Abstract: Jabir ibn Hayyan, for a long time the reigning alchemical authority both in Islam and the Latin West, has exercised numerous generations of scholars. To be sure, it is not only the vexed question of the historical authorship and dating of the grand corpus Jabirianum which poses a serious scholarly challenge; equally challenging is the task of unraveling all those obscure and tantalizing discourses which it contains. This book, which marks the first full-scale study of Jabir ever to be published in the English language, takes up both challenges. The author begins by critically reexamining the historical foundations of the prevalent view that the Jabirian corpus is the work not of an 8th-century individual, but that of several generations of Shi'i authors belonging to the following century and later. Tentatively concluding that this view is problematic, the author, therefore, infers that its methodological implications are also problematic. Thus, developing its own methodological matrix, the book takes up the second challenge, namely that of a substantive analysis and explication of a Jabirian discourse, the Book of Stones. Here explicating Jabir's notions of substance and qualities, analyzing his ontological theory of language and unraveling the metaphysics of his Science of Balance, the author reconstructs the doctrinal context of the Stones and expounds its central theme. He then presents an authoritative critical edition of a substantial selection of the text of the Stones, based on all available manuscripts. This critical edition has been translated in its entirety and is provided with exhaustive commentaries and textual notes -- another pioneering feature of this book: for this is the first English translation of a Jabirian text to emerge in print after a whole century. An outstanding contribution is that it announces and presents an exciting textual discovery: the author has found in the Stones a hitherto unknown Arabic translation of part of Aristotle's Categories. Given that we have so far known of only one other, and possibly later, classical Arabic translation of the Greek text, Haq's discovery gives this book an historical importance

Abstract: Volume 1 in the new series, Philosophical Problems Today, contains articles on standard problems in European and American philosophy. Quine writes on truth and discusses various difficulties connected with the clear definition of the correspondence theory of truth. Strawson, in his articles on individuals, disputes the empiricist test for the status of entity of object. Sufficient identity-conditions are satisfied by a much wider range of objects. The concept of meaning is further extended and differentiated in the article by Habermas on speech acts and actions. The notion of communicative action is central to his argument. The study of formalism, by Agazzi, is in an important sense also a study of meaning. Although for the most part developed within mathematics, formal ways of thinking have been a basic tenet within philosophy and science ever since Aristotle. In his article, Ricoeur observes that the present philosophy of history no longer engages in the speculative system building as presented in the philosophy of Hegel, Marx and Toynbee. Our philosophy of history is rather a critical reflection of various issues connected with the transmission of historical meaning

Abstract: Focusing mainly upon language, communication, textuality, etc., as is overwhelmingly today's fashion, we miss the very raison d'être of literature and language itself. Moving a step further in our investigation of the anthropologico-ontopoietic sources of the life-significance of literature by unravelling the function of imaginatio creatrix in man's self interpretation-in-existence, this collection seeks to bring forth the royal role of allegory in the fostering of culture. A conjoint work of human elemental passions and of the human spirit, allegory mediates between lofty ideals of the highest human strivings and the pedestrian realm of facts. Interpretative or theoretical studies encompass allegory -- mediaeval, modern and post-modern -- in various literatures. Among the authors are: Tymieniecka, Kronegger, Jorge Garcia Gomez, V. Osadnik, H. Hellerstein, H. Rudnick, R. Kiefer, V. Fichera, K. Haney, Ch. Raffini, J. Williamson, B. Ross and Sitansu Ray

Abstract: The Construction of Europe contains a multidisciplinary treatment of the development of the European Union. Special attention is given to the political economy of European unification, including precursors of the EEC, the role of French--German relations, the Structural Funds, and the part played by the European Commission. There are also discussions of the implications for Europe of German reunification and the prospects raised by the possibility of expansion into Eastern Europe. The legal structure of the European Community is also examined, in contributions that deal with administrative law, guidelines, competition law, and feminist legal theory

Abstract: Otto von Guericke has been called a neglected genius, overlooked by most modern scholars, scientists, and laymen. He wrote his Experimenta Nova in the seventeenth century in Latin, a dead language for the most part inaccessible to contemporary scientists. Thus isolated by the remoteness of his time and his means of communication, von Guericke has for many years been denied the recognition he deserves in the English speaking world. Indeed, the century in which he lived witnessed the invention of six important and valuable scientific instruments -- the microscope, the telescope, the pendulum clock, the barometer, the thermometer, and the air pump. Von Guericke was associated with the development of the last three of these; he also experimented with a rudimentary electric machine. Thus his Experimenta Nova was an important work, heralding the emerging empiricism of seventeenth century science, and merits this first English translation of von Guericke's magnus opus

Abstract: The Handbook of Democratic Government is the first compact and comprehensive data collection for 20 countries which simultaneously provides comparative and complete information on the composition of governments. Parties, ministries, portfolios, ministers and parliamentary support are listed, as well as duration, type of government and reasons for termination. The data are organised in such a manner that every researcher can use them as a basic data set, ready to be transformed according to the particular needs dictated by the research undertaken. Various levels of analysis are possible, both cross-nationally and across time, ranging from individual ministers and separate ministries to specific parties, governments or countries. Given its format, the data set is also a very useful background to the special annual issue of the European Journal of Political Research: Political Data Yearbook. It will save researchers in the field of comparative politics valuable time as it can be utilised in connection with, or in addition to other data sources

Abstract: There is a consensus among Christian theologians that the symbol of the `kingdom of God', inherited from the Judaic tradition, is the key to understanding Christianity. But theologians have for millenia differed among themselves as to the interpretation of this symbol. Political ramifications of, or reactions to, this Judaeo-Christian idea have included the Holy Roman Empire, the Crusades, the `Third Rome', American Manifest Destiny, Zionism, the Third Reich, and Liberation Theology. This book focuses on the question of whether the kingdom of God is necessarily related to certain political implications, and its possible implications for democracy and democratic theory. It examines the development of the symbol in the Old and New Testaments, the diversity of related theological interpretations and political concomitants, and the significance of the `kingdom of God' in the development of present and future political formations and political theory

Abstract: This volume brings together the best essays and reviews of Herbert H. Rowen, professor emeritus of Rutgers University, foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and one of the first important English-speaking historians of the Dutch Republic since John Lothrop Motley. Many of the essays, though published previously, have not been readily available, while several appear here for the first time. They include close analysis of the Dutch Republic, French absolutism, the eighteenth-century Republic and the Atlantic Revolutions, and direct and indirect commentary on the task of the historian more generally. Also included are three essays and several reviews about the work of Herbert Rowen, which assess his particular contribution to historical studies. The leading characteristics of that work are reflected in the title of this collection: clarity and ease of expression, rigor of thought, and a focus on the intersection of political thought and practice in the early modern period

