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  • 1990-1994  (18)
  • 1985-1989  (15)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (33)
  • Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.  (33)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401111508
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 52
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    Keywords: Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Humanities ; Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Semiotics. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: This book presents a theory of the interface between lexical semantics and syntax, in which aspect plays a central role. The aspectual properties that figure in the linking between syntax and semantics are expressed through `aspectual roles', assigned by a verb to its arguments. A number of lexical semantic phenomena can be expressed as operations over aspectual roles, and syntactic phenomena can be classified according to whether or not they are sensitive to the presence of aspectual roles. The theory is independent of any particular model of syntax (such as GB or LFG). This theory proposes a modular relationship between aspectual role information, and conceptual or thematic representations of lexical semantic information. Language-specific generalizations about linking are argued to be expressed in thematic or conceptual representations, while universal linking generalizations are expressed in aspectual representations. Consequently, this theory has implications for language acquisition. A number of recent works have treated aspect of lexical semantics or argument structure in their own right, but none have focused on aspect as central in the relation between lexical semantics and syntactic argument structure
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789401581615
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 285 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 51
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Metaphysics ; Comparative linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: The Language of Propositions and Events offers a comprehensive theory of the relation between noun meaning and verb meaning. Two main theses are defended in this book. The first thesis is that an adequate account of the interpretation and distribution of nominals calls for a distinction between three types of entities in the domain of discourse: events, propositions, and states of affairs. It is argued that different types of nominals differ in their ability to denote entities of these types and that predicates differ in their ability to select for them. The second main thesis is that an adequate characterization of the relation between noun meaning and verb meaning can be given by taking account of the fact that situations may stand in the part of relation. Kratzer's semantics of situations is the basis for this analysis of nominalization. Moreover, the book addresses the issue of the argument structure of nominals and offers an analysis of the puzzling distribution of infinito sostantivato in Italian. For graduate students in semantics and syntax, theoretical linguists, philosophers of language, students of Romance linguistics
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789401125741
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 175 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 14
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Humanities ; Psycholinguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: The theory of language acquisition is a young but increasingly active field. Language Acquisition and Syntactic Theory presents one of the first detailed studies of comparative syntax acquisition. It is informed by the view that linguists and acquisitionists are essentially working on the same problem, that of explaining grammar learnability. The author takes cross-linguistic data from child language as evidence for recent proposals in syntactic theory. Developments in the structure of children's sentences during the first few years of life are traced to changes in the setting of specific grammatical parameters. Some surprising differences between the early child grammars of French and English are uncovered, differences that can only be explained on the basis of subtle distinctions in inflectional structure. This motivates the author's claim that functional or nonthematic categories are represented in the grammars of very young children. The book also explores the relationship between acquisition and diachronic change in French and English. It is argued that findings in acquisition, when viewed from a parameter setting perspective, provide answers to important questions arising in the study of language change. The book promises to be of interest to all those involved in the formal, psychological or historical study of linguistic knowledge
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  • 4
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401719803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 480 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 15
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Humanities ; Psycholinguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: This book contains articles on the theory, acquisition and processing of island constraints. The book is unique in taking an interdisciplinary approach to a syntactic phenomenon that has been at the center of linguistic debates since the 1960s. Both transformational and non-transformational approaches to island constraints are represented. The papers in the volume show how data from empirical studies of the role of island constraints in processing and acquisition by normals and by special populations can contribute to our understanding of broad issues concerning the representation of linguistic structures in the mind, including the interplay between lexical, pragmatic and syntactic knowledge. In addition, they contribute vital data to specific on-going debates in processing and development, such as the emergence of movement rules in children's grammars and the temporal ordering of events in the analysis of discontinuous dependencies by the language processor. The papers in the volume exploit examples from a variety of languages and use a variety of experimental techniques to marshal arguments for specific models of the theory of island constraints and their deployment in real-time language acquisition and language processing
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  • 5
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401127899
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 376 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 27
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; South Asian Languages ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics. ; Asia—Languages.
    Abstract: This volume is a collection of articles the author has written over the last 20 years on a wide-ranging number of issues in Japanese syntax and semantics. Many of the papers challenged prevailing opinions, and some in fact were instrumental in changing perspectives within the broader linguistic community. Some of the papers address particular structures in Japanese, such as passives, relative clauses, and double-subject constructions. All the papers, however, go beyond the description to place those constructions in an interesting theoretical context. The volume will be of interest both to students of Japanese linguistics and to specialists in general syntactic theory and semantics
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789401134729
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 40
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Semiotics. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: Bound and Referential Pronouns -- Logical Form and Barriers in Navajo -- Towards a Modular Theory of Coreference -- Head Government in LF-Representations -- Logical Structure in Syntactic Structure: The Case of Hungarian -- In Defense of the Correspondence Hypothesis: Island Effects and Parasitic Constructions in Logical Form -- Construing WH -- Two Properties of Clitics in Clitic-Doubled Constructions -- LF Movement in Iraqi Arabic -- List of Contributors.
    Abstract: In comparative syntax a general approach has been pursued over the past decade predicated on the notion that Universal Grammar allows of open parameters, and that part of the job of linguistic theory is to specify what values these parameters may have, and how they may be set, given primary linguistic data, to determine the grammars of particu­ lar languages. The papers presented in this volume are also concerned with language variation understood in this way. Their goals, however, do not strictly fall under the rubric of comparative syntax, but form part of what is more properly thought of as a comparative semantics. Semantics, in its broadest sense, is concerned with how linguistic structures are associated with their truth-conditions. A comparative semantics, therefore, is concerned with whether this association can vary from language to language, and if so, what is the cause of this variation. Taking comparative semantics in this way places certain inherent limitations on the search for the sources of variability. This is because the semantic notion of truth is universal, and does not vary from language to language: Sentences either do or do not accurately characterize what they purport to describe. ! The source of semantic variability, therefore, must be somehow located in the way a language is structured.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789401128032
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 455 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 16
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Psycholinguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: The twelve original contributions in this volume all focus on the question of whether developing grammars contain, at each stage of language acquisition, the full range of functional categories such as INFL, AGR, or COMP. The crucal evidence examined is the placement of verbs, especially in verb-second constructions. Since the position of verbal elements depends in the finiteness distinction, viz. on the presence of agreement and tense markings, the development of these phenomena is studied as well. Although there is consensus among the authors of the volume that grammars in the course of language acquisition conform at each stage to the principles of universal grammar, they disagree on whether the full repertoire of functional categories is available from early on or whether some are implemented only later. The studies presented here investigate monolingual and bilingual first language acquisition and, in one case, adult second language acquisition. The languages studied are Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Sesotho, and Swedish
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  • 8
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401132022
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 245 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 24
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Austroasiatic languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Asia—Languages.
    Abstract: One: Introduction -- Two: Palauan —A Sketch of the Grammar -- Three: The Variable Binding Structures -- Four: Variable Binding -- Five: Embedded Questions and the Scope of WH Phrases -- Six: Crossover Constructions -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book represents the culmination of an extended period of field work on the Palauan language, carried out while I was a graduate student at the University of California at San Diego. The book was born as a short term paper written in 1982; from a forgettable infancy, that paper grew and grew, reaching the age of majority in my dissertation at the end of 1985. Some of its offspring have gone off on their own, as indepen­ dent papers, as course materials, or as thoughts that have not yet com­ pletely materialized. Some have been disowned. The full adulthood of this study of Palauan is realized in the present book. Virtually every section of the dissertation has been rewritten, updated, or otherwise (I hope) improved. Where the dissertation was still struggling with various problems, the book has found solutions. The aim of the book remains, however, to give broad coverage of Palauan, with emphasis on A' binding, rather than to focus narrowly on a few highly specific theoretical issues. I hope to have achieved a balance between presenting the language clearly and nonprejudicially, and deal­ ing with various of its properties in current theoretical terms. If I have, the book should prove to be a resource for further typological study of the phenomena it describes.
