Abstract: This book sets out the foundations, methodology, and practice of a formal framework for the description of language. The approach embraces the trends of lexicalism and compositional semantics in computational linguistics, and theoretical linguistics more broadly, by developing categorial grammar into a powerful and extendable logic of signs. Taking Montague Grammar as its point of departure, the book explains how integration of methods from philosophy (logical semantics), computer science (type theory), linguistics (categorial grammar) and meta-mathematics (mathematical logic ) provides a categorial foundation with coverage including intensionality, quantification, featural polymorphism, domains and constraints. For the first time, the book systematises categorial thinking into a unified program which is at once both logically secured, and a practical tool for pure lexical grammar development with type-theoretic semantics. It should be of interest to all those active in computational linguistics and formal grammar and is suitable for use at advanced undergraduate, postgraduate, and research levels

Abstract: Jabir ibn Hayyan, for a long time the reigning alchemical authority both in Islam and the Latin West, has exercised numerous generations of scholars. To be sure, it is not only the vexed question of the historical authorship and dating of the grand corpus Jabirianum which poses a serious scholarly challenge; equally challenging is the task of unraveling all those obscure and tantalizing discourses which it contains. This book, which marks the first full-scale study of Jabir ever to be published in the English language, takes up both challenges. The author begins by critically reexamining the historical foundations of the prevalent view that the Jabirian corpus is the work not of an 8th-century individual, but that of several generations of Shi'i authors belonging to the following century and later. Tentatively concluding that this view is problematic, the author, therefore, infers that its methodological implications are also problematic. Thus, developing its own methodological matrix, the book takes up the second challenge, namely that of a substantive analysis and explication of a Jabirian discourse, the Book of Stones. Here explicating Jabir's notions of substance and qualities, analyzing his ontological theory of language and unraveling the metaphysics of his Science of Balance, the author reconstructs the doctrinal context of the Stones and expounds its central theme. He then presents an authoritative critical edition of a substantial selection of the text of the Stones, based on all available manuscripts. This critical edition has been translated in its entirety and is provided with exhaustive commentaries and textual notes -- another pioneering feature of this book: for this is the first English translation of a Jabirian text to emerge in print after a whole century. An outstanding contribution is that it announces and presents an exciting textual discovery: the author has found in the Stones a hitherto unknown Arabic translation of part of Aristotle's Categories. Given that we have so far known of only one other, and possibly later, classical Arabic translation of the Greek text, Haq's discovery gives this book an historical importance

Abstract: Volume I Studying the relation between knowledge and language, one may distinguish two different lines of inquiry, one focusing on language as a body of knowledge, the other on language as a vehicle of knowledge. Approaching language as a body of knowledge one faces questions concerning its structure, and the relation with other types of knowledge. One will ask, then, how language is acquired and to what extent the acquisition of language and the structure of the language faculty model relate to aspects of other cognitive capacities. If language is approached as a vehicle for knowledge, the question arises what enables linguistic entities to represent facts about the world? To what extent does this rely on conventional aspects of meanings? Is it possible for language, when used non-conventionally as in metaphors, to convey intersubjective knowledge? If so (and it does seem to be the case), one may wonder what makes this possible. This book investigates the role of conceptual structure in cognitive processes, exploring it from the perspectives of philosophy of language, linguistics, political philosophy, psychology, literary theory, aesthetics, and philosophy of science. Volume II

Abstract: Volume I Studying the relation between knowledge and language, one may distinguish two different lines of inquiry, one focusing on language as a body of knowledge, the other on language as a vehicle of knowledge. Approaching language as a body of knowledge one faces questions concerning its structure, and the relation with other types of knowledge. One will ask, then, how language is acquired and to what extent the acquisition of language and the structure of the language faculty model relate to aspects of other cognitive capacities. If language is approached as a vehicle for knowledge, the question arises what enables linguistic entities to represent facts about the world? To what extent does this rely on conventional aspects of meanings? Is it possible for language, when used non-conventionally as in metaphors, to convey intersubjective knowledge? If so (and it does seem to be the case), one may wonder what makes this possible. This book investigates the role of conceptual structure in cognitive processes, exploring it from the perspectives of philosophy of language, linguistics, political philosophy, psychology, literary theory, aesthetics, and philosophy of science. Volume II

Abstract: This book grew out of the Fourth conference on Computers and the Writing Process, held at the University of Sussex in March 1991. Fifteen refereed papers were selected from the conference and the authors were asked to develop them into chapters appropriate for this book, incorporating insights gained from their conference presentations. The book covers all aspects of computers and the writing process, including computer-based collaborative writing, hypertext, computers and writing education, computer and professional authors, evaluation of computer-based writing, computers and technical writing, and computer supported fiction. The resulting collection provides an up-to-date cross-section of this increasingly important interdisciplinary topic -- with computer, cognitive and educational perspectives covered. The book will be of interest to workers and researchers in language, cognition and computer science; especially those interested in hypermedia, human-computer interaction and cooperative technologies

Abstract: This is the first book by a sociologist devoted exclusively to a general sociology of mathematics. The author provides examples of different ways of thinking about mathematics sociologically. The survey of mathematical traditions covers ancient China, the Arabic-Islamic world, India, and Europe. Following the leads of classical social theorists such as Emile Durkheim, Restivo develops the idea that mathematical concepts and ideas are collective representations, and that it is mathematical communities that create mathematics, not individual mathematicians. The implications of the sociology of mathematics, and especially of pure mathematics, for a sociology of mind are also explored. In general, the author's objective is to explore, conjecture, suggest, and stimulate in order to introduce the sociological perspective on mathematics, and to broaden and deepen the still narrow, shallow path that today carries the sociology of mathematics. This book will interest specialists in the philosophy, history, and sociology of mathematics, persons interested in mathematics education, students of science and society, and people interested in current developments in the social and cultural analysis of science and mathematics

Abstract: The attribution of the Speculum Astronomiae to Albertus Magnus became a controversial issue only recently, when the great neo-Thomist historian Pierre Mandonnet suggested -- without any antecedents -- that the author was Roger Bacon rather than Albert. Mandonnet's theses were refuted by Lynn Thorndike and have since then been the subject of widespread discussion. The present historiographical case-study considers this debate in the light of an analysis of texts by Albert himself, as well as other important authors, such as Bacon, Bonaventura, Thomas Aquinas, Witelo, Campanus of Novara, and others, which shows how widespread the general concept of the influence of the stars and other astrological ideas to be found in the Speculum were. Most of the scientific ideas of the Middle Ages were based on principles derived from the notion of celestial influence and its consequences. The Speculum drew the fundamental outlines of this discipline into a theoretical and bibliographical introduction -- no small achievement -- and was consequently greeted with great interest and used as a standard reference book for many centuries. Set against the background of discussions taking place in the 1260s, within the Dominican Order as well as in the Faculties of Arts, Zambelli removes all doubt that the Speculum was written by Albert, possibly with some collaboration