Abstract: Galileo is revered as one of the founders of modern science primarily because of such discoveries as the law of falling bodies and the moons of Jupiter. In addition to his scientific achievements, Professor Pitt argues that Galileo deserves increased attention for his contributions to the methodology of the new science and that his method retains its value even today. In a detailed analysis of Galileo's mature works, Pitt reconstructs crucial features of Galileo's epistemology. He shows how Galileo's methodological insights grow out of an appreciation of the limits of human knowledge and he brings fresh insight to our concept of Galileo's methodology and its implications for contemporary debates. Working from Galileo's insistence on the contrast between the number of things that can be known and the limited abilities of human knowers, Pitt shows how Galileo's common sense approach to rationality permits the development of a robust scientific method. At the same time, Pitt argues that we should correct our picture of Galileo, the culture hero. Instead of seeing him as a martyr to the cause of truth, Galileo is best understood as a man of his times who was responding to a variety of social pressures during a period of intellectual and political turmoil. This book will be of interest to philosophers and to historians and sociologists of science as well as to a general readership interested in the scientific revolution

Abstract: The attribution of the Speculum Astronomiae to Albertus Magnus became a controversial issue only recently, when the great neo-Thomist historian Pierre Mandonnet suggested -- without any antecedents -- that the author was Roger Bacon rather than Albert. Mandonnet's theses were refuted by Lynn Thorndike and have since then been the subject of widespread discussion. The present historiographical case-study considers this debate in the light of an analysis of texts by Albert himself, as well as other important authors, such as Bacon, Bonaventura, Thomas Aquinas, Witelo, Campanus of Novara, and others, which shows how widespread the general concept of the influence of the stars and other astrological ideas to be found in the Speculum were. Most of the scientific ideas of the Middle Ages were based on principles derived from the notion of celestial influence and its consequences. The Speculum drew the fundamental outlines of this discipline into a theoretical and bibliographical introduction -- no small achievement -- and was consequently greeted with great interest and used as a standard reference book for many centuries. Set against the background of discussions taking place in the 1260s, within the Dominican Order as well as in the Faculties of Arts, Zambelli removes all doubt that the Speculum was written by Albert, possibly with some collaboration

Abstract: Sciences et Empires: un thème promètteur, des enjeux cruciaux -- Welcome Address -- For a New Historiographical Approach of the So-called “Traditional Knowledge” -- Science classique et science moderne à l’époque de l’expansion de la science européenne -- Integration Problems: Introductory Report -- Ottomans and European Science -- The “Oriental-Occidental Controversy” of 1839 and its Impact on Indian Science -- The Colonial “Model” and the Emergence of National Science in India: 1876–1920 -- Integration Problems: Discussion -- Western Mathematics in China, Seventeenth Century and Nineteenth Century -- The Reception of Western Medicine in China: Examples from Yunnan -- Du “zira” au “mètre”: une transformation métrologique dans l’Empire Ottoman -- Models of European Scientific Expansion: a Comparative Description of “Classical” Medical Science at the Time of Introduction of European Medical Science to Sri Lanka, and Subsequent Development to Present -- Technical Content and Social Context: Locating Technical Institutes. The First Two Decades in the History of the Kala Bhavan, Baroda (1890–1910) -- The First Chair of Chemistry in Mexico (1796–1810) -- Trade and the Natural Sciences in the United States of Columbia -- Science et pouvoir au XIXe siècle: la France et le Mexique en perspective -- Le positivisme et la science au Brésil -- Les débuts de la physique mathématique et théorique au Brésil et 1’influence de la tradition française -- Brazilian Museums of Natural History and International Exchanges in the Transition to the 20th Century -- The Pan American Experiment in Eugenics -- Typologie des stratégies d’expansion en sciences exactes -- Sciences exactes et politique extérieure -- World-Science: How Is the History of World-Science to Be Written? -- Science and the Japanese Empire 1868–1945: An Overview -- Science and Nationalism in New Granada on the Eve of the Revolution of Independence -- Models of European Scientific Expansion: the Ottoman Empire as a Source of Evidence -- Problems in Science Administration: a Study of the Scientific Surveys in British India 1757–1900 -- Natural History in Colonial Context: Profit or Pursuit? British Botanical Enterprise in India 1778–1820 -- The Société Zoologique d’Acclimatation and the New French Empire: Science and Political Economy -- Patriarchal Science: the Network of the Overseas Pasteur Institutes -- Géographie et colonisation en France durant la Troisième République (1870–1940) -- La France et l’émergence des sciences modernes au Canada français (1900–1940) -- Autour de la mission française pour la création de l’Université de São Paulo (1934) -- Yvon Chatelin -- José Leite Lopes -- Abdur Rahman -- Nakayama Shigeru -- Juan-José Saldaña -- Jean-Jacques Salomon -- José Israël Vargas -- Unpublished Communications.

Abstract: SCIENCE AND EMPIRES: FROM THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM TO THE BOOK Patrick PETITJEAN, Catherine JAMI and Anne Marie MOULIN The International Colloquium "Science and Empires - Historical Studies about Scientific De­ velopment and European Expansion" is the product of an International Colloquium, "Sciences and Empires - A Comparative History of Scien­ tific Exchanges: European Expansion and Scientific Development in Asian, African, American and Oceanian Countries". Organized by the REHSEIS group (Research on Epistemology and History of Exact Sciences and Scientific Institutions) of CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), the colloquium was held from 3 to 6 April 1990 in the UNESCO building in Paris. This colloquium was an idea of Professor Roshdi Rashed who initiated this field of studies in France some years ago, and proposed "Sciences and Empires" as one of the main research programmes for the The project to organize such a colloquium was a bit REHSEIS group. of a gamble. Its subject, reflected in the title "Sciences and Empires", is not a currently-accepted sub-discipline of the history of science; rather, it refers to a set of questions which found autonomy only recently. The terminology was strongly debated by the participants and, as is frequently suggested in this book, awaits fuller clarification.

Abstract: One time, Historicity, Culture -- Husserl and Historicism: Fifty Years Later -- The Teleology of the Historical Being in Hartmann and Husserl -- Historical Time, Mind, and Critical Philosophy of History -- Does Man Co-Create Time? -- The Reactivation of the Past as an Ethical Demand on the Phenomenologist -- Hartmann: The Historicity of Cultural Data -- Hombre y Civilizatión: 1492, La Educatión Imposible -- Phenomenology as a Theory of Culture -- Two Husserlian and Posthusserlian Approaches to Aesthetics -- The Methodological Foundations of Phe-nomenological Aesthetics -- Bild und Kunst im Husserls Nachlass -- Aesthetic Concepts of a Phenomeno-logical Origin -- A Poet’s Life and Work in the Perspective of Phenomenology -- On the Quasi-Intentional Nature of Represented Objects in a Film Work of Art -- Three The Life-Significance of Literature and its Interpretation -- Tymieniecka’s Vindication of the Life Significance of Literature. Homo Ludens and Homo Creator: Scapino -- The Enigma of Avant-Gardes -- Phenomenology and the Pragmatics of Literary Realism -- The Reader and the Reality of the Literary Text: Towards the Construction of Aesthetic Meaning -- Art as Communication -- Phenomenology and the Reception of Literary Texts: The Implied Reader as an Element of a Genre -- L’Oeuvre Litteraire, La Construction Interieure et la Reconstruction -- The Hundredlettered Name: Thunder in James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake -- Refiguring Nature: Tropes of Estrangement in Contemporary American Poetry -- Four Metaphysical Issues in Aesthetics -- Anti-Metaphysical Thinking on Art (Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty) -- The Sense of Possibility: On the Ontologico-Eidetic Relevance of the Character (The Experimental Ego) in Literary Experience -- Truth and Untruth in the Museum Exhibition -- Nihilism and Noesis: The Contribution of Phenomenology to the Sartrean Analysis of Flaubert -- Goethe and Schopenhauer: A Phenomenology of the Final Vision in Faust II -- The Tagorean Interpretation of “Ami”: Man’s Self-Esteem -- The Magic of Art in the Magic-Less World -- El Problema Einailogico -- Index of Names.