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  • 9
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401134460
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 320 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 22
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    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Computational linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: NP-Movement, Crossover and Chain-Formation -- NP-Movement and Expletive Chains -- Chain Formation, Reanalysis, and the Economy of Levels -- On Reconstruction and Coordination -- An Argument for Movement -- Barriers and the Theory of Binding -- Levels and Empty Categories in a Principles and Parameters Approach to Parsing -- Notes on Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Derivation or Representation? Hubert Haider & Klaus Netter 1 The Issue Derivation and Representation - these keywords refer both to a conceptual as well as to an empirical issue. Transformational grammar was in its outset (Chomsky 1957, 1975) a derivational theory which characterized a well-formed sentence by its derivation, i.e. a set of syntactic representations defined by a set of rules that map one representation into another. The set of mapping­ rules, the transformations, eventually became more and more abstract and were trivialized into a single one, namely "move a" , a general movement-rule. The constraints on movement were singled out in systems of principles that ap­ ply to the resulting representations, i.e. the configurations containing a moved element and its extraction site, the trace. The introduction of trace-theory (d. Chomsky 1977, ch.3 §17, ch. 4) in principle opened up the possibility of com­ pletely abandoning movement and generating the possible outputs of movement directly, i.e. as structures that contain gaps representing the extraction sites.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789401134781
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 263 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 47
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    Keywords: Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Two Theoretical Frameworks -- 2. Purpose Constructions -- II. External Syntax -- 1. Distinguishing Purpose Clauses -- 2.Adjunction of IOC and PC -- 3. Purpose Clauses as Adjuncts -- 4. Wh-Extraction -- III. Internal Syntax -- 1. Inside In Order Clauses -- 2. Inside Subject-Gap Purpose Clauses -- 3. Inside Object-Gap Purpose Clauses -- 4. The PP ‘Subject’ of OPC -- 5. PC and Be -- IV. Easy-Clauses -- 1. Easy-S’ -- 2. Easy-Clause = OPC -- 3. The New Tough Movement -- 4. Related Constructions -- V. Quantification -- 1. Quantification and Predication -- 2. Quantifying PRO arb -- 3. Control via Empty Operators -- 4. Conclusion -- VI. Control -- 1. A Semantics for Control -- 2. What is a ?-Role? -- 3. Control of Purpose Clauses -- 4. Generalized Control -- 5. Obligatory Control and the Argument/Adjunct Distinction -- VII. Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The purpose clause is a common fonn of adverbial modification in English. The bracketed phrases below are purpose clauses, and they look and sound unremarkable. We hear and see these things all the time. John came [to play with the children] [to play with] I brought John along Insofar as purpose clauses appear to be adverbial, they frequently occupy a relatively low place on the scale of important things for syntactic theory to address itself to. In this book I assume the theoretical framework that has come to be known as 'Government-Binding' theory (GB), initiated in Chomsky (1981). The general fonn of the analyis of purpose clauses in GB dates roughly from Chomsky (1977). where several kinds of constructions akin to purpose clauses are identified. Within GB. this analysis is so widely accepted that it deserves to be considered the standard theory. This book, then. is about a few syntactically peripheral ell~ments that have enjoyed a relatively long-lived. virtually universally accepted. theoretical treatment What is perhaps an obvious question arises in this context. Why write a GB book about purpose clauses? This book. I hope, will supply an interesting answer. Simply put. purpose clause:;, and related constructions, have various properties that are not accounted for in the standard theory. In this book I propose an alternative analysis of purpose clauses, an analysis from which. I think. more of their properties follow more naturally.
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  • 11
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401131964
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 244 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 25
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    Keywords: Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Computational linguistics ; Semiotics. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: From Conceptual Structure to Syntactic Structure -- Determiners in NP and DP -- The Syntax of Possession -- On Double Objects in English and Dutch -- Heads, Projections, and Category Determination -- Free X-Bar Theory, Specificity, and Wh-Movement -- Phrase Structure and Passive -- Incorporating a Clausal Head -- Verb Second and Illocutionary Force -- Nonsentential Constituents and Theories of Phrase Structure -- Syntactic Affixation and Performance Structures -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: O. PRELIMINARY REMARKS Initial drafts of the papers in this collection were presented in a con­ ference entitled 'Views on Phrase Structure', held at the University of Florida, Gainesville, in March, 1989. Eleven of the twenty-three partici­ pants in the conference were able to contribute to this volume. The purpose of the conference was to explore theories of phrase structure in their relation to other subsystems of grammar and/or systems of nonlinguistic knowledge. Some of the grammatical subsystems which the authors consider are theta-theory, movement, Case, and binding; a number of papers address how the conceptual system and/or aspects of language use may interact. Unifying the various approaches and perspectives is an attempt to furnish hypotheses concerning prin­ ciples of phrase structure with some sort of independent justification. 1. PHRASE STRUCTURE THEORY: A BRIEF HISTORY A basic outline for a theory of phrase structure theory is accepted by all of the authors here; it is known as 'X-bar theory'. The concepts of X-bar theory are expressed in some form by a number of pre-generative linguists. For example, Bloomfield (1933) contrasted endocentric struc­ tures such as noun phrases and verb phrases with those he considered exocentric, e. g. prepositional phrases and clauses. Jespersen (1933), while presenting a functional system of description (in terms of 'ranks', where rank one is 'nominal', for example), clarified the relations among the head of a phrase, its modifier, and a phrase which modifies the modifier.
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  • 12
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401132046
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 491 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 23
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    Keywords: Austroasiatic languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Asia—Languages.
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Preamble -- 1.2. Events and participants -- 1.3. The model -- 1.4. Interactions -- I: Non-Configurationality -- 2: Simple Sentences -- 3: Pronominals -- 4: Case -- 5: Discontinuous Expressions -- II: Grammatical Functions in Warlpiri -- 6: Selected Functions -- 7: External Participants -- Appendices -- List of Abbreviations -- Sources of Warlpiri Data.
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  • 13
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401135962
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 26
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    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Romance languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1 /Theoretical Background -- 1.1. Government-Binding Theory -- 1.2. Parasitic Gaps -- Notes -- 2 / Universal Licensing -- 2.0. Introduction -- 2.1. Licensing -- 2.2. Licensing at D-Structure -- 2.3. Licensing at S-Structure: Null Operators -- 2.4. Universal Licensing and Parasitic Gaps -- 2.5. Summary -- Notes -- 3 / Double Dont Constructions -- 3.0. Introduction -- 3.1. Genitival Relatives -- 3.2. Non-Movement Relatives With Dont -- 3.3. Double Constructions with Dont -- 3.4. Identifying the Gaps -- 3.5. Summary -- Notes -- 4/Null Operators In DPs -- 4.0. Introduction -- 4.1. Null Operators in Noun Phrases at S-Structure -- 4.2. Null Operators in Noun Phrases at D-Structure -- 4.3. Easy-Type Constructions in Noun Phrases: Inalienable Possession -- 4.4. Summary -- Notes -- 5 / Locality In Double Dont Constructions -- 5.0. Introduction -- 5.1. Two Chain Approaches to External Locality -- 5.2. DDCs and Chain Composition -- 5.3. Deriving the Properties of PG Constructions -- Notes -- References -- Index Of Names -- Index Of Subjects.
