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  • 1990-1994  (40)
  • 1940-1944
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (40)
  • Leipzig : Hirzel
  • Genetic epistemology  (40)
  • 1
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    The Development of Arabic Mathematics: Between Arithmetic and Algebra (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401732741
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 382 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 156
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 156
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Genetic epistemology ; Regional planning ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Mathematics. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Ethnology. ; Culture.
    Abstract: An understanding of developments in Arabic mathematics between the IXth and XVth century is vital to a full appreciation of the history of classical mathematics. This book draws together more than ten studies to highlight one of the major developments in Arabic mathematical thinking, provoked by the double fecondation between arithmetic and the algebra of al-Khwarizmi, which led to the foundation of diverse chapters of mathematics: polynomial algebra, combinatorial analysis, algebraic geometry, algebraic theory of numbers, diophantine analysis and numerical calculus. Thanks to epistemological analysis, and the discovery of hitherto unknown material, the author has brought these chapters into the light, proposes another periodization for classical mathematics, and questions current ideology in writing its history. Since the publication of the French version of these studies and of this book, its main results have been admitted by historians of Arabic mathematics, and integrated into their recent publications. This book is already a vital reference for anyone seeking to understand history of Arabic mathematics, and its contribution to Latin as well as to later mathematics. The English translation will be of particular value to historians and philosophers of mathematics and of science
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3274-1
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  • 2
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    Language, Mind and Epistemology : On Donald Davidson’s Philosophy (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401720410
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 448 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 241
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Ontology ; Philosophy of mind ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Professor Donald Davidson is one of the most innovative and influential recent philosophers. Ranging over a variety of topics in the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and epistemology, his system of thought is unified by his inquiries into the nature of interpretation and understanding the speech and behavior of others. Together with its introduction, Language, Mind and Epistemology examines Davidson's unified stance towards philosophy by joining American and European authors within a collection of essays, published here for the first time. The authors discuss the central topics in Davidson's latest philosophy: his holistic truth-theoretic stance towards meaning and understanding, the epistemology of interpretation and translation, the externalist viewpoint in epistemology, the anti-Cartesian approach in accounting for first person authority, the thesis of anomalous monism, and the holistic conception of the mental
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2041-0
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  • 3
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    Aspects of Metaphor (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401583152
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 263 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 238
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Humanities ; Aesthetics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Metaphor is one of the most frequently evoked but at the same time most poorly understood concepts in philosophy and literary theory. In recent years, several interesting approaches to metaphor have been presented or outlined. In this volume, authors of some of the most important new approaches re-present their views or illustrate them by means of applications, thus allowing the reader to survey some of the prominent ongoing developments in this field. These authors include Robert Fogelin, Susan Haack, Jaakko Hintikka (with Gabriel Sandu), Bipin Indurkhya and Eva Kittay (with Eric Steinhart). Their stance is in the main constructive rather than critical; but frequent comparisons of different views further facilitate the reader's overview. In the other contributions, metaphor is related to the problems of visual representation (Noël Carroll), to the open class test (Avishai Margalit and Naomi Goldblum) as well as to Wittgenstein's idea of `a way of life' (E.M. Zemach)
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8315-2
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  • 4
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    Living Doubt : Essays concerning the epistemology of Charles Sanders Peirce (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401582520
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 324 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 243
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy, modern ; Pragmatism ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Charles Sanders Peirce (1839--1914) has often been referred to as one of the most important North American philosophers, but the real extent of his philosophical importance is only now beginning to emerge. Peirce's `pragmaticism' (his own term) may provide the key to an epistemological theory which avoids both the Scylla of foundationalism and the Charybdis of relativism. Peirce's `Logic', linked to a conception of knowledge and of science, is increasingly coming to be recognised as the only possible one. In Living Doubt, 26 papers are presented by some of the world's leading philosophers, demonstrating the rich and cosmopolitan variety of approach to Peirce's epistemology. The contributions are grouped under three general headings: Knowledge, truth and the pragmatic principle; Peirce and the epistemological tradition; and Knowledge, language and semeiotic
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8252-0
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  • 5
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    The Completeness of Scientific Theories : On the Derivation of Empirical Indicators within a Theoretical Framework: The Case of Physical Geometry (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401109109
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 278 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 53
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 53
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical physics. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: The Completeness of Scientific Theories deals with the role of theories in measurement. Theories are employed in measurements in order to account for the operation of the instruments and to correct the raw data obtained. These observation theories thus guarantee the reliability of measurement procedures. In special cases a theory can be used as its own observation theory. In such cases it is possible, relying on the theory itself, to analyze the measuring procedures associated with theoretical states specified within its framework. This feature is called completeness. The book addresses the assets and liabilities of theories exhibiting this feature. Chief among the prima-facie liabilities is a testability problem. If a theory that is supposed to explain certain measurement results at the same time provides the theoretical means necessary for obtaining these results, the threat of circularity arises. Closer investigation reveals that various circularity problems do indeed emerge in complete theories, but that these problems can generally be solved. Some methods for testing and confirming theories are developed and discussed. The particulars of complete theories are addressed using a variety of theories from the physical sciences and psychology as examples. The example developed in greatest detail is general relativity theory, which exhibits an outstanding degree of completeness. In this context a new approach to the issue of the conventionality of physical geometry is pursued. The book contains the first systematic analysis of completeness; it thus opens up new paths of research. For philosophers of science working on problems of confirmation, theory-ladenness of evidence, empirical testability, and space--time philosophy (or students in these areas)
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0910-9
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  • 6
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    Niels Bohr and Contemporary Philosophy (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401581066
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVII, 388 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 153
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 153
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Quantum theory ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Quantum physics. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Since the Niels Bohr centenary of 1985 there has been an astonishing international surge of scholarly analyses of Bohr's philosophy. Now for the first time in Niels Bohr and Contemporary Philosophy Jan Faye and Henry Folse have brought together sixteen of today's leading authors who have helped mould this new round of discussions on Bohr's philosophy. In fifteen entirely new, previously unpublished essays we discover a surprising variety of the different facets of Bohr as the natural philosopher whose `framework of complementarity' shaped the final phase of the quantum revolution and influenced two generations of the century's leading physicists. There is much on which the authors included here agree; but there are also polar disagreements, which assure us that the philosophical questions revolving around Bohr's `new viewpoint' will continue to be a subject of scholarly interest and discussion for years to come. This collection will interest all serious students of history and philosophy of science, and foundations of physics
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8106-6
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  • 7
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    Scientific and Religious Belief (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401108041
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 189 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 59
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Scientific and religious belief
    RVK:
    CC 3200
    RVK:
    CC 8500
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Religion (General) ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Religion. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Konferenzschrift ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Religion ; Wissenschaft ; Glaube ; Religionsphilosophie ; Wissen ; Naturwissenschaften
    Abstract: This book provides new insights into the interrelation between scientific and religious belief. The chapters cover important features of belief in general and discuss distinctive properties between belief, knowledge and acceptance. These properties are considered in relation and comparison to religious belief. Among the contributions are topics such as: the change of scientific belief in relation to the change of our information. Is belief value-free? What are rational reasons (for the justification) of religious hypotheses? What are the important similarities and differences between scientific and religious belief? The different features and aspects are discussed in respect to the great religions of mankind. In addition to the research papers the book contains selections of the discussion which help to clarify interesting details. The book will be of interest to a vast readership among philosophers, theologians and people interested in philosophical questions concerning religion
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0804-1
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  • 8
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    Kant and Contemporary Epistemology (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401108348
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 379 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 54
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 54
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: From the mid-1960s, after the important works by J. Hintikka, S. Körner, W. Sellars and P.F. Strawson, there has been a marked revival of Kantian epistemological thought. Against this background, featuring fruitful exchange between historical research and theoretical prospects, the main point of the book is the discussion of Kantian theory of scientific knowledge from the perspective of present-day analytical philosophy and philosophy of empirical and mathematical sciences. The main topics are the problem of a priori knowledge in logic, mathematics and physics, the distinction between analytic and synthetic judgments, the constitution of physical objectivity and the questions of realism and truth, the Kantian conception of time, causal laws and induction, the relations between Kantian epistemological thought, relativity theory, quantum theory and some recent developments of philosophy of science. The book is addressed to research workers, specialists and scholars in the fields of epistemology, philosophy of science and history of philosophy
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0834-8
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  • 9
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    Historical Pragmatics : Philosophical Essays (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401581882
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 370 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 155
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 155
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Pragmatism ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: The thirteen essays in this volume (except for the one on Leibniz, which has not been published before) are selected works of Robert E. Butts, originally published over a period of many years. Most of the essays analyze aspects of the work of Galileo, Leibniz, Kant and Whewell; others deal with the question of the unity of the sciences and with the question of toleration in academe. The papers share a common philosophical commitment to principle of pragmatism, and seek to show that pragmatism emerges historically in unexpected places. Emphasis is placed upon issues in methodology and theory of knowledge. The book will appeal to those interested in history of modern philosophy, history and philosophy of science, and the philosophical fortunes of pragmatism
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8188-2
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  • 10
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    Philosophy of Probability (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401582087
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 299 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 56
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Humanities ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Probabilities.