Abstract: This collection is the final volume of a four book survey of the state of phenomenology fifty years after the death of Edmund Husserl. Its publication represents a landmark in the comprehensive treatment of contemporary phenomenology in all its vastness and richness. The diversity of the issues raised here is dazzling, but the main themes of Husserl's thought are all either explicitly treated, or else they underlie the ingenious approaches found here. Time, historicity, intentionality, eidos, meaning, possibility/reality, and teleology are the main concerns of this collection devoted to studies in aesthetics, metaphysics and literary interpretation, written by such authors as, among others, R. Cobb-Stevens, C. Moreno Marquez, J. Swiecimski, Sitansu Ray and M. Kronegger. These original studies of phenomenological aesthetics and literary theory by scholars from all parts of the world were gathered by the World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learn­ ing during the year 1988/89 during its assessment of the phenomeno­ logical movement, fifty years after Husserl's death. IX A -T. Tymieniecka (ed.), Analecta Husserliana, Vol. XXXVII, ix.

Abstract: I -- Philosophy: Sections 86–93 (pp. 405–35) of the so-called “Big Typescript” (Catalog Number 213) -- Tautology: How not to Use a Word -- The Philosophy of Logical Wholism -- Wittgenstein’s Philosophies of Mathematics -- Wittgenstein on 2, 2, 2…: The Opening of Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics -- An Impatient Man and his Papers -- The “Middle Wittgenstein”: From Logical Atomism to Practical Holism -- The Development of Wittgenstein’s Views about the Other Minds Problem -- Philosophy in the Big Typescript: Philosophy as Trivial -- Wittgenstein’s Account of Rule-Following -- Wittgenstein and “Mad Pain” -- Moore’s Paradox Revisited -- Elements of a Wittgensteinian Philosophy of the Human Sciences.

Abstract: Most of the papers appearing in volume 87 numbers, 1-2 are based on papers presented at the Colloquium on the Philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein held at the Department of Philosophy at Florida State University on 7-8 April 1989. We owe warm thanks to Florida State University for generously supporting this colloquium. The English translation of the chapter entitled 'Philosophie', from Wittgenstein's typescript number 213 (von Wright), appears here with permission of Wittgenstein's literary heirs, without affecting existing copyrights. The original German version of this chapter was edited by Heikki Nyman and appeared in Revue Internationale de Philosophie 43 (1989), pp. 175-203. Jaakko Hintikka's article (87, No.2) first appeared in a shorter form in The Times Literary Supplement No. 4565 (28 September to 4 October 1990, p. 1030). The present version appears with the permis­ sion of The Times Literary Supplement, which is gratefully acknowl­ edged. Our thanks are due to all the participants of the colloquium and the contributors to these special numbers.

Abstract: Hans Reichenbach Remembered -- Die vergessene Rezension der “allgemeinen Erkenntnislehre” Moritz Schlicks durch Hans Reichenbach — Ein Stück Philosophiegeschichte -- The Space Problem in the New Quantum Mechanics -- The Causal Relation as the Most Fundamental Fact of the World. Comments on Hans Reichenbach’s Paper: The Space Problem in the New Quantum Mechanics -- Reichenbach’s Metaphysical Picture -- Equivalent Descriptions -- Hans Reichenbach’s Vindication of Induction -- Reichenbach, Induction, and Discovery -- Causal Inference -- Causation and the Direction of Time -- How to Hunt Quantum Causes -- Creation as a Pseudo-Explanation in Current Physical Cosmology -- After Carnap -- Making Sense of Carnap’s “Aufbau” -- Die Konstruktion der Erfahrungswelt: Carnap und Husserl -- Carnap und der Physikalismus -- Carnap, the Universality of Language and Extremality Axioms -- A Theory about Logical Theories of “Expressions of the Form ‘The So and So’, where ‘The’ is in the Singular” -- Every Dogma Has Its Day -- Relevant Deduction: From Solving Paradoxes Towards a General Theory -- Carnapian Inductive Logic for Markov Chains -- Zur Geschichte der ‘Erkenntnis’.

Abstract: Rudolf Carnap was born on May 18, 1891, and Hans Reichenbach on September 26 in the same year. They are two of the greatest philosophers of this century, and they are eminent representatives of what is perhaps the most powerful contemporary philosophical movement. Moreover, they founded the journal Erkenntnis. This is ample reason for presenting, on behalf of Erkenntnis, a collection of essays in honor of them and their philosophical work. I am less sure, however, whether it is a good time for resuming their philosophical impact; their work still is rather part than historical basis of the present philosophical melting-pot. Their basic philosophical theses have currently, it may seem, not so high a standing, but their impact can be seen in numerous detailed issues; they have opened or pushed forward lively fields of research which are still very actively pursued not only within philosophy, but also in many neighboring disciplines. Whatever the present balance of opinions about their philosophical ideas, there is something even more basic in their philosophy than their tenets which is as fresh, as stimulating, as exemplary as ever. I have in mind their way of philosophizing, their conception of how to do philosophy. It is always a good time for reinforcing that conception; and if this volume would manage to do so, it would fully serve its purpose.

Abstract: I. The Curaçao Islands. The Inhabitants -- II. Historical Background and Discovery -- III. The Spanish Period -- IV. The Dutch Conquest -- V. Curaçao as War Base -- VI. The Struggle for Survival -- VII. The Last Dutch Stand -- VIII. The End of the Seventeenth Century -- IX. The Eighteenth Century -- X. The English Interregnum -- XI. The Dutch Leeward Islands in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries -- XII. The Wild Coast from pre-Columbian Times to 1621 -- XIII. Dutch Colonizing Efforts on the Wild Coast -- XIV. Surinam under the Chartered Society -- XV. Surinam during the English Interregnum -- XVI. Aspects of Dutch Colonization -- XVII. The Curaçao Islands in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century -- XVIII. The Curaçao Islands Under Paramaribo -- XIX. The Curaçao Islands from 1845 to 1900 -- XX. The Emancipation of the Curaçao Slaves -- XXI. Relations Between Curaçao and Venezuela Toward the End of the Nineteenth Century -- XXII. Oil Comes to the Curaçao Islands -- XXIII. The Curaçao Islands From World War I to World War II -- XXIV. The Dutch Leeward Islands in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- XXV. Surinam in the Nineteenth Century -- XXVI. The Early Twentieth Century in Surinam -- XXVII. Political Developments in the Dutch West Indies in the Twentieth Century -- XXVIII. Economic Development of the Dutch Antilles and Surinam -- XXIX. Society and Culture in the Netherlands West Indies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- General index.

