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  • 1990-1994  (11)
  • 1985-1989  (9)
  • Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands  (20)
  • Artificial intelligence  (10)
  • Law  (10)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands | Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789401110426
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiv, 307 p) , ill
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Humanities ; Logic. ; Computational linguistics. ; Artificial intelligence. ; Linguistics.
    Abstract: This book sets out the foundations, methodology, and practice of a formal framework for the description of language. The approach embraces the trends of lexicalism and compositional semantics in computational linguistics, and theoretical linguistics more broadly, by developing categorial grammar into a powerful and extendable logic of signs. Taking Montague Grammar as its point of departure, the book explains how integration of methods from philosophy (logical semantics), computer science (type theory), linguistics (categorial grammar) and meta-mathematics (mathematical logic ) provides a categorial foundation with coverage including intensionality, quantification, featural polymorphism, domains and constraints. For the first time, the book systematises categorial thinking into a unified program which is at once both logically secured, and a practical tool for pure lexical grammar development with type-theoretic semantics. It should be of interest to all those active in computational linguistics and formal grammar and is suitable for use at advanced undergraduate, postgraduate, and research levels
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789401109420
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 253 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Electronic data processing ; Artificial intelligence ; Educational technology.
    Abstract: This book discusses the development of new models, methods, and tools to support the design and production of (computer-based) learning material. The contributions describe a number of projects that represent the state of the art of European research on courseware authoring, with a special attention to simulation-based learning material. Researchers in instructional science and educational technology, trainers, teachers, and professionals involved or interested in the development of learning material will find valuable ideas, clues and references in this book. Some of the relevant topics that emerge from the papers are: the separation of the conceptual representation of the knowledge to be taught from the instructional strategies and from the actual pieces of multimedia learning material; the support of all the phases of the authoring process, including the most abstract at the design stage; collaborative approaches and reuse techniques
    Description / Table of Contents: Designing Interactive LearningECSA: An Environment to Design and Instantiate Learning Material -- DISCourse: Tools for the Design of Learning Material -- Production of Interactive Multimedia Courseware with Mathesis -- Open System for Collaborative Authoring and Re-use -- COSYS - An Approach to Production of Flexible Learning Material -- DISCOURSE: The Design and Production of Simulation-based Learning Environments -- SMISLE: System for Multimedia Integrated Simulation Learning Environments -- SAM, Simulation And Multimedia -- COLOS: Conceptual Learning Of Science -- Towards a Common Training Architecture for FDL: Description and Definition -- Author Index -- List of Addresses.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands | Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9780585359588
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (596 p)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Linguistica Computazionale 9
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Linguistics. ; Natural language processing (Computer science). ; Computational linguistics. ; Computer science. ; Artificial intelligence.
    Abstract: This collection of papers is dedicated to Don Walker, a kind, gentle soul, and a man of intelligence and vision whom we have been privileged to know and to work with. The technical content of these papers clearly reflects his guidance and direction; his understanding of the relevance of the theories from related disciplines such as linguistics, psychology, and philosophy; and his dream of the future availability of electronic documents and the potential of this as a resource for corpus-based analysis. This led to one of his most interdisciplinary roles as a primary mover in the push to standardize the acquisition and tagging of electronic text, an endeavour that brought together people from fields as distinct as publishing, the humanities and computer science. His widespread interests are mirrored in the rich and diverse collection of papers in this volume which portray many different approaches and many different styles. These papers co-exist in harmony here, united by the goal of paying tribute to Don as well as actualizing part of his dream
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789401117692
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 436 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: QUALICO has been held for the first time as an international conference to demonstrate the state of the art in quantitative linguistics. This domain of language study and research is gaining considerable interest due to recent advances in linguistic modelling, particularly in computational linguistics, cognitive science, and developments in mathematics like modern systems theory. Progress in hardware and software technology, together with ease of access to data and numerical processing, has provided new means of empirical data acquisition and the application of mathematical models of adequate complexity. This volume contains the papers read at QUALICO 91, and provides a representative overview of the state of the art in quantitative linguistic research