    Abstract: The study of parasitic gap constructions (e. g. these are the reports; which you corrected _; before filing _i) has been a very lively area of research over the last decade. The impetus behind this lies mostly in the margi­ nality of the construction. Clearly, the intuitions that native speakers have about parasitic gaps do not stem from direct instruction; hence, it is reasoned, such knowledge follows from the restrictions imposed by Universal Grammar. Furthermore, it is unlikely that any principle of Universal Grammar refers specifically to parasitic gap constructions; their syntactic and interpretive properties must instead follow entirely from independent principles. My own interest in the phenomenon was sparked a few years ago, when, in a novel, I came across a sentence like the following: Chait un armateur; dont Ie prestige _; reposait largement sur la fortune _;, 'he was a shipbuilder of whom the prestige was largely based on the wealth'. As the indices indicate, the interpretation of the French sentence is un­ ambiguous: both the prestige and the wealth necessarily pertain to the same individual. In this aspect, the sentence much resembles the English parasitic gap construction above: in the former case too, the comple­ ments of correct and file must corefer with the noun phrase heading the relative (the reports). Yet, there is an important difference between the two constructions. Verbs like correct and file subcategorize their com­ plements.
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  • 14
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401568593
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 272 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 20
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    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Some Issues in the Theory of Transformations -- 3 A Restrictive Theory of Transformational Grammar -- 4 Filters and Control -- 5 Restricting the Theory of Transformations: a case study -- 6 Learnability, Restrictiveness, and the Evaluation Metric -- 7 On a Lexical Parameter in the Government-Binding Theory -- 8 Core Grammar, Case Theory, and Markedness -- 9 On Certain Substitutes for Negative Data -- 10 On the Nature of Proper Government -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The articles collected in this book are concerned with the issues of restrictiveness and learnability within generative grammar, specifically, within Chomsky's 'Extended Standard Theory'. These issues have been central to syntactic research for decades and they are even more central now as results on syntactic theory, on learnability, and on acquisition begin to converge. I hope that this book can provide researchers in all of these areas with some insight into the evolution of ideas about these issues. The articles appear in their original form, with the following exceptions: A few typographical and other minor errors have been corrected; bibliog­ raphic references have been updated and a unified bibliography provided. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge my vast intellec­ tual debt to Noam Chomsky. My research would not have been possible without his work, his advice, and his guidance. Next, I offer deep thanks to Chomsky and my other co-authors represented here: Bob Fiengo, Joe Kupin, Bob Freidin, and Mamoru Saito. I am grateful, indeed, for the opportunity to collaborate with such outstanding linguists, and, more immediately, for their permission to reprint their co-authored articles. I also offer general thanks to the holders of the copyrights of the reprinted material. Specific acknowledgements appear on a separate page.
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  • 15
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400918849
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 18
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Romance languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Historical linguistics.
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Aims and Assumptions -- 1.2. Infinitival Complements in Old French -- 1.3. Government-Binding Theory -- 1.4. Old French -- 1.5. Outline -- Notes -- 2: Romance Infinitival Complements -- 2.0. Introduction -- 2.1. Comparable Characteristics of Infinitivals in Old French, Modern Italian and Modern Spanish -- 2.2. “Reduced Clause” Analyses -- Notes -- 3: The Romance Causative -- 3.0. Introduction -- 3.1. Fare S versus Fare VP -- 3.2. The Extension of Fare VP -- 3.3. Against an Objection to Fare [+V] -- 3.4. Summary and Implications -- Notes -- 4: Non-Causative Pro-MV-Inf Constructions -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1. [+V] Complements in Pro-MV-Inf Constructions -- 4.2. Case Assignment and ?-roles -- 4.3. Burzio’s S Complement Account -- 4.4. ?-roles and Pro-MV-Inf Constructions -- 4.5. The Assignment of Essere -- 4.6. Constructions with Ne -- 4.7. Some Diachronic Implications -- 4.8. Summary -- Notes -- 5: Causatives in Old French -- 5.0. Introduction -- 5.1. Romance Causatives -- 5.2. The Causative Construction in Old French -- 5.3. Analysis of Old French Data -- 5.4. Syntactic Properties of Causative Type Complements in Old French -- 5.5. Case Assignment and Impersonal Verbs -- 5.6. The Causative Faire -- 5.7. Summary -- Notes -- 6: Non-Causative Infinitival Complements in Old French -- 6.0. Introduction -- 6.1. Infinitival Complements in Old French -- 6.2. Pronouns as Indicators of Structure -- 6.3. Ordering of Weak Pronouns -- 6.4. INFL, Verb Raising and Clitic Movement -- 6.5. Summary -- Notes -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- References -- (a) Texts -- (b) Studies -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: 1.1. AIMS AND ASSUMPTIONS This book presents an analysis of infinitival complement constructions in Old French (OF) from the perspective of the Government-Binding (GB) framework. It aims, therefore, to establish within the terms of the GB framework just how the OF constructions are to be characterized and in just what sense they can or cannot be compared with the corresponding constructions in other Romance languages. The GB framework is an articulated theory about the structure of language which is based on the view that the aim of research into language is to construct a description of language which accurately reflects its essential nature. Whilst we know that individual languages may appear to be superficially very different, we also know that all languages are capable of expressing complex concepts and that all children acquire mastery of the language or languages to which they are exposed. The task, therefore, is to determine both the properties which languages have in common and the bounds within which they may differ. In the pursuit of these aims, the study of various languages of the Romance family has provided a rich source of material for the develop­ ment of the descriptive apparatus. Evidence of the contribution supplied by such work is apparent in references to Romance material in Chomsky (1981, 1982), in volumes such as Jaeggli (1982), Rizzi (1982a), Kayne (1984b), Burzio (1986), and in numerous papers devoted to particular constructions in a variety of Romance languages.
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  • 16
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400919723
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 37
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Japanese language ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics. ; Asia—Languages.
    Abstract: I: Introduction -- 1. wh-phrases as quantificational expressions -- 2. Locality -- 3. Quantificational force -- II: Subjacency and Logical Form -- 1. Introduction -- 2. wh-Movement in Japanese -- 3. Subjacency -- 4. ECP vs. Pied-piping -- III: The Pied-Piping Mechanism -- 1. Percolation -- 2. German relative clauses -- 3. Restrictions on percolation -- 4. Quantifier vs. Sentential operator -- 5. Government and unselective binding -- 6. Concluding remarks -- IV: Construing wh -- 1. ‘Indeterminate pronominals’ -- 2. Unselective binding -- 3. Unselective binding involving wh -- 4. The movement analysis -- 5. Adverbs of quantification -- 6. Scope interactions and QR -- 7. Concluding remarks -- V: The Case from English: The No Matter Concessive Clause -- 1. Problems -- 2. No Matter and wh..Ever constructions -- 3. Donkey sentences -- 4. No Matter as unselective binder -- 5. Concluding remarks -- VI: The Donkey Problem in Japanese -- 1. Weak Crossover -- 2. Donkey sentences in Japanese -- 3. Indirect binding -- 4. Restrictions on indirect binding -- 5. Concluding remarks.