    Abstract: Philosophy of Probability provides a comprehensive introduction to theoretical issues that occupy a central position in disciplines ranging from philosophy of mind and epistemology to cognitive science, decision theory and artificial intelligence. Some contributions shed new light on the standard conceptions of probability (Bayesianism, logical and computational theories); others offer detailed analyses of two important topics in the field of cognitive science: the meaning and the representation of (partial) belief, and the management of uncertainty. The authors of this well-balanced account are philosophers as well as computer scientists (among them, L.J. Cohen, D. Miller, P. Gärdenfors, J. Vickers, D. Dubois and H. Prade). This multidisciplinary approach to probability is designed to illuminate the intricacies of the problems in the domain of cognitive inquiry. No one interested in epistemology or aritificial intelligence will want to miss it
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8208-7
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  • 11
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    Intentionality in Husserl and Heidegger : The Problem of the Original Method and Phenomenon of Phenomenology (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401581455
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 303 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contributions to Phenomenology 11
    Series Statement: Contributions to Phenomenology, In Cooperation with The Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Ontology ; Phenomenology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: This book reassesses the phenomenological `controversy' between Husserl and Heidegger over the proper status of the phenomenon of intentionality. It seeks to determine whether Heidegger's hermeneutical critique of intentionality is sensitive to Husserl's reflective account of its `Sachen selbst'. Hopkins argues that Heidegger's critique is directed toward the `cogito' modality of intentionality, and therefore, passes over its `non-actional', or `horizonal', dimension in Husserl's phenomenology. As a result of this, he concludes that Heidegger misinterprets Husserl's account of the intentional `immanence' exhibited by phenomenological reflection. On the basis of these findings, Hopkins suggests that the phenomenological methodology, operative in the so-called hermeneutic critique of transcendental consciousness, itself involves transcendental `presuppositions' that are most appropriately characterized in terms of intentional, and reflective, phenomena
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8145-5
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  • 12
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    Mental Representation and Consciousness : Towards a Phenomenological Theory of Representation and Reference (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401722391
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 201 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contributions to Phenomenology, In Cooperation with the Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology 14
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Humanities ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy of mind ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: The book makes a direct contribution to the connection between phenomenology and cognitive science. Continuing Husserl's science of consciousness, the author shows that consciousness is structured in all sorts of ways and that it is very complicated, with one kind of consciousness being enclosed within other kinds. In particular, he provides a notation to reveal the structures of consciousness more vividly, thus fixing and isolating issues and allowing for rational, communicable analysis of conscious awareness. With this tool, clear-cut distinctions among different forms of mentally representing and thereby intentionally referring to something are elaborated. The notation might also be of assistance in present day discussions about parallelism in computer architecture and programming. For philosophers of mind, cognitive scientists and psychologists, phenomenologists, neuroscientists interested in consciousness
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2239-1
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  • 13
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    Merleau-Ponty in Contemporary Perspective (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401117517
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXIII, 206 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. Van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage Des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 129
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 129
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Ontology ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy of nature ; Philosophy—History. ; Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: This volume evaluates the contribution of Merleau-Ponty to various philosophical problems, from the culmative point of view of more than thirty years of continental philosophy since the time of his death. However, as the various essays gathered here confirm, the title of the volume risks a certain irony - that which is involved in trying to place into vision (albeit now in only too silent and invisible a manner), namely an original thought whose creative unfolding still awaits its future. As the various papers of this volume attest, Merleau-Ponty is a contemporary philosopher who offers new directions for philosophical interrogation, who still frames in a fresh and provocative voice the issues which remain urgent for our time. Like recent collections of essays on Merleau-Ponty, the present volume offers a critical and interpretive look backward to his works from a relatively differentiated and stable vantage point from which they might come definitively into view, but beyond this the present volume is unique in also moving forward to the works of Merleau-Ponty just as we now move in an exploratory way toward the future of philosophy
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-1751-7
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  • 14
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    The Eye and the Mind : Reflections on Perception and the Problem of Knowledge (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401733175
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 161 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 58
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Humanities ; Metaphysics ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: This book explains our common-sense understanding of perception and then defends a representative theory of perception as an alternative form of understanding more in accord with the results of science. It also argues against color realism and defends the view that nothing has color. This view is color skepticism. A chapter is devoted to defending color skepticism against a number of objections. The book ends with a discussion of our concept of knowledge and attempts to show that the representative theory of perception is not as vulnerable to skeptical arguments as has been assumed. The book will be of interest to students and teachers of philosophy. It is written in a clear and self-contained manner and is accessible to the general reader as well as to those with well-developed philosophical interests
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3317-5
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  • 15
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    Haecceity : An Ontological Essay (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401581752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 255 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 57
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Metaphysics ; Ontology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Many contemporary philosophers are interested in the scotistic notion of haecceity or `thisness' because it is relevant to important problems concerning identity and individuation, reference, modality, and propositional attitudes. Haecceity is the only book-length work devoted to this topic. The author develops a novel defense of Platonism, arguing, first, that abstracta - nonqualitative haecceities - are needed to explain concreta's being diverse at a time; and second, that unexemplified haecceities are then required to accommodate the full range of cases in which there are possible worlds containing individuals not present in the actual world. In the cognitive area, an original epistemic argument is presented which implies that certain haecceities can be grasped by a person: his own, those of certain of his mental states, and those of various abstracta, but not those of external things. It is argued that in consequence there is a clear sense in which one is directly acquainted with the former entities, but not with external things
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8175-2
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  • 16
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    Correspondence, Invariance and Heuristics : Essays in Honour of Heinz Post (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401711852
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 363 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 148
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 148
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Physics—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This volume is dedicated to Heinz Post who proposed a rational model of scientific discovery. His account draws attention to the formal flaws in theories that motivate theory modification, the correspondence relations that hold between old and new theories and the cross-theoretic retention of symmetry and conservation principles. Exploring Post's model from a variety of perspectives, the contributors draw on a wide range of case studies from physics, chemistry and biology. This is the first work to examine one such model of heuristics in the context of detailed examples from science itself. It will be of interest to teachers, researchers and graduate students in both the history and philosophy of science and can be used as a textbook in advanced courses on scientific method
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1185-2
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  • 17
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    Optimum Inductive Methods : A Study in Inductive Probability, Bayesian Statistics, and Verisimilitude (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401581318
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 194 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 232
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Statistics ; Philosophy and science. ; Epistemology.
