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  • 1985-1989  (18)
  • 1980-1984  (20)
  • Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands  (38)
  • München : Därr Expeditionsservice
  • Philosophy (General)  (38)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400923195
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Social sciences Methodology ; Economics ; Science—Philosophy. ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Philosophy of Economics -- Arbitrage Arguments -- Average Explanations -- Are Generic Predictions Enough? -- Self-Refuting Theories of Strategic Interaction: A Paradox of Common Knowledge -- Open Problems in the Foundations of Price Formation Dynamics -- Economics and Technological Change: Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues -- Ordinary Least Squares as a Method of Measurement -- The Development of Marx’s Economic Theory -- Structuralist Reconstructions of Classical and Keynesian Macroeconomics -- Stratification of General Equilibrium Theory: A Synthesis of Reconstructions -- Micro-Economic Models of Problem Choice in Basic Science -- On the (Idealizational) Structure of Economic Theories -- Sneed Versus Nowak: An Illustration in Economics -- Further Publications of the Authors.
    Abstract: The last decade witnessed an unprecedented annual growth of the literature dealing with the philosophy of economics,as well as the first signs of an institutionalization (conferences, an international journal) of the philosophy of economics as a scientific subject in itself - in particular in the U.S. In 1981 a meeting took place with participants mainly of European "continental" origin. In July 1987, we organized a second conference "Philosophy of Economics II" at Tilburg Uni­ versity, The Netherlands, mainly aiming at the establishment of first contacts between the middle-European group and researchers from the U.S. The present volume contains the papers presented at this conference. Philosophical thought on economics in recent years split up in many different streams, two of which are represented in the larger part of this volume. The first of these streams was formed by a group of researchers mainly from middle-Europe, who make empirical studies of the logical structures of the different theories as they find them presented in economic literature. Two methods prevail here. First, the structuralist method, as exemplified in the writings of Sneed, Stegmiiller and others, of describing the object of a theory as a set of ("partial potential") models. Such models consist of sets and relationships between these sets, which represent the concepts used in the theory.
    Description / Table of Contents: Philosophy of EconomicsArbitrage Arguments -- Average Explanations -- Are Generic Predictions Enough? -- Self-Refuting Theories of Strategic Interaction: A Paradox of Common Knowledge -- Open Problems in the Foundations of Price Formation Dynamics -- Economics and Technological Change: Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues -- Ordinary Least Squares as a Method of Measurement -- The Development of Marx’s Economic Theory -- Structuralist Reconstructions of Classical and Keynesian Macroeconomics -- Stratification of General Equilibrium Theory: A Synthesis of Reconstructions -- Micro-Economic Models of Problem Choice in Basic Science -- On the (Idealizational) Structure of Economic Theories -- Sneed Versus Nowak: An Illustration in Economics -- Further Publications of the Authors.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400924482
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 222 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: Philosophical Logic and Artificial Intelligence -- I’m OK if You’re OK: On the Notion of Trusting Communication -- Concepts of Information: Comparative Axiomatics -- Logic and the Complexity of Reasoning -- Circumscriptive Theories: A Logic-Based Framework for Knowledge Representation -- Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense -- Efficient Reasoning about Rich Temporal Domains.
    Abstract: cians concerned with using logical tools in philosophy have been keenly aware of the limitations that arise from the original con­ centration of symbolic logic on the idiom of mathematics, and many of them have worked to create extensions of the received logical theories that would make them more generally applicable in philosophy. Carnap's Testability and Meaning, published in 1936 and 1937, was a good early example of this sort of research, motivated by the inadequacy of first-order formalizations of dis­ 'This sugar cube is soluble in water'. positional sentences like And in fact there is a continuous history of work on this topic, extending from Carnap's paper to Shoham's contribution to the present volume . . Much of the work in philosophical logic, and much of what has appeared in The Journal of Philosophical Logic, was mo­ tivated by similar considerations: work in modal logic (includ­ ing tense, deontic, and epistemic logic), intensional logics, non­ declaratives, presuppositions, and many other topics. In this sort of research, sin.ce the main point is to devise new formalisms, the technical development tends to be rather shallow in comparison with mathematical logic, though it is sel­ dom absent: theorems need to be proved in order to justify the formalisms, and sometimes these are nontrivial. On the other hand, much effort has to go into motivating a logical innovation.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789401734448
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 236 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 112
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 112
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Social sciences Methodology ; Science—Philosophy. ; Sociology—Methodology. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Sociology.
    Abstract: Without of course adopting a Platonic metaphysics, the eighteenth-century philosophes were Grecophiles who regarded the Athenian philosophers as their intellectual forbearers and mentors. So powerful was their identification with c1assification that ancient ideas were taken as keys to the design of the modem world, but usually the ideas were taken separately and as divided from their systematic context. The power of number was an idea the En­ lightenment thinkers deployed with their legendary passion and vigor, particularly as an instrument for social reconstruction. It is no exaggemtion to say that the role of quantities in contemporary social scientific theorizing cannot be understood with any depth absent a recollection of the philosophes' axial development of the notion of quantification. It is a commonplace that for the philosophes progress required releasing human abilities to have power over nature. Aprerequisite for this power was knowledge of the underlying causes of natural events, knowledge that required quantitative precision. Enlightenment thinkers were sufficiently aware of themselves as products of their time to appreciate the importance of a liberal social environment to the knowledge enterprise; the supposition that the reverse is also the case, that enhanced knowledge could advance social conditions, came easily.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401197342
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 290 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 47
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; Philosophy of mind ; Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: C. B. Martin, A Biographical Sketch -- Cause -- C. B. Martin, Counterfactuals, Causality, and Conditionals -- Freedom and Indeterminism -- Mind -- Intention -- Remenibering ‘Remembering’ -- The Revival of ‘Fido’-Fido -- Locke’s Ideas, Abstraction, and Substance -- Why Perception is not Singular Reference -- Low Claim Assertions -- On Formulating Materialism and Dualism -- Reality -- Tense and Existence -- Propositions and Philosophical Ideas -- A Puzzle About Ontological Commitment -- Objectivity and Ideology in the Physical and Social Sciences -- Motion and Change of Distance -- On Being Ontologically Unserious -- Verificationism -- C. B. Martin, Publications 1952-1987.
    Abstract: T is said that there is no progress in philosophy. The illusion of standing I still, however, arises only when we lose sight of our history and so fail to notice the distance we have travelled. Philosophers nowadays find obvious ideas and themes that, as it happens, emerged slowly and painfully and largely in reaction to prevailing sensibilities. The essays here honour a man to whom present-day philosophy owes much: Charles Burton Martin. In reflecting on my own on-going and somewhat chaotic philosophical education, I find considerable evidence of Charlie Martin's influence. After departing graduate school, one of the first papers I succeeded in publishing consisted of an attack on Martin and Deutscher's 'Remembering'. ' After that, Charlie more or less vanished from my conscious awareness until the winter of 1985, when we appeared together in a colloquium at the Eastern Division meetings of the American Philosophical Association. Although Charlie was nominally a commentator on a paper I was delivering, his 'comments' contained more philosophy and went considerably beyond the tentative and highly circumscribed thesis I had elected to defend. Whereas my focus had been on a tiny feature of Hilary Putnam's argument against realism, Charlie went straight for the jugular, addressing matters that immediately took us into deep water.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789400910515
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXV, 137 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Psychology. ; Ethics.
    Abstract: Foreword -- II. The Essence of Acts of Empathy -- 1. The Method of the Investigation -- 2. Description of Empathy in Comparison with Other Acts -- 3. Discussion in Terms of Other Descriptions of Empathy—Especially That of Lipps—and Continuation of the Analysis -- 4. The Controversy Between the View of Idea and That of Actuality -- 5. Discussion in Terms of Genetic Theories of the Comprehension of Foreign Consciousness -- 6. Discussion in Terms of Scheler’s Theory of the Comprehension of Foreign Consciousness -- 7. Münsterberg’s Theory of the Experience of Foreign Consciousness -- III. The Constitution of the Psycho-Physical Individual -- 1. The Pure “I” -- 2. The Stream of Consciousness -- 3. The Soul -- 4. “I” and Living Body -- 5. Transition to the Foreign Individual -- IV. Empathy as the Understanding of Spiritual Persons -- 1. The Concept of the Spirit and of the Cultural Sciences [Geisteswissenschaften] -- 2. The Spiritual Subject -- 3. The Constitution of the Person in Emotional Experiences -- 4. The Givenness of the Foreign Person -- 5. Soul and Person -- 6. The Existence of the Spirit -- 7. Discussion in Terms of Dilthey -- 8. The Significance of Empathy for the Constitution of Our Own Person -- 9. The Question of the Spirit Being Based on the Physical Body -- Personal Biography -- Notes.
    Abstract: he radical viewpoint of phenomenology is presented by T 3 Edmund Husser! in his Ideas. This viewpoint seems quite simple at first, but becomes exceedingly complex and involves intricate distinctions when attempts are made to apply it to actual problems. Therefore, it may be well to attempt a short statement of this position in order to note the general problems with which it is dealing as well as the method of solution which it proposes. I shall emphasize the elements of phenomenology which seem most relevant to E. Stein's work. Husser! deals with two traditional philosophical questions, and in answering them, develops the method of phenomenological reduction which he maintains is the basis of all science. These questions are, "What is it that can be known without doubt?" and "How is this knowledge possible in the most general sense?" In the tradition of idealism he takes consciousness as the area to be investigated. He posits nothing about the natural world. He puts it in "brackets," as a portion of an algebraic formula is put in brackets, and makes no use of the material within these brackets. This does not mean that the "real" wor!d does not exist, he says emphatically; it only means that this existence is a presupposition must be suspended to achieve pure description.