Abstract: Galileo is revered as one of the founders of modern science primarily because of such discoveries as the law of falling bodies and the moons of Jupiter. In addition to his scientific achievements, Professor Pitt argues that Galileo deserves increased attention for his contributions to the methodology of the new science and that his method retains its value even today. In a detailed analysis of Galileo's mature works, Pitt reconstructs crucial features of Galileo's epistemology. He shows how Galileo's methodological insights grow out of an appreciation of the limits of human knowledge and he brings fresh insight to our concept of Galileo's methodology and its implications for contemporary debates. Working from Galileo's insistence on the contrast between the number of things that can be known and the limited abilities of human knowers, Pitt shows how Galileo's common sense approach to rationality permits the development of a robust scientific method. At the same time, Pitt argues that we should correct our picture of Galileo, the culture hero. Instead of seeing him as a martyr to the cause of truth, Galileo is best understood as a man of his times who was responding to a variety of social pressures during a period of intellectual and political turmoil. This book will be of interest to philosophers and to historians and sociologists of science as well as to a general readership interested in the scientific revolution

Abstract: This volume brings together the best essays and reviews of Herbert H. Rowen, professor emeritus of Rutgers University, foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and one of the first important English-speaking historians of the Dutch Republic since John Lothrop Motley. Many of the essays, though published previously, have not been readily available, while several appear here for the first time. They include close analysis of the Dutch Republic, French absolutism, the eighteenth-century Republic and the Atlantic Revolutions, and direct and indirect commentary on the task of the historian more generally. Also included are three essays and several reviews about the work of Herbert Rowen, which assess his particular contribution to historical studies. The leading characteristics of that work are reflected in the title of this collection: clarity and ease of expression, rigor of thought, and a focus on the intersection of political thought and practice in the early modern period

Abstract: Sciences et Empires: un thème promètteur, des enjeux cruciaux -- Welcome Address -- For a New Historiographical Approach of the So-called “Traditional Knowledge” -- Science classique et science moderne à l’époque de l’expansion de la science européenne -- Integration Problems: Introductory Report -- Ottomans and European Science -- The “Oriental-Occidental Controversy” of 1839 and its Impact on Indian Science -- The Colonial “Model” and the Emergence of National Science in India: 1876–1920 -- Integration Problems: Discussion -- Western Mathematics in China, Seventeenth Century and Nineteenth Century -- The Reception of Western Medicine in China: Examples from Yunnan -- Du “zira” au “mètre”: une transformation métrologique dans l’Empire Ottoman -- Models of European Scientific Expansion: a Comparative Description of “Classical” Medical Science at the Time of Introduction of European Medical Science to Sri Lanka, and Subsequent Development to Present -- Technical Content and Social Context: Locating Technical Institutes. The First Two Decades in the History of the Kala Bhavan, Baroda (1890–1910) -- The First Chair of Chemistry in Mexico (1796–1810) -- Trade and the Natural Sciences in the United States of Columbia -- Science et pouvoir au XIXe siècle: la France et le Mexique en perspective -- Le positivisme et la science au Brésil -- Les débuts de la physique mathématique et théorique au Brésil et 1’influence de la tradition française -- Brazilian Museums of Natural History and International Exchanges in the Transition to the 20th Century -- The Pan American Experiment in Eugenics -- Typologie des stratégies d’expansion en sciences exactes -- Sciences exactes et politique extérieure -- World-Science: How Is the History of World-Science to Be Written? -- Science and the Japanese Empire 1868–1945: An Overview -- Science and Nationalism in New Granada on the Eve of the Revolution of Independence -- Models of European Scientific Expansion: the Ottoman Empire as a Source of Evidence -- Problems in Science Administration: a Study of the Scientific Surveys in British India 1757–1900 -- Natural History in Colonial Context: Profit or Pursuit? British Botanical Enterprise in India 1778–1820 -- The Société Zoologique d’Acclimatation and the New French Empire: Science and Political Economy -- Patriarchal Science: the Network of the Overseas Pasteur Institutes -- Géographie et colonisation en France durant la Troisième République (1870–1940) -- La France et l’émergence des sciences modernes au Canada français (1900–1940) -- Autour de la mission française pour la création de l’Université de São Paulo (1934) -- Yvon Chatelin -- José Leite Lopes -- Abdur Rahman -- Nakayama Shigeru -- Juan-José Saldaña -- Jean-Jacques Salomon -- José Israël Vargas -- Unpublished Communications.

Abstract: SCIENCE AND EMPIRES: FROM THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM TO THE BOOK Patrick PETITJEAN, Catherine JAMI and Anne Marie MOULIN The International Colloquium "Science and Empires - Historical Studies about Scientific De­ velopment and European Expansion" is the product of an International Colloquium, "Sciences and Empires - A Comparative History of Scien­ tific Exchanges: European Expansion and Scientific Development in Asian, African, American and Oceanian Countries". Organized by the REHSEIS group (Research on Epistemology and History of Exact Sciences and Scientific Institutions) of CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), the colloquium was held from 3 to 6 April 1990 in the UNESCO building in Paris. This colloquium was an idea of Professor Roshdi Rashed who initiated this field of studies in France some years ago, and proposed "Sciences and Empires" as one of the main research programmes for the The project to organize such a colloquium was a bit REHSEIS group. of a gamble. Its subject, reflected in the title "Sciences and Empires", is not a currently-accepted sub-discipline of the history of science; rather, it refers to a set of questions which found autonomy only recently. The terminology was strongly debated by the participants and, as is frequently suggested in this book, awaits fuller clarification.