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Science and Linguistics2 Menzerath’s Law and the Constant Flow of Linguistic Information -- 3 Text as a Construct of Aggregations -- 4 Synergetic Linguistics -- 5 A Model of the Word Life Cycle -- 6 A Self-Organizing Lexical System in Hypertext -- 7 Repairs in a Connectionist Language-Production Model -- 8 A Methodology for Analyzing Terminological and Conceptual Differences in Language Use across Communities -- 9 Modelling the Distribution of Word Length: Some Methodological Problems -- 10 The Measurement of Morphosyntactic Properties: A First Attempt -- 11 An Algorithm for Automatic Grammatical Classes Definition -- 12 Methodological Aspects of the Categorization of a Middle French Corpus with a Computer-Assisted Text Analysis Software (SATO) -- 13 Proposal of a New ‘Constraint Measure’ for Text -- 14 Statistical Language Modelling Using a Cache Memory -- 15 Forming Word Classes by Statistical Clustering for Statistical Language Modelling -- 16 Probabilistic Scaling of Texts -- 17 Quantitative Evaluation of Language Independent Models -- 18 Statistical Experiments on Computer Talk -- 19 Multidimensional Scaling as a Dialectometrical Technique: Outline of a Research Project -- 20 Dialectometry: A Short Overview of the Principles and Practice of Quantitative Classification of Linguistic Atlas Data -- 21 A Statistical Approach for Phoneme-to-Grapheme Conversion -- 22 Synergetic Studies in Polish -- 23 Quantitative Linguistics and Histoire des mentalités: Gender Representation in the Trésor de la langue française, 1600-1950 -- 24 About Some Theoretical and Computational Interpretations of Chinese Phrase Structure Grammar (CPSG) -- 25 A Parallel Approach in Statistical Analysis of Unrestricted Corpora of Human Language -- 26 Correlational System of Verbal Features in English and German -- 27 Verb Patterns in the Polish Vocabulary and Texts -- Notes on Contributors -- Announcement: QUALICO-94.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789401760713
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (III, 43 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law. ; Political science.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401126243
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 375 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; System theory. ; Mathematical physics.
    Abstract: Connection science is a new information-processing paradigm which attempts to imitate the architecture and process of the brain, and brings together researchers from disciplines as diverse as computer science, physics, psychology, philosophy, linguistics, biology, engineering, neuroscience and AI. Work in Connectionist Natural Language Processing (CNLP) is now expanding rapidly, yet much of the work is still only available in journals, some of them quite obscure. To make this research more accessible this book brings together an important and comprehensive set of articles from the journal CONNECTION SCIENCE which represent the state of the art in Connectionist natural language processing; from speech recognition to discourse comprehension. While it is quintessentially Connectionist, it also deals with hybrid systems, and will be of interest to both theoreticians as well as computer modellers. Range of topics covered: Connectionism and Cognitive Linguistics Motion, Chomsky's Government-binding Theory Syntactic Transformations on Distributed Representations Syntactic Neural Networks A Hybrid Symbolic/Connectionist Model for Understanding of Nouns Connectionism and Determinism in a Syntactic Parser Context Free Grammar Recognition Script Recognition with Hierarchical Feature Maps Attention Mechanisms in Language Script-Based Story Processing A Connectionist Account of Similarity in Vowel Harmony Learning Distributed Representations Connectionist Language Users Representation and Recognition of Temporal Patterns A Hybrid Model of Script Generation Networks that Learn about Phonological Features Pronunciation in Text-to-Speech Systems
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Connectionism and Cognitive Linguistics2 A Connectionist Model of Motion and Government on Chomsky’s Government-binding Theory -- 3 Syntactic Transformations on Distributed Representations -- 4 Syntactic Neural Networks -- 5 Incremental Syntactic Tree Formation in Human Sentence Processing: a Cognitive Architecture Based on Activation Decay and Simulated Annealing -- 6 A Hybrid Symbolic/Connectionist Model for Noun Phrase Understanding -- 7 Connectionism and Determinism in a Syntactic Parser -- 8 A Single Layer Higher Order Neural Net and its Application to Context Free Grammar Recognition -- 9 Connectionist Language Users -- 10 Script Recognition with Hierarchical Feature Maps -- 11 Learning Distributed Representations of Conceptual Knowledge and their Application to Script-based Story Processing -- 12 A Hybrid Model of Script Generation: or Getting the Best from Both Worlds -- 13 Identification of Topical Entities in Discourse: a Connectionist Approach to Attentional Mechanisms in Language -- 14 The Role of Similarity in Hungarian Vowel Harmony: a Connectionist Account -- 15 Representation and Recognition of Temporal Patterns -- 16 Networks that Learn about Phonological Feature Persistence -- 17 Pronunciation of Digit Sequences in Text-to-Speech Systems.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands | Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789401131841
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxv, 222 p) , ill
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 12
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Psycholinguistics. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Computational linguistics. ; Artificial intelligence.