    Abstract: The problem of the choice of prior probabilities for Bayesian inferences is considered, with special reference to the theory of inductive probabilities and the analysis of the multinomial inferences provided by Bayesian statistics. Among other things, it is argued that the choice of prior probabilities in a given empirical inquiry should be suitably restricted by specific `contextual constraints' such as the available background knowledge and the cognitive goal of the inquiry, where this goal is assumed to be the achievement of a high degree of verisimilitude. One of the most original features of the book is the attempt at a `coordinated development' of Bayesian statistics, the theory of inductive probabilities, and the verisimilitude theory. The book will be of special interest to researchers and readers concerned with Bayesian inference and, more generally, to readers engaged in inductive logic, philosophy of science and statistics
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8131-8
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  • 18
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    The Meaning of Nouns : Semantic Theory in Classical and Medieval India (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401127516
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 297 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of Classical India 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Kaun&ddotu;abhatta's Vaiyakarana-bhusana is a massive work on semantic theory written in India in the 17th century. Kaun&ddotu;abhatta belonged to the tradition of Sanskrit grammar and in this work he consolidated the philosophy of language developed in the Paninian tradition of Sanskrit grammar. Kaun&ddotu;abhatta's work takes account of the philosophical debate which occurred in classical and medieval India among the philosophers and grammarians from about 500 B.C. to the 17th century A.D. Kaun&ddotu;abhatta's work primarily represents this debate between the traditions of Sanskrit grammar, Mi&mdotu;amsa, and Nyaya-Vaisesika. It discusses ontological, epistemological, and exegetical issues concerning the notion of meaning as it relates to the various components of language. The present book is a heavily annotated translation of the Namartha-nirnaya section of Kaun&ddotu;abhatta's Vaiyakarana-bhusana, with an extensive introduction. While there are several books that discuss Indian semantic theories in general terms, this book belongs to a small class of intensive, focused studies of densely written philosophical texts which examines each argument in its historical and philosophical context. It is of interest to all students of philosophy of language in general, and to students of Indian philosophy in particular
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-2751-6
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  • 19
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    Euclid’s Heritage: Is Space Three-Dimensional? (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401580960
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 227 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science 52
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 52
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Geometry ; Mathematics. ; History. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The three spatial characteristics of length, height and depth are used in the same unreflective way by laymen, technicians and scientists alike to describe the forms, positions and measure of bodies and hollow bodies. But how do we know that the space we live in has just these three dimensions? The question has occupied philosophers and scientists since antiquity. The answers proposed have become ever more presumptuous and have increasingly lost sight of everyday intuitions and have sacrificed explanatory power. In Euclid's Heritage Janich shows that all explanations of three-dimensionality hinge on an unreflective geometrical language which seems to accept the lack of an alternative for the three sorts of entities -- points, lines and planes -- that bound the three extended entities -- lines, planes and solids. This is a Euclidean heritage in a dual sense: Euclid himself adopted a geometrical language from the art of figure drawing, and left a tradition of doing geometry as planimetry and of doing stereometry by rotating plane figures. The systematic approach offered here starts out from operational definitions of the spatial forms -- plane, straight edge and perpendicularity -- and proofs that only three planes can intersect pairwise orthogonally. This is the constructive solution in the frame theory of action, providing an unequivocal characterisation of spatial relations in the physical world. The traditional order of geometric concepts turns out to be the most important obstacle to the methodical ordering of everyday scientific concepts
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8096-0
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  • 20
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    The Phenomenology of the Noema (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401734257
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 256 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contributions to Phenomenology, In Cooperation with the Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Philosophers contributing new ideas are commonly caught within a received philosophical vocabulary and will often coin new, technical terms. Husserl understood himself as advancing a new theory of intentionality, and he fashioned the new vocabulary of `noesis' and `noema'. But Husserl's own statements regarding the noema are ambiguous. Hence, it is no surprise that controversy has ensued. The articles in this book elucidate and clarify the notion of the noema; the book includes articles which phenomenologically describe and analyze the noemata of various experiences as well as articles which undertake the `metaphenomenological' explication of the doctrine of the noema. These two enterprises cannot be isolated from one another. Any analysis of the noema of a particular type of experience will necessarily illustrate, at least by instantiating the general notion of noema. And any metaphenomenological account of the noema itself will guide particular researches into the noemata of particular experiences
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3425-7
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  • 21
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    Philosophy of Educational Knowledge : An Introduction to the Foundations of Science of Education, Philosophy of Education and Practical Pedagogics (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401125864
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 304 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Education 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Genetic epistemology ; Education Philosophy ; Education ; Education—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Introduction: Pedagogics, Science and Metatheory -- I. Science of Education -- Ia. The Nomothetical Field of Study in Science of Education -- Ib. Historiography of Education -- II. Philosophy of Education -- III. Practical Pedagogics -- Conclusion: On the Variety and Unity of Pedagogical Knowledge -- Name Index.
    Abstract: For two reasons, we are particularly proud to include Wolfgang Brezinka's Philosophy of Educational Knowledge in this series of books on Philosophy of Education. Thefirst is the philosophicalinterestoftheworkitself-its remarkablescholarship and the importance ofthe philosophical positionswill beobvious to allreaders. The secondisthat it brings to the English-speaking world a wonderful example ofeducational philosophy as now being practiced in the German-speaking world. All too often philosophers in the Anglo-American tradition have not seen the sort of perspective on educational thinking that infuses this work. And since this book has been widely read in its original version, it has had a considerable impactupon philosophy ofeducational research and science in the German-speaking countries. An understanding of this may help in the development of evenmore cooperativerelations amongstudentsofeducationin all countries. C. 1. B. Macmillan D. C. Phillips PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDmON '1 am not unmindful how little can be done... in a mere treatise on Logic, or howvague and unsatisfactory all precepts of Method must necessarily appear, when not practically exemplified in the establishment of a body of doctrine. Doubtless, the most effectual mode of showing how the sciences... maybe constructed,would be to construct them". JOHNSTUARTMILL (1843)1 Parents have a duty to educate their children, teachers to educate their pupils. For this reason there is widespread interest in education. Knowledge of education has long beenoffered under names like"pedagogics", "pedagogy"or"educational theory". Originally this meant practical knowledge based on common sense. Since the Enlightenment, however, attempts have been made to acquire scientific knowledge of education.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-2586-4
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  • 22
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    New Perspectives on Cybernetics : Self-Organization, Autonomy and Connectionism (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401580625
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 262 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 220
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Systems theory ; Science—Philosophy. ; System theory. ; Control theory. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Introduction: Different kinds of cybernetics -- Self-organization and complexity -- Ends and meaning in machine-like systems -- Hierarchical non-equilibrium self-organization as the new post-cybernetic perspective -- A priori and a posteriori in cognitive praxis: the model for the regulation of agonistic antagonistic couples -- Non-rational cognitive processes as changes of distinctions -- Epistemological issues -- Self-organization and autonomy in a post-cybernetic perspective. Epistemological issues -- The experimental epistemology of W.S. McCulloch. A minimalistic interpretation -- From paleo- to neo-connectionism -- Second cybernetics: a double strategy for representing cognition -- The bringing forth of dialogue: Latour versus Maturana -- A one-sided boundary: on the limits of knowing organizational closure -- Mechanistic explanations and structure-determined systems. Maturana and the human sciences -- Sociological issues -- Correspondence, consensus, coherence and the rape of democracy -- Writers of the lost I: second-order self-observation and absolute writership.