Abstract: One: The Status of Women in Higher Education -- 1. Women and higher education: Trends and perspectives -- Two: Politics and Policies in Nation States -- 2. Women’s education in the U.S.S.R.: 1950–1985 -- 3. Continuity and change in women’s access to higher education in the People’s Republic of China, 1930–1980 -- 4. Women in higher education in Africa: Access and choices -- 5. Feminist reflections on the Peruvian university politics -- 6. Public and higher education policies influencing African-American women -- 7. Educational reforms — Women’s life patterns: A Swedish case study -- 8. Public-private tendencies within higher education in Norway from a women’s perspective -- 9. Women in higher education: Effects of crises and change -- Three: Women in the Academic Workforce and the Economy -- 10. Women in the academic profession: Evolution or stagnation? -- 11. Women at the top: Female full professors in higher education in Israel -- 12. The situation of women in research universities in the United States: Within the inner circles of academic power -- 13. Influences on women’s entry into male-dominated occupations -- 14. Access, equity, and outcomes: Women students’ participation in Nigerian higher education -- 15. Study abroad: A competitive edge for women? -- 16. Gender, wages and the labour market for tertiary graduates in Australia -- Four: Looking for Alternatives in Higher Education: Women’s Studies -- 17. Feminist scholarship and the American Academy -- 18. Feminist scholarship as a vocation -- 19. Integrating women into the curriculum: Multiple motives and mixed emotions -- 20. Women’s Studies in India -- Five: Bibliography -- Women and higher education: A bibliography.

Abstract: An encounter between science and religion; preliminary observations -- I Lectures in full sessions -- Epitome of Part I -- to the conference theme -- Science and religion -- Fundamental issues in theology and science -- Science and religion — the Jewish position -- Reconciling developments in the natural sciences — the question of scientism -- Physics, life and mind -- Reconciling concepts between natural science and theology -- A revived natural theology -- Reconciling developments in theology — the question of dogmatism -- Theology and cosmology beyond the Big Bang theory -- God’s world and man becoming: how can science possibly help us transcend dogmatism? -- The divorce of science and religion — a process in retrospect -- Historical interaction between science and religion -- Is there a role for theology in an age of secular science? -- Science and religion studies today and tomorrow -- Science and religion coming across -- Creation and Big Bang: the word as space of creation -- II Contributions in sectional meetings -- Science and religion: a Ghanaian perspective -- The mystical ideal and the humanistic ideal within the world of ideals in the sciences -- Scientifico truth and religious truth -- Two approaches and one reality: on religion and the perception of the Cosmos -- Man and the high-technology society -- On David Bohm’s theory of wholeness and implicate order: provisional notes, some of which with special regard to the possible applications to the philosophy of religion -- A. Koyré and the metaphysics of modern science -- The unus mundus (One World) as meeting ground of science and religion -- The play that is going on in the cosmic scenery -- A report from the Reformed College of Debrecen -- Interdisciplinary lectures at 6 o’clock -- Beyond the alternative: divorce or methodological chaos -- Neither divorce nor reconciliation: is there a gospel for the sciences? -- The experience of limits: new physics and new theology -- Evolution and progressive revelation: the Bahá’ i approach to a converging reality -- Beyond dogmatism: rationality in theology and science -- Spirituality and science: summary of purpose and proceedings -- The unchanged relationship of theology and science -- The concept of evolution: its reception in philosophy and theology -- Secularization of nature during the early Enlightenment: conceptions of water circulation as an impulse for secularization -- The scientific mind and personal faith -- The views of a Hungarian catholic scholar on evolution at the end of the nineteenth century -- Traditional religion and Christianity -- A generalized principle of complementarity — seen as a sign -- Evolution and future of human possibilities of gaining knowledge -- The relation between science and theology: the case for complementarity revisited -- Base the science-religion dialogue on facts, not on doctrines! -- The reconciliation of social science and theology: is it still not possible? -- A new perspective on reality -- Humanitas ecologica -- On a relativistic structure in theology -- The Academy of Research of the Evangelical Church of the Union, German Democratic Republic, a research report -- The split between science and religion and the doctrine of God’s immanence in nature -- III List of names and addresses.

Abstract: The world is increasingly becoming . one. It is, at the same time, one endangered ecosystem and one thriving market place with material and spiritual goods on competitive display. And the good and evil things of life cannot easily be sorted out. The world is becoming one also in the sense that it is better understood today than it was in earlier times, that the material good and the spiritual good, though seemingly belonging to different realms of fact defined by their respective modes of existence, together constitute effectively one and the same reality: the modem world of science, technology, computerized administration and power, that calls upon humankind to struggle for a 'just, participatory and sustainable society' * , and to strive for a society of the future that will be the world over both long-lived and worth living. The Second European Conference on Science and Religion, held on 10-13th. March, 1988, on the campus of the Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, was meant to be a modest market place, a forum, where standpoints and opinions could be presented and criticized. It was meant to offer an opportunity to meet and to make acquaintances in the expectation that the exchange of thoughts would lead to new conceptual horizons that would challenge what so far had been considered as hard fact or what until now had been looked upon as a distinctive feature of a well-established view either of the kingdom of the sciences or of the realm of religion.

Abstract: I. The Emperor’s Legacy. Part one: The Political and Economic Legacy -- II. The Emperor’s Legacy. Part Two: The Religious, Cultural, and Intellectual Legacy -- III. The Emperor: His Motivations, Character, and Intellectual Heritage -- IV. The Emperor, the Lowlands, and the Nations -- V. The Economic Reformer -- VI. The General Welfare -- VII. The Religious Reformer -- VIII. The Political Reformer -- IX. Reaction and Revolution -- X. The End of a Dream.

Abstract: It has been said that never has a monarch so narrowly missed "greatness" as did the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II. An idealistic, sincere, and hardworking monarch whose ultilitarian bent, humanitarian instincts, and ambitious programs of reform in every area of public concern have prompted historians to term him an "enlightened despot," "revolutionary Emperor," "philosopher on a throne," and a ruler ahead of his time, Joseph has also been condemned for being insensitive to the phobias and follies of his subjects, essentially unrealistic, almost utopian, in establishing his goals, and dogmatic and overly precipitous in trying to achieve them. Efforts to analyze and explain the actions of this complex and controversial personality have involved a number of savants in investigations of "Josephinism" (or as I prefer to call it, "Josephism"), dealing in great detail with the motiva­ tions, substance, and influence of his innovations. The roots of Josephism run deep, but can be observed emerging here and there from the intellectual and political soil that nourished them, before joining the central trunk of the system formulated during the latter years of Maria Theresa's reign to grow to an ephemeral and stunted maturity under Joseph II.