    Abstract: I. Introduction Parsing strategies -- II. Experiment 1: Declaratives With Post-Verbal Subject -- III. Experiment 2: The Cost of Chains in Parsing: Processing Declaratives With Unaccusative or Unergative Verbs -- IV. Experiment 3: Referential and Non-Referential Wh-Dependencies -- V. Experiment 4: Wh-Questions with Post-Clausal Disambiguation -- VI. Experiment 5: The Minimal Chain Principle and the Grammar of the Langauge -- VII. General Discussion -- Appendices -- Material, Experiment 1 -- Material, Experiment 2 -- Material, Experiment 3 -- Material, Experiment 4 -- Material, Experiment 5 -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Authors.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789401767965
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 189 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law. ; Political science.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands | Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789401138185
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvi, 678 p) , ill
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Artificial intelligence ; Anthropological linguistics. ; Artificial intelligence. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Bridging Interdisciplinary Boundaries: The Case of Kin Terms -- Dracula Conditionals and Discourse -- Grammar and Memory -- The English Stress Cycle and Interlexical Relations -- Sentential Subjects and Proper Government in Chamorro -- The Logic and Functions of the English Past and Perfect -- The Autonomy of the (Syntactic) Lexicon and Syntax: Insertion Conditions for Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes -- Conditions on Propagation of Binding Scope -- Roles and Values: The Case of French Copula Constructions -- Remarks on Phrasing and Prosodic Attachment -- On Psych Predicates -- Wanna-Contraction as Restructuring -- On Suppletion, Selection, and Agreement -- Affirmative Polarity Items and Negation in Japanese -- KARE -- Modularity and Chinese A-not-A Questions -- Pied Piping and Logical Form -- Cleft Sentences and the Territory of Information -- Against Pied Piping in LF -- Binding Properties of French EN -- Remarks on Adverbial Constituent Structure -- The Logic of kara and node in Japanese -- MA -- Verbiness and the Size of Niches in the English Auxiliary -- Extraposition and Parasitic Gaps -- Infinity Is in the Eye of the Beholder -- On One’s Own: The Semantics and Pragmatics of Reflexives -- Syntax and Downstep in Japanese -- Sentences in Texts: A Valediction for Sentence Topic -- The Cross-Linguistic Distribution of Adjective Ordering Restrictions -- Edges, Surfaces and Boundaries -- Argument Positions and Configurationality -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The thirty-two papers in this collection are offered to Professor S.-Y. Kuroda by his friends, as a ge sture of their deep respect and enduring affection. One of the many ways in which Professor Kuroda has impressed us all is in the breadth of his interests and areas of expertise. He is one of those rare scholars whose work and interests span the whole range of his discipline. He is a figure of such intellectual stature that he has inspired, influenced, and encouraged researchers in an astonishing variety of projects. He continues to do so at an unslackened pace today, just as his own productivity remains vigorous. But mention of Yuki's inspiration and influence is inadequate without mention of his special humorousness, his mischievous wit, his charm and as a friend, has added a unique warmth. Knowing Yuki, and counting him quality to our lives. We who have contributed to this collection have done so in partial acknowledgement of, and gratitude for, this benign and masterful influence. The contributions to the collection reflect the range of Yuki's own interests, and cover a rich variety of approaches to the analysis of natural language. These include papers in philosophy, psychology, computer sciencel artificial intelligence, and linguistics, and, within linguistics, the entire breadth of the field: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and computation. Though diverse in their themes, language areas, and foci, the papers are bound by their authors' common bond to Yuki.
