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  • 2000-2004  (14)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (14)
  • Boston, MA : Safari
  • Agriculture
  • Economic Growth
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty
    Keywords: Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: Many fear China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) will impoverish its rural people by way of greater import competition in its agricultural markets. Anderson, Huang, and Ianchovichina explore that possibility bearing in mind that, even if producer prices of some (land-intensive) farm products fall, prices of other (labor-intensive) farm products could rise. Also, the removal of restrictions on exports of textiles and clothing could boost town and village enterprises, so demand for unskilled labor for nonfarm work in rural areas may grow even if demand for farm labor in aggregate falls. New estimates, from the global economywide numerical simulation model known as GTAP, of the likely changes in agricultural and other product prices as a result of WTO accession are drawn on to examine empirically the factor reward implications of China's WTO accession. The results suggest farm-nonfarm and Western-Eastern income inequality may well rise in China but rural-urban income inequality need not. The authors conclude with some policy suggestions for alleviating any pockets of farm household poverty that may emerge as a result of WTO accession. This paper—a product of the Economic Policy Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network—is part of a larger effort in the network to assess the impact of China's WTO accession
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The New Comparative Economics (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shleifer, Andrei The New Comparative Economics
    Keywords: Allocation ; Capital ; Capitalism ; Children and Youth ; Contract ; Debt Markets ; Democracy ; Dictatorship ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender ; Institutional Economics ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Economy ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Allocation ; Capital ; Capitalism ; Children and Youth ; Contract ; Debt Markets ; Democracy ; Dictatorship ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender ; Institutional Economics ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Economy ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Allocation ; Capital ; Capitalism ; Children and Youth ; Contract ; Debt Markets ; Democracy ; Dictatorship ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender ; Institutional Economics ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Economy ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In recent years, comparative economics experienced a revival, with a new focus on comparing capitalist economies. The theme of the new research is that institutions exert a profound influence on economic development. The authors argue that, to understand capitalist institutions, one needs to understand the basic tradeoff between the costs of disorder and those of dictatorship. They then apply this logic to study the structure of efficient institutions, the consequences of colonial transplantation, and the politics of institutional choice. This paper—a product of the Private Sector Advisory Department, Private Sector Development Vice Presidency—is part of a larger effort to understand institutional differences in the regulation of business
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Static and Dynamic Incidence of Vietnam's Public Safety Net (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Walle, de van Dominique The Static and Dynamic Incidence of Vietnam's Public Safety Net
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Vietnam's social welfare programs do not adequately protect and promote the poor. Increased spending, with better coverage and targeting, could help poor and vulnerable households. How does Vietnam's public safety net affect outcomes for the poor? Although social welfare programs in Vietnam are centrally mandated, they are locally implemented according to local norms and local poverty standards and often rely heavily on local financing. Van de Walle examines the coverage, incidence, and horizontal equity of the programs that can be identified in the data from the Vietnam Living Standards Survey. She looks at the role of location in determining whether the poor are assisted nationally. And she explores dynamic incidence between 1993 and 1998 and the degree to which programs performed a safety net function. The author's analysis shows that coverage and payments to households are low and have had a negligible impact on poverty. In principle, better targeting could improve the impact of current outlays. The analysis also shows that the system was ineffective in protecting households that were vulnerable to shocks. Finally, the results suggest that although there is a greater concentration of poverty-related programs and greater household participation in poorer communes, the system spends more (absolutely and relatively) on the poor in richer communes. This paper—a product of Public Services, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to improve the delivery and effectiveness of social protection programs. The author may be contacted at dvandewalleworldbank.org
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Poverty and Survival Prospects of Vietnamese Children under Doi Moi (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wagstaff, Adam Poverty and Survival Prospects of Vietnamese Children under Doi Moi
    Keywords: Child Mortality ; Child Survival ; Development Assistance ; Development Goals ; Economic Growth ; Educational Attainment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infant ; International Trade ; Population Policies ; Child Mortality ; Child Survival ; Development Assistance ; Development Goals ; Economic Growth ; Educational Attainment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infant ; International Trade ; Population Policies ; Child Mortality ; Child Survival ; Development Assistance ; Development Goals ; Economic Growth ; Educational Attainment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infant ; International Trade ; Population Policies