Abstract: I. The Problem Stated: The Need for a Solution -- On the Need for Solutions to the Problem of Evil -- II. Evils: Past, Present and Future -- III. Ethical Presuppositions of the Problem of Evil -- The Theistic Theory -- Subjectivist, Non-Cognitivist Theories -- Other Attitude Theories -- The Privation Account of Evil -- Assessing the Privation Theory -- Evil as Unreal -- Conclusion -- IV. The Nature and Attributes of God -- God’s Attributes as Literally Ascribed -- Non-Literal Accounts of God’s Attributes -- God as a Person: His Personal Traits -- V. God as Finite and Imperfect: Worshipworthiness -- God as Finite in Power -- An Omnipotent God Who is Morally Imperfect -- A God Imperfect Both in Power and Goodness -- The Worshipworthiness of an Omnipotent, Omniscient, Good God -- VI. Must a World Created by an All-Perfect Being be Wholly free of Evil? -- VII. The Best of all Possible Worlds -- VIII. The World as Good Over-All -- Section A. Solutions to the Problem Posed by Physical Evil -- Section B. Moral Evil -- Index of Proper Names.

Abstract: Russian literature between 1750 and the romantic age presents a confus­ ing picture. Various literary movements arose and existed side by side, while new trends made themselves felt. At no other time in the history of Russian literature was there a similar influx of widely disparate literary and intellectual influences from the West. The complex evolution of literature is reflected in the area of literary classification. Period terms have been used in great variety, yet without general agreement as to the extent, or even the nature of the trends described. The essays of this study are devoted to two major literary trends of the 18th and early 19th century, -sentimentalism and preromanticism. They aim to elucidate their evolu­ tion as well as at defining and describing the conceptual framework on which they rest. Since the 18th century did not draw a sharp line between translated and original literature, both have been included here. Literary, philosophical, and general cultural influences from the West were of consi­ derable importance for Russian literature. The concepts, motifs and themes which reached Russian writers in translations moulded their own original works. The 18th century witnessed the formation of an adequate literary language which culminated in Karamzin's style. The distinction of two stages in the development of sentimentalism as suggested here and the differentiation between both of them and a third literary trend, preroman­ ticism, is an attempt to reflect adequately the rapid change in stylistic and poetic norms.

Abstract: One -- I. Introduction: Geographical, cultural, and language areas outlined -- II. The Music and Some Preliminary Considerations -- III. Musical Ethnology of Central Africa -- IV. The Music—Analysis and Discussion -- V. Singing Style -- VI. Conclusion -- Two -- Preface to Transcriptions -- Transcriptions -- 1. Mangbetu choral song -- 2. Babira choral song -- 3. Babira choral song -- 4. Babira circumcision drums -- 5. Babira circumcision dance -- 6. Babira circumcision dance -- 7. Bapere circumcision dance -- 8. Bapere circumcision bird -- 9. Bapere circumcision flagellation -- 10. Bapere horns (Cent-Frequency Chart 1) -- 11. Bapere xylophone (Cent-Frequency Chart 2) -- 12. Mambuti Pygmies elephant feast -- 13. Mambuti Pygmies dance; flutes and drum (Cent-Frequency Chart 3) -- 14. Mambuti Pygmies hunting song -- 15. Batwa Pygmies dance -- 16. Batwa Pygmies dance -- 17. Bahutu dance -- 18. Watutsi royal drums -- 19. Watutsi royal drums -- 20. Watutsi epic song of war -- 21. Watutsi epic song of war -- 22. Babunda new year song -- 23. Bambala drum telegraphy -- 24. Baya dance -- 25. Mboko mouth bow (Cent-Frequency Chart 4) -- 26. Mboko riddle song; zither (Cent-Frequency Chart 5) -- 27. Pomo perambulating song -- 28. N’Gundi humorous love song; sanza (Cent-Frequency Chart 6) -- 29. N’Gundi song -- 30. Babinga Pygmies elephant-hunt ritual -- 31. Babinga Pygmies social dance -- 32. Yaswa xylophones (Cent-Frequency Chart 7) -- 33. Kukuya ivory horns (Cent-Frequency Chart 8) -- 34. Kuyu shaman’s alligator-song; horn (Cent-Frequency Chart 9) -- 35. Kuyu birth-of-twins dance -- 36. Bongili banana work song -- 37. Baduma paddlers’ song -- 38. Baduma paddlers’ song; sanza (Cent-Frequency Chart 10) -- 39. Okandi women’s dance -- 40. Banyoro xylophone (Cent-Frequency Chart 11) -- 41. Banyoro royal horns (Cent-Frequency Chart 12) -- 42. Batoro dance -- 43. Bamba flutes (Cent-Frequency Chart 13) -- 44. Baganda historic song; harp (Cent-Frequency Chart 14) -- 45. Baganda historic song -- 46. Baganda royal xylophones (Cent-Frequency Chart 15) -- 47. Wasukuma wedding song -- 48. Wanyamwezi chief installation -- 49. Wanyamwezi wedding tune on sanza (Cent-Frequency Chart 16) -- 50. Wachaga chief-praise song -- 51. Wameru spell-breaking party song -- 52. Wahehe elephant hunting song -- Melody Type Chart -- Cent-Frequency Charts -- 1. Bapere horns -- 2. Bapere xylophone -- 3. Mambuti flutes -- 4. Mboko mouth bow -- 5. Mboko zither -- 6. N’Gundi sanza -- 7. Yaswa xylophones -- 8. Kukuya horns -- 9. Kuyu horn -- 10. Baduma sanza -- 11. Banyoro xylophone -- 12. Banyoro royal horns -- 13. Bamba flutes -- 14. Baganda harp -- 15. Baganda royal xylophones -- 16. Wanyamwezi sanza -- Numerical-Territorial Index of Transcriptions -- Tribal Index -- Index-Glossary.

Abstract: Under the inspiring guidance of my mentor, Curt Sachs, this work was conceived, planned, and executed. It gained in dimension under the acute and patient perusal of Gustave Reese to whose brilliant propensity for clarity of thought and of style lowe a huge debt. Furthermore, the helpful suggestions made by Martin Bernstein and by Jan LaRue are gratefully acknowledged. If Jaap Kunst had not kindly gone to the trouble of ordering, supervising the con­ struction of, and mailing to me from Amsterdam his personally designed monochord, an important section of this work could not have taken form. This preface is not complete, of course, without final thanks to my husband, Harvey B. N atanson, for his sustained interest and encouragement. R. B. Note As the present work goes to press, the political map of Africa is flowing into a new mold. Several countries have obtained independence, and new names and data should be con­ sidered: French Equatorial Africa has become (November 28-December I, 1958) four independent countries - Republic of the Congo: Brazzaville (formerly Middle Congo), Gabon Republic (formerly Gabon), Central African Republic (formerly Ubangi-Shari), and Republic of Chad (formerly Chad). The Belgian Congo has become (June 30, 1960) the Republic of the Congo: Leopoldville.