    Description / Table of Contents: Bridging Interdisciplinary Boundaries: The Case of Kin TermsDracula Conditionals and Discourse -- Grammar and Memory -- The English Stress Cycle and Interlexical Relations -- Sentential Subjects and Proper Government in Chamorro -- The Logic and Functions of the English Past and Perfect -- The Autonomy of the (Syntactic) Lexicon and Syntax: Insertion Conditions for Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes -- Conditions on Propagation of Binding Scope -- Roles and Values: The Case of French Copula Constructions -- Remarks on Phrasing and Prosodic Attachment -- On Psych Predicates -- Wanna-Contraction as Restructuring -- On Suppletion, Selection, and Agreement -- Affirmative Polarity Items and Negation in Japanese -- KARE -- Modularity and Chinese A-not-A Questions -- Pied Piping and Logical Form -- Cleft Sentences and the Territory of Information -- Against Pied Piping in LF -- Binding Properties of French EN -- Remarks on Adverbial Constituent Structure -- The Logic of kara and node in Japanese -- MA -- Verbiness and the Size of Niches in the English Auxiliary -- Extraposition and Parasitic Gaps -- Infinity Is in the Eye of the Beholder -- On One’s Own: The Semantics and Pragmatics of Reflexives -- Syntax and Downstep in Japanese -- Sentences in Texts: A Valediction for Sentence Topic -- The Cross-Linguistic Distribution of Adjective Ordering Restrictions -- Edges, Surfaces and Boundaries -- Argument Positions and Configurationality -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400919280
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Philosophy of law ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History. ; International law.
    Abstract: lt is a commonplace that law and morality intersect and interpenetrate in all the areas of legal decision-making; that in order to make sense of constitutional, statutory or common-law questions, judges and other legal decision-makers must first resolve certain philosophical issues which include moral judgments of right and wrang_ This is particularly evident with regard to constitutional interpretation, especially when constitutions give a mandate for the protection of the substantive norms and values entrenched as constitutional rights. In these Situations, as a leading contemporary legal philosopher observed, the "Constitution fuses legal and moral issues, by making the validity of a law depend on an answer to complex moral 1 problems". But the need for substantive value elucidation is not confined, of course, only to constitutional interpretation under Bills of Rights. This, however, immediately raises a dilemma stemming from the moral diversity and pluralism of modern liberal societies. How can law remain sensitive to this pluralism and yet provide clear answers to the problems which call for a legal resolution? Sharply conflicting values in modern societies clash in the debates over the death penalty, abortion, homosexuality, separation of state and religion, the scope of the freedom of the press, or affirmative action. lt would often be difficult to discern a broader consensus within which these clashes of values operate, unless this consensus were described in such vague terms as to render it practically meaningless.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400905252
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 388 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: The Basic Assumptions of Propositional Logic -- Classical Propositional Logic - PC - -- Relatedness Logic: The Subject Matter of a Proposition - S and R - -- A General Framework for Semantics for Propositional Logics -- Dependence Logics - D, Dual D, Eq, DPC - -- Modal Logics - S4, S5, S4Grz, T, B, K, QT, MSI, ML, G, G* - -- Intuitionism - Int and J - -- Many-Valued Logics - L3, Ln, L?, K3, G3, Gn, G?, S5 - -- A Paraconsistent Logic: J3 -- Translations Between Logics -- The Semantic Foundations of Logic -- Summary of Logics.