    Abstract: In the past few decades, the development of theoretical linguistics has proved to be successful in shedding light on the intricate nature of language and knowledge of grammar, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the human mind. This book discusses various issues in syntax and logical structure of natural language from theoretical perspectives. The primary data on which theoretical claims are made is drawn from Japanese and Japanese-type languages, but it also contains discussion of related phenomena in English which have never been discussed from the same viewpoint in the current literature. Although the book is written in the format of a version of the Extended Standard Theory tradition, informally referred to as the Principles and Parameters Approach or 'Government and Binding (OB) Theory', it should be of interest to a much wider audience. The reader interested in other theoretical frameworks will find the discussion in this book easily translatable in the framework of his or her choice - in fact, I would like to claim that the problems posed by this book are inevitable in any theory of syntax and semantics of natural language.
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  • 17
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400918986
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Chinese language ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Asia—Languages.
    Abstract: 1: Universal Grammar and Word Order -- Notes -- 2: Dimensions of the Case Module -- 2.0. Introduction -- 2.1. Subject and Case -- 2.2. Case Assignees -- 2.3. Conditions on Case Assignment -- Notes -- 3: Single Complementation -- 3.0. Introduction -- 3.1. Descriptive/Resultative Expressions -- 3.2. Postverbal PPs -- 3.3. Summary -- Notes -- 4: Multiple Complementation -- 4.0. Introduction -- 4.1. Double Object Structures [V NP2 NP1] -- 4.2. [VNP$$\bar S$$] Structures -- 4.3. [V NP1 gei NP2] and [V gei NP2 NP1] -- 4.4. Conclusion -- 4.5. Alternatives -- Notes -- 5: Lexical and Categorial Properties of Case -- 5.0. Introduction -- 5.1. Raising Structures -- 5.2. Exceptional Case Marking Structures -- 5.3. Existential/Presentative Sentences -- 5.4. Weather Verbs -- 5.5. Expletive Empty Category -- 5.6. Conclusion -- Notes -- 6: Passive, BA, and Topic Constructions -- 6.0. Introduction -- 6.1. The BEI Construction -- 6.2. The BA Construction -- 6.3. Topic Structures -- 6.4. Conclusion -- Notes -- 7: Conclusion -- 7.1. Empirical Consequences -- 7.2. Theoretical Implications -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Recent developments in generative grammar have been very stimulating. The current theory defines a small set of principles that apply to all human languages. Efforts have been made to demonstrate the adequacy of this theory for a wide range of languages. We thus see an interesting interface of theory and empirical data: the study of natural languages contributes to defining the properties of Universal Grammar and the predictions of the theory help in uncovering generalizations regarding natural languages. This book aims to add to this exciting development by showing how the analysis of Mandarin Chinese constituent structures helps to define Case Theory and how interesting generalizations concerning Chinese grammar are uncovered through verification of the theoretical predictions. Starting from the inadequacy of work by Koopman, Li, and Travis on the effect of Case directionality on word order, the book shows that a detailed study of Chinese constituent structures allows us to reduce the phrase structure component to a minimal statement concerning the position of the head in a given phrase. It argues that in a given language the constituent structures can be adequately captured by the interaction of Case Theory, Theta Theory, Government Theory, and X Theory. Long­ standing controversies concerning Chinese basic word order are resolved by showing that underlying word order generalizations can differ from surface word order generalizations.
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  • 18
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400920453
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1: Modularity in Underlying Structure -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 On Defining Grammatical Relations in a Modular Theory -- 1.3 What is a Lexical Entry? -- 1.4 The Organization of Argument Structure: the Thematic Hierarchy -- 1.5 Case Theory and the Lexicon -- 1.6 S and S?: Extended X-bar Theory and the Lexical Clause Hypothesis -- 1.7 Dominance, Precedence and Phrase Markers -- Notes -- 2: Syntactic Projection and Licensing -- 2.1 Preliminaries: Licensing, the UTAH, the Projection Principle and the Theta Criterion -- 2.2 X-bar Theory and the Projection of Heads -- 2.3 Licensing Non-head Daughters: Thematic Grids and Thematic Relations -- 2.4 Functional Categories and Licensing -- 2.5 Summary -- Notes -- 3: On Configurationality Parameters -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Parametric Variation in D-Structure Principles -- 3.3 What is a Nonconfigurational Language? -- 3.4 The Empirical Evidence for D-Structure Variation -- 3.5 Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- 4: Projection, Pronouns, and Parsing in Navajo Syntax -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 An Overview of Navajo Syntax and Morphology -- 4.3 Parsing, Null Arguments, and Grammatical Relations in Navajo -- 4.4 On Navajo Nominals as Adjuncts -- 4.5 Navajo Agreement and Incorporated Pronouns -- 4.6 Conclusion: Projection from the Lexicon in Navajo -- Notes -- 5: Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 19
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400925427
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: 1 A Selective History of Modern Binding Theory -- 2 The Logical Structure of Reciprocal Sentences in English -- 3 Complement Object Deletion -- 4 Remarks on Coreference -- 5 Disjoint Reference and Wh-Trace -- 6 On Two Recent Treatments of Disjoint Reference -- 7 A Note on Illicit NP Movement -- 8 A Note on Anaphora and Double Objects -- 9 On the Necessity of Binding Conditions -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The articles collected in this book are concerned with the treatment of anaphora within generative grammar, specifically, within Chomsky's 'Ex­ tended Standard Theory' (EST). Since the inception of this theory, and virtually since the inception of generative grammar, anaphora has been a central topic of investigation. In current research, it has, perhaps, become even more central, as a major focus of study in such areas as syntax, semantics, discourse analysis, and language acquisition. Beginning in the early 1970's, and continuing to the present, Chomsky has developed a comprehensive syntactic theory of anaphora. The articles here are all related to stages in the development of that theory, and can best be understood in relation to that development. For that reason, Chapter 1 presents a historical survey of Chomsky's EST proposals on anaphora, along with brief indications of how the present articles fit into that history. Some of the articles here (e.g. Chapters 4, 8, and 9) proposed extensions of Chomsky's basic ideas to a wider range of phenomena.
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  • 20
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400923782
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (464p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Indic philology ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Indians—Languages.
    Abstract: One The Issues — Analytical and Theoretical -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The Analytical Problem -- 2. Theoretical Proposals -- 3. Consequences -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter One -- Two Luiseño Features: Background -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Relevant Morphology -- 2. The Feature ADAFF -- 3. The Feature NUM -- 4. The Feature ASP -- 5. Complexities to RIGHT AN -- 6. Combinatorial Complexities -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Two -- Appendix to Chapter Two -- Three Agreement and Anti-Agreement -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Some Facts and Simple Constituents -- 2. The Representation of Constituents -- 3. Facts about Argument Structures -- 4. Incorporation -- 5. A First Look at Category Type -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Three -- Appendix to Chapter Three -- Four The Proposition -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Background -- 2. The Propositional Radical -- 3. The Proposition: Part One -- 4. The Result -- 5. The Relationship between the Functor and the Formal Value -- 6. The Category Type -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Four -- Five The Utility of the Proposition -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The Aux Analyzed -- 4. The Position of the Aux -- 5. Expansion -- Notes for Chapter Five -- Appendix to Chapter Five -- Six The Utility of the Classification -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Data -- 2. Definitions -- 3. An Abbreviated Analysis of a Clause -- 4. Control -- 4.3 Final Comments on Control -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Six -- Addenda to Chapter Six -- Seven Agreement, Anti-Agreement, and Order -- 0. Summary -- 1. Architectural Conclusions -- 2. Analytical Conclusions -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Seven -- References.