Abstract: Correa de Arauxo -- Biography -- Sources -- Use of Tempo, Proportions -- Conducting, Phrasing -- Use of Modes -- Use of Dissonance -- Ornamentation -- Fingering -- Use of Form -- Registration -- Selected Works from the Facultad (Commentary) -- Summary -- Index to Facsimiles and Musical Examples.

Abstract: Opening Address -- Where are We, What is Permitted, What is the Impact? -- The Cannabis Discussion -- The Social Policy Panel -- Evaluation of the Congress.

Abstract: "We ourselves are part of the problem, not ofits solution". This pronouncement, made by psychologist R. S. B. Wiener during the panel on social policy, provided a leading Dutch weekly with an excellent headline for an article on the 30th International Congress on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. With it Wiener touched one of the central, if not the central issue of the alcohol and drug problem. Why do we fix our attention so emphatically on 'the other people', on the consumers, abusers and addicts? Has not the time come that, also at scientific and learned congresses, we should start occupying ourselves with the shortcomings of society and with its legislation and policy as factors promoting this abuse and addiction? The question is so obvious that no one will dare give a neg­ ative answer. For this reason it is even more striking that it is given so little serious thought. We still try to change the consumer instead of the social structure. In his opening address, the Minister of Public Health and Environmental Hygiene of the Netherlands, Dr 1. B. J. Stuyt, gave some attention to this social structure. He pointed out that a social structure which is characterized by poverty and deprivation promotes the abuse of alcohol. Dekker/van der Wal (eds. ). Man and His Mind-Changers. 1-9. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 1973 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. Dordrecht-Holland 2 E. DEKKER AND H. J.

Abstract: 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 7 -- 8 -- 9 -- 10 -- 11 -- 12 -- 13 -- 14.

Abstract: The life of John Lothrop Motley is a subject that has been too long ignored by biographers. Certainly, he is one of our most distinguished authors and, in the opinion of this writer, he can be fairly ranked in eminence to the historian of the Mexican Conquest, William H. Pres­ cott. To a large extent, Motley's adult life revolved around some of the most important and curious scenes of American history, particularly the Civil War. During this time he held the post of an Ambassador of the United States, and, by his individual efforts, aided substantially the Federal war effort. It is chiefly, however, as an Historian that Motley deserves to be recommended to the attention of the public. Motley's theme was the struggle for national and individual human liberty, which, as he conceived it, was the greatest of human blessings. The story of The Rise of The Dutch Republic, against one of the greatest tyrannies, both political and religious, ever exercised by men over men, is not only one the great stories of history, but reflects perfectly Motley's own high of aspirations for his fellow-man.

Abstract: 1. Huizinga, Lamprecht und die deutsche Geschichtsphilosophie: Huizingas Groninger Antrittsvorlesung von 1905 -- 2. Huizinga en de Beweging van negentig -- 3. De stijl van Huizinga -- 4. Une génération d’historiens devant le phénomène bourguignon -- 5. The Fame of a Masterwork -- 6. Huizinga et les thèmes macabres -- 7. Huizinga et les recherches érasmiennes -- 8. Huizinga’s Homo ludens -- 9. Burckhardt und Huizinga: Zwei Historiker in der Krise ihrer Zeit -- 10. Johan Huizinga und Ernst Robert Curtius: Versuch einer vergleichenden Charakteristik -- 11. Huizinga als Leids hoogleraar -- 12. Huizinga und die Kunstgeschichte -- 13. Postscript.

Abstract: From 11 to 15 December 1972 a group of historians from many European countries assembled in Groningen to commemorate the centenary of Johan Huizinga's birth in that city on 7 December 1872. The conference was not intended simply as a tribute to the memory of a great historian but also as an attempt to assess the sig­ nificance of his work for the present generation. It was supported by generous grants from the Stichting oud-studentenfonds van 1906 at Groningen, the Gro­ ninger Universiteitsfonds, and the Ministry of Education and Science. We are pleased to be able to publish all the papers read at the conference, together with Dr. Jansonius's study of Huizinga's style, written for another occasion. The material is presented in a roughly chronological order. The first three papers, which examine Huizinga's intellectual and literary points of departure, are followed by another three dealing with The Waning of the Middle Ages. A special paper is de­ voted to Huizinga's Erasmian studies. The next three authors investigate the prob­ lems which preoccupied Huizinga during the 1930s. Three final papers examine general aspects of his work.

Abstract: The history of printing, books, and libraries, is confined only to a limited extent within the boundaries of individual countries. There are, indeed, few historical developments which have played a more universal role, in reaction against all kinds of particularism, than type design, printing, book production, publishing, illustration, binding, librarianship, journal­ ism, and related subjects. Their history should be assessed and studied primarily in an international, not in a local, context. The bibliographical resources, however, which the historian of these sub­ jects has at his disposal correspond hardly at all to the essentially inter­ national character of the object of his studies. Since the appearance of the retrospective bibliography of BIG MORE and WYMAN, covering the subject comprehensively up to r88o, the only current bibliography has been the lnternationale Bibliographie des Buck-und Bi­ bliothekswesens. Covering a representative part of newly published liter­ ature, it appeared from rgz8, but did not survive the Second World War. More recently, several useful, but limited, bibliographies have appeared.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- The Current Dilemma -- Philosophical Theology -- The Structure of a Transcendental Critique of Theology -- II. An Epistemological Conception of the Transcendental Imagination -- Kant and the Notion of the A Priori -- The Invariant Heuristic Structure of the Transcendental Imagination -- A Correspondent Notion of Being -- A Protest Against Obscurantism -- The Encounter of Thomism and Kantianism -- Transcendent Knowledge -- III. Transcendental Ontology -- A Radical Beginning -- Internal Relations and the Thrownness of Dasein -- Unconcealment in an Unphilosophical State of Knowing -- Unconcealment in the Philosophical State of Knowing -- IV. An Ontological Conception of the Transcendental Imagination -- The Expansion of Our Method -- Basic Elements in a Monadic Theory of Nature -- Nexus, Creative Passage, and Higher Phases of Experience -- The Ontological Meaning of the Transcendental Imagination -- Language and the Transcendental Imagination -- An Ontological Conception of Language and the Appearance of Man -- V. The Development of a Hermeneutical Theology -- The Centrality of the Hermeneutical Question for the Growth of Theology -- The Immediacy of the Historical -- The Horizon of Religious Understanding -- The Task of Theology -- Conclusion.