Abstract: To English-speaking historians, the author of this book, a Dutchman who for many years now finds his base at the University of Florida, became well known when his The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast, 158~I680 was published in 1972. At that time Professor Goslinga, who prior to his academic career in the United States, lived for an extended period in Cura~ao, Netherlands Antilles, had already acquired a solid reputation among Dutch Caribbeanists by his manifold publications on social, political and maritime aspects of Dutch West Indian history. By his training, interests and present position, Dr. Goslinga would seem to me to be singularly well-equipped to write a comprehensive history - geared to an English-speaking university public - of what was once known as the Netherlands West Indies. The present book is the product of this professional equipment and of his long teaching experience. It should go a long way in filling the old and wide gap in historical information on this part of the former Dutch empire, and I hope an equally wide but younger audience will appreciate it.

Abstract: The formation of archdeaconries in the diocese of Utrecht in the second half of the eleventh century and the first quarter of the twelfth -- Antwerp ships in English harbours in the fifteenth century -- Variants within Dutch Calvinism in the sixteenth century -- Flanders in 1576: revolutionary or reactionary? -- William III and the Utrecht ‘Government-Regulation’: background, events and problems -- The introduction of the steam engine to the Netherlands -- Survey of recent historical works on Belgium and the Netherlands.

Abstract: 1. English Intervention and the Pattern of Revolt -- 2. International Peace and Civil War -- 3. The Queen, the Prince and the Crisis of the Nobility -- 4. The Loss of the South -- 5. The North Preserved -- 6. Relations Transformed -- Conclusion -- Notes -- A Note on Sources.

Abstract: My first thanks must go to the Electors to Ford's Lectureship in English History in the University of Oxford, who honoured me with the invitation to discharge that formidable responsibility in 1969, generously interpreting the statute so as to allow me to deal with a subject which contained nearly as much Netherlands as it did English history. To Hugh Trevor-Roper, Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford, and his fellow­ Electors, I am grateful for much encouragement, guidance and hospitality. The colleagues and pupils upon whom I have from time to time inflicted discussion of problems arising from my subject are far too numerous to be thanked individually. Two must nevertheless be singled out. Vivian Fisher of Jesus College, Cambridge, very kindly read the completed manuscript, and I have benefited by a number of characteristically penetrating comments and suggestions which he made. Geoffrey Parker, Fellow of Christ's College, generously allowed me to make use of his unique knowledge of the Spanish, French and Italian archives to check and supplement my own information. I am deeply grateful to both. Finally, it will be evident that quite apart from my own researches these lectures owe a heavy debt to many scholars, Dutch, Belgian, American and British especially, who have worked in this or related fields of inquiry. I am not less indebted to those from whose interpretations I have ventured to differ than to those with whom I have found myself in agreement.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Life and Works of the Ban? M?sà -- 2. The Manuscripts of The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 3. Earlier Information on The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 4. Historical Context of The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 5. Motifs -- 6. Transliteration of Arabic letters -- 7. Presentation and Translation -- 8. Notes to Introduction -- II. The Book of Ingenious Devices -- List of Models -- Translation and Annotations.