    Abstract: By international standards, and given its relatively low per capita income, Vietnam has achieved substantial reductions in, and low levels of, infant and under-five mortality. Wagstaff and Nguyen review existing evidence and provide new evidence on whether, under the economic liberalization program known as Doi Moi, this reduction in child mortality has been sustained. They conclude that it has, but that the gains have been concentrated among the better-off. As a result, socioeconomic inequalities in child survival are evident in Vietnam—a change from the early 1990s when none were apparent. The authors develop survival models to find the causes of this differential decline in child mortality, and conclude that a number of factors have been at work, including reductions among the poor (but not among the better-off) in coverage of health services and in women's educational attainment. They argue that if the experience of the late 1990s is a guide to the future, the lack of progress among the poor will jeopardize Vietnam's chances of achieving the international development goals for child mortality. The authors examine various policy scenarios, including expanding coverage of health services, water and sanitation, and find that such measures, while useful, will have only a limited effect on the mortality of poor children. They find that programs aimed at narrowing the gap between the poor and better-off may have large beneficial effects on the various determinants of child survival. This paper—a product of Public Services, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the links between health and poverty. The authors may be contacted at awagstaffworldbank.org or nnga@worldbank.org
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Private Interhousehold Transfers in Vietnam in the Early and Late 1990s (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cox, Donald Private Interhousehold Transfers in Vietnam in the Early and Late 1990s
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Crowding Out ; Economic Growth ; Farm Productivity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Labor ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Welfare ; Human Capital ; Human Capital Investment ; Income ; Income Redistribution ; Labor Policies ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crowding Out ; Economic Growth ; Farm Productivity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Labor ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Welfare ; Human Capital ; Human Capital Investment ; Income ; Income Redistribution ; Labor Policies ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crowding Out ; Economic Growth ; Farm Productivity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Labor ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Welfare ; Human Capital ; Human Capital Investment ; Income ; Income Redistribution ; Labor Policies ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Cox uses date from the 1992-93 and 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS) to describe patterns of money transfers between households. Rapid economic growth during the 1990s did little to diminish the importance of private transfers in Vietnam. Private transfers are large and widespread in both surveys, and are much larger than public transfers. Private transfers appear to function like means-tested public transfers, flowing from better-off to worse-off households and providing old age support in retirement. Panel evidence suggests some hysteresis in private transfer patterns, but many households also changed from recipients to givers and vice versa between surveys. Changes in private transfers appear responsive to changes in household pre-transfer income, demographic changes, and life-course events. Transfer inflows rise upon retirement and widowhood, for example, and are positively associated with increases in health expenditures. It also appears that private transfer inflows increased for households affected by Typhoon Linda, which devastated Vietnam's southernmost provinces in late 1997. This paper is a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Economic Growth and Household Welfare: Policy Lessons from Vietnam. The author may be contacted at donald.coxbc.edu
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind? (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind?
    Keywords: 1958-2000 ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Armut ; Teilstaat ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Indien ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: There has been much debate about how much India's poor have shared in the economic growth unleashed by economic reforms in the 1990s. Datt and Ravallion argue that India has probably maintained its 1980s rate of poverty reduction in the 1990s. However, there is considerable diversity in performance across states. This holds some important clues for understanding why economic growth has not done more for India's poor. India's economic growth in the 1990s has not been occurring in the states where it would have the most impact on poverty nationally. If not for the sectoral and geographic imbalance of growth, the national rate of growth would have generated a rate of poverty reduction that was double India's historical trend rate. States with relatively low levels of initial rural development and human capital development were not well-suited to reduce poverty in response to economic growth. The study's results are consistent with the view that achieving higher aggregate economic growth is only one element of an effective strategy for poverty reduction in India. The sectoral and geographic composition of growth is also important, as is the need to redress existing inequalities in human resource development and between rural and urban areas. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the department to better understand the relationship between economic growth and poverty. The authors may be contacted at gdattworldbank.org or mravallion@worldbank.org
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Financial Crises, Financial Dependence, and Industry Growth (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Klingebiel, Daniela Financial Crises, Financial Dependence, and Industry Growth