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  • 21
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400925403
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Romance languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: The Null Subject Parameter and Parametric Theory -- Arbitrary Null Objects and Unselective Binding -- Anaphoric AGR -- Two Italian Dialects and the Null Subject Parameter -- On the Notion “Null Anaphor” in Chamorro -- Pro-Drop in Chinese: A Generalized Control Theory -- The Null Subject Parameter in Language Acquisition -- Null Subjects and Clitic Climbing -- The Null Subject Parameter in Modern Arabic Dialects -- Prepositional Infinitival Constructions in European Portuguese -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Languages.
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  • 22
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927193
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Celtic languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1. The Descriptive and Theoretical Goals -- 1.2. An Overview of Government Binding Theory -- 1.3. An Overview of the Major Results of This Study -- 2 Celtic Agreement, the Avoid Pronoun Principle, and Binding Theory -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Breton Agreement Markers Determined by the Avoid Pronoun Principle -- 2.3. Generalizing the Analysis of Breton Agreement to Welsh -- 2.4. Evidence from the Binding Theory: Breton and Welsh Have a Null AGR -- 2.5. AGR as a SUBJECT for the Binding Theory -- 3 Raising and Passivization in Breton: An Argument for Anaphoric Traces -- 3.1. The Theoretical Status of Anaphoric Traces -- 3.2. The Breton Raising to Subject Construction -- 3.3. Raising Structures Parallel Passive Structures -- 3.4. Breton Raising and Pseudopassive: Further Implications -- 3.5. Conclusion -- 4 PRO-INFL and Reduced Structures -- 4.1. Reduced Structures Have Missing INFLs -- 4.2. Some INFLs Missing in Welsh and English Are PRO-INFL -- 4.3. Corroborating Evidence for the PRO-INFL Analysis -- 4.4. Contraction and Reduced Structures -- 4.5. A Competing Analysis -- 4.6. Breton is Consistent with the PRO-INFL Analysis -- 5 Government and the Connection Between Relative Pronouns, Complementizers and Subjacency -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Relative Pronouns in English -- 5.3. Relative Pronouns Are Pronominal Anaphors -- 5.4. Welsh and Breton Lack Relative Pronouns -- 5.5. Competing Analyses and Other Arguments -- 5.6. Conclusion -- 6 The Interaction of Government Theory with Synthetic Agreement -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. The ECP Gives a Unified Treatment of Complementizers and Agreement in Welsh Movement Structures -- 6.3. Two Asymmetries in Breton and Welsh Extraction -- 6.4. Welsh and Breton Extraction from Negatives -- 6.5. Competing Analyses and Arguments -- 6.6. Subject-Object Asymmetries at LF and the ECP -- 6.7. Conclusion -- References -- Index of Languages -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This book is based in large part on fieldwork that I conducted in Brittany and Wales in 1983 and 1985. I am thankful for a Fulbright Award for Research in Western Europe and a Faculty Development Award from the University of North Carolina that funded that fieldwork. lowe a less tangible, but no less real, debt to Steve Anderson, G. M. Awbery, Steve Harlow and Jim McCloskey whose work initially sparked my interest, and led me to undertake this project. I want to thank Joe Emonds and Alec Marantz who read portions of Chapter 3 and 5. I am particularly grateful though to Kathleen Flanagan, Frank Heny and two anonymous referees who read a dyslexic and schizophrenic manuscript, providing me with criticisms that improved this final version considerably. The Welsh nationalist community in Aberstwyth and its Breton coun­ terpart in Quimper helped make the time I spent in Wales and Brittany productive. I am indebted to Thomas Davies, Partick Favreau, Lukian Kergoat, Sue Rhys, John Williams and Beatrice among others for sharing their knowledge of their languages with me. Catrin Davies and Martial Menard were especially patient and helpful. Without their assistance this work would have been infinitely poorer. I am hopeful that this book will help stimulate more interest in the Celtic languages and culture, and assist, even in a small way, those in Wales and Brittany who struggle to keep their language and culture strong.
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  • 23
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927032
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Russian language ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Balto-Slavic linguistic unity.
    Abstract: 1. Overview of Case in Russian -- 1. Case in Russian -- 2. The Representation of Case -- 3. Assignment of Case -- 4. The Case of Adjectives -- 5. Agreement -- 6. Second Predicate Modifiers -- 2. Object Case Marking and The Genitive of Negation -- 1. Lexically Governed Alternation -- 2. Genitive of Negation -- 3. Distinct Mechanisms for Genitive Marking -- 4. Other Types of Negation -- 5. Scope, Interpretation, and Distribution of [+Q] -- 6. Accusative/Genitive Alternation and Polarity Sensitivity -- 7. The Feature [Q] and Semantics -- 8. Summary -- 3. Apparent Genitive Subjects Within the Scope of Negation -- 1. Demotion -- 2. Do Genitive Subjects Exist? -- 3. Formalization of the Rule of Demotion -- 4. Numeral Phrases and Quantifier Phrases -- 1. Numeral Phrases -- 2. Quantifier Phrases -- 3. Disagreement about Non-agreeing Phrases -- 4. One Million -- 5. Summary -- 5. Subject Case Marking and Case Agreement of Modifiers -- 1. Data -- 2. Adjuncts and Complements -- 3. Agreement and Control Relations -- 4. Comparison with Alternative Accounts -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. Consequences for a Theory of Case -- 1. Long-Distance Phenomena and Control Relations -- 2. Toward a Theory of Russian Case -- 3. LFG and the Theory of Case -- 4. Conclusions -- Appendix I: Abbreviations and Transliteration -- 1. List of Abbreviations for Sentence Glosses -- 2. Transliteration -- Appendix II: Declension Paradigms -- Appendix III: Lexical Functional Grammar -- 1. Organization -- 2. Phrase Structure Rules -- 3. Lexical Entries -- 4. Lexical Redundancy Rules -- 5. Functional Well-Formedness -- 6. Possible Rules -- 7. Theory of Control and Complementation -- 7.1. Complements vs. Adjuncts -- 7.2. Open Complements -- 7.3. Open Adjuncts -- 7.4. Closed Complements -- 7.5. Closed Adjuncts -- 7.6. The Constituency of Complements -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789400927179
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Germanic languages ; Romance languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1 The Principles-and-Parameters Model and the Verb Phrase -- 1.1. From the Generative Tradition to Principles-and-Parameters -- 1.2. V* Constructions -- 1.3. $$ \bar{X} $$-Theory -- 1.4. Predication -- 1.5. Subcategorization and Theta-Theory -- Notes -- 2 Auxiliary Verbs in $$ \bar{X} $$-Theory -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Arguments for VP with Auxiliaries as Specifiers -- 2.3. Auxiliaries as Heads of Full Phrases -- 2.4. Specifiers and Adjuncts of Layered VP -- 2.5. Clausal-Type Restrictions on Occurrences of Aspectuals -- 2.6. Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- 3 Licensing of VP -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Predication and the Distribution of VP -- 3.3. Theta-marking of VP by INFL -- 3.4. Subcategorization Licensing and the Argumenthood of VP -- 3.5. Auxiliaries and Head-Head Agreement -- 3.6. The Verbal Case Hypothesis -- Appendix: Syntactic Aspect and the Distribution of VP and AP -- Notes -- 4 Proper Government of VP -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Tense-Government -- 4.3. INFL and Tense-Identification -- 4.4. Antecedentless Null VP (VP-Deletion) -- 4.5. Null VP and Auxiliary Clitics (Contraction) -- 4.6. Clitics and Proper Government -- 4.7. VP-Preposing -- Notes -- 5 Structure of VP in Spanish -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Spanish Aspectual and Copular Verbs -- 5.3. The Verbal Complex Hypothesis -- 5.4. Arguments for Standard Phrasal Structure for Auxiliaries -- 5.5. Summary and Discussion -- Notes -- 6 V0 Chains and Government of VP in Spanish -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Issues -- 6.3. Movement of Non-defective (Main) Verbs -- 6.4. V0 Movement of Haber + Participle -- 6.5. Movement of Estar and Ser -- 6.6. Temporal Role Assignment and Agreement in Declaratives -- Notes -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This study is concerned with the structure of verb phrases in English and Spanish, and with syntactic processes involving VP and Vo. A primary focus of attention is auxiliary verbs. It is argued that the structure dominating these verbs is essentially the same in English and Spanish, as is the structure dominating auxiliaries and 'main' verbs in each language. It must be concluded that the occurrence of distinct syntactic processes affecting auxiliaries and other VP constituents in the two languages does not follow from parametrization of phrase structure. It is argued that similarities between the two languages with respect to the composition of so-called "V*" constructions derive from the fact that VP is licensed under both clauses of the Principle of Full Interpretation, i. e. , predication and sub categorization. Distinct syntactic processes in English and Spanish are argued to follow from the fact that there are inflectional features related to each of these licensing conditions (including specification for [ ± PAST) and nominal person/number features) which affect government relations in distinct ways, resulting in parametrization of S-structure representa­ tions. xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my appreCiatIOn to the Department of Romance Languages at the University of Washington for support for preparation of the final manuscript, and to the Department of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese at the University of Virginia for a leave during which much of this research was accomplished.