Abstract: The Pacification of Ghent in 1576: Hope and Uncertainty in the Netherlands -- Tobacco Growing in Holland in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Case Study on the Innovative Spirit of Dutch Peasants -- The Raison d’état-Politician Johan de Witt -- Dutch Privateering during the Second and Third Anglo- Dutch Wars -- Atlantic Rivalry. The Struggle for the Dutch Tea Market 1813-1850 -- The Negro Slave in Nineteenth-Century Surinam -- The Opposition of the ‘People’s Men’ (1850-1869) -- King Albert and the Peace (1915-1918) -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Abstract: Inleiding / Introduction -- Kempo Thessaliensis, De Gloriosa Virgine Maria, Alkmaar, Johannes Haghen Daventriensis, CA. 1518, [NK 1276-NATI, 6] -- Wandelinghe Der Kersten Menschen Amsterdam, Hugo Jansz Van Woerden, 1506 [Nk 2198-Nat, II 10] -- Het Evangelie Van Mattheus Amsterdam, Doen Pietersz, 1522 [Nk 369-Nat I, 1] -- Alardus Amstelredamus, Ritus Edendi Paschalis Agni Amsterdam, Doen Pietersz, 1523 [Nk 57-Nat IV, 15] -- Statuta Jurisdictionis Kennemarie Amsterdam, Peter Jansz Tyebout, 1527 [Nk 1951-Nat I, I en 2] -- Die Kaert Vander Zee (Met Het Waterrecht Van Wisby) Amsterdam, Jan Seversz Die Croepel, 1532 [Nk 3290 & 4085-Nat 11, 1] -- Den Herbarius in Dietsche Antwerpen, Govaert Bac, 1511 [Nk 1049-Nat I, 4] -- Ludolphus De Saxonia, Dit Es Dleven Ons Liefs Heeren Ihesu Cristi Antwerpen, Henrick Eckert Van Homberch, 1503 [Nk 1407-Nat I, 4 En VIII, 26] -- Der Zielen Troost Antwerpen, Adriaen Van Berghen, 1509 [Nk 2084-Nat II, 2] -- Heynric Herp, Groote Ende Nieuwe Spieghel Der Volcomenheit Antwerpen, Weduwe Roelant Van Den Dorpe, 1501 [Nk 1062-Nat I, 4] -- Cronike Van Brabant Antwerpen, Jan Van Doesborch, 1530 [Nk 654-Nat IX, 27] -- Het Nieuw Testament Antwerpen, Willem Vorsterman, 20 Sept. 1529 [NK 396-NAT V, II] -- Det Ny Testamente Antwerpen, Willem Vorsterman, 1529 [Nk 412-Nat, Impressions Danoises, Ii, 5] -- Die Wonderlijcke Oorloghen Van Maximiliaen Antwerpen, Willem Vorsterman, CA. 1531 [NK 1626-NATt XXXV, 215] -- Ulenspieghel Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten, CA. 1519 [NK 2088-NAT XXIV, 102] -- Joannes Ludovicus Vives, De Concordia & Discordia in Humano Genere Ad Carolum V Caesarem Libri Quattuor Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten, 1529 [NK 2163-NAT XIII, 49] -- De Triumphelicke Ghereeschappen Ende Ordinancie Vander Incomste Der Keyserliker Maiesteyt Carolo V in De Stadt Van Napels… Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten, 1536 [NK 1163-NAT XIX, 85 (= 84)] -- Jason Pratensis, De Tuenda Sanitate Libri Quatuor Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten, 1538 [NK 1753-NAT XII, 45] -- Coustumes & Usaiges De … Vallenchiennes Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten Voor Jehan Pissart, Bergen, 1540 [NK 633-NAT VI, 23] -- Bernardus Lutzenburgensis, Compendium Sermocionatorium in Preconio Dive Anne Genitricis Marie… Antwerpen, Jan Lettersnijder, CA. 1506 [NK 296-NAT II, 6] -- Johannes De Ketham, Fasciculus Medicine Antwerpen, Claes De Grave, 1512 [NK 1223-Nat V, II] -- Maximiliaan I, Houtsneden Antwerpen, Jan De Gheet, 1515 [NK 1505 EN 3509-NAT IV, 4] -- Novum Testamentum Antwerpen, Jan Thibault, 1525 [NK 341-NAT III, 10–13] -- Dat Nieuwe Testament Antwerpen, Jan Van Ghelen, 1525 [NK 383-NAT III, 22] -- Souterliedekens Antwerpen, Symon Cock, 1540 [NK 1918-NAT IX, 34] -- Den Bijbel Antwerpen, Jacob Van Liesvelt, 6 September 1526 [NK 386-NAT IV, 20] -- Anna Bijns, Dit Is Een Schoon Ende Suuverlijc Boecxken Inhoudende Veel Scoone Constige Refereinen… Antwerpen, Jacob Van Liesvelt, 1528 [NK 423-NAT VIII, 44] -- Den Bijbel Antwerpen, Hansken Van Liesvelt, 1538 [NK 409] -- Missale Traiectense Antwerpen, Christoffel Van Ruremund Voor Willem Vorsterman En Govaart Van Der Haghen, 1527 [NK I53O-NAT C.V.R.I.] -- Nieuw Testament Antwerpen, Hans Van Ruremund, 1525 [NK 381-NAT, II, 8 EN III, 19] -- La Saincte Bible En Francoys Translatee Selon La Pure & Entière Traduction De Sainct Hierome…Antwerpen, Marten De Keyser, 1534, [NK 419-NAT XI, 54] -- La Saincte Bible En Francoys Translatee Selon La Pure & Entière Traduction De Sainct Hierome…Antwerpen, Marten De Keyser, 1534 [NK 419-NAT XII, 55] -- Oud En Nieuw Testament, Antwerpen, H. Peetersen Van Middelburg, 1535, [NK 407-NAT VI, 23] -- Gemma Phrysius, De Principiis Astronomiae Et Cosmographiae, Antwerpen, Joannes Grapheus, 1530, [NK 97I-NAT II, 6] -- Johannes Servilius, Lexicon Graeco-Latinum, Antwerpen, J. Grapheus Voor J. Steels, 1540, [NK 1900-NAT II, 6] -- Hans Holbein De Jonge, Historiarum Veteris Instrumenti Icones, Antwerpen, J. Steels, 1540, [NK 1103-NAT SUPP. III, 7, 8, 9] -- Urbanus Regius, Dialogus Van De Prekingile Die Christus Den Twee Discipelen Dede, Tot Emaus Gaende Op Den Paesdach Antwerpen?, Niclaes Van Oldenborch, 1538 [NK I789-NAT I, 2 EN 5] -- Guilielmus De Branteghem, Jesu Christi Vita Antwerpen, Mattheus Crom, 1537 [NK 486-NAT I, 2] -- Eusebius Caesariensis, Die Historie Die Men Heet Ecclesiastica… Antwerpen, Govaert Van Der Haghen, 1534 [Nk 883-Nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, II, 8] -- S. Bonaventura, De Verweckinghe Der Godlijcker Liefden Antwerpen, Goris De Bonte, 1535 [nk 470-nat, derniers imprimeurs, I, 6] -- Gemma Phrysius, Arithmeticae Practicae Methodus Facilis Antwerpen, Gillis Coppens Van Diest, 1540 [Nk 970-Nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, VI, 24] -- Christianus Massaeus, Chronicorum Libri Xx Antwerpen, Joannes Crinitus, 1540 [Nk I500-Nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, VI, 25] -- Cornelius Scribonius Grapheus, Pacis Inter Carolum v et Franciscum i Descriptio Antwerpen, Joannes Coccius, 1540 [NK 1023-nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, VI, 27] -- Evangelia Et Epistolae, Breviusculis Qui B Usd A M Hermanni Torrentini Scholiis illustrata Antwerpen, Anthonis Van Der Haghen, 1540 [NK 897-Nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, VIII, 32–33] -- Rosarium Mysticum Animae Fidelis Antwerpen, Marten De Keyser amp; Willem Vorsterman, 1535 [NK 1807] -- Martin Luther, Die Epistel Van S. Pauwels tot die galaten… Uutgeleyt DooreenengEleerdenende Christelicken Man Antwerpen, Jan Hillen Van Hoochstraten, ca. 1526 [NK 1433-Nat I, 8] -- Cornelis Van Baersdorp, Methodus Universae Artis Medicae Brugge, Hubert De Croock, 1538 [NK 163-Nat IV, 17] -- Magninus Mediolanensis Tregement der Ghesontheyt Brüssel, Thomas Vander Noot, 1514 [NK 1453-Nat II, 4] -- Uit: Tbouck Van Wondre, 1513 Drukkersmerk Van Thomas Vander Noot [NK 433-cf. Nat III, 6] -- Den Spieghel der Behoudenessen Brüssel, Thomas Vander Noot, CA. 1508? [NK 1929-Nat V, 9 -- TSCEP Vol Wonders Brüssel, Thomas Vander Noot, 1514 [NK 1875-Nat 1,2] -- Litterae Confraternitatis AO 1516 Volkerus, Prior B. Marie de Bethleem in Wateringen [NK 4412] -- Johannes Eckiusj Declaracie Teghen Zommighe Articulen der Lutherane N Delft, Cornelis Henricsz Lettersnyder, 1527 [NK 752-Nat VIII, 36] -- Martinus De Gouda, Compendium Latini Ideomatis Den Hem, Regulieren, 1509 [NK 3503-NAT SUPP. IV, 37] -- Historie Van Sinte Anna, Vertaald Door Wouter Bor Deventer, Richard Pafraet, 1509 [NK 1082, Deperditu M—Nat Borne 1, 1] -- Johannes Reuchlin, Sergius Vel Capitis Caput Deventer, Jacob Van Breda, 1509 [NK 1796-Nat I, 10] -- Nocturnus Septimus Psalmorum Daviticorum Deventer, Jacob van Breda, CA. 1215 [NK 1600-Nat I, 3] -- S. Hieronymus, Epistolae de Fructu Laboris et Periculis Ocii Deventer, Theod. de Borne, CA. 1515 [NK 1073-Nat IV, 14] -- Marcus Tullius Cicero, Paradoxorum Libellus Deventer, Theod. de Borne, 1519 [NK 570-Nat I, I] -- Ordinarius Congregationis Wyndesemensis Deventer, Alb. Pafraet, 1521 [Nk 1649-Nat Iv, 16] -- Publius Terentius Afer, Andria Deventer, Alb. Pafraet, 1525 [Nk 1983-Nat Iv, 19] -- Nieuw Testament Deventer, Alb. Pafraet, 1525 [Nk 382-Nat Ix, 45] -- Junius Juvenalis, Satyra Octava Deventer, Wessel Zuseler, 1523 [Nk 1243-Nat I, 2] -- Henricus Bebel, De Romanorum Magistratibus Gent, Pieter De Keysere, 1521 [Nk 260-Nat II, 4] -- Johannes Despauterius, De Figuris Liber Gent, Pieter De Keysere, 1520 [Nk 2761-Nat III, 9] -- Robertus Gropretius, Regimen Sanitatis Gent, Joos Lambrecht, 1538 [Nk 3128-Nat II, 4] -- Breviarium Trajectense Gouda, Collaciebroeders, 1508 [Nk 4 94—Nat VII, 69] -- Q. Horatius Flaccus, Sermonum Libri Duo’S-Hertogenbosch, Laurens Hayen, 1521 [Nk II37-Nat I, 1] -- Regula Et Institutiones Seraphici Ordinis Fratrum Minorum Cum Nonnullis Privilegiis ’S-Hertogenbosch, Laurens Hayen, Ca. 1509–1510 [Nk 3 79 0—N At III, II] -- R. Langius, Carmen In Horas Dominicas’S-Hertogenbosch, Fratres Domus S. Gregorii, 1526 [Nk 1314-Nat I, 1] -- G. Macropedius, Andrisca Fabula Lepidissima ’S-Hertogenbosch, Gerard Van Der Hatart, 1538 [Nk 1444-Nat Ii, 8] -- P. Vergilius Maro, Georgica Cum Argumentis Modestini ’S-Hertogenbosch, Jan Van Turnhout, 1530 [Nk 4049-Nat S Up P. I, 1] -- Sybe Jarichs, Een Corte Cronike Kampen, Jan Evertsz., 1536 [Nk 1196-Nat I, 1] -- Rhenanus Uzichius, In Exceptionem Zutphaniensem Etc. Panegyricus Kampen, Jan Petersz., 1538 [Nk 38Oi-Nat Supp. Ii, 5] -- Cornelius Aurelius, Cronycke Van Hollandt, Zeelandtende Vrieslant Leiden, Jan Severszoon, 1517 [Nk 613] -- Legende Van S. Katherina Vander Seyn Leiden, Jan Severszoon, Voor 1509? [Nk 1338-Nat Xi, 32] Sonderlinghe Deuote Oeffeninghe Der Passien Ons Heren Op Den Pater Noster Ghedeclareert … Leiden, Peter Janszoon, Z.J. [Nk 1618-1619-Nat 1,1] -- Breviarium Traiectense Leiden, Jan Severszoon, 1508 [Nk 493-Nat I, I] -- Almanach Voor Den Iare 1540 … Leiden, Peter Claeszoon Van Balen, 1539 [Nk 2300] -- Plutarchus, Apophthegmata Leuven, Dirk Martens, 1521 [Nk I74I-Nat VIII, 27] -- Adrianus Florentii Epistola Ad Facultatem Theologiae Lovaniensem. Condemnationes Doctrin Ae M. Luthe Ri A T...