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400927803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Context -- The Contemporary View -- Problems with the Contemporary View -- I Originality -- Originality, Novelty, and Continuity -- Art -- Science and Technology -- Mathematics -- Problem-Solving and Originality in Everyday Life -- Summary -- II Value -- Value in Art -- Value in Science -- Art and Science -- Summary -- III Product, Process, Person -- Product -- Process -- Persons -- Summary -- IV Rules, Skills, and Knowledge -- Rules and Art -- Rules and Science -- Knowledge and Problem-Solving -- Summary -- V The Something More -- Art and the Something More -- Science and the Something More -- Generation and Criticism -- Emotion and Attitude -- Fostering Creativity.
    Abstract: CREATIVITY HAS become a popular slogan in contemporary education and society. We are urged continually to be creative with respect to all our endeavours - to be creative writers, creative cooks, creative teachers, creative thinkers, creative lovers. Ascribing creativity has become one of the principal means of praising, approving, and commending. Yet in the process of becoming a universal term of positive evaluation, the concept of creativity has tended to lose its connection with its origins. We have forgotten that creativity has to do with creating, that it is connected with great achievements and quality productions. And as a consequence of this lapse of memory, most attempts to foster creativity in educational practice have been misleading at best and dangerous at worst. We have come to settle for the encouragement of certain personality traits at the expense of the encouragement of significant achievement - and this in the name of creativity. If we are not clear about what is meant by creativity, we may end up sacrificing creativity precisely in the process of trying to foster it. This book is an attempt to be clear about creativity. The Context For the poet is an airy thing, a winged and a holy thing; and he cannot make poetry until he becomes inspired and goes out of his senses and no mind is left in him. l Plato If creativity and its growth are to be viewed scientifically, creativity must be defined in a way that permits objective observation and measurement . . .
    Description / Table of Contents: The ContextThe Contemporary View -- Problems with the Contemporary View -- I Originality -- Originality, Novelty, and Continuity -- Art -- Science and Technology -- Mathematics -- Problem-Solving and Originality in Everyday Life -- Summary -- II Value -- Value in Art -- Value in Science -- Art and Science -- Summary -- III Product, Process, Person -- Product -- Process -- Persons -- Summary -- IV Rules, Skills, and Knowledge -- Rules and Art -- Rules and Science -- Knowledge and Problem-Solving -- Summary -- V The Something More -- Art and the Something More -- Science and the Something More -- Generation and Criticism -- Emotion and Attitude -- Fostering Creativity.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400936713
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (386p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Philosophy. ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One — The Convergence of Interests -- I The Nature of the Social Bond -- II The General Will Leitmotiff -- Two — Public Good and Public Demand -- III Bias, Descriptive and Other -- IV The Opacity of Results -- V The Opacity of Satisfaction Prognosis — Needs -- VI The Opacity of Satisfaction Prognosis — Perspectives -- VII the opacity of satisfaction prognosis — Demands -- Three — Procedural Proposals -- VIII Constitutionalism -- IX Sequentialism -- X Pluralism.
    Abstract: Section 1 One of the big problems facing us is the need to plan for the betterment and improvement of society. In any status quo there are many unsatisfactory moments and experience shows that with changing conditions, even those elements of our communal structure that work well will often get out of step and become a problem. We need then to introduce devices both to alleviate present troubles and, if possible, to anticipate future ones. On the whole, it might appear to the untutored eye that the matter is relatively simple. For instance, if we keep increasing prices of commodities without increasing incomes, and especially if we allow inflation to proceed unfettered as well, the situation will certainly deteriorate. What we need to.
    Description / Table of Contents: One - The Convergence of InterestsI The Nature of the Social Bond -- II The General Will Leitmotiff -- Two - Public Good and Public Demand -- III Bias, Descriptive and Other -- IV The Opacity of Results -- V The Opacity of Satisfaction Prognosis - Needs -- VI The Opacity of Satisfaction Prognosis - Perspectives -- VII the opacity of satisfaction prognosis - Demands -- Three - Procedural Proposals -- VIII Constitutionalism -- IX Sequentialism -- X Pluralism.
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400933897
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Ethics ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Moral levels -- 2. The Alpha-moral level. In the beginning was Darwin -- 3. The Beta-moral level: to feel or to reason. The Kantian obstacle -- 4. The Beta-moral level. The good and the yellow -- 5. The Beta-moral level: rational preference from Smith to Rawls -- 6. The Gamma-moral level: genes and tyrants -- 7. The Delta-moral level: gods and genes -- 8. Moral progress -- 9. Adversus liberales: the right to excellence and distributive justice -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Our future was with the collective, but our survival was with the individual, and the paradox was killing us everyday. John Le Carre Smiley's People (1979) Since the time of Ancient Greek lyrical poetry, it has been one of man's dreams to explain his own conduct. This is the background to all his activities, from literature to speculative philosophy, including those odds and ends which, for want of a better name and more precise boundaries are called "human science". Over the past nine or ten years a new member has been added to this inquisitive family, one which, moreover, claims to be scientific to an extremely high degree: biology. This is in fact a recurrent event, since theses designed to introduce causal biological expla­ nations into the general field of human action had already been formulated on at least two occasions (in original Darwinism and the Neo-Darwinist synthesis). Ethologists and sociobiologists are today taking over and as­ suring us that they have the necessary tools to provide an answer to what perhaps seemed the most slippery subject in the hands of science: the social being. As might be expected, philosophers have reacted with some scepticism. Though human conduct is undoubtedly subject to determinants, the lion's share of responsi­ bility lies with society itself. At the time when biology was beginning to develop the theories necessary to overcome cre­ ationism, Karl Marx had already managed to construct highly sophisticated interpretive models of human social behaviour.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Moral levels2. The Alpha-moral level. In the beginning was Darwin -- 3. The Beta-moral level: to feel or to reason. The Kantian obstacle -- 4. The Beta-moral level. The good and the yellow -- 5. The Beta-moral level: rational preference from Smith to Rawls -- 6. The Gamma-moral level: genes and tyrants -- 7. The Delta-moral level: gods and genes -- 8. Moral progress -- 9. Adversus liberales: the right to excellence and distributive justice -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400935297
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 202 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One: Death -- 1: Death -- 2: “My Death” -- 3 : The Fear of Death -- 4: Death and the Meaning of Life -- Two: Immortality -- 5: Immortality -- 6: Disembodied Existence -- 7: Resurrection -- 8: Rebirth -- Postscript -- Appendix: Karma and the Problem of Suffering -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: The research for this work was undertaken during my tenure of a Senior Tutor­ ship in the Faculty of Arts and Music at the University of Otago (1983-85). Versions of some of the chapters herein have already been accepted for publication in the form of journal articles in Philosophy, Philosophy East and West, Sophia, and Religious Studies. My thanks to the editors and publishers concerned for permission to reuse this material. A number of people have assisted me in various ways. My greatest debt is to Graham Oddie, who supervised my doctoral research in this area and with whom I have had the benefit of innumerable discussions on these and other philosophical matters. I am very grateful for all I have learned from him. I would also like to thank: Bob Durrant for commenting helpfully on Chapter 2; the late Jim Harvie, both for his valuable suggestions (particularly regarding the material of Chapter 4) and for his encouraging enthusiasm for the whole project; George Hughes for his extensive comments on the whole work; and (for various points of detail) Alan Musgrave, Charles Pigden and Bryan Wilson. Despite much good advice, however, I have some­ times preferred to go my own way, recalling Blake's proverb: "If the fool would persist in his folly he would become wise. " With regard to the typing of the manuscript I am indebted to the word-processor wizardry of Jane Tannahill and Christine Colbert.
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400935211
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 344 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Primary Sources in Phenomenology 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy of law ; Metaphysics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Adolf Reinach: An Intellectual Biography -- Promisings and other Social Acts: Their Constituents and Structure -- Reinach and Searle on Promising — a Comparison -- Adolf Reinach and the Analytic Foundations of Social Acts -- Reinach on Representative Acts -- Demystifying Reinach’s Legal Theory -- Verpflichtung und Verbindlichkeit. Ethische Aspekte in der Rechtsphilosophie Adolf Reinachs -- The Intentionality of Thinking: The Difference Between State of Affairs and Propositional Matter -- On the Cognition of States of Affairs -- Johannes Dauberts Kritik der ”Theorie des negativen Urteils“ von Adolf Reinach -- Husserl und Reinach -- Husserl and Reinach on Hume’s “Treatise” -- Adolf Reinachs Vortrag über die Grundbegriffe der Ethik -- William James and Pragmatism -- Adolf Reinach: An Annotated Bibliography.
    Abstract: Phenomenology as practised by Adolf Reinach ( 1883-191 7) in his all too brief philosophical career exemplifies all the virtues of Husserl's Logical Investigations. It is sober, concerned to be clear and deals with specific problems. It is therefore understandable that, in a philosophical climate in which Husserl's masterpiece has come to be regarded as a mere stepping stone on the way to his later Phenomeno­ logy, or even to the writings of a Heidegger, Reinach's contributions to exact philo­ sophy have been all but totally forgotten. The topics on which Reinach wrote most illuminatingly, speech acts (which he called 'social acts') and states of affairs (Sachverhalte ), as well as his realism about the external world, have come to be regarded as the preserve of other traditions of exact philosophy. Like my fellow­ contributors, I hope that the present volume will go some way towards correcting this unfortunate historical accident. Reinach's account of judgements and states of affairs, an account that precedes those of Russell and Wittgenstein, his 1913 treatment of speech acts, his reinter­ pretation of Hume and aspects of his legal philosophy are the main philosophical topics dealt with in what follows. But his analysis of deliberation as well as his work on movement and Zeno's paradoxes get only a passing mention.