    Abstract: Gertrudis Van de Vijver· Seminar of Logic and Epistemology University of Ghent Before being classified under the fashionable denominators of complexity and chaos, self-organization and autonomy were intensely inquired into in the cybernetic tradition. Despite all rejections that cybernetics has gone through in the second half of this century, today its importance is more and more recognized. Its decisive influence for connectionist theories, autopoietic and constructivist theories, for different forms of applied or experimental epistemology, is being more and more understood and generally accepted. It is mainly due to the success of connectionist models that we observe today a revival of interest for cybernetics. The 1943 article by McCulloch and Pitts is evidently a founding article. Cybernetics has however a much broader interest than the one linked to technical-mathematical details relevant to the construction of networks. For instance, the evolution from first to second order cybernetics, the ways of approaching biological and cognitive phenomena in the latter and the limits that were formulated there, are particularly meaningful to understand current developments and divergences in connectionism. A nuanced picture of cybernetic's history and its present state is therefore clearly epistemologically essential.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8062-5
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  • 23
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    Knowledge Representation and Metaphor (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401579414
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 272 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Genetic epistemology ; Humanities ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: 1. The Literal and the Metaphoric -- 2. Views of Metaphor -- 3. Knowledge Representation -- 4. Representation Schemes and Conceptual Graphs -- 5. The Dynamic Type Hierarchy Theory of Metaphor -- 6. Computational Approaches to Metaphor -- 7. The Nature and Structure of Semantic Hierarchies -- 8. Language Games, Open Texture and Family Resemblances -- 9. Programming the Dynamic Type Hierarchy -- Author Index.
    Abstract: This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information, and data­ processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal, or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and philosophical psychol­ ogy through issues in cognitive psychology and sociobiology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimental, and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. The problems posed by metaphor and analogy are among the most challenging that confront the field of knowledge representation. In this study, Eileen Way has drawn upon the combined resources of philosophy, psychology, and computer science in developing a systematic and illuminating theoretical framework for understanding metaphors and analogies. While her work provides solutions to difficult problems of knowledge representation, it goes much further by investigating some of the most important philosophical assumptions that prevail within artificial intelligence today. By exposing the limitations inherent in the assumption that languages are both literal and truth-functional, she has advanced our grasp of the nature of language itself. J.R.F.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7941-4
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  • 24
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    Methodological Variance : Essays in Epistemological Ontology and the Methodology of Science (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401131742
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIV, 431 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 131
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 131
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Biology Philosophy ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: One -- 1 / On the Objects of Our Subjective Knowledge -- 2 / Human Knowledge and Human Interaction -- 3 / Indeterminacy of Translation: A Non-Quinean Function of Content-Indeterminacy -- 4 / On the Impossibility of any Enterprise Concerning Self-Knowledge within Traditional Epistemology -- Two -- 5 / Methodological Essentialism in Science and in Philosophy -- 6 / Of Variance and Invariance in Science: Empirical Science as an Enterprise ComprisingNFCPSSystems -- 7 / Falsifiability and Methodological Invariance in Science -- 8 / The Methodology of Theory-Problem Interactive Systems -- 9 / The Resolving Power of a Scientific Theory as a Basis of its Epistemic Appraisal -- 10 / Epilogue -- Notes -- Index of Symbols -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: For a philosopher with an abiding interest in the nature of objective knowledge systems in science, what could be more important than trying to think in terms of those very subjects of such knowledge to which men like Galileo, Newton, Max Planck, Einstein and others devoted their entire lifetimes? In certain respects, these systems and their structures may not be beyond the grasp of a linguistic conception of science, and scientific change, which men of science and philosophy have advocated in various forms in recent times. But certainly it is wrong-headed to think that one's conception of science can be based on an identification of its theories with languages in which they may be, my own alternatively, framed. There may be more than one place in book (1983: 87) where they may seem to get confused with each other, quite against my original intentiens. The distinction between the objec­ tive knowledge systems in science and the dynamic frameworks of the languages of the special individual sciences, in which their growth can be embedded in significant ways, assumes here, therefore, much impor­ tance. It must be recognized that the problems concerning scientific change, which these systems undergo, are not just problems concerning language change.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3174-2
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  • 25
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    Definitions and Definability: Philosophical Perspectives (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401133463
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 335 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodolgy, and Philosophy of Science 216
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 216
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Aspects of the Theory of Definition -- I / Preliminary Considerations -- Real and Nominal Definitions -- Primitive Concepts: Habits, Conventions, and Laws -- II / Definitional Desiderata -- Vagueness and the Desiderata for Definition -- Definition in a Quinean World -- III / Formal Developments -- Definitions and Definability -- Towards a General Theory of Identifiability -- IV / Epistemic Dimensions -- Epistemic Terms and the Aims of Epistemology -- Rational Definitions and Defining Rationality -- V / Specialized Conceptions -- Idealized Definitions in Physics and Idealized Dispositions -- Inverted Definitions and Their Uses -- VI / Disciplinary Conceptions -- Definitions in Law -- Defining the Divine -- Philosophical Analyses: An Explanation and Defense -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3346-3
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  • 26
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    Niels Bohr: His Heritage and Legacy : An Anti-Realist View of Quantum Mechanics (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401132008
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 265 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Science and Philosophy 6
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Science—Philosophy. ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I: Høffding as Mentor -- I -- II -- III -- IV -- II: Bohr and the Atomic Description of Nature -- V -- VI -- VII -- VIII -- Epilogue: The Legacy -- Notes.
    Abstract: The bulk of the present book has not been published previously though Chapters II and IV are based in part on two earlier papers of mine: "The Influence of Harald H!1lffding's Philosophy on Niels Bohr's Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", which appeared in Danish Yearbook of Philosophy, 1979, and "The Bohr-H!1lffding Relationship Reconsidered", published in Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 1988. These two papers comple­ ment each other, and in order to give the whole issue a more extended treatment I have sought, in the present volume by drawing on relevant historical material, to substantiate the claim that H!1lffding was Bohr's mentor. Besides containing a detailed account of Bohr's philosophy, the book, at the same time, serves the purpose of making H!1lffding' s ideas and historical significance better known to a non-Danish readership. During my work on this book I have consulted the Royal Danish Library; the National Archive of Denmark and the Niels Bohr Archive, Copenhagen, in search of relevant material. I am grateful for permission to use and quote material from these sources. Likewise, I am indebted to colleagues and friends for commenting upon the manuscript: I am especially grateful to Professor Henry Folse for our many discussions during my visit to New Orleans in November-December 1988 and again here in Elsinore in July 1990.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3200-8
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  • 27
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    Legal Knowledge and Analogy : Fragments of Legal Epistemology, Hermeneutics and Linguistics (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401132602
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 245 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy of law ; Ethics ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History.
    Abstract: The Analogy between Logic and Dialogic of Law -- Analogy as Legal Reasoning - The Hermeneutic Foundation of the Analogical Procedure -- Milking the Meter - On Analogy, Universalizability and World Views -- The Function of Analogy in Law: Return to Kant and Wittgenstein -- Analogy in Legal Science: Some Comparative Observations -- Legal Analogy between Interpretive Arguments and Productive Arguments -- Legal Knowledge and Meaning (The Example of Legal Analogy) -- Analogical Reasoning and Legal Institutions -- Analogy in the Law.