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  • 25
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400913370
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (486p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: Seperating Linguistic Analyses from Linguistic Theories -- Applicability of Indexed Grammars to Natural Languages -- A Natural Language Toolkit: Reconciling Theory with Practice -- An Extension of LR-Parsing for Lexical Functional Grammar -- An Efficiency-Oriented LFG Parser -- Parsing with a GB-Grammar -- Combining Categorial Grammar and Unification -- A feature-Based Categorial Morpho-Syntax for Japanese -- The Treatment of the French adjectif détaché in Lexical Functional Grammar -- Some Problems of Coordination in German -- German Word Order and Universal Grammar -- Nonlocal-Dependencies and Infinitival Constructions in German -- GPSG and German Word Order -- Nested Cooper Storage: The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary Noun Phrases -- Compositional Semantics for LFG.
    Abstract: presupposition fails, we now give a short introduction into Unification Grammar. Since all implementations discussed in this volume use PROLOG (with the exception of BlockjHaugeneder), we felt that it would also be useful to explain the difference between unification in PROLOG and in UG. After the introduction to UG we briefly summarize the main arguments for using linguistic theories in natural language processing. We conclude with a short summary of the contributions to this volume. UNIFICATION GRAMMAR 3 Feature Structures or Complex Categories. Unification Grammar was developed by Martin Kay (Kay 1979). Martin Kay wanted to give a precise defmition (and implementation) of the notion of 'feature'. Linguists use features at nearly all levels of linguistic description. In phonetics, for instance, the phoneme b is usually described with the features 'bilabial', 'voiced' and 'nasal'. In the case of b the first two features get the value +, the third (nasal) gets the value -. Feature­ value pairs in phonology are normally represented as a matrix. bilabial: + voiced: + I nasal: - [Feature matrix for b.] In syntax features are used, for example, to distinguish different noun classes. The Latin noun 'murus' would be characterized by the following feature-value pairs: gender: masculin, number: singular, case: nominative, pred: murus. Besides a matrix representation one frequently fmds a graph representation for feature value pairs. The edges of the graph are labelled by features. The leaves denote the value of a feature.
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  • 26
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400937413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Indic philology ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Indians—Languages. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1: Grammatical Notes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basics -- 3. Major Lexical Classes -- 4. Minor Lexical Classes -- 5. Flagging -- 6. Word Order -- 7. Construction Survey -- 2: Theoretical Sketch -- 1. Arcs -- 2. Sponsor and Erase -- 3. Ancestral Relations -- 4. Pair Networks -- 5. Resolution of Overlapping Arcs -- 6. Coordinate Determination -- 7. Rules and Laws -- 8. Word Order -- 9. APG Versions of RG Laws -- 3: Inflection and Agreement -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Moods and Aspects -- 3. Cross-referencing Person -- 4. Cross-referencing Number -- 5. The Optionality of Number Agreement -- 6. Agreement and Covert Arguments -- 7. APG Account of Agreement -- 4: Passive Clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Syntax of Passive Clauses -- 3. Tzotzil Passive Rules (APG) -- 5: Reflexive Clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reflexive Clauses -- 3. Reciprocal Coreference -- 4. Tzotzil Rules (APG) -- 6: Unaccusative Clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reflexive Unaccusative Clauses -- 3. Plain Unaccusative Clauses -- 4. Verb Classification -- 5. Tzotzil Rules (APG) -- 7: Ditransitive Clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ditransitive Clauses -- 3. 3-to-2 Advancement -- 4. Non-Existence of Final Indirect Objects -- 5. Restrictions on Advancement -- 6. Ditransitive Perfect Passives -- 7. Tzotzil Rules (APG) -- 8. Conclusion -- 8: Possessor Ascension -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Possessor Ascension -- 3. Coreference Condition 1 -- 4. Restriction on Ascension Host -- 5. Tzotzil Possessor Ascension Rule -- 6. The Unique 3 Arc Constraint -- 7. Optional Cases of Possessor Ascension -- 8. Coreference Condition 2 -- 9. Possessor Ascension in Discourse -- 10. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules -- 11. Conclusion -- 9: Topic, Focus, and Copy Possessor Ascension -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Distinguishing Topic and Focus -- 3. Surface Constituency in Possessor Ascension Structures -- 4. Topic and Focus -- 5. Copy and Coreferential Pronouns -- 6. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules -- 10: Surrogate Agreement -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Possessor Ascension -- 3. Conjunct Union -- 4. Summary -- 5. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules -- 6. Conclusion -- 11: Clause Unions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Causative Clause Union -- 3. Abilitative Clause Union -- 4. Summary -- 5. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules -- 12: Quantification and Initial Absolutives -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Quantifiers -- 3. Prepredicate Quantifiers without Classifier -- 4. Prepredicate Quantifiers with Classifier -- 5. Postpredicate Quantifiers -- 6. Grammatical Relations versus Linear Order -- 7. Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Phonological Rules -- 1. Deletion of Stem-initial Glottal Stop -- 2. Deletion of Prevocalic A3 Prefix -- 3. Neutral Aspect Marker -- 4. Spirant Assimilation -- 5. Contraction -- 6. Geminate Reduction -- 7. Vowel Deletion -- References.