Abstract: I Profit and Power -- II Representative Thought and National Policy -- III Economic Relations and the Sources of Tension in the First Half of the Century -- IV War in Embryo -- V The First Dutch War -- VI Prudent Idealism: an Interlude (1654-60) -- VII Foreign Trade and Domestic Politics at the Restoration -- VIII The Colonial Prelude and the Approach of the Second Dutch War -- IX A War of Tradesmen -- X Conclusion -- A List of the Principal Sources Consulted.

Abstract: Historical explanations need to keep step with the march of research if they are not to degenerate into empty cliches. It has long been a commonplace of 17th century history that the Anglo-Dutch Wars were the product of 'commercial rivalry'. This essay, first published twenty years ago, attempted to analyse and redefine this overworked traditional concept so as to explain more precisely how it led to naval wars between the Dutch and the English. Two idees fixes of contemporary English thought seemed especially significant; one was the persistent consciousness of English inferiority and backwardness in economic affairs when compared with the Dutch; the other, compounding this, was the equally persistent conviction that strategically, England seemed well placed to wreck the Dutch maritime economy and bring the Republic to her knees in a naval war. These obsessive beliefs combined naturally with the specific influences and motives of powerful political and commercial lobbies to stoke the fires of aggression. Failing over several decades to make any visible progress by more or less peaceful policies, they turned, first, to economic warfare by means of propaganda and pseudo-legal claims to maritime sovereignty; finally (in 1652) to all-out eco­ nomic and naval warfare.

Abstract: Holland’s Advance -- Poverty in Flanders and Brabant from the Fourteenth to the Mid-Sixteenth Century: Sources and Problems -- Prices and Wages as Development Variables: A Comparison between England and the Southern Netherlands, 1400–1700 -- An Inquiry into the Behaviour of Wages in the Dutch Republic and the Southern Netherlands, 1580–1800 -- Poverty in Amsterdam at the Close of the Eighteenth Century -- Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp in America, 1783–1784 -- Some Remarks on the Cultivation System in Java -- The Mutiny on board De Zeven Provincien: Reaction and Repercussions in the Netherlands -- Dutch Jews in a Segmented Society -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Abstract: I. Point Of Departure -- II. Appeasement Defined -- III. On Motives and Similarities -- IV. Ideological Angst -- V. Portraits of Two Epochs -- VI. The Balance Sheet.

Abstract: It has not been my intention to write a definitive study of appeasement. Such a work would have to include the French variety, Stalin's appeasement of Hitler between 1939 and 1941, or the appeasement of Japan in 1938 and 1939. I chose the British case for a number of reasons. The opportunity of a comparative model was a challenge, British appeasement was well known, and the structure of the British government remained rather the same in the intervening period between Waterloo and Dunkirk. I admit that Amiens and Munich represent the most dramatic episodes in the story of appeasement, but then the British struggles against Bonaparte and Hitler were of epic proportions. It was of course unnecessary "to prove" appeasement at Munich, but very few historians had looked at the treaty of Amiens in this way. Much of my research effort was therefore devoted to examining the published material of the earlier period. While I have used some original Addington documents, this work is not primarily an inquiry into unpublished sources but a rein­ terpretation of well known events that were made public long ago. The flood of publications and revelations of the 1930's continues unabated. I have tried to use the latest studies, especially those that have benefited from the thirty­ year rule. My debts of gratitude extend over a long period since two stints as chairman of the department have delayed this book by at least four years.