    Abstract: 3 of law as an object that has always already been there, systematic and com­ plete. Quite the contrary. Some, indeed practically all of us, reject this sort of epistemology of law, and where the hypothesis of the coherence of the legal universe is put forward, this is in order to define it in very noticeably different terms from those traditionally used in legal scholarly accounts. If this referent, the law presented as a full discourses, runs through all of the contributions, this is because reasoning by analogy has to be found its specific place within this legal culture. It is the place to locate the problem of "lacunae" in law, which at bottom allows our various contributions to be classified. With Zaccaria and Maris, the question of lacunae is accepted as such (this is, we might say, the "traditionalist" aspect of these two articles, which is counterbalanced by - keeping to the same terminology - "modernist" emphases, sometimes Dworkinian in nature), and becomes the backdrop for considerations of purely hermeneutic type, in Zaccaria, ex­ tended in Maris to the field of ethics. The papers from Lenoble and Jackson, the former philosophical and the latter semiological, take as their main tar­ get this legal knowledge where the theory of lacunae finds its place.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3260-2
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  • 28
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    Husserl and the Question of Relativism (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401131780
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 230 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. Van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’archives-Husserl 122
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 122
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Metaphysics ; Phenomenology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: One / The Critique of Relativism in the Prolegomena to the Logical Investigations -- 1. The Prolegomena Critique -- 2. Relativism Reconsidered -- Two / The Critique of Historicism and Weltanschauung Philosophy in “Philosophy as Rigorous Science” -- 1. The Critique of Historicism -- 2. The Defense of Philosophy as a Science -- Three / The Phenomenological Elucidation of Truth: Between Skepticism and Relativism -- 1. Cartesian Objectivism and the Epistemic Critique -- 2. Truth and Evidenz in the Prolegomena -- 3. Truth and Evidenz in the Sixth Investigation -- 4. Truth and Evidenz in Ideas I -- 5. Summary and Provisional Conclusions -- Four / Phenomenology and the Absolute -- 1. Transcendental Phenomenology and the Path to Absolute Evidenz -- 2. Adequacy and Apodicticity -- 3. Intersubjectivity: A First Approach -- Five / Relativism and the Lifeworld -- 1. Historical Introduction: The ‘Turn’ to the Lifeworld -- 2. The Plurality and Relativity of the Lifeworld -- 3. The Lifeworld and Truth -- 4. The Priority of the Lifeworld -- 5. The Phenomenological Overcoming of Relativism -- Conclusion.
    Abstract: The question of relativism is a perennial one, and as fundamental and far­ reaching as the question of truth itself. Is truth absolute and universal, the same everywhere and for everyone? Or is truth historically, culturally, biologically, or otherwise relative, varying from one epoch or species to another? Although the issues surrounding relativism have attracted especially intense interest of late, they continue to spark heated controversies and to pose problems lacking an obvious resolution. On the side of one prevalent form of relativism, it is argued that we must finally recognize the historical and cultural contingency of our available means of cognition, and therefore abandon as naIve the absolute conception of truth dear to traditional philosophy. According to this line of thinking, even if there were univer­ sally valid principles, knowledge of them would not be possible for us, and thus an absolute conception of truth must be rejected in light of the demands of critical epistemology. However, when truth is accordingly relativized to some contingent subjective cognitive background, new difficulties arise. One of the most infamous of these is the logical inconsistency of the resulting thesis of relativism itself. Yet an even more serious problem is that the relativization of truth makes truth itself contingent, thereby undermining the motivation for preferring one belief or value to another, or even to its opposite.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3178-0
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  • 29
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    Philosophical Works of Peter Chaadaev (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401131667
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IV, 321 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 56
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Regional planning ; Philosophy—History. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Ethnology. ; Culture.
    Abstract: Translators’ Note -- Biographical Sketch -- An Analysis of Chaadaev’s Major Ideas -- The Philosophical Letters Addressed to a Lady -- Letter I -- Letter II -- Letter III -- Letter IV -- Letter V -- Letter VI -- Letter VII -- Letter VIII -- The Apologia of a Madman -- Fragments and Diverse Thoughts -- Commentaries and Notes to the Biographical Sketch -- Commentaries and Notes to the Analysis of Chaadaev’s Ideas -- Commentaries and Notes to the Philosophical Letters -- Commentaries and Notes to the Apologia of a Madman -- Commentaries and Notes to the Fragments, Articles and Other Letters.
    Abstract: Peter Chaadaev emerges from the pages of history as one of Russia's most provocative and influential thinkers. The purpose of this book is to present the reader with the fIrst English translation of most of his philosophical writings. During the first half of the nineteenth century Chaadaev incited a violent polemic concerning the historical significance of Russian culture. His ideas concerning Russia's real mission in the world still provoke controversy in the Soviet Union. In fact, no edition of most of his works has ever been published in the Soviet Union until the Gorbachev era. Our English translation with commentaries was done in the conviction that these writings should be made available to the English-reading public. The background material in this book is expository; we have not attempted to write a complete biographical study of Chaadaev, nor have we tried to offer an analysis of Chaadaev's philosophy. The point of view is simply that of two scholars who admire Chaadaev's insights into philosophy in general, and the philosophy of history, in particular; so the background material has ·been limited to a biographical sketch of Chaadaev and a brief explanation of his major ideas.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3166-7
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  • 30
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    Welt im Widerspruch : Gedanken zu einer Phänomenologie als ethischer Fundamentalphilosophie (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401124843
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 212 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 124
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 124
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Ethics ; Ontology ; Phenomenology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I. Meditation ist Erfahrung Fundierend? -- Abschnitt 1. Das wahrgenommene Dingobjekt: Würfel oder Hexaeder? -- Abschnitt 2. Immanente Wahrnehmung und temporale Horizonte -- Abschnitt 3. Immanente Wahrnehmung oder Reflexion? -- Abschnitt 4. Eidos und Erfahrung -- Abschnitt 5. Das vergessene Vergessen und das verlernte Lernen -- Abschnitt 6. Wesentliche Ambivalenz der wahrnehmenden Erfahrung -- II. Meditation Eine Welt, Viele Welten -- Abschnitt 1. Gibt es eine Erfahrung der Welt? -- Abschnitt 2. Ontische Welt und Welthorizont -- Abschnitt 3. Der offene Horizont -- Abschnitt 4. Vielfalt von Welten -- Abschnitt 5. Welt, Endlichkeit und Faktizität -- Abschnitt 6. Die horizontlose Welt der Wissenschaft -- III. Meditation Ontologie des Zusammenspiels -- Abschnitt 1. Erfahrung und Kontemplation -- Abschnitt 2. Leibliche Erfahrung -- Abschnitt 3. Zusammenspiel und Optimalsituation -- Abschnitt 4. Das Spiel der Hände -- IV. Meditation Konstitution und Zusammenspiel -- Abschnitt 1. Mitkonstituenten und Mitkonstituierende -- Abschnitt 2. Lebenswelt und Praxis -- Abschnitt 3. Normativität der Lebenswelt -- Abschnitt 4. Konstitution einer Umwelt -- Abschnitt 5. Höherstufige Tradition -- Abschnitt 6. Vorläufige Zwischenbetrachtung -- V. Meditation Welt im Widerspruch -- Abschnitt 1. Irrtum, Fehlschlag, Konflikt -- Abschnitt 2. Der Andere und der Fremde -- Abschnitt 3. Heimwelt und Fremdwelt -- Abschnitt 4. Fremde draußen, Fremde drinnen -- Abschnitt 5. Die Fremdwelt als Gegenwelt -- Abschnitt 6. Probleme des relativen Sinnes -- VI. Meditation Naturaler Bereich und Welt des Menschen -- Abschnitt 1. Zusammenspiel und symbiotische Verflechtung -- Abschnitt 2. Welt ohne Wahrheit -- Abschnitt 3. Welt ohne Güte -- VII. Meditation die Dimension der Höhe -- Abschnitt 1. Sinn und Sinngebung -- Abschnitt 2. Symbolisches Verhalten -- Abschnitt 3. Dualismus, Monismus, Exteriorität -- VIII. Meditation Grenzen Einer Transzendentalphilosophie -- Abschnitt 1 Die Eigenart von Husserls transzendentalem Denken -- Abschnitt 2. Ethische Erfahrung -- IX. Meditation Absolute Verantwortung -- Abschnitt 1. Das “desiderium” der Getrennten -- Abschnitt 2. Zusammenspiel und ethische Initiative -- Abschnitt 3. Die Absolutheit der Verantwortung -- Abschnitt 4. Das Sagen als Zuwendung -- X. Meditation Vernunftglaube -- Abschnitt 1. “Ent-täuschung” der wissenschaftlichen Vernunft -- Abschnitt 2. Der Phänomenologe am Scheideweg -- Abschnitt 3. Eine Ethik des Friedens -- Abschnitt 4. Zweierlei Wahrheitsethos -- Abschnitt 5. Ratio militans -- Bibliographie -- Namenregister.