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  • 11
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400943377
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: 1. My Major Concern -- 2. Why I Waited So Long -- 3. New Challenges from Today’s Human Situation -- 4. New Dimensions of Human Existence -- 5. First Responses to the New Challenges -- 6. Minimum and Optimum Meanings for Human Existence -- 7 The Steppingstones: A Preview -- I New Ontic Dimensions of the Self -- 1. On the I-Am-Me Experience in Childhood and Adolescence -- 2. A Phenomenological Approach to the Ego -- 3. On the Motility of the Ego -- 4. Initiating: A Phenomenological Analysis -- 5. Putting Ourselves into the Place of Others: Toward a Phenomenology of Imaginary Self-Transposal -- II New Ethical Dimensions -- 6. ‘Accident of Birth’: A Non-Utilitarian Motif in Mill’s Philosophy -- 7. A Defense of Human Equality -- 8. Equality in Existentialism -- 9. Human Dignity: A Challenge to Contemporary Philosophy -- 10. Ethics for Fellows in the Fate of Existence -- 11. Good Fortune Obligates: Albert Schweitzer’s Second Ethical Principle -- 12. Why Compensate the Naturally Handicapped? -- III Applications Problems of the Nuclear Age -- 13. Is there a Human Right to One’s Native Soil? -- 14. Toward Global Solidarity -- 15. The Nuclear Powers are Forfeiting their Claim to Civil Obedience -- IV Phenomenological Foundations -- 16. Unfairness and Fairness: A Phenomenological Analysis -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In releasing the text of this volume, originally set aside as a collec­ tion for possible posthumous publication, during my lifetime, I am acting in a sense as my own executor: I want to save my heirs and literary executors the decision whether these pieces should be print­ ed or reprinted in the present context, a decision which I wanted to postpone to the last possible moment. As to the reasons why I changed my mind I can refer to the Introduction. Here I merely want to make some acknowledgments, first to the copyright holders for the reprinted pieces and then to some personal friends who had an important influence on the premature birth of this brainchild. The copyright holders to whom I am indebted for·the permis­ sion to reprint here, in the original or in slightly amended form, the articles listed are, with their names in alphabetical order: Ablex Publishing Company: 'Putting Ourselves into the Place of Others' Atherton Press: 'Equality in Existentialism' and 'Human Dignity: A Challenge to Contemporary Philosophy' Friends Journal: 'Is There a Human Right to One's Native Soil?' Gordon Breach: 'Human Dignity: A Challenge to Contemporary Philosophy?' Humanities Press: 'Ethics for Fellows in the Fate of Existence' Journal of the History of Ideas: 'Accident of Birth: A Non-utili­ tarian Motif in Mill's Philosophy' Philosophical Review: 'A Defense of Human Equality' Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry: 'On the I-am­ me Experience in Childhood and Adolescence' The Monist: 'A Phenomenological Approach to the Ego'.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. My Major Concern2. Why I Waited So Long -- 3. New Challenges from Today’s Human Situation -- 4. New Dimensions of Human Existence -- 5. First Responses to the New Challenges -- 6. Minimum and Optimum Meanings for Human Existence -- 7 The Steppingstones: A Preview -- I New Ontic Dimensions of the Self -- 1. On the I-Am-Me Experience in Childhood and Adolescence -- 2. A Phenomenological Approach to the Ego -- 3. On the Motility of the Ego -- 4. Initiating: A Phenomenological Analysis -- 5. Putting Ourselves into the Place of Others: Toward a Phenomenology of Imaginary Self-Transposal -- II New Ethical Dimensions -- 6. ‘Accident of Birth’: A Non-Utilitarian Motif in Mill’s Philosophy -- 7. A Defense of Human Equality -- 8. Equality in Existentialism -- 9. Human Dignity: A Challenge to Contemporary Philosophy -- 10. Ethics for Fellows in the Fate of Existence -- 11. Good Fortune Obligates: Albert Schweitzer’s Second Ethical Principle -- 12. Why Compensate the Naturally Handicapped? -- III Applications Problems of the Nuclear Age -- 13. Is there a Human Right to One’s Native Soil? -- 14. Toward Global Solidarity -- 15. The Nuclear Powers are Forfeiting their Claim to Civil Obedience -- IV Phenomenological Foundations -- 16. Unfairness and Fairness: A Phenomenological Analysis -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 12
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400945326
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: One -- 1/Four Stages of Reflection -- 2/Defending Common Sense -- 3/Descriptive Metaphysics -- 4/Conceptual Reform -- Two -- 5/Metaphysics Out of Logic -- 6/Inside the Revolution -- 7/A Passage to America -- 8/Recent Philosophy of Language -- Three -- 9/Values in General -- 10/Ethical Theory -- 11/Applied Ethics -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Over the past several decades serious work in philosophy has become almost wholly inaccessible to people who do not specialize in the subject. To be sure, the writings of Aristotle and Kant were never easy reading, and even relatively untechnical philosophers like Mill or Santayana de­ mand careful study if we are really to understand them. But during the last generation or two the situation has steadily become worse for readers who may want to know what philosophers of their own time are doing. And this is true even though many writers have been learning to avoid the unnecessary jargon that disfigures so much of traditional philosophy. No matter how direct the English style of recent philosophers may be, their methodic purposes and argument style will re­ main obscure to anyone who has not gone to considerable trouble to be introduced to them. Then too, the closeness of their analysis and the con­ sequent narrowness of many of the issues pursued make it hard to catch onto the argument without some familiarity with slightly earlier discus­ sions from which those issues emerged. All of this helps to account for the rather common but false belief that professional philosophy is now only a collection of technical exercises that could hardly be of interest to anyone but the philosophers themselves.
    Description / Table of Contents: One1/Four Stages of Reflection -- 2/Defending Common Sense -- 3/Descriptive Metaphysics -- 4/Conceptual Reform -- Two -- 5/Metaphysics Out of Logic -- 6/Inside the Revolution -- 7/A Passage to America -- 8/Recent Philosophy of Language -- Three -- 9/Values in General -- 10/Ethical Theory -- 11/Applied Ethics -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Name Index.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789400946965
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Law—Philosophy. ; Operations research.
    Abstract: Table of Content -- Action Theory as a Resource for Decision Theory -- Voluntary Exertion of the Body: A Volitional Account -- Intrinsic Intentionality -- An Action-Plan Interpretation of Purposive Explanations of Actions -- Formal Logic and Practical Reasoning -- Leading a Rational Life -- Announcements.
    Abstract: Most of the papers in this collection are contributions to action theory intended to be of some relevance to one or another concern of decision theory, particularly to its application to concrete human behavior. Some of the papers touch only indirectly on problems of interest to decision theorists, but taken together they should be of use to both decision theorists and philosophers of action. Robert Audi's paper indicates how a number of questions in action theory might bear on problems in decision theory, and it suggests how some action-theoretic results may help in the construction or interpretation of theories of decision, both normative and empirical. Carl Ginet's essay lays foundations for the conception of action. His volitional framework roots actions internally and conceives them as irreducibly connected with intentionality. Hugh McCann's essay is also foundational, but stresses intention more than volition and lays some of the groundwork for assessing the rationality of intention and intentional action. In William Alston's paper, the notion of a plan as underlying (intentional) action is central, and we are given both a con­ ception of the structure of intentional action and a set of implicit goals and beliefs - those whose content is represented in the plan - which form an indispensable part of the basis on which the rationality of the action is to be judged.
    Description / Table of Contents: Table of ContentAction Theory as a Resource for Decision Theory -- Voluntary Exertion of the Body: A Volitional Account -- Intrinsic Intentionality -- An Action-Plan Interpretation of Purposive Explanations of Actions -- Formal Logic and Practical Reasoning -- Leading a Rational Life -- Announcements.
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  • 14
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400954427
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Development and Continuity in Schlick’s Thought -- Problems of Knowledge in Moritz Schlick -- Remarks on Affirmations (Konstatierungen) -- Moritz Schlick on Self-Evidence -- Reconstruction of Schlick’s Psycho-Sociological Ethics -- Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle -- On Physicalism -- The Vienna Circle Archive and the Literary Remains of Moritz Schlick and Otto Neurath -- Schlick before Wittgenstein -- On the Concept of Unity of Consciousness.
    Abstract: The idea for this issue arose during a gathering of scholars to com­ memorate the hundredth anniversary of Moritz Schlick (1882-1936), the philosopher from Germany whose influence gave Austria its most characteristic philosophical voice between the two world wars. He was cut off, tragically, in his prime and while he escaped the exile that awaited most of those who thought like him, he was unable (sadly for philosophy) to continue to steer their thoughts in his own direction and he even lost some of the credit for work already done. Thus it seemed to some of his former pupils and to others more remote from him in the tra­ dition that a small collection of papers throwing light on his especial con­ tribution and on the extent to which it is still active or still needed today was a requirement of justice no less than of piety. Tscha Hung, a mem­ ber of the Vienna Circle and since director of the Institute for Western Philosophy at Peking University, was the chief mover here. Also among the contributors, Ludovico Geymonat (Professor at Milan) was a visitor to the Circle and a friend of Schlick. Henrich Melzer and Joseph Schlichter were Viennese pupils of Schlick's. The former died in the war of 1939-45, the latter is still prominent in the cultural and educational life of Israel.