    Keywords: Adverse Consequences ; Adverse Effects ; Adverse Selection ; Bank Lending ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Research ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Consequences ; Adverse Effects ; Adverse Selection ; Bank Lending ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Research ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Consequences ; Adverse Effects ; Adverse Selection ; Bank Lending ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Research ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Laeven, Klingebiel, and Kroszner investigate the link between financial crises and industry growth. They analyze data from 19 industrial and developing countries that have experienced financial crises during the past 30 years to investigate how financial crises affect sectors dependent on external sources of finance. Specifically, the authors examine whether the impact of a financial crisis on externally dependent sectors varies with the depth of the financial system. They find that sectors highly dependent on external finance tend to experience a greater contraction of value added during a crisis in deeper financial systems than in countries with shallower financial systems. They hypothesize that the deepening of the financial system allows sectors dependent on external finance to obtain relatively more external funding in normal periods, so a crisis in such countries would have a disproportionately negative effect on externally dependent sectors. In contrast, since externally dependent firms tend to obtain relatively less external financing in shallower financial systems (and hence have relatively lower growth rates in such countries during normal times), a crisis in such countries has less of a disproportionately negative effect on the growth of externally dependent sectors. This paper—a product of the Financial Sector Strategy and Policy Department—is part of a larger effort in the department to study the link between financial development and economic growth. The authors may be contacted at llaevenworldbank.org, dklingebiel@worldbank.org, or randy.kroszner@gsb.uchicago.edu
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam : A Socioeconomic Perspective (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Baulch, Bob Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam
    Keywords: Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Baulch, Chuyen, Haughton, and Haughton examine the latest quantitative evidence on disparities in living standards between and among different ethnic groups in Vietnam. Using data from the 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Survey and 1999 Census, they show that Kinh and Hoa ("majority") households have substantially higher living standards than "minority" households from Vietnam's other 52 ethnic groups. Subdividing the population into five broad categories, the authors find that while the Kinh, Hoa, Khmer, and Northern Highland minorities have benefited from economic growth in the 1990s, the growth of Central Highland minorities has stagnated. Disaggregating further, they find that the same ethnic groups whose living standards have risen fastest are those that have the highest school enrollment rates, are most likely to intermarry with Kinh partners, and are the least likely to practice a religion. The authors then estimate and decompose a set of expenditure regressions which show that even if minority households had the same endowments as Kinh households, this would close no more than a third of the gap in per capita expenditures. While some ethnic minorities seem to be doing well with a strategy of assimilating (both culturally and economically) with the Kinh-Hoa majority, other groups are attempting to integrate economically while retaining distinct cultural identities. A third group comprising the Central Highland minorities, including the Hmong, is largely being left behind by the growth process. Such diversity in the socioeconomic development experiences of the different ethnic minorities indicates the need for similar diversity in the policy interventions that are designed to assist them. This paper—a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to study household welfare and poverty reduction in Vietnam. Jonathan Haughton may be contacted at jhaughtobeaconhill.org
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Evolution des filières cotonnieres en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Badiane, Ousmane Evolution des filières cotonnieres en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre
    Keywords: Agricultural ; Agriculture ; Associations ; Centre ; Climate Change ; Crises ; Distribution ; Environment ; Finance ; Influence ; Les ; Pans ; Par ; Parasites ; Pesticides ; Policies ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Agricultural ; Agriculture ; Associations ; Centre ; Climate Change ; Crises ; Distribution ; Environment ; Finance ; Influence ; Les ; Pans ; Par ; Parasites ; Pesticides ; Policies ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Agricultural ; Agriculture ; Associations ; Centre ; Climate Change ; Crises ; Distribution ; Environment ; Finance ; Influence ; Les ; Pans ; Par ; Parasites ; Pesticides ; Policies ; Telecommunications Infrastructure
    Abstract: La culture du coton a connu un énorme succès en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre. La région est actuellement deuxième exportateur mondial derrière les Etats Unis, avec une part de marché de 15 pourcent. Malgré la forte performance qu'elle a connu dans le passé, la filière est caractérisée par des déficiences d'ordre institutionnel et structurel qui menacent sa viabilité dans un contexte de mondialisation croissante de l'industrie cotonnière. L'avenir de la filière est également menacé par les effets des politiques cotonnières de certains grands producteurs tels que les Etats Unis, l'Union Européenne, et la Chine. Le présent rapport analyse l'impact des facteurs cités ci-dessus sur la performance future de l'industrie cotonnière dans la région. Il identifie également les changements qui doivent être effectués afin de permettre au pays de la sous-région d'exploiter au maximum l'énorme potentiel de croissance qui existe dans la filière
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  • 10
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    The Impact of Cash Budgets on Poverty Reduction in Zambia : A Case Study of the Conflict between Well-Intentioned Macroeconomic Policy and Service Delivery to the Poor (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dinh, Hinh The Impact of Cash Budgets on Poverty Reduction in Zambia
    Keywords: Budget ; Budget Discipline ; Budget Execution ; Cash Budget ; Cash Budget System ; Cash Budgeting ; Cash Budgeting System ; Cash Budgets ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Revenue ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial System ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Budget ; Budget Discipline ; Budget Execution ; Cash Budget ; Cash Budget System ; Cash Budgeting ; Cash Budgeting System ; Cash Budgets ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Revenue ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial System ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Budget ; Budget Discipline ; Budget Execution ; Cash Budget ; Cash Budget System ; Cash Budgeting ; Cash Budgeting System ; Cash Budgets ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Revenue ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial System ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management