    Abstract: xv NOTES ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY AND CITATIONS xxi LIST OF ABBREVIA TIONS XXIIl CHAPTER 1: GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Basics 1 3. Major Lexical Classes 2 3. 1. V 3 3. 2. N 3 3. 3. A 5 3. 3. 1. Quantifiers 6 3. 3. 2. Existentials and Locatives 6 4. Minor Lexical Classes 7 4. 1. Clitics 7 4. 1. 1. Clause-proclitic 7 4. 1. 2. S-enclitic 8 4. 1. 3. V-enclitic 8 4. 1. 4. Clause-second 9 4. 2. Directionals 9 4. 3. Particles 11 5. Flagging 11 6. Word Order 12 7. Construction Survey 12 7. 1. Negation 12 13 7. 2. Questions 7. 3. Complement Clauses 14 16 7. 4. Motion cum Purpose 17 7. 5. Topics 7. 6. Prepredicate Position 18 19 Notes CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL SKETCH 20 20 1. Arcs vii Vlll T ABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 1. Sets of Grammatical Relations 22 1. 2. Stratum 24 Ergative and Absolutive 1. 3. 25 1. 4. 25 Formal Connections between Arcs 2. Sponsor and Erase 26 2. 1. Successors 26 2. 2. Replacers 28 2. 3. Self-Sponsor and Self-Erase 30 3. Ancestral Relations 31 4. Pair Networks 31 Resolution of Overlapping Arcs 32 5. 6. Coordinate Determination 33 7. Rules and Laws 35 8. Word Order 36 9. APG Versions of RG Laws 36 9. 1. Stratal Uniqueness Law 36 9. 2. Chomeur Law and Motivated Chomage Law 36 Relational Succession Law and Host Limitation Law 9. 3.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400937031
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (262p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Slavic languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Balto-Slavic linguistic unity.
    Abstract: 0. Introduction -- 1 Previous Analyses of Hungarian Phrase Structure -- 1.1. The ‘Free Word Order’, or Fully Non-configurational Approach -- 1.2. The ‘NP VP’, or Fully Configurational Approach -- 1.3. The Partially Non-configurational Approach -- 2 Hungarian Phrase Structure -- 2.1. The Invariant Positions of the Hungarian Sentence -- 2.2. Base Rules -- 2.3. Movement into F -- 2.4. Movement into T -- 2.5. Quantifier-Raising -- 2.6. Summary, Implications for Universal Grammar -- 3 Long Wh-movement, or the Traditional Problem of Sentence Intertwining -- 3.1. Long Wh-movement as a Test for Structural Configuration -- 3.2. Sentence Intertwining in Hungarian -- 3.3. Subject-Object Symmetry in Hungarian Long Operator Movement -- 3.4. Conclusion -- 4 Questions of Binding and Coreference -- 4.1. Binding in Hungarian -- 4.2. The Coreference of Pronouns -- 4.3. Weak Crossover -- 4.4. Conclusion -- 5 Infinitival Constructions -- 5.1. Infinitives with an AGR Marker -- 5.2. Subject Control Constructions -- 5.3. The Problem of Governed PRO -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Index of Names -- General Index.
    Abstract: The purpose of this book is to argue for the claim that Hungarian sentence structure consists of a non-configurational propositional component, preceded by configurationally determined operator positions. In the course of this, various descriptive issues of Hungarian syntax will be analyzed, and various theoretical questions concerning the existence and nature of non­ configurational languages will be addressed. The descriptive problems to be examined in Chapters 2 and 3 center around the word order of Hungarian sentences. Chapter 2 identifies an invariant structure in the apparently freely permutable Hungarian sentence, pointing out systematic correspondences between the structural position, interpre­ tation, and stressing and intonation of the different constituents. Chapter 3 analyzes the word order phenomenon traditionally called 'sentence inter- I twining' of complex sentences, and shows that the term, in fact, covers two different constructions (a structure resulting from operator movement, and a base generated pattern) with differences in constituent order, operator scope and V-object agreement. Chapter 4 deals interpretation, case assignment, with the coreference possibilities of reflexives, reciprocals, personal pro­ nouns, and lexical NPs. Finally, Chapter 5 assigns structures to the two major sentence types containing an infinitive. It analyzes infinitives with an AGR marker and a lexical subject, focusing on the problem of case assignment to the subject, as well as subject control constructions, accounting for their often paradoxical, simultaneously mono- and biclausal behaviour in respect to word order, operator scope, and V-object agreement.
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  • 28
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400934030
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (326p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- 1. Towards a Theory of Mixed Categories -- 2. Overview of the Structure of Quechua -- 2: Syntactic Categories and Their Projections -- 1. Nominalized Clauses versus Main Clauses -- 2. Nominalizations and the Syntactic Categories of Quechua -- 3. Transcategorial Constructions -- 4. Summary -- 3: Morphology and Syntax -- 1. Quechua Nominalizations and Their Morphology -- 2. Affixes versus Clitics -- 3. The Lexical Entry and Its Constitution -- 4. The Lexicon and Syntax -- 5. Summary -- 4: Case -- 1. Case as an X? Phenomenon -- 2. Types of Case Assignment -- 3. Structural Case Assignment -- 4. Case Marking in Prepositional Phrases, Adjectival Phrases and Noun Phrases -- 5. The Case Filter -- 6. Summary -- 5: Move Case -- 1. Extraction Facts in Quechua -- 2. Raising as Move CASE -- 3. Wh-movement as Move CASE -- 4. Move CASE and the Non-Configurational Properties of Quechua -- 5. Summary -- 6: Complementation Versus Relativization -- 1. The Structure of Relative Clauses -- 2. -q Relatives and Other -q Clauses -- 3. Non-Subject Relative Clauses -- 4. Free Relatives -- 5. Summary -- 7: Nominalized Clauses as Propositions -- 1. Clause Typology -- 2. Propositionality and AUX -- 3. Types of Tense in Quechua -- 4. Clauses without INFL: Restructuring Verbs -- 5. Predication and the Complements of Perception Verbs -- 6. Typology of Clauses Revisited -- 7. Summary -- 8: Module Interaction and Category Theory -- 8.1. Listing the Properties of Quechua -- 8.2. Relating these Properties to Each Other: Module Interaction -- General References -- Index of Names.
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  • 29
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400945302
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Indic philology ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Indians—Languages.
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- 1. Choctaw verb agreement -- 2. Other problems in Choctaw -- 3. Results of the study -- 2: Two Classes of Intransitive Predicates -- 1. Properties of Choctaw subjects -- 2. The two classes of intransitives and the Unaccusative Hypothesis -- 3. Final 1hood of unaccusative subjects -- 4. The role of the Unaccusative Hypothesis -- 5. Summary -- 3: Dative Beneficiaries and Dative Possessors -- 1. Dative beneficiaries -- 2. Dative possessors -- 3. Summary -- 4: The Double Accusative Construction -- 1. The structure of the subject -- 2. The Antipassive structure -- 3. The configuration of the initial 2 -- 4. Possessor Ascension and the Antipassive structure -- 5. Conclusions -- 5: Dative Subjects -- 1. Characterization of the dative subject -- 2. Characterizing the object -- 3. The failure of an alternative analysis -- 4. Conclusion -- 6: Dative Direct Objects -- 1. The dative direct object -- 2. Accusative subject/dative direct object clauses -- 3. Inversion and 2–3 Retreat -- 4. Demotions in Universal Grammar -- 7: A Proposal for Verb Agreement -- 1. An account of Choctaw verb agreement -- 2. Disjunctive application of agreement rules -- 3. Summary -- Appendix: Switch-reference and disjunctive rule application -- 8: The Interaction of Agreement and Case -- 1. Transparency of agreement and case -- 2. Agreement as a lexical property -- 3. A proposal for agreement and case -- 4. Conclusion -- References.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400945722
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Scandinavian languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Germanic languages.