Abstract: I. Plato in Antiquity -- 1. Plato’s first successors -- 2. Aristotle and the older Peripatetics -- 3. New schools: Zeno, Epicurus, Pyrrho -- 4. The Academy as the school of uncertainty -- 5. Back to certainty -- 6. In Rome. Cicero -- 7. Contacts with the Old Testament -- 8. Across the boundaries of the schools -- 9. Before Plotinus -- 10. The first contacts with Christianity -- 11. Plotinus and the Neo-Platonists -- 12. The Christian Fathers -- 13. Ancient laudatory and calumnious legends on Plato -- 14. Interpretation, criticism, polemics -- 15. Other responses and effects -- II. Plato in the Middle Ages and in the New Age -- 16. Entry into the Middle Ages in the East -- 17. The West before the Renaissance -- 18. The beginning of the Italian Renaissance -- 19. Plato and Aristotle, contest and temporary reconciliation -- 20. Marsilio Ficino. The Florentin Academy -- 21. The diffusion of Renaissance Platonism -- 22. From Descartes to Kant -- 23. The age of the autocracy of reason -- 24. The new Humanism -- 25. Modern Platonic scholarship -- 26. Plato in modern philosophy -- 27. New translations. From science to literature -- 28. Plastic, graphic and mechanical arts. Music. Education -- 29. Life without end -- Name index -- Picture index.

Abstract: Plato's earthly life ended in the year 347 B. C. At the same time, however, began his posthumous life - a life of great influence and fame leaving its mark on aU eras of the history of European learning -lasting until present times. Plato's philosophy has taken root earlier or later in innumerable souls of others, it has matured and given birth to new ideas whose proliferation further dissemi­ nated the vital force of the original thoughts. It happened sometimes, of course, that by various interpretations different and sometimes altogether contradictory thoughts were deduced from one and the same Platonic doctrine: this possibility is also characteristic of Plato's genius. Even though in the history of Platonism there were times less active and creative, the continuity of its tradition has never been completely interrupted and where there was no growth and progress, at least that what had been once accepted has been kept alive. When enquiring into Plato's influence on the development of learning, we shall above all consider the individual approach of various personalities to Plato's philosophy, personal Platonism, which at its best concerns itself with the literary heritage of Plato and though accessible was not always much sought for.

Abstract: Origin of the Theory of Nations with History and Nations without History -- Marxist Theorists on the Evolution of the Concept of Nations with History and Nations without History -- Attitude of 20th Century Marxists Towards Question of the Right of National Self-Determination for Small National Groups -- Conclusion.

Abstract: This study is based upon the concept of nations with history and nations without history which was advanced in 1848/1849 in the pages of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, a Cologne based German newspaper under the editorship of Karl Marx. This theory is presented in this study as a model of opposites ; historic nations and non-historic nations, respec­ tively revolutionary nations and counter-revolutionary national groups which Engels and Marx associated with the philosophy of Hegel. As Marx and Engels saw it, Hegel had taught that nature and history abounded in opposites, and this was believed to be the essence of his dialectic. Marx liked this dialectic better than anything else in Hegel's thought and modified it to fit his own economic theory of history. In reality, however, there are no categories of opposites; certainly not in nature; no two colors are opposites; nor are any two times of the day, indeed nothing temporal, nothing living, nothing that is in process of becoming. ! It is only in human understanding that opposites are intro­ duced. In the history of ideas what has been a misunderstanding of Hegel's teachings has exerted a greater influence upon subsequent generations than Hegel's philosophy as he himself understood it. With Marx's development of the materialistic concept of history, the Volksgeist (Spirit of the Age), so pronounced in Hegel's work lost ground rapidly; first, because it was difficult to understand and second, because its mastery was hardly rewarding to anyone save scholars and philosophers.

Abstract: Political and Religious Ideas of Netherlanders at the Court in Prague -- The Southern Netherlands and the Foundation of the Dutch East and West India Companies -- The Organization and Effects of Flemish Privateering in the Seventeenth Century -- Social Mobility under the Regents of the Republic -- The Attitude of the Roman Curia to the French Revolution and its Opposite Effects in the Southern and Northern Netherlands -- A Study of Wealth and Income in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- The Role of Small Countries in the International Politics of the 1860s: The Netherlands and Belgium in Europe -- The Position of the Jews during the German Occupation of the Netherlands: Some Observations -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Abstract: In the Survey of Recent Historical Works, which according to custom concludes this IXth volume of the Acta, is a notice of the recent 'Report of the Dutch research, with suggestions for future development'. Such a report could easily be classified as an attempt to bring pressure to bear on financial resources for support of a somewhat neglected branch of scientific effort, indeed as a symptom of the current disease of notatitis. A recent special issue 'Regeren door notas', of the periodical Beleid and Maatschappij, March-April 1976, discusses this severe Dutch epidemic of official note-writing, for any purpose, on any matter, at any time, by any sort of official committee to any sort of official body. But even if such were the only reason for the production of this Report, which indeed it is not, the Report will stand on its own feet, as significant and of consequence. In general, however, this Report makes sad reading. It would seem that Dutch historical research and historiography lags far behind comparable foreign developments. There are said to be immense gaps in knowledge of and insight into virtually all fields of the Dutch past and moreover a total lack of modem sophistication. Inevitably, currently fashionable techniques such as programming, co-ordination, and teamwork are suggested as desirable, and a preference is expressed for the currently highly regarded socio-historical approach.

Abstract: The growing interest in the history of Indonesia has made it desirable to have an English summary of the principal works of the Dutch historian Dr H. J. de Graaf, who in several books and articles published between 1935 and 1973 has given a description of the development of the Javanese kingdom of Mataram, based both on European and in­ digenous material. His works form a substantial contribution to the study of the national history of Indonesia. The Summary contains references to the paragraphs of the Dutch books and articles. This makes it easy for those readers who have a know­ ledge of Dutch to consult the original texts. The List of Sources for the study of Javanese history from 1500 to 1700 is composed of the lists in the summarized books and articles, and the Index of Names refers not only to the present Summary but also to the eight original texts. Many names of persons and localities in the Index have been provided with short explanatory notes and references to other lemmata as a quick way to give some provisional information on Javanese history.

Abstract: I. Soul and Mathematicals -- II. Posidonius and Neoplatonism -- III. The Subdivisions of Theoretical Philosophy -- IV. The Origin of the Quadrivium -- V. Speusippus in Iamblichus -- VI. A New Fragment of Aristotle -- VII. Metaphysica Generalis in Aristotle? -- Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Passages in Greek and Latin Authors.

Abstract: The first edition of this book appeared in 1953; the second, revised and enlarged, in 1960. The present, third edition is essentially a reprint of the second, except for the correction of a few misprints and the following remarks, which refer to some recent publications* and replace the brief preface to the second edition. Neither Eudemus nor Theophrastus, so I said (p. 208£. ) knew a branch of theoretical philosophy the object of which would be something called 0'. 1 ~ 0'. 1 andwhich branch wouldbedistinct from theology. And there is no sign that they found such a branch (corresponding to what was later called metaphysica generalis) in Aristotle. To the names of Eudemus and Theophrastus we now can add that of Nicholas of Damascus. In 1965 H. J. Drossaart Lulofs published: Nicolaus Damascenus On the Philosophy of Aristotle (Leiden: Brill), Le. fragments of his m:pr. njc; 'ApLO''t'o't'&AOUC; qJLAOO'OqJLiXC; preserved in Syriac together with an English trans­ lation. In these fragments we find a competent presentation of Aristotle's theoretical philosophy, in systematic form. Nicholas subdivides Aristotle's theoretical philosophy into theology, physics, and mathematics and seems to be completely unaware of any additional branch of philosophy the object of which would be 0'. 1 ~ 0'. 1 distinct from theology with its object (the divine).