Abstract: The "transcendental imagination" is a philosophical conception used in this essay to illuminate the ontological significance of the continuing proclamation of the Word of God. It has become necessary for theology to respond to the growth of secularization and the impoverishment of religious language in contemporary experience by initiating foundation­ al inquiry into the meaning and possibility of theological reflection. The following essay is intended to be a preliminary step toward an understanding of theology and religious discourse as they are intimately bound to the realization of possibilities in the life of the church. There are many people to whom I am indebted for my understanding of theology and for the development of this book. I here would like to express my appreciation and gratitude to Professor George Guthrie for introducing me to foundational questions in the study of philosophy during my student years at the University of Toledo; to Professors Schubert Ogden and David Tracy for their careful reading and criticism of this manuscript; and especially to my advisor, Professor Langdon Gilkey, for his encouragement, criticisms, and suggestions during my graduate study at the Divinity School, The University of Chicago. Most importantly, I want to thank my wife Anna, to whom this book is dedicated, for sharing with me her strength, creativity and love.

Abstract: There were several compelling reasons which prompted me to undertake the work of translating and commenting upon the Vale of Tears by Joseph Hacohen, the sixteenth century physician and historian. First of all, those of us who have been teaching in the area of the Middle Ages have noticed over the past several years a distinct upsurge of interest in the field. Consequently, a number of Medieval Institutes, non-denominational in character and attached to major universitites, have sprung up allover the United States to relate themselves to that age which witnessed - among trying once more other things - the unparalleled struggle between two power complexes, the Church and the State. Scholars will also have to consider the Jewish Middle Ages, interconnected with the Christian Middle Ages, which lasted much longer and far beyond the Renaissance in Europe. Most of them tended to gloss over this aspect of Western Civilization which found the Jew in the juggernaut between these two powers. Students of all faiths, ecumenically oriented and truthful to the point of self-abasement are now ready, without a sense of embarrassment, to discuss this long bleak period in the history of European man, where greed, envy, suspicion and religious fanaticism had triumphed over reason and piety. Yet, beyond all of this, there was another consideration which guided me in doing this tedious and often frustrating work: the knowledge of Hebrew has been on the decline in this country.

Abstract: I. Historical Development of Belligerent Recognition -- 1. The American Revolution -- 2. Spanish Colonial Wars for Independence, 1810–1823 -- II. Pre-1861 Civil Conflicts which Indicated a Need for the Status of Insurgency -- 1. The Greek Insurrection Against the Sublime Porte, 1821 -- 2. The Polish Uprising, 1830–31 -- 3. The Canadian Insurrection, 1838–39 -- 4. The Revolution of Texas, 1836 -- 5. The Vivanco Insurrection in Peru, 1856–1858 -- III. Methods of According Belligerent Recognition -- 1. The American Civil War and Development of the Concept of Belligerence -- 2. Nature and Form of Recognition: By Third States -- 3. Recognition by Foreign States -- 4. Nature and Form of Recognition: by the Parent Government -- 5. The Source of Recognition -- IV. Criteria for Timing a Grant of Belligerence -- 1. The American Argument for the Appropriate Timing of Belligerent Rights -- 2. The British Position -- 3. The View of Scholars and Publicists on the Matter of Recognition -- 4. The Geneva Arbitrations and the Question of Premature Recognition -- 5. Criteria for Timing a Grant of Belligerent Recognition -- 6. The Question of a Right of Recognition -- 7. May the Established Government Demand Belligerent Recognition as of Right ? -- V. Belligerent Recognition as de Facto Recognition of the Insurgent Government -- 1. Essential Informal Relations With an Insurgent Government -- 2. Judicial Decisions Respecting De Facto Nature of Insurgent Governments -- 3. Norms of De Facto Recognition of the Insurgent Government -- 4. The Uses of De Facto Recognition -- VI. Succession to Treaty Responsibilities in Civil Wars -- 1. The Traditional Law of Treaty Succession -- 2. Success or Failure as a Criterion for Treaty Succession -- 3. Effects of Recognition of Belligerency on Treaty Succession -- 4. Succession to Multipartite Treaties When Belligerency has been Recognized -- 5. Treaty Succession in Internal Wars Since The American Civil War -- VII. The Decline of Belligerent Recognition: Desuetude in International Law -- 1. Belligerent Recognition After the American Civil War -- 2. Reasons for the Non-Use of Belligerent Recognition -- 3. Belligerent Recognition and Desuetude -- VIII. Some Observations on Current Practice -- 1. The Nature of the System Change -- 2. The Decline of Insurgent Recognition -- 3. The Modality of Intervention -- 4. Patterns of Intervention -- 5. Developing Patterns of Bloc Intervention -- 6. Toward an International Law of Civil Conflicts -- 7. Tables of Interventions in Civil Wars, 1945–1967 -- 8. Summary.

Abstract: The present study is concerned with the development and the applica­ tions of legal norms to situations of civil strife. It also deals in a less intensive way with problems of adjustment of these norms when the ambiance of the system changes. In particular it deals with the con­ cept of belligerent recognition, a standard well-suited to the needs of the international systeum nder a balance of power arrangement and to what extent this norm, which became fully developed during the nineteenth century, has been altered to meet the needs of the new international system which has been called a loose bipolar system. Revolution has been a classic theme of social and political thinkers throughout history. Some have regarded revolutions as completely unjustifiable, while others view them as a force for progress, if not the sole agent for major social adjustment. Political evolutionists re­ gard revolutions which erupt in social violence as necessary social con­ ditioning, as a way of selecting the political elite. Those who regard social violence as healthy and good, proceed to layout prudential rules for the conduct and successful conclusion of revolutions. Those who regard social violence as unhealthy and bad, tend to stress the norms of "law and order"; and to hurl at revolutionists the imprecations of a moral law which enjoins necessary obedience to authority. The present treatise pursues none of these interesting possibilities.