    Abstract: Swedish and the Head-Feature Convention -- Clause-Bounded Reflexives in Modern Icelandic -- The Typology of Anaphoric Dependencies: Icelandic (and Other) Reflexives -- Some Comments on Reflexivization in Icelandic -- On Anaphora and Predication in Norwegian -- The Double Object Construction in Danish -- Som and the Binding Theory -- COMP, INFL, and Germanic Word Order -- On Auxiliaries, AUX and VPs in Icelandic -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The present collection of papers grew out of a Workshop on Scandinavian Syntax and Theory of Grammar, held in Trondheim in 1982. Five of the contributions - those by Maling, Herslund, Cooper, Platzack and Thniinsson - are developments of papers read at this workshop, and all of the contributions reflect (and have partly inspired) the strong momentum which this area of research has gained over the last few years. It is our hope that the collection will be useful for those who want to familiarize themselves with this research, as well as for those actively engaged in it. We are grateful to the authors for their collaboration in getting the volume together, and to Frank Heny and the Reidel staff (Martin Scrivener, editor, in particular) for their help, encouragement and patience through the various phases of the production of this book. Very many thanks also to our anonymous referees, and to Elisabet Engdahl for help and advice. KIRST! KOCH CHRISTENSEN LARS HELLAN vii LARS HELLAN AND KIRSTI KOCH CHRISTENSEN INTRODUCTION O. INTRODUCTION A natural theoretical perspective for a language-family-oriented anthology like the present one is that of COMPARATIVE RESEARCH. This is not to say that the papers of this volume are all focused on comparative issues (in fact, most of them are not), but rather that the language family from which most of the data are drawn lends itself naturally to comparative studies.
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  • 31
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400945227
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (488p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Romance languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: I: Verb Classes -- I: Intransitive Verbs and Auxiliaries -- 2: The Syntax of Inversion -- 3: on Reconstruction and Other Matters -- II: Complex Predicates -- 4: Causative Constructions -- 5: Restructuring Constructions -- 6: Reflexives -- Closing Remarks -- Index of Names -- Analytical Index.
    Abstract: In the course of our everyday lives, we generally take our knowledge of language for granted. Occasionally, we may become aware of its great practical importance, but we rarely pay any attention to the formal properties that language has. Yet these properties are remarkably complex. So complex that the question immediately arises as to how we could know so much. The facts that will be considered in this book should serve well to illustrate this point. We will see for example that verbs like arrivare 'arrive' and others like telefonare 'telephone', which are superficially similar, actually differ in a large number of respects, some fairly well known, others not. Why should there be such differencces. we may ask. And why should it be that if a verb behaves like arrivare and unlike tetefonare in one respect. it will do so in all others consistently, and how could everyone know it? To take another case, Italian has two series of pronouns: stressed and unstressed. Thus, for example, alongside of reflexive se stesso 'himself which is the stressed form. one finds si which is unstressed but otherwise synonymous. Yet we will see that the differences between the two could not simply be stress versus lack of stress, as their behavior is radically different under a variety of syntactic conditions.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789400953239
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 348 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Scandinavian languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Germanic languages.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Theoretical and Methodological Issues -- 2. Unbounded Dependencies -- 3. Questions in Swedish -- 4. The Semantics of Questions -- 5. Extensions of the Present Study -- Notes -- II. Recent Approaches to Unbounded Dependencies -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Short Overview of Relevant Data from Swedish -- 2. Arguments for Transformations -- 3. Generalized Phrase-Structure Grammars -- 4. Cooper’s Proposal -- 5. Phrase Linking Grammars -- 6. Unbounded Dependencies in the Government-Binding Framework -- 7. Choosing a Framework -- Notes -- III. A Frame Work for Swedish -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Format of Rules -- 3. Quantification -- 4. Questions -- 5. Pronouns -- 6. Gaps -- 7. Constraining the Framework -- 8. Summary -- Notes -- IV. The Interprentaion of Questions -- 1. Some Previous Approaches to Questions -- 2. Quantifying Into Questions -- 3. Some Arguments Against Quantifying Into Questions -- 4. A Relational Approach to Interrogative Quantifiers -- 5. Interaction Between Interrogative Quantifiers and Other Quantifiers -- 6. The Internal Structure of Interrogative Constituents -- 7. Multiple WH Questions -- 8. Questions Involving Other Categories -- 9. An Alternative Approach -- 10. Conclusion -- Notes -- V. A Comparison with EST-GB -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Semantic Interpretation in Transformational Grammar -- 3. Characterizing wh-Movement -- 4. wh-Interpretation and Reconstruction at LF -- 5. Bound Anaphors in Moved Constituents -- 6. Higginbotham and May’s Theory of Questions -- Notes -- VI. Restricting the Interpretation of Pronouns -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Disjoint Reference and Non-Coreference -- 3. Cross-over -- Notes -- VII. Theorotical Postcript -- 1. Linked Trees -- 2. Storage -- 3. Relational Readings -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400952775
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (424p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Text and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 25
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: I. The Semantic Variability of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 1. Introduction to Free Adjuncts and Absolutes in English -- 2. Traditional Thoughts on the Semantic Variability of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 3. Plan of Discussion -- 4. Some Syntactic Conventions -- Footnotes -- II. Modality and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 1. The Semantic Bifurcation of Free Adjuncts in Modal Contexts -- 2. Explaining the Entailment Properties of Strong and Weak Adjuncts in Modal Contexts -- 3. A Semantic Correlate of the Distinction between Strong and Weak Adjuncts -- 4. Chapter Summary -- Footnotes -- III. Tense and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 1. Preliminaries -- 2. The Temporal Reference of Free Adjuncts -- 3. Frequency Adverbs and the Distinction between Strong and Weak Adjuncts -- 4. A Generalization Operator -- 5. Chapter Summary -- Footnotes -- IV. Aspect and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 1. The Perfect Tense and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 2. An Argument for Free Adjuncts as Main Tense Adverbs -- 3. The Progressive Aspect and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 4. Chapter Summary -- Footnotes -- V. The Formal Semantics of Absolutes -- 1. Modality and the Interpretation of Absolutes -- 2. Tense and the Interpretation of Absolutes -- 3. Absolutes as Main Tense Adverbs -- 4. Chapter Summary -- Footnotes -- VI. Inference and the Logical Role of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 1. Summary of the Proposed Semantic Analysis of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 2. The Role of Inference in the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 3. On the Possibility of Deriving Absolute Constructions from Adverbial Subordinate Clauses -- 4. On the Possibility that the Logical Role of an Absolute Construction is Always Inferred -- 5. Theoretical Implications -- Footnotes -- Appendix - A Formal Fragment for Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 1. Intensional Logic -- 2. Syntax and Translation Rules for a Fragment of English -- 2.1. Syntax -- 2.2. Translation -- References -- Index of Names -- General Index.
    Abstract: The goal of this book is to investigate the semantics of absolute constructions in English; specifically, my object is to provide an explanation for the semantic variability of such constructions. As has been widely noted in traditional grammatical studies of English, free adjuncts and absolute phrases have the ability to playa number of specific logical roles in the sentences in which they appear; yet, paradoxically, they lack any overt indication of their logical connection to the clause which they modify. How, then, is the logical function of an absolute construction determined? In attempting to answer this question, one must inevitably address a number of more general issues: Is the meaning assigned to a linguistic expression necessarily determined by linguistic rules, or can the grammar of a language in some cases simply underdetermine the interpretation of expressions? Are the truthconditions of a sentence ever sensitive to the inferences of language users? If so, then is it possible to maintain the validity of any really substantive version of the Compositionality Principle? These are, of course, issues of great inherent interest to anyone concerned with the formal syntax and semantics of natural language, with the philosophy of language, or with language processing. The descriptive framework assumed throughout is the semantic theory developed by Richard Montague (1970a, 1970b, 1973) and his followers. (For a very thorough introduction to Montague semantics, the reader may refer to Dowty, Wall and Peters (1981 ).
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