    Description / Table of Contents: Development and Continuity in Schlick’s ThoughtProblems of Knowledge in Moritz Schlick -- Remarks on Affirmations (Konstatierungen) -- Moritz Schlick on Self-Evidence -- Reconstruction of Schlick’s Psycho-Sociological Ethics -- Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle -- On Physicalism -- The Vienna Circle Archive and the Literary Remains of Moritz Schlick and Otto Neurath -- Schlick before Wittgenstein -- On the Concept of Unity of Consciousness.
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  • 15
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401094498
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One. The Theory of Justice -- I The Problem of Justice -- II Justice and Legal Theory -- III Empirical Evidence from the Administration of Justice -- IV Empirical Evidence from Injustice -- V A Definition of Justice Explained and Defended -- VI Theoretical Evidence from Ethics and Morality -- Two. The Theory of Law -- VII The Law: Origins and Development -- VIII The Legal System -- IX Morality -- X Human Needs, Morality and the Law -- XI Institutions, Law and Morals -- XII The State as Legal Custodian -- XIII The Operation of Law -- XIV How the Law is Corrupted -- XV The Specific Laws -- XVI The Metaphysics of Law -- Appendix Rival Theories of Justice -- XVII Some Ancient Theories of Justice -- XVIII Some Traditional Theories of Justice -- XIX Some Recent Theories of Justice -- XX Some Contemporary Theories of Justice.
    Abstract: The following pages contain a theory of justice and a theory of law. Justice will be defined as the demand for a system of laws, and law as an established regulation which applies equally throughout a society and is backed by force. The demand for a system of laws is met by means of a legal system. The theory will have to include what the system and the laws are in­ tended to regulate. The reference is to all men and their possessions in a going concern. In the past all such theories have been discussed only in terms of society, justice as applicable to society and the laws promul­ gated within it. However, men and their societies are not the whole story: in recent centuries artifacts have played an increasingly important role. To leave them out of all consideration in the theory would be to leave the theory itself incomplete and even distorted. For the key conception ought to be one not of society but of culture. Society is an organization of men but culture is something more. I define culture (civilization has often been employed as a synonym) as an organization of men together with their material possessions. Such possessions consist in artifacts: material objects which have been altered through human agency in order to reduce human needs. The makers of the artifacts are altered by them. Men have their possessions together, and this objectifies and consolidates the culture.
    Description / Table of Contents: One. The Theory of JusticeI The Problem of Justice -- II Justice and Legal Theory -- III Empirical Evidence from the Administration of Justice -- IV Empirical Evidence from Injustice -- V A Definition of Justice Explained and Defended -- VI Theoretical Evidence from Ethics and Morality -- Two. The Theory of Law -- VII The Law: Origins and Development -- VIII The Legal System -- IX Morality -- X Human Needs, Morality and the Law -- XI Institutions, Law and Morals -- XII The State as Legal Custodian -- XIII The Operation of Law -- XIV How the Law is Corrupted -- XV The Specific Laws -- XVI The Metaphysics of Law -- Appendix Rival Theories of Justice -- XVII Some Ancient Theories of Justice -- XVIII Some Traditional Theories of Justice -- XIX Some Recent Theories of Justice -- XX Some Contemporary Theories of Justice.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789401092517
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (318p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Architecture
    Abstract: 1. Dwelling, place and environment: An introduction -- I. Beginnings and directions -- 2. Geographical experiences and being-in-the-world: The phenomenological origins of geography -- 3. The quest for authenticity and the replication of environmental meaning -- 4. Language and the emergence of the environment -- 5. Place, body and situation -- II. Environment and place -- 6. Acoustic space -- 7. Bound to the environment: Towards a phenomenology of sightlessness -- 8. Towards revealing the sense of place: An intuitive “reading” of four Dalmatian towns -- 9. The circle and the cross: Loric and sacred space in the holy wells of Ireland -- 10. Many dwellings: Views of a Pueblo world -- 11. A phenomenological approach to architecture and its teaching in the design studio -- III. Place and dwelling -- 12. The dwelling door: Towards a phenomenology of transition -- 13. Body, house and city: The intertwinings of embodiment, inhabitation and civilization -- 14. Reconciling old and new worlds: The dwelling-journey relationship as portrayed in Vilhelm Moberg’s “Emigrant” novels -- 15. The role of spiritual discipline in learning to dwell on earth -- IV. Discovering wholes -- 16. Nature, water symbols and the human quest for wholeness -- 17. Counterfeit and authentic wholes: Finding a means for dwelling in nature -- The contributors.
    Abstract: themes among the essays resurface and resonate. Though our request for essays was broad and open-ended, we found that topics such as seeing, authenticity, interpretation, wholeness, care, and dwelling ran as undercur­ rents throughout. Our major hope is that each essay plays a part in revealing a larger whole of meaning which says much about a more humane relation­ ship with places, environments and the earth as our home. Part I. Beginnings and directions At the start, we recognize the tremendous debt this volume owes to philosopher Martin Heidegger (1890-1976), whose ontological excavations into the nature of human existence and meaning provide the philosophical foundations for many of the essays, particularly those in Part I of the volume. Above all else, Heidegger was regarded by his students and colleagues as a master teacher. He not only thought deeply but was also able to show others how to think and to question. Since he, perhaps more than anyone else in this century, provides the instruction for dOing a phenomenology and hermeneutic of humanity's existential situation, he is seminal for phenomenological and hermeneutical research in the environmental disci­ plines. He presents in his writings what conventional scholarly work, especially the scientific approach, lacks; he helps us to evoke and under­ stand things through a method that allows them to come forth as they are; he provides a new way to speak about and care for our human nature and environment.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Dwelling, place and environment: An introductionI. Beginnings and directions -- 2. Geographical experiences and being-in-the-world: The phenomenological origins of geography -- 3. The quest for authenticity and the replication of environmental meaning -- 4. Language and the emergence of the environment -- 5. Place, body and situation -- II. Environment and place -- 6. Acoustic space -- 7. Bound to the environment: Towards a phenomenology of sightlessness -- 8. Towards revealing the sense of place: An intuitive “reading” of four Dalmatian towns -- 9. The circle and the cross: Loric and sacred space in the holy wells of Ireland -- 10. Many dwellings: Views of a Pueblo world -- 11. A phenomenological approach to architecture and its teaching in the design studio -- III. Place and dwelling -- 12. The dwelling door: Towards a phenomenology of transition -- 13. Body, house and city: The intertwinings of embodiment, inhabitation and civilization -- 14. Reconciling old and new worlds: The dwelling-journey relationship as portrayed in Vilhelm Moberg’s “Emigrant” novels -- 15. The role of spiritual discipline in learning to dwell on earth -- IV. Discovering wholes -- 16. Nature, water symbols and the human quest for wholeness -- 17. Counterfeit and authentic wholes: Finding a means for dwelling in nature -- The contributors.
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  • 17
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400950818
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 236 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: The Concept of Crisis and the Unity of Husserl’s position -- Towards a Computational Phenomenology (1) -- Habitual Body and Memory in Merleau-Ponty -- Merleau-Ponty: The Triumph of Dialectics over Structuralism -- The Hermeneutics of Suspicion -- Boeckh and Dilthey: The Development of Methodical Hermeneutics -- The Limits of Logocentrism (On the Way to Grammatology) -- Legislation-Transgression: Strategies and Counter-Strategies in the Transcendental Justification of Norms -- Nietzschean Aphorism as Art and Act -- Why Politik? Philosophia? -- Hope and Its Ramifications for Politics.
    Description / Table of Contents: The Concept of Crisis and the Unity of Husserl’s positionTowards a Computational Phenomenology (1) -- Habitual Body and Memory in Merleau-Ponty -- Merleau-Ponty: The Triumph of Dialectics over Structuralism -- The Hermeneutics of Suspicion -- Boeckh and Dilthey: The Development of Methodical Hermeneutics -- The Limits of Logocentrism (On the Way to Grammatology) -- Legislation-Transgression: Strategies and Counter-Strategies in the Transcendental Justification of Norms -- Nietzschean Aphorism as Art and Act -- Why Politik? Philosophia? -- Hope and Its Ramifications for Politics.
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789400964495
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Environmental management ; Economic policy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- One: An Overview of Technology Assessment and Environmental-Impact Analysis -- Two: Assessing Risk-Cost-Benefit Analysis, the Preeminent Method of Technology Assessment and Environmental-Impact Analysis -- II. General Methodological Problems -- Three: The Retreat from Ethical Analysis -- Four: The Fallacy of Unfinished Business -- III. Particular Methodological Problems -- Five: RCBA and the Aggregation Assumption -- Six: RCBA and the Assumption of Partial Quantification -- Seven: The Problem of Regional Equity -- IV. Steps towards Solutions -- Eight: Ethically Weighted Risk-Cost-Benefit Analysis -- Nine: Assessment Through Adversary Proceedings -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: If indeed scientists and technologists, especially economists, set much of the agenda by which the future is played out, and I think they do, then the student of scientific methodology and public ethics has at least three options. He can embrace certain scientific methods and the value they hold for social decisionmaking, much as Milton Friedman has accepted neoclassical econom­ ics. Or, he can condemn them, regardless of their value, much as Stuart Hampshire has rejected risk-cost-benefit analysis (RCBA). Finally, he can critically assess these scientific methods and attempt to provide solutions to the problems he has uncovered. As a philosopher of science seeking the middle path between uncritical acceptance and extremist rejection of the economic methods used in policy analysis, I have tried to avoid the charge of being "anti science". Fred Hapgood, in response to my presentation at a recent Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, said that my arguments "felt like" a call for rejection of the methods of risk-cost-benefit analysis. Not so, as Chapter Two of this volume should make eminently clear. All my criticisms are construc­ tive ones, and the flaws in economic methodology which I address are uncovered for the purpose of suggesting means of making good techniques better. Likewise, although I criticize the economic methodology by which many technology assessments (TA's) and environmental-impact analyses (EIA's) have been used to justify public projects, it is wrong to conclude that I am anti-technology.