    Abstract: This book grew out of my confusion. If logic is objective how can there be so many logics? Is there one right logic, or many right ones? Is there some underlying unity that connects them? What is the significance of the mathematical theorems about logic which I've learned if they have no connection to our everyday reasoning? The answers I propose revolve around the perception that what one pays attention to in reasoning determines which logic is appropriate. The act of abstracting from our reasoning in our usual language is the stepping stone from reasoned argument to logic. We cannot take this step alone, for we reason together: logic is reasoning which has some objective value. For you to understand my answers, or perhaps better, conjectures, I have retraced my steps: from the concrete to the abstract, from examples, to general theory, to further confirming examples, to reflections on the significance of the work.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400924482
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 222 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: Philosophical Logic and Artificial Intelligence -- I’m OK if You’re OK: On the Notion of Trusting Communication -- Concepts of Information: Comparative Axiomatics -- Logic and the Complexity of Reasoning -- Circumscriptive Theories: A Logic-Based Framework for Knowledge Representation -- Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense -- Efficient Reasoning about Rich Temporal Domains.
    Abstract: cians concerned with using logical tools in philosophy have been keenly aware of the limitations that arise from the original con­ centration of symbolic logic on the idiom of mathematics, and many of them have worked to create extensions of the received logical theories that would make them more generally applicable in philosophy. Carnap's Testability and Meaning, published in 1936 and 1937, was a good early example of this sort of research, motivated by the inadequacy of first-order formalizations of dis­ 'This sugar cube is soluble in water'. positional sentences like And in fact there is a continuous history of work on this topic, extending from Carnap's paper to Shoham's contribution to the present volume . . Much of the work in philosophical logic, and much of what has appeared in The Journal of Philosophical Logic, was mo­ tivated by similar considerations: work in modal logic (includ­ ing tense, deontic, and epistemic logic), intensional logics, non­ declaratives, presuppositions, and many other topics. In this sort of research, sin.ce the main point is to devise new formalisms, the technical development tends to be rather shallow in comparison with mathematical logic, though it is sel­ dom absent: theorems need to be proved in order to justify the formalisms, and sometimes these are nontrivial. On the other hand, much effort has to go into motivating a logical innovation.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400919068
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 212 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics
    Abstract: 1. Structuralist Versus Analogical Descriptions -- 2. An Overview of the Book -- 1: Problems with Rule Descriptions of Language -- 1. Three Basic Types of Language Behavior -- 2. Empirical Problems -- 3. Conceptual Problems -- 2: An Analogical Approach -- 1. An Overview of the Analogical Model -- 2. Constructing the Analogical Set for a Given Context -- 3. The Exponential Effect in a Saturated Deterministic Field -- 4. Predicting the Three Basic Behaviors Analogically -- 3: Three Examples from English -- 1. Specifying the Data Set -- 2. Categorical Behavior: The Indefinite Article -- 3. Exceptional/Regular Behavior: Spelling Initial /h/ -- 4. Idiosyncratic Behavior: Voicing Onset Time -- 4: Predicting Non-Deterministic Language Variation -- 1. Learning Probabilities -- 2. McClelland and Rumelhart’s Connectionist Approach -- 3. Imperfect Memory and Multivariate Predictions -- 4. Rule Approaches to Language Variation -- 5. Sociolinguistic Variation in Arabic -- 5: Analogical Predictions of the Past Tense in Finnish -- 1. An Overview of the Verb Types -- 2. The Past Tense in Standard Finnish -- 3. Variation in the Past Tense -- 4. Properties of an Analogically Predicted Past Tense Form -- 5. Predicting the Past Tense for Infrequent Verbs -- 6. Predicting the Past Tense for Verbs in the Data Set -- 7. Historical Drift of the Past Tense -- 8. A Note on the Historical Development -- 6: Conclusion -- 1. Massively Parallel Processing of Analogical Sets -- 2. A Final Analogy -- References -- Appendix 1: Symbols for the Phonemes of English -- Appendix 2: Data Sets -- 1. The Indefinite Article in English -- 2. Spelling of Initial /h/ in English -- 3. Categorical Determination of /b,p/ in English -- 4. Terms of Address in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic -- 5. Past Tense in Finnish -- Appendix 3: Pascal Program.
