same linguists as believe that we all possess innate ideas about general characteristics of humanly possible grammars assume that we can have access to them only via their particular consequences.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400952775
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (424p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Text and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 25
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: I. The Semantic Variability of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 1. Introduction to Free Adjuncts and Absolutes in English -- 2. Traditional Thoughts on the Semantic Variability of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 3. Plan of Discussion -- 4. Some Syntactic Conventions -- Footnotes -- II. Modality and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 1. The Semantic Bifurcation of Free Adjuncts in Modal Contexts -- 2. Explaining the Entailment Properties of Strong and Weak Adjuncts in Modal Contexts -- 3. A Semantic Correlate of the Distinction between Strong and Weak Adjuncts -- 4. Chapter Summary -- Footnotes -- III. Tense and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 1. Preliminaries -- 2. The Temporal Reference of Free Adjuncts -- 3. Frequency Adverbs and the Distinction between Strong and Weak Adjuncts -- 4. A Generalization Operator -- 5. Chapter Summary -- Footnotes -- IV. Aspect and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 1. The Perfect Tense and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 2. An Argument for Free Adjuncts as Main Tense Adverbs -- 3. The Progressive Aspect and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 4. Chapter Summary -- Footnotes -- V. The Formal Semantics of Absolutes -- 1. Modality and the Interpretation of Absolutes -- 2. Tense and the Interpretation of Absolutes -- 3. Absolutes as Main Tense Adverbs -- 4. Chapter Summary -- Footnotes -- VI. Inference and the Logical Role of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 1. Summary of the Proposed Semantic Analysis of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 2. The Role of Inference in the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 3. On the Possibility of Deriving Absolute Constructions from Adverbial Subordinate Clauses -- 4. On the Possibility that the Logical Role of an Absolute Construction is Always Inferred -- 5. Theoretical Implications -- Footnotes -- Appendix - A Formal Fragment for Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 1. Intensional Logic -- 2. Syntax and Translation Rules for a Fragment of English -- 2.1. Syntax -- 2.2. Translation -- References -- Index of Names -- General Index.
    Abstract: The goal of this book is to investigate the semantics of absolute constructions in English; specifically, my object is to provide an explanation for the semantic variability of such constructions. As has been widely noted in traditional grammatical studies of English, free adjuncts and absolute phrases have the ability to playa number of specific logical roles in the sentences in which they appear; yet, paradoxically, they lack any overt indication of their logical connection to the clause which they modify. How, then, is the logical function of an absolute construction determined? In attempting to answer this question, one must inevitably address a number of more general issues: Is the meaning assigned to a linguistic expression necessarily determined by linguistic rules, or can the grammar of a language in some cases simply underdetermine the interpretation of expressions? Are the truthconditions of a sentence ever sensitive to the inferences of language users? If so, then is it possible to maintain the validity of any really substantive version of the Compositionality Principle? These are, of course, issues of great inherent interest to anyone concerned with the formal syntax and semantics of natural language, with the philosophy of language, or with language processing. The descriptive framework assumed throughout is the semantic theory developed by Richard Montague (1970a, 1970b, 1973) and his followers. (For a very thorough introduction to Montague semantics, the reader may refer to Dowty, Wall and Peters (1981 ).
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400954144
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Adverbs and Events -- II / Adverbs of Space and Time -- III / Interval Semantics and Logical Words -- Appendix to Chapter III (1985) -- IV / Prepositions and Points of View -- V / Interval Semantics for Some Event Expressions -- VI / Adverbs of Causation -- VII / Adverbial Modification in Situation Semantics -- Bibliographical Index -- General Index.
    Abstract: Adverbial modification is probably one of the least understood areas of linguistics. The essays in this volume all address the problem of how to give an analysis of adverbial modifiers within truth-conditional semantics. Chapters I-VI provide analyses of particular modifiers within a possible­ worlds framework, and were written between 1974 and 1981. Original publication details of these chapters may be found on p. vi. Of these, all but Chapter I make essential use of the idea that the time reference involved in tensed sentences should be a time interval rather than a single instant. The final chapter (Chapter VII) was written especially for this volume and investigates the question of how the 'situation semantics' recently devised by Jon Barwise and John Perry, as a rival to possible-worlds semantics, might deal with adverbs. In addition I have included an appendix to Chapter III and an introduction which links all the chapters together.
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