    Description / Table of Contents: I. IntroductionOne: An Overview of Technology Assessment and Environmental-Impact Analysis -- Two: Assessing Risk-Cost-Benefit Analysis, the Preeminent Method of Technology Assessment and Environmental-Impact Analysis -- II. General Methodological Problems -- Three: The Retreat from Ethical Analysis -- Four: The Fallacy of Unfinished Business -- III. Particular Methodological Problems -- Five: RCBA and the Aggregation Assumption -- Six: RCBA and the Assumption of Partial Quantification -- Seven: The Problem of Regional Equity -- IV. Steps towards Solutions -- Eight: Ethically Weighted Risk-Cost-Benefit Analysis -- Nine: Assessment Through Adversary Proceedings -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 19
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400962286
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 151 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Sociology.
    Abstract: Schutz’s Life Story and the Understanding of his Work -- The Well-informed Citizen: Alfred Schutz and Applied Theory -- Explorations of the Lebenswelt: Reflections on Schutz and Habermas -- Discussion of Wagner, Imber, and Rasmussen -- A. Schutz and F. Kaufmann: Sociology Between Science and Interpretation -- On the Origin of ‘Phenomenological’ Sociology -- Surrender-and-Catch and Phenomenology -- On Surrender, Death, and the Sociology of Knowledge -- The Provisional Homecomer -- Review Section -- Helmut R. Wagner. Alfred Schutz: An Intellectual Biography -- Burke C. Thomason. Making Sense of Reification: Alfred Schutz and Constructionist Theory -- Helmut R. Wagner. Phenomenology of Consciousness and Sociology of the Life-world: An Introductory Study.
    Description / Table of Contents: Schutz’s Life Story and the Understanding of his WorkThe Well-informed Citizen: Alfred Schutz and Applied Theory -- Explorations of the Lebenswelt: Reflections on Schutz and Habermas -- Discussion of Wagner, Imber, and Rasmussen -- A. Schutz and F. Kaufmann: Sociology Between Science and Interpretation -- On the Origin of ‘Phenomenological’ Sociology -- Surrender-and-Catch and Phenomenology -- On Surrender, Death, and the Sociology of Knowledge -- The Provisional Homecomer -- Review Section -- Helmut R. Wagner. Alfred Schutz: An Intellectual Biography -- Burke C. Thomason. Making Sense of Reification: Alfred Schutz and Constructionist Theory -- Helmut R. Wagner. Phenomenology of Consciousness and Sociology of the Life-world: An Introductory Study.
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  • 20
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401576888
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 332 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 25
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introduction: The Sociological Turn -- The Pseudo-Science of Science? -- The Strengths of the Strong Programme -- The Strong Program: A Dialogue -- Problems of Intelligibility and Paradigm Instances -- The Rational and the Social in the History of Science -- A Plague on Both Your Houses -- Two Historiographical Strategies: Ideas and Social Conditions in the History of Science -- The Role of Arational Factors in Interpretive History: The Case of Kant and ESP -- On the Sociology of Belief, Knowledge, and Science -- Scientific and Other Interests -- The Sociology of Reasons: Or Why “Epistemic Factors” are Really “Social Factors”.
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  • 21
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401576949
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 177 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 170
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Nature, Culture, and Persons -- 2. The Concept of Consciousness -- 3. Animal and Human Minds -- 4. Action and Causality -- 5. Puzzles about the Causal Explanation of Human Actions -- 6. Cognitivism and the Problem of Explaining Human Intelligence -- 7. Wittgenstein and Natural Languages: an Alternative to Rationalist and Empiricist Theories.
    Abstract: viii choice and these include efforts to provide logical frameworks within which wecan make senseof these notions. This series will attempt to bring together work from allof these approaches to the history and philosophy of science and technology in the belief that each has something to add to our understanding. The volumes of this series have emerged either from lectures given by an author while serving as an honorary visiting professor at The City Collegeof New York or from a conference sponsored by that institution. The City College Program in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology oversees and directs these lectures and conferences with the financial aid of the Association for Philosophy ofScience, Psychotherapy, and Ethics. MARTIN TAMNY RAPHAEL STERN TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITO RS' PR EFACE vii PR EFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii I. NATUR E, CULTUR E, AND PERSONS 2. THE CONCEPT OF CONSCIOUSNESS 20 3. ANIMAL AND HUMAN MINDS 42 4 . ACTION AND CAUSALITY 64 5. PUZZLES ABOUT TH E CAUSAL EXPLANATION OF HUMAN ACTIONS 83 6. COGNITIVISM AND THE PROBLEM OF EXPLAINING HUMAN INTELLIGENCE 101 7. WITTGENSTEIN AND NATURAL LANGUAGES : AN ALTERNATIV E TO RATIONALIST AND EMPIRICIST THEO RIE S 133 INDEX 163 PREFACE I have tried to make a fresh beginning on the theory of cultural phenomena, largely from the perspectives of Anglo-American analytic philosophy.
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  • 22
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401707398
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 160 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 174
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Aesthetics ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Although various sections of this work have been published separately in various journals and volumes their separate publication is wholly attributable to the exigencies of life in academia: the work was devised as and is supposed to constitute something of an organic unity. Part II of 'The Cow with the Subtile Nose' was published under the title 'A Creative Use of Language' in New Literary History (Autumn, 1972), pp. 108-18. 'The Cow on the Roof' appeared in The Journal oj Philosophy LXX, No. 19 (November 8, 1973), pp. 713-23. 'A Fine Forehand' appeared in the Journal oj the Philosophy oj Sport, Vol. 1 (September, 1974), pp. 92-109. 'Quote: Judgements from Our Brain' appeared in Perspectives on the Philosophy oj Wittgenstein, ed. by I. Block (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981), pp. 201-211. 'Art and Sociobiology' appeared in Mind (1981), Vol. XC, pp. 505-520. 'Anything Viewed'appeared in Essays in Honour oj Jaakko Hintikka, ed. by Esa Saarinen, Risto Hilpinen, Illkka Niiniluoto and Merrill Provence Hintikka (Dordrecht, Holland and Boston, Massachusetts: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1979), pp. 285-293. 'How I See Philosophy' appeared in The Owl oj Minerva, ed. by C. J. Bontempo and S. Jack Odell (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1975), pp. 223-5. All the remaining parts are also forthcoming in various journals and volumes. I am grateful to Bradley E. Wilson for the preparation of the index.
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  • 23
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400972032
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ontology
    Abstract: Ethical Issues in the Law of Tort -- Moral Theories of Torts: Their Scope and Limits (Parts 1 and 2) -- The Search for Synthesis in Tort Theory -- Toward a Moral Theory of Negligence Law -- Tort Liability for Breach of Statute -- Putting Fault Back into Products Liability -- Liability for Failing to Rescue -- Rights, Goals, and Hard Cases.
    Abstract: The essays in this volume are the result of a project on Values in Tort Law directed by the Westminster Institute for Ethics and Human Values. We are indebted to the Board of Westminster Col­ lege for its financial support. The project involved two meetings of a mixed group of lawyers and philosophers to discuss drafts of papers and general issues in tort law. Beyond the principal researchers, whose papers appear here, we are grateful to John Bargo, Dick Bronaugh, Craig Brown, Earl Cherniak, Bruce Feldthusen, Barry Hoffmaster and Steve Sharzer for their helpful discussion, and to Nancy Margolis for copy editing. All of these papers except one have appeared before in the journal Law and Philosophy (Vol. 1 No.3, December 1982 and Vol. 2 No.1, Apri11983). Chapman's paper which was previously published in The University of Western Ontario Law Review (Vol. 20 No.1, 1982) appears here with permission. Westminster Institute for Ethics and Human Values, M.D.B. Westminster College, London, Canada B.C. vii INTRODUCTION The law of torts is society's primary mechanism for resolving disputes arising from personal injury and property damage.
    Description / Table of Contents: Ethical Issues in the Law of TortMoral Theories of Torts: Their Scope and Limits (Parts 1 and 2) -- The Search for Synthesis in Tort Theory -- Toward a Moral Theory of Negligence Law -- Tort Liability for Breach of Statute -- Putting Fault Back into Products Liability -- Liability for Failing to Rescue -- Rights, Goals, and Hard Cases.
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  • 24
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401569217
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 296 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Understanding and Checking -- Understanding -- Producing Evidence -- Evaluating -- Variety and Unity -- Epistemic Change -- Kinds of Knowledge -- Upshot.
    Description / Table of Contents: Understanding and CheckingUnderstanding -- Producing Evidence -- Evaluating -- Variety and Unity -- Epistemic Change -- Kinds of Knowledge -- Upshot.