    Abstract: 1. Structuralist Versus Analogical Descriptions ONE important purpose of this book is to compare two completely dif­ ferent approaches to describing language. The first of these approaches, commonly called stnlctllralist, is the traditional method for describing behavior. Its methods are found in many diverse fields - from biological taxonomy to literary criticism. A structuralist description can be broadly characterized as a system of classification. The fundamental question that a structuralist description attempts to answer is how a general contextual space should be partitioned. For each context in the partition, a rule is defined. The rule either specifies the behavior of that context or (as in a taxonomy) assigns a name to that context. Structuralists have implicitly assumed that descriptions of behavior should not only be correct, but should also minimize the number of rules and permit only the simplest possible contextual specifications. It turns out that these intuitive notions can actually be derived from more fundamental statements about the uncertainty of rule systems. Traditionally, linguistic analyses have been based on the idea that a language is a system of rules. Saussure, of course, is well known as an early proponent of linguistic structuralism, as exemplified by his characterization of language as "a self-contained whole and principle of classification" (Saussure 1966:9). Yet linguistic structuralism did not originate with Saussure - nor did it end with "American structuralism".
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Structuralist Versus Analogical Descriptions2. An Overview of the Book -- 1: Problems with Rule Descriptions of Language -- 1. Three Basic Types of Language Behavior -- 2. Empirical Problems -- 3. Conceptual Problems -- 2: An Analogical Approach -- 1. An Overview of the Analogical Model -- 2. Constructing the Analogical Set for a Given Context -- 3. The Exponential Effect in a Saturated Deterministic Field -- 4. Predicting the Three Basic Behaviors Analogically -- 3: Three Examples from English -- 1. Specifying the Data Set -- 2. Categorical Behavior: The Indefinite Article -- 3. Exceptional/Regular Behavior: Spelling Initial /h/ -- 4. Idiosyncratic Behavior: Voicing Onset Time -- 4: Predicting Non-Deterministic Language Variation -- 1. Learning Probabilities -- 2. McClelland and Rumelhart’s Connectionist Approach -- 3. Imperfect Memory and Multivariate Predictions -- 4. Rule Approaches to Language Variation -- 5. Sociolinguistic Variation in Arabic -- 5: Analogical Predictions of the Past Tense in Finnish -- 1. An Overview of the Verb Types -- 2. The Past Tense in Standard Finnish -- 3. Variation in the Past Tense -- 4. Properties of an Analogically Predicted Past Tense Form -- 5. Predicting the Past Tense for Infrequent Verbs -- 6. Predicting the Past Tense for Verbs in the Data Set -- 7. Historical Drift of the Past Tense -- 8. A Note on the Historical Development -- 6: Conclusion -- 1. Massively Parallel Processing of Analogical Sets -- 2. A Final Analogy -- References -- Appendix 1: Symbols for the Phonemes of English -- Appendix 2: Data Sets -- 1. The Indefinite Article in English -- 2. Spelling of Initial /h/ in English -- 3. Categorical Determination of /b,p/ in English -- 4. Terms of Address in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic -- 5. Past Tense in Finnish -- Appendix 3: Pascal Program.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9781402083815
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 443 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Philosophy of law ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History.