Abstract: I. The Egyptians -- Chronological Summary -- The Egyptians as the “inventors” of geometry -- The Rhind papyrus -- The technique of calculation -- “Aha-calculations” -- Applied calculations -- The development of the computing technique -- Hypothesis of an advanced science -- The geometry of the Egyptians -- What could the Greeks learn from the Egyptians? -- II. Number systems, digits and the art of computing -- The sexagesimal system -- Sumerian technique of computation -- The Greek notation for numbers -- Sexagesimal fractions -- Hindu numerals -- The abacus of Gerbert -- III. Babylonian mathematics -- Chronological summary -- Babylonian algebra -- Babylonian geometry -- Babylonian theory of numbers -- Applied mathematics -- Summary -- Greek Mathematics -- IV. The age of Thales and Pythagoras -- V. The golden age -- VI. The century of Plato -- VII. The Alexandrian Era (330–200 B.C.) -- VIII. The decay of Greek mathematics.

Abstract: Soon after the publication of my"Ontwakende W etenschap"the need for an English translation was felt. We were very glad to find a translator fully familiar with the English and Dutch languages and with mathematical terminol· ogy. The publisher, Noordhoff, had the splendid idea to ask H. G. Beyen, professor of archeology, for his help in choosing a nice set of illustrations. It was a difficult task. The illustrations had to be both instructive and attractive, and they had t~ illustrate the history of science as well as the general background of ancient civilization. The publisher encouraged us to find better and still better illustrations, and he ordered photographs from all over the world, with never failing energy and enthusiasm. Mr. Beyen's highly instructive subscripts will help the reader to see the inter· relation between way of living, art, and science of the ancient world. Thanks are due to many correspondents, who have suggested additions and pointed out errors. Sections on Astrolabes and Stereographte Projection and on Archimedes' construction of the heptagon have been added. The sections on Perspective and on the Anaphorai of Hypsicles have been enlarged. In the second English edition I have incorporated an important discovery of P. Huber, which sheds new light upon the role of geometry In Babylonian algebra (see p. 73). The section on Heron's Metrics (see p. 277) was written anew, follOWing a suggestion of E. M. Bruins. Zurich. 1961 B. L.

Abstract: The Representation of the Freeholders in the Drainage Districts of Zeeland West of the Scheldt during the Middle Ages -- The ‘Betrayal’ of the Sixteenth-Century Bourgeoisie: A Myth? Some Considerations of the Behaviour Pattern of the Merchants of Antwerp in the Sixteenth Century -- The’ Weber Thesis: An Attempt at Interpretation -- History and Prognostication -- Ten years of Guerilla-Warfare and Slave Rebellions in Surinam, 1750–1759 -- Political Power Struggle in and around the Main Belgian Cities, 1830–1848 -- Depression and Policy in the Thirties -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Abstract: Volume VIII of Acta Historiae Neerlandicae again presents studies on the history of the Low Countries which it is hoped will be of interest to foreign scholars. The intention has been to deal with a fairly long period, and many differing aspects, of the subject. So institutional, political, economic, social and cultural history all receive a fair share of attention, and together the studies cover a considerable number of centuries. It is, however, striking to note how even this restricted number of studies reflects prevailing viewpoints among today's Low Countries' historians. Clearly there is considerable stress on economic and social questions. Traditional studies such as those of former Belgian historians on medieval history, or those of the Dutch on the seventeenth century, are now giving way to works that are problem­ directed. Power structures, the position of the bourgeoisie, reactions of the intelli­ gentsia and theologians to societal problems, have now more attraction for scholars than the glories of late medieval wealth in Flanders or Holland's Golden Age. Terms such as Guerilla warfare, Struggle, Depression, typify today's critical approach to society in general.

Abstract: The Surrender -- The American Character of the Occupation -- The Work of the Occupation Begins -- From Reformation to Reconstruction -- The Occupation in Danger -- America’s Peace Plan Backfires -- Dilemma of the Separate Peace -- Dulles Builds Peace -- The San Francisco Conference -- Japan Awaits Peace -- Where will Japan Go?.

Abstract: The six years between the surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945, and the signing of a Treaty of Peace in San Francisco on September 8, 1951 between Japan and forty-eight of the nations with which she was at war, was a period unique in the history of international affairs. Throughout those six years Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers. Because of what was accomplished during that occupation under the wise leadership of General Douglas MacArthur, it was possible to conclude a peace which showed no trace of angry passion; a peace of reconciliation, not of vengeance. From its inception the Occupation of Japan was inspired by high moral principles, was governed by the magnanimity that comes from true strength and was carried out in a calm and purposeful manner. Japan's war-making power was destroyed and the influence of those who committed her to armed con­ quest eliminated. Oppressive laws and restrictive practices were removed and guaranties established for freedom of speech, religion and thought and respect for fundamental human rights.

Abstract: A. The Texts -- B. The Relationship of Thet Freske Riim and the Tractatus Alvini -- C. The Legend of the Liberation of the Frisians -- D. The Treatment of the Liberation Legend in Thet Freske Riim -- E. The Style of Thet Freske Riim -- F. The Language of Thet Freske Riim -- Thet Freske Riim -- Tractatus Alvini -- Textual Notes -- A. Thet Freske Riim -- B. Tractatus Alvini -- Interpretative Notes on Thet Freske Riim -- Explanatory Notes -- Glossary to Thet Freske Riim.

Abstract: This edition of Thet Freske Riim and the expanded Dutch version of it known as the Tractatus Alvini was begun in 1940 and gradually completed over a period of eleven years. It is hoped that the texts presented will be found to be sufficiently "diplomatic", yet at the same time readable. A complete Glossary to the Riim is provided, and the linguistic study therefore aims merely at placing before the reader the broad features of its language, for the fulness of the Glossary will enable a scholar to obtain with ease and rapidity all the material that the text offers on any point of phonology, accidence, orthography or syntax. The Glossary is supplemented by brief Interpretative Notes, in which difficulties are discussed, and in which obvious scribal errors are corrected for the convenience of those wishing to read the text rapidly. The late Middle Dutch of the Tractatus Alvini has not been thought to require any linguistic commentary. In sections B, C and D of the Introduction, and in the Explanatory Notes, the subject-matter is thoroughly examined. It may not be irrelevant to point out here that two pejorative judgments upon the Riim must be reconsidered in the light of my work. Firstly, its subject-matter has been called "fantastic" 1.