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  • 25
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400969728
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Aesthetics
    Abstract: One / The Emergence of Appraisive Concepts and their Nature -- 1.0 The Etiology of Values -- 2.0 The Fourfold Root of Appraisal -- 3.0 Modes of Appraisal -- 4.0 Creditation and Qualification -- 5.0 Character and Characterization -- 6.0 Areas of Appraisal Compared -- Two / Critical Characterization -- 7.0 Aesthetic Appraisal Illustrated -- 8.0 Musical Characterization -- 9.0 The Structure of Aesthetic Concepts -- 10.0 Metalinguistic Terms in Evaluation -- 11.0 The Importance of Appraisal -- Notes.
    Abstract: The present work addresses itself to the question of the nature of appraisive concepts such as were the subject of investigation in The Concepts of Value* and The Concepts of Criticism. ** Many problems of prime importance in the theory of value could not be adequately treated there without diminishing the basic purpose of those studies which was above all to identify, classify and provide a general theoretical framework for the host of concepts with which we characterize and commend subjects of appraisal in all of the principal areas of human interest. The author might have forestalled the disappointment of some of his critics had he then explicitly promised to consider those problems at a later time. But his reluctance to promise what he might not be in a position to produce outweighed a keen awareness of what the problems are and of their evident seriousness. Although my treatment of such problems has only now been undertaken, in point of time my concern with them antedates by far the em­ pirical explorations of the two texts mentioned. Anyone who undertakes such a study is likely to have come under the in­ fluence of Professor Frank Sibley's 'Aesthetic Concepts't and of later develop­ ments in his analysis of certain appraisive concepts. What do such concepts mean and how do they mean9 These are the questions he treated in such a stimulating fashion.
    Description / Table of Contents: One / The Emergence of Appraisive Concepts and their Nature1.0 The Etiology of Values -- 2.0 The Fourfold Root of Appraisal -- 3.0 Modes of Appraisal -- 4.0 Creditation and Qualification -- 5.0 Character and Characterization -- 6.0 Areas of Appraisal Compared -- Two / Critical Characterization -- 7.0 Aesthetic Appraisal Illustrated -- 8.0 Musical Characterization -- 9.0 The Structure of Aesthetic Concepts -- 10.0 Metalinguistic Terms in Evaluation -- 11.0 The Importance of Appraisal -- Notes.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789401576765
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (424 p) , ill
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Content -- Theory and Measurement -- Vom Henker, vom Lügner und von ihrem Ende -- On the Current Status of the Issue of Scientific Realism -- Situation Semantics and the “Slingshot” Argument -- Notes on the Well-Made World -- Logical Foundations of Psychoanalytic Theory -- Friedlands Sterne oder Facta und Ficta -- Mathematics, the Empirical Facts, and Logical Necessity -- Quines Ontologiekriterium -- Zufall und Notwendigkeit in Wittgensteins Tractatus -- Moralbegründung ohne Metaphysik -- Probability as a Quasi-Theoretical Concept — J.V. Kries’ Sophisticated Account after a Century -- Valuations for Direct Propositional Logic -- Logical Semantics for Natural Language -- On How the Distinction between History and Philosophy of Science Should Not Be Drawn -- Vagueness and Alternative Logic -- The Rationalist Theory of Double Causality as an Object of Hume’s Criticism -- A Modest Concept of Moral Sense Perception -- Structuralism and Scientific Realism -- Deterministic and Probabilistic Reasons and Causes -- The Meaning of Probability Statements -- Normative Principles of Rational Communication -- Persönliche Anmerkungen.
    Description / Table of Contents: ContentTheory and Measurement -- Vom Henker, vom Lügner und von ihrem Ende -- On the Current Status of the Issue of Scientific Realism -- Situation Semantics and the “Slingshot” Argument -- Notes on the Well-Made World -- Logical Foundations of Psychoanalytic Theory -- Friedlands Sterne oder Facta und Ficta -- Mathematics, the Empirical Facts, and Logical Necessity -- Quines Ontologiekriterium -- Zufall und Notwendigkeit in Wittgensteins Tractatus -- Moralbegründung ohne Metaphysik -- Probability as a Quasi-Theoretical Concept - J.V. Kries’ Sophisticated Account after a Century -- Valuations for Direct Propositional Logic -- Logical Semantics for Natural Language -- On How the Distinction between History and Philosophy of Science Should Not Be Drawn -- Vagueness and Alternative Logic -- The Rationalist Theory of Double Causality as an Object of Hume’s Criticism -- A Modest Concept of Moral Sense Perception -- Structuralism and Scientific Realism -- Deterministic and Probabilistic Reasons and Causes -- The Meaning of Probability Statements -- Normative Principles of Rational Communication -- Persönliche Anmerkungen.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400977969
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 501
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Ecology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Background and Some Current Problems of Theoretical EcologyA Succession of Paradigms in Ecology: Essentialism to Materialism and Probabilism -- A Note on Simberloff’s ‘Succession of Paradigms in Ecology’ -- Dialectics and Reductionism in Ecology -- Reply -- Reductionistic Research Strategies and Their Biases in the Units of Selection Controversy -- Ecology - A Mixture of Pattern and Probabilism -- Useful Concepts for Predictive Ecology -- The Domain of Laboratory Ecology -- Null Hypotheses in Ecology -- The Role of Theoretical Concepts in Understanding the Ecological Theatre: A Case Study on Island Biogeography -- Randomness and Perceived-Randomness in Evolutionary Biology -- Why Misunderstand the Evolutionary Half of Biology? -- Natural Kinds, Natural History and Ecology -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400974555
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 210 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Technology Philosophy ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One. Nature -- I Introduction: The Background -- II Matter -- III Universals: The Forms -- IV Universals: The Qualities -- V The Universe -- Two. Human Nature -- VI Man: Needs and Drives -- VII Man: Perversity -- VIII Mind: Perception -- IX Mind: Conception -- X Morality: The Good -- XI Morality: The Bad -- XII Rhetoric -- XIII Politics -- XIV Art -- XV Religion -- XVI Conclusion: The Foreground.
    Abstract: In the following pages I have endeavored to show the impact on philosophy of tech­ nology and science; more specifically, I have tried to make up for the neglect by the classical philosophers of the historic role of technology and also to suggest what positive effects on philosophy the ahnost daily advances in the physical sciences might have. Above all, I wanted to remind the ontologist of his debt to the artificer: tech­ nology with its recent gigantic achievements has introduced a new ingredient into the world, and so is sure to influence our knowledge of what there is. This book, then, could as well have been called 'Ethnotechnology: An Explanation of Human Behavior by Means of Material Culture', but the picture is a complex one, and there are many more special problems that need to be prominently featured in the discussion. Human culture never goes forward on all fronts at the same time. In our era it is unquestionably not only technology but also the sciences which are making the most rapid progress. Philosophy has not been very successful at keeping up with them. As a consequence there is an 'enormous gulf between scientists and philosophers today, a gulf which is as large as it has ever been. ' (1) I can see that with science moving so rapidly, its current lessons for philosophy might well be outmoded tomorrow.
    Description / Table of Contents: One. NatureI Introduction: The Background -- II Matter -- III Universals: The Forms -- IV Universals: The Qualities -- V The Universe -- Two. Human Nature -- VI Man: Needs and Drives -- VII Man: Perversity -- VIII Mind: Perception -- IX Mind: Conception -- X Morality: The Good -- XI Morality: The Bad -- XII Rhetoric -- XIII Politics -- XIV Art -- XV Religion -- XVI Conclusion: The Foreground.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789400976368
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (190p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The conceptual bases of plant morphology -- Commentary on Dr. Cusset’s paper -- Principles in plant morphogenesis -- Commentary on Dr. Mohr’s paper: Deterministic and probabilistic approaches to plant development -- A morphogenetic basis for plant morphology -- Mathematical models of plant morphogenesis -- Rules of growth: Some comments on Erickson’s models of plant growth -- Chance and design in the construction of plants -- Commentary on Dr. Tomlinson’s paper.
    Abstract: This volume presents the proceedings of a symposium which I organised for the Developmental Section of the Xlllth International Botanical Congress at Sydney, Australia on August 26, 1981. The paper by Professor T. Sachs, which was received too late for inclusion into the symposium at Sydney, was added to these proceedings because of its direct relevancy and importance. The aim of the symposium was to state in an explicit and comprehensive fashion the most basic axioms and principles of plant morphology and morphogenesis. An awareness of these axioms and principles is of paramount importance since they form. the foundations as well as the goal of structural developmental botany. Both teaching and research are predicated on them. The Introduction by the editor briefly examines the meaning of the concepts "axiom", "principle", and "plant construction". The comprehensive paper by Dr. G. Cusset, a unique historical overview, explicates 37 principles of 5 major conceptual systems and many subsystems. The extensive analysis includes a genealogy of ideas and ways of thinking of major authors ranging from philosophers and naturalists of antiquity to recent investigators of plant form and structure. The bibliography of Dr. Cusset I s paper comprises ca. 700 references. The contribution by Professor H. Mohr focusses on modern principles of morphogenesis and provides a penetrating analysis of scientific explanation in developmental biology. The universal principles (laws) described in this paper apply to all living systems, whereas the more specific principles are limited to plants or only higher plants. Professor T.