    Abstract: 'This is an outline of a coherence theory of law. Its basic ideas are: reasonable support and weighing of reasons. All the rest is commentary.’ These words at the beginning of the preface of this book perfectly indicate what On Law and Reason is about. It is a theory about the nature of the law which emphasises the role of reason in the law and which refuses to limit the role of reason to the application of deductive logic. In 1989, when the first edition of On Law and Reason appeared, this book was ground breaking for several reasons. It provided a rationalistic theory of the law in the language of analytic philosophy and based on a thorough understanding of the results, including technical ones, of analytic philosophy. That was not an obvious combination at the time of the book’s first appearance and still is not. The result is an analytical rigor that is usually associated with positivist theories of the law, combined with a philosophical position that is not natural law in a strict sense, but which shares with it the emphasis on the role of reason in determining what the law is. If only for this rare combination, On Law and Reason still deserves careful study. On Law and Reason also foreshadowed and influenced a development in the field of Legal Logic that would take place in the nineties of the 20th century, namely the development of non-monotonic (‘defeasible’) logics for the analysis of legal reasoning. In the new Introduction to this second edition, this aspect is explored in some more detail
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  • 15
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400912977
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 1022 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789401763899
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 218 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Studies in Human Rights
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; International law.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400941410
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXIII, 362 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Public health laws ; Surgery ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law. ; Medical laws and legislation. ; Private international law.
    Abstract: 1 Historical background and introduction -- 2 The administration of the Act -- 3 Medicinal products and other articles -- 4 The licensing system -- 5 Licences and certificates relating to products -- 6 Licences for activities -- 7 Controls over the sale and distribution of medicines -- 8 Wholesale sales -- 9 Retail sale of medicines for human use -- 10 Dispensing medicines -- 11 Sales, supplies and administration by exempted users -- 12 Herbal remedies -- 13 Homoeopathy and similar systems of medicine -- 14 Medicinal products for administration to animals -- 15 Medicated animal feeding stuffs -- 16 The packaging and labelling of medicines -- 17 The quality of medicinal products reaching the consumer -- 18 Promotion of sales of medicinal products -- 19 Advertisements and representations directed to practitioners -- 20 Advertisements directed to the public -- 21 Pharmacies -- Appendix 1: Definitions of words and phrases used in the Act and subordinate legislation -- Appendix 2: Recommended warning and advisory labels for dispensed medicines -- Appendix 3: Code of ethics of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain -- Appendix 3B: Guide to good dispensing practice -- Appendix 3C: Guide to the self-assessment of professional practice activites -- Appendix 4: NHS limited list.
    Abstract: The Medicines Act 1968 together with its delegated legislation comprehensively controls the manufacture, packaging, labelling, distribution and promotion of medicines for both human and animal use in the United Kingdom. It also controls the import and export of such medicines. It replaced a patchwork of controls which evolved over a century. Since its enactment, more than 150 items of delegated legislation (orders and regulations) have been made under its provisions and about 130 are still operative. The sheer physical bulk of this mass of material causes difficulty, not only in comprehension but also in finding the detail so often required. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that some pieces of legislation have been amended several times. My principal aim is to provide a reference book which contains all of the provisions of the Act and its various orders, regulations as amended to date. The material is arranged to facilitate the search for detail. In order to assist the reader in finding his way through this maze, Chaper 1 consists of a survey of the situation which existed before the Act came into being, together with a synopsis of the present controls. This should enable the reader to appreciate the changes which have occurred and how the system works.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Historical background and introduction2 The administration of the Act -- 3 Medicinal products and other articles -- 4 The licensing system -- 5 Licences and certificates relating to products -- 6 Licences for activities -- 7 Controls over the sale and distribution of medicines -- 8 Wholesale sales -- 9 Retail sale of medicines for human use -- 10 Dispensing medicines -- 11 Sales, supplies and administration by exempted users -- 12 Herbal remedies -- 13 Homoeopathy and similar systems of medicine -- 14 Medicinal products for administration to animals -- 15 Medicated animal feeding stuffs -- 16 The packaging and labelling of medicines -- 17 The quality of medicinal products reaching the consumer -- 18 Promotion of sales of medicinal products -- 19 Advertisements and representations directed to practitioners -- 20 Advertisements directed to the public -- 21 Pharmacies -- Appendix 1: Definitions of words and phrases used in the Act and subordinate legislation -- Appendix 2: Recommended warning and advisory labels for dispensed medicines -- Appendix 3: Code of ethics of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain -- Appendix 3B: Guide to good dispensing practice -- Appendix 3C: Guide to the self-assessment of professional practice activites -- Appendix 4: NHS limited list.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401098588
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Public health laws ; Medical laws and legislation.