Abstract: I. A Negative Correlation Between Mythic-Symbolic Language and the Nature of Man -- A. From Language to Special Language -- B. Bultmann: Hermeneutics and the Nature of Man -- C. The Problem of a Negative Definition of Mythic-Symbolic Language -- II. Methodological Perspectives: from Phenomenology to Hermeneutic Phenomenology -- A. Global Philosophical Anthropology -- III. Freedom and Global Anthropology -- A. Freedom and Nature -- B. Freedom and Fallibility -- C. Freedom and Fault -- D. Myth and the Problem of Evil -- IV. Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Language -- A. Philosophy as a Hermeneutic -- B. Philosophy as a Reflective Task -- C. Structuralism and Phenomenology -- D. Ricoeur’s Hermeneutic: An Evaluation -- E. Conclusion -- V. Toward a Working Theory of Language Correlated with a Philosophical Anthropology -- A. Theory -- B. Methodology -- What is a Text? Explanation and Interpretation -- I. What is a Text? -- II. Structural Analysis as “Explanation” -- III. Towards a new Concept of Interpretation.

Abstract: This book will attempt to achieve a constructive and positive correla­ tion between mythic-symbolic language and philosophical anthropolo­ gy. It is intended as a reflection on the philosophical accomplishment of Paul Ricoeur. The term mythic-symbolic language in this context means the language of the multivalent symbol given in the myth with its psychological and poetic counterparts. The term symbol is not con­ ceived as an abstract sign as it is used in symbolic logic, but rather as a concrete phenomenon - religious, psychological, and poetic. The task inherent in this correlation is monumental when one considers the dual dilemma of problematic and possibility which is at its heart. The prob­ lematic arises out of the apparent difficulty presented by the so-called challenge of modernity which seems to require the elimination of my­ thic-symbolic language as an intelligible mode of communication. Mythic-symbolic language is sometimes eliminated because in a world molded by abstract conceptualizations of science, such a language is thought to be unintelligible. The claim is that its "primitive" explana­ tions have been transcended by our modernity. Others believe that the problem of mythic-symbolic language is the problem of the myth. If the mythic forms of language could be eliminated, the truth of such language could be preserved through its translation into an intelligible mode of discourse. The problematic is heightened further by the relation of consider­ ations of language to philosophical anthropology. Any consideration of language involves a related view of the nature of man.

Abstract: I: The Political Struggle (1945–1955) -- II: The Islamic Community Amid Increasing Tensions (1955–1965) -- III: Islam and the “New Order” (1965 and after) -- IV: A Preliminary Stocktaking -- Appendices -- List of Abbreviations and Their Meaning -- List of Publications Referred to.

Abstract: With deep interest I have followed the Indonesian people's fight for freedom and independence from 1945 onwards. This interest has come to be centred in particular on the question of how religions, especially Islam, were involved in this struggle, and what role they would fulfil in the new Indonesia. After having lived and worked in Indonesia from 1946 to the end of 1960, I was twice more enabled to visit Indonesia thanks to grants from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO). It was during these sojourns in particular, from May to October 1966 and from February to July 1969, that the material for this study was collected, supplemented and checked. For the help I received during these visits I am greatly indebted to so many Indonesian informants that it is impossible to mention them all. Moreover, some of them would not appreciate being singled out by name. But while offering them these general thanks I am thinking of them all individually. In spite of all the help given and patience shown me, this publication is bound to be full of shortcomings. An older Muslim friend, however, once encouraged me by reminding me that perfection belongs only to God (al-kamäl li'lläh). Nevertheless, I should like to offer my apologies for errors and mistakes; I would appreciate it if readers drew my attention to them.

Abstract: 1. Am I a Philosopher or a Theologian ? -- 2. Some Remarks on Theological Method -- 3. Faith and Intersubjectivity -- I. Introduction -- II. The So-Called “Traditional” Doctrine and Its Difficulties -- III. Some Post-Vatican I Tendencies -- IV. Affective Connaturality and Intersubjectivity -- V. Intersubjectivity and Human Belief -- VI. Intersubjectivity and Divine Revelation -- VII. The Faith of Pure Intersubjectivity -- appendix. The New Testament and Interpersonal Faith -- 4. The Trinity -- I. Three Persons — One Nature -- II. Are the Persons Relations or Absolutes ? -- III. The Self-Consciousness of the Three Persons -- 5. The Hypostatic Union and the Consciousness of Christ -- 6. The Finite Supernatural and Its Modes -- 7. The Ways of Grace Outside the Church -- 8. The Basic Moral Option and the Ambience of Grace -- 9. Liturgy and the Spirit of Man -- 10. Sacraments and Encounter -- Analysis of the Sacrament as Cause of Grace -- Encounter -- Encounter, Communion, and Dialogue with God -- Sacramental Encounter -- 11. Some Ontological Principles of Mystical Experience -- I. Phenomenological Inventory: The Dimensions of Being -- II. Self-Consciousness -- III. Union with the Finite Other -- IV. Natural Mystical Experience of God -- V. Contemplative Supernatural Mystical Experience -- VI. Some Remarks about Mystical Experience in Active Life.

Abstract: The essays which follow, as theological reflections of a Christian the ontological reality of philosopher, are essays of inquiry concerning and underlying truths revealed by God. Divine revelation of course cannot be encompassed within a few dogmatic formulae in any ade­ quate manner; it is the mysterious plenitude of the historical human encounter with the self-revealing God Who has revealed His salvific designs for men. This revelation can be approached from many view­ points of scientific study, such as those of religious psychology, histori­ cal theology, Scriptural study, the history of dogmas, but also that of the philosophical thinker seeking to understand what he has already believed - so far as this be possible in regard to the mysteries of God's inner life and of the new creation that He works in us by His grace. In our rather non-metaphysical age such an inquiry into the underlying ontological reality opened to us by the revelation of God is somewhat unfashionable; but the issues remain, and in fact one can only choose between a rather unconsciously and uncritically accepted attitude about the ontological significance of such dogmatic truths as the existence of the Trinity and the hypostatic union and created grace, and a consciously and critically developed analysis in the light of, and with the help of such understanding of being as the philosophers can offer. Metaphysical theology of this kind is here to stay, regardless of some "prophets" who would cut away the ground on which they stand.

Abstract: One Pierre de Nesson’s “Les Vigilles de la Mort” -- 1. Introduction and Nesson’s other poems -- 2. The Job tradition -- 3. The poems -- 4. Conclusions -- Two Alain Chartier’s “La Belle Dame Sans Mercy” -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chartier’s other poems -- 3. The poem -- 4. Conclusion -- Three Michault Taillevent’s “Le Passetemps de Michault” -- 1. Introduction and Taillevent’s other poems -- 2. The progression of poetic ideas -- 3. Metaphor, allegory, symbol -- 4. The function of the proverb -- 5. Conclusion -- Afterword -- List of Works Cited.