    Description / Table of Contents: The conceptual bases of plant morphologyCommentary on Dr. Cusset’s paper -- Principles in plant morphogenesis -- Commentary on Dr. Mohr’s paper: Deterministic and probabilistic approaches to plant development -- A morphogenetic basis for plant morphology -- Mathematical models of plant morphogenesis -- Rules of growth: Some comments on Erickson’s models of plant growth -- Chance and design in the construction of plants -- Commentary on Dr. Tomlinson’s paper.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401174572
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: 1 Pleasure-seeking and the aetiology of dependence -- 2 Legislation on drug control and drug abuse -- 3 British experience in the management of opiate dependence -- 4 The antagonist analgesic concept -- 5 Cannabis and dependency -- 6 Alcohol dependence: the ‘lack of control’ over alcohol and its implications -- 7 Dependence and psychoactive drugs -- 8 The nature and treatment of cigarette dependence -- 9 Compulsive overeating.
    Abstract: ... there is scarcely any agent which can be taken into the body to which some individuals will not get a reaction satisfactory or pleasurable to them, persuading them to continue its use even to the point of abuse ... Eddy (1965) Dependence is one of the major problems of our modern society both in industrialized and developing nations. There is, however, nothing new in man's dependence on drugs. For many centuries past, there can be few people throughout the world who do not 'overuse', 'misuse' or 'abuse' some drugs. For many the drugs that are 'overused' are caffeine [from tea or coffee), nicotine [from tobacco) or alcohol [from beer, wine or spirits), all socially accepted normal ingredients of everyday life in most communities. For a prescribed medical smaller group 'misuse' concerns commonly substances, such as barbiturates, amphetamines. For an even smaller group there is the less socially acceptable 'abuse' of specific drugs such as morphine and related analgesics, cannabis, or hallucinogens.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Pleasure-seeking and the aetiology of dependence2 Legislation on drug control and drug abuse -- 3 British experience in the management of opiate dependence -- 4 The antagonist analgesic concept -- 5 Cannabis and dependency -- 6 Alcohol dependence: the ‘lack of control’ over alcohol and its implications -- 7 Dependence and psychoactive drugs -- 8 The nature and treatment of cigarette dependence -- 9 Compulsive overeating.
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  • 31
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401172745
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (149p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Behavioral Science
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    DDC: 150
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Sex. ; Sociology.
    Abstract: 1 General Theory -- 2 Women’s Relationships with Women -- 3 Barriers between Women -- 4 Daughter-Mother Conflict -- 5 Related Issues -- 6 Lowering the Barriers -- References.
    Abstract: This book is an exploration of some of the psychological and so­ cial-psychological factors that have created barriers between women. Particular attention is paid to the daughter-mother relationship. The content is based on psychotherapy material, test results and conversations with patients and non-patients across a wide age span. I acquired the material in my various roles as a clinician, researcher and theorist-and, always, as a woman, with whatever special biases and special understandings that might involve. Because much of the book deals with the development of wom­ en's difficulties in relationships with other women, the emphasis will often be on how the growing daughter feels in her relationship with her mother. The mother's feelings will be discussed very little for two reasons: to limit the scope of this book and because much of what applies to the daughter also applies to the mother. It is often due to her own experiences as a daughter that the mother encounters difficulty in rearing her own daughter or feeling com­ fortable about her ability to do so. But it is important for the reader to keep in mind throughout the book that child-rearing is a frighten­ ing, difficult task at least part of the time for virtually every mother. In any long-term relationship, one begins to experience one's own needs, and it is simply human to wish that the other person in the relationship (even an infant or young child) would meet those needs.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 General Theory2 Women’s Relationships with Women -- 3 Barriers between Women -- 4 Daughter-Mother Conflict -- 5 Related Issues -- 6 Lowering the Barriers -- References.
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  • 32
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400983878
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; History
    Abstract: Consciousness -- ?) The ego §413 -- ß) Subjective idealism § 415 -- A. Consciousness as such -- B. Self-consciousness § 424 -- C. Reason §438 -- Notes -- Index to the Text -- Index to the Introduction and Notes.
    Description / Table of Contents: Consciousness?) The ego §413 -- ß) Subjective idealism § 415 -- A. Consciousness as such -- B. Self-consciousness § 424 -- C. Reason §438 -- Notes -- Index to the Text -- Index to the Introduction and Notes.
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789400984141
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (476p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Sociology.
    Abstract: I Science Around 1800: Cognitive and Social Change -- Some Patterns of Change in the Baconian Sciences of the Early 19th Century Germany -- From Celestial Mechanics to Social Physics: Discontinuity in the Development of the Sciences in the Early Nineteenth Century -- 1802 - “Biologie” et Médecine -- Ontologic Foundation of Scientific Knowledge in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Rationalism -- Hermann von Helmholtz: A Physiological Approach to the Theory of Knowledge -- On “Science as a Language” -- The Historical Conditions and Features of the Development of Natural Science in Russia in the First Half of the 19th Century -- The Prussian Professoriate and the Research Imperative, 1790 – 1840 -- European Natural Science. (The Beginning of the 19th Century) -- Science, Knowledge, and the Reproduction of the Social Capacity For Labour -- II Science and Education -- Teaching Method and Justification of Knowledge: C. Ritter - J.H. Pestalozzi -- Possibilities and Limits of the Prussian School Reform at the Beginning of the 19th Century -- Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Curricula in Prussian Grammar Schools During the Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries and Their Relation to the Development of the Sciences -- Some Aspects of the Development of Mathematics at the University of Halle-Wittenberg in the Early 19th Century -- Justus Grassmann’s School Programs as Mathematical Antecedents of Hermann Grassmann’s 1844 ‘Ausdehnungslehre’ -- On Education as a Mediating Element Between Development and Application: The Plans For the Berlin Polytechnical Institute (1817 – 1850) -- III Mathematics in the Early 19th Century -- Mathematics and the Moral Sciences: The Rise and Fall of the Probability of Judgments, 1785 – 1840 -- Changing Attitudes Toward Mathematical Rigor: Lagrange and Analysis in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries -- The Origins of Pure Mathematics -- Mathematical Physics in France, 1800 – 1835 -- Mathematics in Germany and France in the Early 19th Century: Transmission and Transformation -- Mathematicians in Germany Circa 1800 -- Name Index -- List of Participants.
    Abstract: I. Some Characteristic Features of the Passage From the 18th to the 19th Century 1. The following notes grew out of reflections which first led us to send out invitations to, and call for papers for, an interdisciplinary workshop, which took place in Bielefeld from 27th to 30th November, 1979. The status and character of this preface is therefore somewhat ambiguous: on the one hand it does not comment extensively on the articles to follow, on the other hand it could not have been conceived and written in the way it was without knowledge of all the contributions to this volum- which contains revised editions of papers for the workshop - nor without the cooperation of the participants in the above mentioned symposium. Furthermore, although the following may sound slightly programmatic and summary, we hope that it will be sufficiently explicit to provide some key words and concepts useful for further scholarly work. Perhaps the most important result of our efforts is the very structure of these notes: it is aimed at providing methodological orientations for the investigation of what turned out to be a very peculiar period in the history of science. xi H. N. Jahnke and M. Otte (eds.), Epistemological and Social Problems of the Sciences in the Early Nineteenth Century, xi-xlii. Copyright © 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. xii H. N. JAHNKE ET AL.
    Description / Table of Contents: I Science Around 1800: Cognitive and Social ChangeSome Patterns of Change in the Baconian Sciences of the Early 19th Century Germany -- From Celestial Mechanics to Social Physics: Discontinuity in the Development of the Sciences in the Early Nineteenth Century -- 1802 - “Biologie” et Médecine -- Ontologic Foundation of Scientific Knowledge in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Rationalism -- Hermann von Helmholtz: A Physiological Approach to the Theory of Knowledge -- On “Science as a Language” -- The Historical Conditions and Features of the Development of Natural Science in Russia in the First Half of the 19th Century -- The Prussian Professoriate and the Research Imperative, 1790 - 1840 -- European Natural Science. (The Beginning of the 19th Century) -- Science, Knowledge, and the Reproduction of the Social Capacity For Labour -- II Science and Education -- Teaching Method and Justification of Knowledge: C. Ritter - J.H. Pestalozzi -- Possibilities and Limits of the Prussian School Reform at the Beginning of the 19th Century -- Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Curricula in Prussian Grammar Schools During the Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries and Their Relation to the Development of the Sciences -- Some Aspects of the Development of Mathematics at the University of Halle-Wittenberg in the Early 19th Century -- Justus Grassmann’s School Programs as Mathematical Antecedents of Hermann Grassmann’s 1844 ‘Ausdehnungslehre’ -- On Education as a Mediating Element Between Development and Application: The Plans For the Berlin Polytechnical Institute (1817 - 1850) -- III Mathematics in the Early 19th Century -- Mathematics and the Moral Sciences: The Rise and Fall of the Probability of Judgments, 1785 - 1840 -- Changing Attitudes Toward Mathematical Rigor: Lagrange and Analysis in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries -- The Origins of Pure Mathematics -- Mathematical Physics in France, 1800 - 1835 -- Mathematics in Germany and France in the Early 19th Century: Transmission and Transformation -- Mathematicians in Germany Circa 1800 -- Name Index -- List of Participants.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401734813
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 167 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: One: Preliminary Essays -- I. The aesthetic structure of waka -- II. The metaphysical background of the theory of Noh: an analysis of Zeami’s ‘Nine Stages’ -- III. The Way of tea: an art of spatial awareness -- IV. Haiku: an existential event -- Two: Texts, translated by Toshihiko and Toyo Izutsu -- I. Maigetsush? -- II. The Nine Stages -- III. ‘The Process of Training in the Nine Stages’ (Appendix to ‘The Nine Stages’) -- IV. Observations on the Disciplinary Way of Noh -- V. ollecting Gems and Obtaining Flowers -- VI. Record of Nanb? -- VII. The Red Booklet.