    Abstract: Division 5: Controls over Sale, Supply and Administration of Medicines -- III Further Provisions Relating to Dealings with Medicinal Products -- The Medicines (Administration of Radioactive Substances) Regulations 1978 -- The Medicines (Bal Jivan Chamcho Probition) (No.2) Order 1977 -- The Medicines (Prohibition of Non-medicinal Antimicrobial Substances) Order 1977 -- The Medicines (Chloroform Prohibition) Order 1979 as amended -- The Medicines (Phenacetin Prohibition) Order 1979 -- The Medicines (Stilbenes and Thyrostatic Substances Prohibition) Order 1982 -- Divison 6: Controls over Sale, Supply and Administration of Veterinary Products -- The Medicines (Restriction on the Administration of Veterinary Medicinal Products) Regulations 1983 -- The Medicines (Veterinary Drugs) (General Sale List) Order 1984 -- The Medicines (Veterinary Drugs) (Prescription Only) Order 1985 -- The Medicines (Exemptions from Restrictions on the Retail Sale or Supply of Veterinary Drugs) Order 1984 as amended -- Division 7: Quality of Medicines and Medicated Animal Feeding Stuffs -- VIII British Pharmacopoeia and other Publications -- II Certificate of Analysis or Examination of Animal Feeding Stuff (1) -- Division 8 Pharmacies -- IV Pharmacies.
    Abstract: The Medicines Act 1968 together with its delegated legislation comprehensively controls the manufacture, packaging, labelling, distribution and promotion of medicines for both human and animal use in the United Kingdom. It also controls the import and export of such medicines. It replaced a patchwork of controls which evolved over a century. Since its enactment, more than 150 items of delegated legislation (orders and regulations) have been made under its provisions and about 130 are still operative. The sheer physical bulk of this mass of material causes difficulty, not only in comprehension but also in finding the detail so often required. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that some pieces of legislation have been amended several times. My principal aim is to provide a reference book which contains all of the provisions of the Act and its various orders, regulations as amended to date. The material is arranged to facilitate the search for detail. In order to assist the reader in finding his way through this maze, Chaper 1 consists of a survey of the situation which existed before the Act came into being, together with a synopsis of the present controls. This should enable the reader to appreciate the changes which have occurred and how the system works.
    Description / Table of Contents: Division 5: Controls over Sale, Supply and Administration of MedicinesIII Further Provisions Relating to Dealings with Medicinal Products -- The Medicines (Administration of Radioactive Substances) Regulations 1978 -- The Medicines (Bal Jivan Chamcho Probition) (No.2) Order 1977 -- The Medicines (Prohibition of Non-medicinal Antimicrobial Substances) Order 1977 -- The Medicines (Chloroform Prohibition) Order 1979 as amended -- The Medicines (Phenacetin Prohibition) Order 1979 -- The Medicines (Stilbenes and Thyrostatic Substances Prohibition) Order 1982 -- Divison 6: Controls over Sale, Supply and Administration of Veterinary Products -- The Medicines (Restriction on the Administration of Veterinary Medicinal Products) Regulations 1983 -- The Medicines (Veterinary Drugs) (General Sale List) Order 1984 -- The Medicines (Veterinary Drugs) (Prescription Only) Order 1985 -- The Medicines (Exemptions from Restrictions on the Retail Sale or Supply of Veterinary Drugs) Order 1984 as amended -- Division 7: Quality of Medicines and Medicated Animal Feeding Stuffs -- VIII British Pharmacopoeia and other Publications -- II Certificate of Analysis or Examination of Animal Feeding Stuff (1) -- Division 8 Pharmacies -- IV Pharmacies.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401769945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 374 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law in Eastern Europe
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Criminology
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789401769747
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 244 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law. ; School management and organization. ; School administration.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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