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-2484-3
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  • 31
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    Explanation in the Sciences (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401134149
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXVII, 623 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 128
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 128
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Book One The Two Fundamental Observations -- 1. Science Demands the Concept of Thing -- 2. Science Seeks Explanation -- Book Two The Explanatory Process -- 3. Deduction -- 4. Rationality Postulated -- 5. Identity and Identification -- 6. The Irrational -- 7. Biological Phenomena -- 8. Forms of Spatial Explanation -- 9. The Possibilities of Scientific Explanation -- 10. The State of Potentiality -- Book Three Global Explanation -- 11. Hegel’s Attempt -- 12. Schelling’s Objections -- 13. Hegel and Comte -- 14. Hegel, Descartes and Kant -- Book Four Scientific and Philosophic Reason -- 15. Science and Philosophic Systems -- 16. The Rationality of the Real Reconsidered -- 17. The Epistemological Paradox -- 18. The Oneness of Human Reason -- Appendices -- 1 The Precursors of Hume -- 2 The Resistance to Lavoisier’s Theory -- 3 The Formula of the Universe in Laplace and in Taine -- 4 Arrhenius’s Theory and Other Such Efforts -- 5 Hegel’s Political Attitude -- 6 The Prestige and the Decline of Hegelian Philosophy -- 7 Abstract and Concrete Reason in Hegel -- 8 Hegel’s Panlogism -- 10 The Philosophy of Nature and Scientific Progress -- 11 Hegel, Schelling and Chemical Theory -- 12 Hegel and National Science -- 13 Hegel’s Artistic Sense and Sense of Rhythm -- 14 The Hegelian Dialectic and Experience -- 15 Schelling, Hegel and Victor Cousin -- 16 The Identity of Thought and Reality in Schelling -- 17 Schelling’s Announced Works -- 18 Caroline Schelling -- 19 Personal Relations Between Schelling and 20 Hegel -- 20 Tycho Brahe, Astrology and the Motion of the Earth -- 21 Non-Euclidean Space and Physical Verification -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Emile Meyerson's writings on the philosophy of science are a rich source of ideas and information concerning many philosophical and historical aspects of the development of modem science. Meyerson's works are not widely read or cited today by philosophers or even philosophers of science, in part because they have long been out of print and are often not available even in research libraries. There are additional chevaux de !rise for all but the hardiest scholars: Meyerson's books are written in French (and do not all exist in English versions) and deal with the subject matter of science - ideas or concepts, laws or principles, theories - and epis­ temological questions rather than today's more fashionable topics of the social matrix and external influences on science with the concomitant neglect of the intellectual content of science. Born in Lublin, Poland, in 1859, Meyerson received most of his education in Germany, where he studied from the age of 12 to 23, preparing himself for a career in chemistry. ! He moved to Paris in 1882, where he began a career as an industrial chemist. Changing his profession, he then worked for a time as the foreign news editor of the HAVAS News Agency in Paris. In 1898 he joined the agency established by Edmond Rothschild that had as its purpose the settling of Jews in Palestine and became the Director of the Jewish Colonization Association for Europe and Asia Minor. These activities represent Meyerson's formal career.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3414-9
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  • 32
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    Epistemology and Cognition (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401137164
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 302 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 6
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Genetic epistemology ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Prologue -- Connectionism and Three Levels of Nativism -- I / Concepts and Content -- Explanation and the Language of Thought -- Conceptual Dependency as the Language of Thought -- Functionalism and Inverted Spectra -- Concepts and Conceptual Change -- Beyond the Exclusively Propositional Era -- II / Semantics and Knowledge -- Can Semantics by Syntactic? -- Form and Content in Semantics -- Knowledge and the Regularity Theory of Information -- Melancholic Epistemology -- Human Understanding -- Epilogue -- Framing the Frame Problem -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information, and data-processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal, or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interest from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and philosophical psychology through issues in cognitive psychology and sociobiology (concerning the mental powers of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimen­ tal, and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. The present volume reflects the kind of insights that can be obtained when research workers in philosophy, artificial intelligence, and computer science explore problems of common concern. The issues here tend to fall into two broad but varied sets, namely: those concerned with content and concepts, on the one hand, and those concerned with semantics and epistemology, on the other. The collection begins with a prologue that focuses upon the relations between connectionism and alternative conceptions of nativism and ends with an epilogue that examines the significance of alternative conceptions of the Frame Problem for artificial intelligence. Because these papers are rich and diverse, they ought to appeal to a wide and heterogeneous audience. J.H.F.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3716-4
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  • 33
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    Law, Interpretation and Reality : Essays in Epistemology, Hermeneutics and Jurisprudence (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401578752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 457 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Law ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy of law ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: 1: The Law and Its Reality -- Fact and Law -- The Fact and the Law -- The Concept of Fact in Legal Science -- The Law and its Reality -- On Rational Acceptability. Some Remarks on Legal Justification -- Semiotics and the Problem of Interpretation -- Preliminary Remarks on a Legal Logic and Ontology of Relations -- II: Interpretation in Legal Science the Hypothesis of the Narrative Coherence -- Narrative Coherence and the Limits of the Hermeneutic Paradigm -- From the Deductive to the Argumentative Rationality of Law -- Interpretation in Legal Science -- The Jury and Reality -- Hermeneutics and Narrative Comprehension -- Coherence, Truth and Rightness in the Law -- Narrative Coherence and the Guises of Legalism -- A Linguistic Analysis of Narrative Coherence in the Court-Room -- The Normative Syllogism and the Problem of Reference -- Legal Certainty, Coherence and Consensus: Variations on a Theme by MacCormick -- Normative Coherence and Epistemological Presuppositions of Justification.