    Abstract: The Japanese sense of beauty as actualized in innumerable works of art, both linguistic and non-linguistic, has often been spoken of as something strange to, and remote from, the Western taste. It is, in fact, so radically different from what in the West is ordinarily associated with aesthetic experience that it even tends to give an impression of being mysterious, enigmatic or esoteric. This state of affairs comes from the fact that there is a peculiar kind of metaphysics, based on a realization of the simultaneous semantic articulation of consciousness and the external reality, dominating the whole functional domain of the Japanese sense of beauty, without an understanding of which the so-called 'mystery' of Japanese aesthetics would remain incomprehensible. The present work primarily purports to clarify the keynotes of the artistic experiences that are typical of Japanese culture, in terms of a special philosophical structure underlying them. It consists of two main parts: (1) Preliminary Essays, in which the major philosophical ideas relating to beauty will be given a theoretical elucidation, and (2) a selection of Classical Texts representative of Japanese aesthetics in widely divergent fields of linguistic and extra-linguistic art such as the theories of waka-poetry, Noh play, the art of tea, and haiku. The second part is related to the first by way of a concrete illustration, providing as it does philological materials on which are based the philosophical considerations of the first part.
    Description / Table of Contents: One: Preliminary EssaysI. The aesthetic structure of waka -- II. The metaphysical background of the theory of Noh: an analysis of Zeami’s ‘Nine Stages’ -- III. The Way of tea: an art of spatial awareness -- IV. Haiku: an existential event -- Two: Texts, translated by Toshihiko and Toyo Izutsu -- I. Maigetsush? -- II. The Nine Stages -- III. ‘The Process of Training in the Nine Stages’ (Appendix to ‘The Nine Stages’) -- IV. Observations on the Disciplinary Way of Noh -- V. ollecting Gems and Obtaining Flowers -- VI. Record of Nanb? -- VII. The Red Booklet.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789401744300
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 475 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: A topography of the empiricist theories of law -- II: Hobbes’s empiricist theory of morality -- III: The empiricist theories of David Hume and Adam Smith -- IV: Comte and positivism -- V: Herbert Spencer and evolutionism -- VI: Guyau’s philosophy of life -- VII: Durkheim’s sociological ethics -- VIII: Stevenson’s and Hare’s analysis of language -- IX: Scandinavian realism -- X: Scepticism or empiricism? -- XI: The problem of the empiricist explanation of normativity: is there a natural equivalent of ‘duty’? -- XII: The empiricist justification of the claims of morality -- XIII: The hierarchy argument as a justification of morality -- XIV: The congruency argument -- XV: The moral game -- XVI: Conclusion -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: a. 'Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the oftener and the more steadily we reflect on them: the starry heavens above and the moral law within. ' Thus Kant formulates his attitude to morality (Critique of Practical Reason, p. 260). He draws a sharp distinction between these two objects of admiration. The starry sky, he writes, represents my relationship to the natural, empirical world. Moral law, on the other hand, is of a completely different order. It ' . . . begins from my invisible self, my personality, and exhibits me in a world which has true infinity, but which is traceable only by the understanding and with which I discern that I am not in a merely contingent but in a universal and necessary connection (. . . ). ' (p. 260). So Kant sees morality as a separate metaphysical order opposed to the world of empirical phenomena. Human beings belong to both worlds. According to Kant, the personality derives nothing of value from its relationship with the empirical world. His part in the sensuous world of nature places man on a level with any animal which before long must give back to the rest of nature the substances of which it is made.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401729772
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 294 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 148
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Semantics ; Logic ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Logical Systems and Semantics -- Introducing HPC -- The Kripke, Beth and Topological Interpretations for HPC -- Heyting’s Propositional Calculus and Extensions -- Three Intermediate Logics -- Formulas in One Variable -- Propositional Connectives -- The Interpolation Theorem -- Second Order Propositional Calculus -- Modified Kripke Interpretation -- Theories in HPC 1 -- Theories in HPC 2 -- Completeness of HPC with Respect to RE and Post Structures -- Undecidability Results -- Decidability Results.
    Abstract: From the point of view of non-classical logics, Heyting's implication is the smallest implication for which the deduction theorem holds. This book studies properties of logical systems having some of the classical connectives and implication in the neighbourhood of Heyt­ ing's implication. I have not included anything on entailment, al­ though it belongs to this neighbourhood, mainly because of the appearance of the Anderson-Belnap book on entailment. In the later chapters of this book, I have included material that might be of interest to the intuitionist mathematician. Originally, I intended to include more material in that spirit but I decided against it. There is no coherent body of material to include that builds naturally on the present book. There are some serious results on topological models, second order Beth and Kripke models, theories of types, etc., but it would require further research to be able to present a general theory, possibly using sheaves. That would have postponed pUblication for too long. I would like to dedicate this book to my colleagues, Professors G. Kreisel, M.O. Rabin and D. Scott. I have benefited greatly from Professor Kreisel's criticism and suggestions. Professor Rabin's fun­ damental results on decidability and undecidability provided the powerful tools used in obtaining the majority of the results reported in this book. Professor Scott's approach to non-classical logics and especially his analysis of the Scott consequence relation makes it possible to present Heyting's logic as a beautiful, integral part of non-classical logics.
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  • 37
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400982307
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789401095631
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (198p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in THOMPSON, PAUL AGAINST NUCLEAR POWER 1980
    Series Statement: A Pallas Paperback
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: One: Nuclear Technology -- 1. The History of Nuclear Energy -- 2. Government Regulation of Atomic Power -- 3. Fission Generation of Electricity -- 4. Ethical Problems Raised by Nuclear Technology -- Notes -- Two: Reactor Emissions and Equal Protection -- 1. The Controversy over Low-Level Radiation -- 2. Federal Radiation Standards -- 3. Ethical Problems of Radiation Policy -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes -- Three: Nuclear Wastes and the Argument from Ignorance -- 1. The Social and Economic Costs of Storing Radioactive Wastes -- 2. Philosophical Errors in Analyses of the Waste Problem -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes -- Four: Core Melt Catastrophe and Due Process -- 1. The Price-Anderson Act -- 2. Philosophical Difficulties in the Price-Anderson Act -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes -- Five: Nuclear Economics and the Problem of Externalities -- 1. The Problem of Externalities -- 2. Partially-Compensated Externalities of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- 3. The Consequences of the Failure To Compensate -- 4. The Consequences of Recognizing Amenity Rights -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- Six: Nuclear Safety and the Naturalistic Fallacy -- 1. The Naturalistic Fallacy -- 2. Commissions of the Fallacy in Government Studies of Nuclear Power -- 3. The Consequences to Public Policy -- 4. New Directions for Technology and Public Policy -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This book grew out of projects funded by the Kentucky Human­ ities Council in 1974 and. 1975 and by the Environmental Protec­ tion Agency in 1976 and 1977. As a result of the generosity of these two agencies, I was able to study the logical, methodological, and ethical assumptions inherent in the decision to utilize nuclear fission for generating electricity. Since both grants gave me the opportunity to survey public policy-making, I discovered that there were critical lacunae in allegedly comprehensive analyses of various energy technologies. Ever since this discovery, one of my goals has been to fill one of these gaps by writing a well-docu­ mented study of some neglected social and ethical questions regarding nuclear power. Although many assessments of atomic energy written by en­ vironmentalists are highly persuasive, they often also are overly emotive and question-begging. Sometimes they employ what seem to be correct ethical conclusions, but they do so largely in an in­ tuitive, rather than a closely-reasoned, manner. On the other hand, books and reports written by nuclear proponents, often Under government contract, almost always ignore the social and ethical aspects of energy decision-making; they focus instead only on a purely scientific assessment of fission generation of electricity. What the energy debate needs, I believe, are more studies which aim at ethical analysis and which avoid unsubstantiated assertions. I hope that these essays are steps in that direction.
    Description / Table of Contents: One: Nuclear Technology1. The History of Nuclear Energy -- 2. Government Regulation of Atomic Power -- 3. Fission Generation of Electricity -- 4. Ethical Problems Raised by Nuclear Technology -- Notes -- Two: Reactor Emissions and Equal Protection -- 1. The Controversy over Low-Level Radiation -- 2. Federal Radiation Standards -- 3. Ethical Problems of Radiation Policy -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes -- Three: Nuclear Wastes and the Argument from Ignorance -- 1. The Social and Economic Costs of Storing Radioactive Wastes -- 2. Philosophical Errors in Analyses of the Waste Problem -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes -- Four: Core Melt Catastrophe and Due Process -- 1. The Price-Anderson Act -- 2. Philosophical Difficulties in the Price-Anderson Act -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes -- Five: Nuclear Economics and the Problem of Externalities -- 1. The Problem of Externalities -- 2. Partially-Compensated Externalities of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- 3. The Consequences of the Failure To Compensate -- 4. The Consequences of Recognizing Amenity Rights -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- Six: Nuclear Safety and the Naturalistic Fallacy -- 1. The Naturalistic Fallacy -- 2. Commissions of the Fallacy in Government Studies of Nuclear Power -- 3. The Consequences to Public Policy -- 4. New Directions for Technology and Public Policy -- Notes -- Name Index.
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