Abstract: My purpose in these studies is to example a careful reading of the too easily despised, too hastily evaluated and too frequently misunderstood poetry of the French fifteenth century. I have begun at the tum of the century with three of the more substantial writers of the first generation (Nesson, Char­ tier, Taillevent), and while I have in each case read the poet's entire work I have tried to concentrate my efforts on the single poem which seemed his most substantial in terms of the number and importance of the concerns which animate it, the vigor and complexity of his response, and the expres­ sive richness of the poem as a whole. I have tried in each instance to say only what seemed most relevant and essential, not with respect to any preconceived system but by allowing the categories of my treatment to arise out of a full and extended response to the work itself. When one interrogates a poem in terms of pre-established categories one is all too apt to find what one is seeking and to find only that.

Abstract: I: The Administrative System -- The East India Company -- The Period of Daendels -- The British Interregnum -- The Restoration of Dutch Authority -- The Gradual Organisation of Administration in Java -- The Development of the Central Organisation of Government after 1816 -- Development of the Regional Administrative Organisation in Java since 1870 -- The Controller and Indirect Rule -- The Regent -- Dutch Administration in the other Islands -- The Indonesian States -- District Administration in annexed Territories -- Conclusion -- II: The Administration of Justice -- The Separation of Powers -- Division of Administration and of Justice -- The Judicial Organisation in Java -- The Judicial Organisation outside Java -- The Law and the Principle of Dualism -- Western Law and Adat Law -- Unification and Differentiation of Law -- Administration of Justice in the Indonesianverning States -- Indonesian Jurisdiction left to the Population in annexed Territories -- III: Education -- Education as a Social Force -- Mohammedan Popular and Extension Education -- The growing demand for General Formative Education -- The First Organisation of Education -- Education of Indonesians in Town and Country -- The Dutch Indigenous School and the Problem of Westernisation -- Improvement of Government Elementary Education for Indonesians -- Popular Education in the Village -- The Link between Country and Town Education -- Education for Indonesian Girls -- Future Development of Popular Education -- The Link between Indigenous Elementary and Western Education -- Training Colleges -- Elementary Vocational Education -- Agricultural Education -- Western Education for Indonesians -- Private Education -- The Board of Education -- IV: The Construction of Society -- Society and the State -- The Great Contrast and its Solution -- State Organisation in the Colonial World -- The Western Structure of Unity and Indonesian Society -- Traffic and Indonesian Society -- The Influence of Foreign Groups upon the Indonesian Population -- East Indian and Indonesian Society -- The Dutch Nation and East Indian Society -- Education and Preparation -- Welfare Policy and Welfare Research -- Enquiries into Prosperity as a Basis for a Welfare Policy -- Statistics and Welfare Policy -- Education, Irrigation, and Emigration -- Government Pawnshops and the Fight against Usury -- The Fight against Opium and the System of a Government Monopoly -- Constructive Welfare Policy; the Popular Credit System -- Popular Credit and the Village Banks -- Criticism of the Popular Credit System -- The Development of the Co-operative Movement -- Public Health -- The Fight against Social Evils -- Child Marriage -- Religion and Marriage -- Popular Reading -- Art and Industrial Art -- The Protection of Monuments -- Agricultural Information and Improvement -- V: Political Construction -- The Idea of Unity and Self Renovation -- The Administrative Corps in the Frame of Unity -- Administration and Self-Exertion -- The Administrative Corps and Autonomous Development -- Administrative Re-organisation -- The Decentralisation of 1903 -- A New Direction of Administrative Re-organisation -- The Decentralisation of 1903 and the Political Construction of 1922 -- The Tendency of the Government Proposals of 1922 -- The Political Contents of the Administrative Reform -- The Execution of the Administrative Reform -- The Regency -- The Province -- The Indigenous Commune -- The Council of the People -- Internal Affairs -- The Imperial Connection -- The Freedom of the Press -- The Right to Associate and to Meet -- Conclusion -- VI: The Agrarian Policy -- World Economy and Indonesian Production -- The Doctrine of State Ownership of the Land -- Authority and the Ownership of the Soil in the East -- The Influence of the Land Tax and of the Cultivation System -- Ground Rent and Contracts for Delivery -- The Cultivation System or Big Agricultural Industries -- The Twofold Aim of Agrarian Legislation -- The Indigenous Right to the Soil and its Mystico-Magical Basis -- First Steps of Agrarian Legislation -- Declarations of State Ownership -- The Village Territory and the Right of Reclamation -- Agrarian Policy and Social Development -- Security of Rights on Land and the Prohibition of Alienation -- Communal Land and the Future -- Private Estates; Rent of Arable Land in Javanese States -- Disposal of Domain Lands -- The Renting of Arable Land to non-Indonesians -- Security of Rights on Land and Registration -- Register of Property -- Land Tax Cadaster and Registration of Land -- Results and Prospects -- VII: Labour Legislation -- First Beginnings -- Slavery -- Labour Contracts -- General Labour Legislation and the Penal Sanction -- Special Labour Legislation in the other Isles -- The Coolie Ordinances -- The Basis of the long Labour Agreement -- Objections to the Principle of Penal Sanction -- The Sanction and its Practice -- Improvement of Labour Law -- Agricultural Colonisation and Labour Legislation -- The Free Labour Ordinance -- Further Improvement of Special Labour Legislation -- The Struggle over the Penal Sanction 191524 -- Developments since 1924 -- Present Day Practice -- Wages -- Divers Opinions and Summary -- Labour Recruiting -- Organised Free Emigration -- Direct Recruiting by the Enterprises -- The End of the Embarkation Prohibition and the Arrival of Free Emigration -- Colonisation by Labourers -- Labour Inspection and the Office of Labour -- Accidents and the Protection of Women and Children -- Appendix I: the Coolie Ordinance for the East Coast of Sumatra -- The Coolie Ordinance 1931 and Restriction of the Penal Sanction -- Appendix II: a Model Agreement applicable to all Regions as laid down by Stbl. 1925, 312 and 1927, 572 -- VIII: Taxation -- Taxation -- Personal Services in Java in the Interest of the State, of the Communes, and of Private Landlords -- Taxation in Labour in the Other Isles -- Land Tax in Java -- Improvement of the Land Tax Assessment -- The Population and the Land Tax -- The Land Tax in the Other Isles -- Income Tax -- Personal Taxation -- Direct and Indirect Taxes -- Summary -- IX: Conclusion.