    Abstract: PATRICKNERHOT Since the two operations overlap each other so much, speaking about fact and interpretation in legal science separately would undoubtedly be highly artificial. To speak about fact in law already brings in the operation we call interpretation. EquaHy, to speak about interpretation is to deal with the method of identifying reality and therefore, in large part, to enter the area of the question of fact. By way of example, Bemard Jackson's text, which we have placed in section 11 of the first part of this volume, could no doubt just as weH have found a horne in section I. This work is aimed at analyzing this interpretation of the operation of identifying fact on the one hand and identifying the meaning of a text on the other. All philosophies of law recognize themselves in the analysis they propose for this interpretation, and we too shall seek in this volume to fumish a few elements of use for this analysis. We wish however to make it clear that our endeavour is addressed not only to legal philosophers: the nature of the interpretive act in legal science is a matter of interest to the legal practitioner too. He will find in these pages, we believe, elements that will serve hirn in rcflcction on his daily work.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7875-2
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    Physicalism in Mathematics (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400919020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (396p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 45
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 45
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Metaphysics ; Mathematical logic. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: 1. Epistemology & Nominalism -- 2. What Is Abstraction & What Is It Good For? -- 3. Beliefs About Mathematical Objects -- 5. Field & Fregean Platonism -- 5. ? in The Sky -- 6. Nominalism -- 7. The Logic of Physical Theory -- 8. Knowledge of Mathematical Objects -- 9. Physicalism, Reductionism & Hilbert -- 10. Physicalistic Platonism -- 11. Sets are Universals -- 12. Modal-Structural Mathematics -- 13. Logical & Philosophical Foundations for Arithmetical Logic -- 14. Criticisms of the Usual Rationale for Validity in Mathematics -- Contributors -- Index of Proper Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1902-0
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  • 35
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    John of the Cross and the Cognitive Value of Mysticism : An Analysis of Sanjuanist Teaching and its Philosophical Implications for Contemporary Discussions of Mystical Experience (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400920071
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The New Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Philosophy 37
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Religion (General) ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Religion. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One / John of the Cross -- 1.1. Preliminary Remarks -- 1.2. The Man -- 1.3. The Texts -- Two / The Doctrine of St. John of the Cross: The Structure of the Human Person -- 2.1. The Sensory Part of the Soul -- 2.2. The “Spiritual Part” of the Soul -- Three / The Doctrine of St. John of the Cross: The Dynamics of Spiritual Development -- 3.1. The Starting Point: Human Existence as “Fallen” -- 3.2. The Stages and Means of Spiritual Growth -- 3.3. The Goal of Religious Development -- Four / Some Transitional Observations on the Nature of Christian Mysticism and the Data to Be Explained -- 4.1. Toward a More Adequate Characterization of Christian Mysticism -- 4.2. The Data to Be Explained -- Five / Some Objections Considered -- 5.1 Objections Based on the Problem of Inter-Subjective Agreement -- 5.2. Objections Based on the Issue of Testability -- 5.3. Other Objections -- Six / Mysticism and the Explanatory Mode of Inference -- 6.1. Explanations and the Explanatory Mode of Inference -- 6.2. Competing Explanations of Mysticism -- 6.3. The Reasonableness of Accepting Mysticism as a Cognitive Mode of Experience -- Seven / Conclusions -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Among Anglo-American philosophers, interest in mysticism has typically been limited to the question of whether or not mystical and religious experi­ ences provide evidence for, or knowledge of, the existence and nature of God. Most authors conclude that they do not, because such experiences lack certain qualities needed in order to be counted as cognitive. In this study I examine some current philosophical opinions about mysticism and objec­ tions to its epistemic significance in the context of a detailed study of the writings of a single mystical author, the Spanish Carmelite Saint John of the Cross (1542-1591). I argue that from his works one can draw a coherent theory of what takes place in the Christian mystical life, and will indicate how acceptance of this theory might be defended as rational through a type of inference often referred to as the "Argument to the Best Explanation. " In this way I hope to show that mysticism still has a significant bearing on the justification of religious faith even if it cannot be used to "prove" the exis­ tence of God. The nature and advantages of my own somewhat unusual approach to mysticism can perhaps best be explained by contrasting it with the way other authors have dealt with the subject. One of the most striking develop­ ments in recent decades has been the growing fascination with mysticism, meditation, and the experiential aspects of religion.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2007-1
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  • 36
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    The Ontology of the Middle Way (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400905474
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of Classical India 11
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy of mind ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Notes -- One: The Introduction to the Middle Way [MA] and its Religious Content -- 1 Chandrakirti and the Introduction to the Middle Way [MA] -- 2 Three Systems of Thought that can be Isolated in the Introduction to the Middle Way [MA] -- 3 The Context of the Introduction to the Middle Way [MA] -- 4 The Profound and Extensive Contents -- Notes -- Two: The Profound View -- 1 The Cognitive Basis of Madhyamika Soteriology -- 2 The Philosophy of Emptiness (sunyavada) -- 3 Madhyamika Analyses -- 4 Analysis of Phenomena (dharma) -- 5 Analysis of the Person (pudgala) -- 6 Critique of Buddhist Phenomenalism (vijnanavada) -- 7 Some Meta-logical Observation -- 8 The Middle Path and Relational Origination -- 9 The Profound Path Structure -- Notes -- Three: Analysis and Insight -- 1 Western Interpretation of the Problem -- 2 Chandrakirti’s Statement on the Relationship -- 3 The Structural Foundations of Analysis -- 4 Patterns of Analysis in the Introduction to the Middle Way [MA] -- 5 Logical and Experiential Consequences -- 6 Contingency and Necessity in Consequential Analysis -- Notes -- Four: Insight and Extensive Deeds -- 1 Common-sense World-view -- 2 The Yogin’s Practices -- 3 The Bodhisattvas’ Path -- 4 The Buddha-nature -- 5 The Relations between the Profound and Extensive Contents -- 6 Insight and the Fully Evolved Mind -- Notes -- Conclusion.
    Abstract: This study is mainly the outcome of work completed as a Ph.D. thesis at the University of Queensland. However, it has been revised in many ways since its preparation in dissertation form. Many people have contributed to the study and I am concerned that I may fail to mention everyone who has assisted me. My first introduction to The Introduction to the Middle Way (Madhyamakavatara) came through a course I attended at a Buddhist Centre in Queensland called Chenrezig Institute. The course was given by Ven. Geshe Loden, originally of Sera Monastery in India, and was translated by Ven. Zasep Tulku. Besides participating in this course I also attended a number of other courses on Madhyamika presented by these and other lamas in Australia and in Nepal. I was also fortunate to spend a semester at the University of Wisconsin - Madison studying with Professor Geshe Lhundup Sopa. At different times I had the opportunity to discuss, in person or through correspondence, aspects of the study with a number of leading scholars. Professors J.W. de Jong, Robert Thurman, Jeffrey Hopkins and Paul Williams gave freely of their expertise although in some cases I know that I was unable to take full advantage of their suggestions. Special mention and thanks go Professor Fred Streng who supported the study and gave most graciously of his time. In Australia I would like to thank my advisers at the University of Queensland, Drs. Ross Reat, Arvind Sharma and Richard Hutch.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0547-4
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  • 37
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    Beyond the Inner and the Outer : Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Psychology (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400920897
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 214
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. On the Origin of the Philosophical Investigations -- 2. Language-Games as Context of Meaning -- 1. The psychological theory of meaning -- 2. Horizontal and vertical language-games -- 3. Agreement in Forms of Life -- 1. Internal relations -- 2. Justifications without end, end without justification.. -- 3. Forms of life and constitutive rules -- 4. My Mind: First Person Statements -- 1. Robinson Crusoe and private language -- 2. Four misleading analogies -- 3. Description of one’s inner -- 5. Other Minds: Third Person Statements -- 1. The asymmetry of observation and expression -- 2. The hidden inner -- 3. ‘Einstellung zur Seele’ -- 4. ‘Menschenkenntnis’ and indeterminacy -- 6. The Meaning of Aspects -- 1. ‘Meaning-theory’ versus ‘Gestalt-theory’ -- 2. Seeing-as and organization -- 3. Seeing-as and interpretation -- 4. Seeing and thinking -- 5. Secondary meaning and aspect -- 7. The Grammar of Psychological Concepts -- 1. Sensations and impressions -- 2. Emotions -- 3. Images and fancies -- 4. Inner states’ and expecting -- 5. Feelings of tendency -- 6. Willing -- 8. Conclusion: Wittgenstein and the Turing Test -- Appendix of German Quotations.
    Abstract: Wittgenstein's aphoristic style holds great charm, but also a great danger: the reader is apt to glean too much from a single fragment and too little from the fragments as a whole. In my first confron­ tations with the Philosophical Investigations I was such a reader, and so, it turned out, were most of the writers on Wittgenstein's later philosophy. Wittgenstein's remarkable ability to bring together many facets of his thought in one fragment is fully exploited in the critical literature; but hardly any attention is paid to the connection with other fragments, let alone to the many hitherto unpublished manuscripts of which the Philosophical Investigations is the final product. The result of this fragmentary and ahistorical approach to Wittgenstein's later work is a host of contradictory interpretations. What Wittgenstein really wanted to say remains insufficiently clear. Opinions are also strongly divided about the value of his work. Some authors have been encouraged by his aphorisms and rhetorical questions to dismiss the whole Cartesian tradition or to halt new movements in linguistics or psychology; others, exasperated, reject his philo­ sophy as anti-scientific conceptual conservatism. After consulting unpublished notebooks and manuscripts which Wittgenstein wrote between 1929 and 1951, I became a very different reader. Wittgenstein turned out to be a kind of Leonardo da Vinci, who pursued a form from which every sign of chisel­ ling, every attempt at improvement, had been effaced.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2089-7
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  • 38
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    Doubting : Contemporary Perspectives on Skepticism (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400919426
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (225p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 48
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: 1: Concessions -- Are There Counterexamples to the Closure Principle? -- Relevant Alternatives and Demon Scepticism -- Arbitrary Reasons -- Metaepistemology and Skepticism -- Skepticism and Rationality -- Epistemic Universalizability: From Skepticism to Infallibilism -- Epistemic Compatibilism and Canonical Beliefs -- 2: Denials -- Klein on Certainty and Canonical Beliefs -- Two Roads to Skepticism -- Justifying Beliefs: The Dream Hypothesis and Gratuitous Entities -- Doubts About Skepticism -- Skepticism and Everyday Knowledge Attributions -- Knowledge in Context, Skepticism in Doubt: The Virtue of Our Faculties -- The Epistemology of Belief -- Brains Don’t Lie: They Don’t Even Make Many Mistakes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: During the summer of 1986 one of the co-editors was a fellow at the Summer Institute in Epistemology held at the University of Colorado in Boulder. It was there that the idea for this volume was born. It was clear from the discussions taking place at the i Institute that works such as Robert Nozick's Philosophical Explanations and Barry 2 Stroud's The Significance of Philosophical Scepticism were beginning to have an impact and it was also clear that the debate over the issues surrounding skepticism had not gone away nor were they about to go away. Thinking that a new crop might be ready for harvest, the co-editors sent out a letter of inquiry to a long list of potential contributors. The letter elicited an overwhelmingly positive response to our inquiry from philosophers who were either writing something on skepticism at the time or who were willing to write something specifically for our volume. Still others told us that they had recently written something and if we were to consider previously published manuscripts they would permit us to consider their already published work. Out of all this material, the co-editors have put together the present collection. We believe that this anthology is not only suitable for graduate seminars but for advanced undergraduate classes as well.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1942-6
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  • 39
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    Nominalism and Contemporary Nominalism : Ontological and Epistemological Implications of the work of W.V.O. Quine and of N. Goodman (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400921191
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 260 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 215
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Philosophy, medieval ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Nominalism and Constructivism -- 1. Some of the main problems in historical nominalism in relation with the nominalism of Camap’s “Logical Structure of the World” -- 2. Anti-metaphysics and metaphysics, or from ontological neutrality to ontological commitment -- 3. A minimalistic ontological program -- 4. General outline of the new ontology -- 3 Ontology and Epistemology from Empiricism to Conventionalism -- 1. Ontological commitment and empiristic considerations -- 2. “Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen” -- 3. Science is of the general -- 4. Things are sums of qualities -- 5. Evolution towards conventionalism -- 4 Logical Semantics and Ontology -- 1. General outline of some basic problems of logical semantics -- 2. The theory of signification and supposition of Ockham -- 3. Nelson Goodman’s extensionalistic solution -- 5 Linguistic Semantics -- 1. Behaviourism in semantics -- 2. Ockham on the relation between thought and language -- 3. Evolution, cognitivism and the notion of conceptual scheme -- 6 The Individual Ontology and Ideology -- 1. The roots of the problem -- 2. Ontology. The constructivistic individual -- 3. Ideology -- 7 Particular and General -- 1. Building a world out of general abstract elements -- 2. Building a world out of particular concrete elements -- 3. Strawson on the particularities of general terms -- 4. Is perception basically perception of what is particular? -- 5. How do children in fact learn language? -- 8 Thought and Language Intentions and Intensions -- 1. Nominalists and empiricists on universals, concepts, intensions -- 2. Knowledge of brain mechanisms in the past -- 3. Behaviourism versus mentalism -- 4. G.D. Wassermann: a neuropsychological model of thought and language -- 9 Nominalism, Empiricism and Conventionalism -- 1. Ockham’s scepticism -- 2. Induction and contemporary nominalism -- 3. Conventionalism versus scientific realism -- Notes -- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 7 -- 8 -- 9.
    Abstract: Though the subject of this work, "nominalism and contemporary nom­ inalism", is philosophical, it cannot be fully treated without relating it to data gathered from a great variety of domains, such as biology and more especially ethology, psychology, linguistics and neurobiology. The source of inspiration has been an academic work I wrote in order to obtain a postdoctoral degree, which is called in Belgium an "Aggregaat voor het Hoger Onderwijs" comparable to a "Habilitation" in Germany. I want to thank the National Fund of Scientific Research, which accorded me several grants and thereby enabled me to write the academic work in the first place and thereafter this book. I also want to thank Prof. SJ. Doorman (Technical University of Delft) and Prof. G. Nuchelmans (University of Leiden), who were members of the jury of the "Aggre­ gaatsthesis", presented to the Free University of Brussels in 1981 and who by their criticisms and suggestions encouraged me to write the present book, the core of which is constituted by the general ideas then formulated. I am further obliged to Mr. X, the referee who was asked by Jaakko Hintikka to read my work and who made a series of constructive remarks and recom­ mendations. My colleague Marc De Mey (University of Ghent) helped me greatly with the more formal aspects of my work and spent too much of his valuable time and energy to enable me to deliver a presentable copy. All remaining shortcomings are entirely my responsibility. I asked Prof.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2119-1
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    Selforganization : Portrait of a Scientific Revolution (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401729758
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 271 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences, A Yearbook 14
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Genetic epistemology ; Systems theory ; Sociology. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; System theory. ; Control theory.
    Abstract: Selforganization — the Convergence of Ideas. An Introduction -- I. Epistemological Foundations -- Science and Daily Life: The Ontology of Scientific Explanations -- Self-Organization, Emergent Properties and the Unity of the World -- On a Fundamental Paradigm Shift in the Natural Sciences -- The Cognitive Program of Constructivism and a Reality that Remains Unknown -- II. Selfreference and Selfregulation in Social Systems -- How the Law Thinks: Toward a Constructivist Epistemology of Law -- Self-Regulation in Social Systems -- Systemic Therapy — A Particular Drift Between Systems Theory and Psychotherapy -- Literary Systems as Self-organizing Systems -- Chekhov’s Letter: Linguistic System and its Discontents -- III. The Appearance of Structure -- Concepts of Self-Organization in the 19th Century -- Cognitive Systems as Self-Organizing Systems -- IV. The Selforganization of Science -- Self-Organization and Autopoiesis in the Development of Modern Science -- The Selforganization of Science — Outline of a Theoretical Model -- Actor-Networks versus Science as Self-Organizing System: A Comperative View of two Constructivist Approaches -- Self-Organization and New Social Movements -- Person Index.
    Abstract: may be complex without being able to be replaced by something »still more simple«. This became evident with the help of computer models of deterministic-recursive systems in which simple mathematical equation systems provide an extremely complex behavior. (2) Irregularity of nature is not treated as an anomaly but becomes the focus of research and thus is declared to be normal. One looks for regularity within irregularity. Non-equilibrium processes are recognized as the source of order and the search for equilibrium is replaced by the search for the dynamics of processes. (3) The classical system-environment model, according to which the adaptation of a system to its environment is controlled externally and according to which the adaptation of the system occurs in the course of a learning process, is replaced by a model of systemic closure. This closure is operational in so far as the effects produced by the system are the causes for the maintenance of systemic organization. If there is sufficient complexity, the systems perform internal self-observation and exert self-control (»Cognition« as understood by Maturana as self-perception and self-limitation, e. g. , that of a cell vis-a. -vis its environment). 22 But any information a system provides on its environment is a system-internal construct. The »reference to the other« is merely a special case of »self-reference«. The social sciences frequently have suffered from the careless way in which scientific ideas and models have been transferred.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2975-8
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