    Abstract: Facing runaway inflation and budget discipline problems in the early 1990s, the Zambian government introduced the so-called cash budget in which government domestic spending is limited to domestic revenue, leaving no room for excess spending. Dinh, Adugna, and Myers review Zambia's experience during the past decade, focusing on the impact of the cash budget on poverty reduction. They conclude that after some initial success in reducing hyperinflation, the cash budget has largely failed to keep inflation at low levels, created a false sense of fiscal security, and distracted policymakers from addressing the fundamental issue of fiscal discipline. More important, it has had a deeply pernicious effect on the quality of service delivery to the poor. Features inherent to the cash budgeting system facilitated a substantial redirection of resources away from the intended targets, such as agencies and ministries that provide social and economic services. The cash budget also eliminated the predictability of cash releases, making effective planning by line ministries difficult. Going forward, Zambia must adopt measures that over time will restore the commitment to budget discipline and shelter budget execution decisions from the pressures of purely short-term exigencies. This paper—a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division 1, Africa Region—is part of a larger effort in the region to review public expenditure management
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  • 11
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    Initial Conditions and Incentives for Arab Economic Integration : Can the European Community's Success Be Emulated? (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Initial Conditions and Incentives for Arab Economic Integration
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Benchmarks ; Competition ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Goods ; Incentive ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Agriculture ; Benchmarks ; Competition ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Goods ; Incentive ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Agriculture ; Benchmarks ; Competition ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Goods ; Incentive ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: Hoekman and Messerlin compare the European Community's "trade fundamentals" prevailing in the 1960s with those applying in Arab countries today. The fundamentals differ significantly—Arab countries trade much less with each other than EC members did, and the importance of such trade in GDP varies greatly. This suggests that a viable Arab integration strategy must follow a path that differs from the preferential trade liberalization-led approach implemented by the European Community. An alternative is to complement long-standing attempts to liberalize merchandise trade with an effort that revolves around service sector reforms and liberalization. This may prove to be an effective mechanism to support reforms as, in principle, there is a major constituency in each Arab country that has an interest in improving the performance of services—the natural resource-based and manufacturing sectors. A key condition for such an approach to be feasible is that Arab cooperation helps overcome political economy resistance to national, unilateral action, or, generates direct gains from cooperation in specific policy areas. The EC experience suggests that a services-based integration strategy will be complex and must be carefully designed and sequenced. Given the importance of services-related trade and logistics transactions costs, a first step might focus on bringing such costs down through a concerted joint effort. This paper—a product of Trade, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the economics of regional integration
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  • 12
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    Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s? : An Analysis of Poverty and Inequality Trends (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (64 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Glewwe, Paul Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s?
    Keywords: Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators ; Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators ; Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators
    Abstract: January 2000 - Vietnam's gains in poverty reduction between 1992 and 1998 were striking, and the country's impressive growth has been fairly broad-based. Households that have benefited most are well-educated, urban, white-collar households, while agricultural workers, ethnic minorities, and those residing in poorer regions have progressed least. Glewwe, Gragnolati, and Zaman assess the extent to which Vietnam's rapid economic growth in the 1990s was accompanied by reductions in poverty. They also investigate factors that contribute to certain households benefiting more than others. Using information from two household surveys, the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys (VNLSS) for 1992-93 and 1997-98, they show that Vietnam's gains in poverty reduction were striking during this period and that the country's impressive growth has been fairly broad-based. After discussing descriptive statistics for both years, the authors examine factors contributing to poverty reduction using both simple decomposition analysis and a multinomial logit model. The results show that: · Returns to education increased significantly during this period, particularly for higher levels of education. · Location significantly affected a household's probability of escaping poverty during this period. Urban households enjoyed a greater reduction in poverty than did rural households, and households residing in the Red River Delta and the southeast were also better able to take advantage of new opportunities. · White-collar households benefited most, and agricultural laborers the least. However, Vietnam cannot afford to be complacent, as nearly half its rural population lives below the poverty line, poverty rates among ethnic minorities remain very high, and natural calamities are a serious impediment to poverty reduction. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the dynamics of poverty. The authors may be contacted at pglewwedept.agecon.umn.edu, mgragnolati@worldbank.org, or hzaman@worldbank.org
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  • 13
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    Context Is Everything : Measuring Institutional Change in Transition Economies (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Campos, F. Nauro Context Is Everything
    Keywords: Accountability ; Bureaucracy ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Civil Society ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Data Collection ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Good Governance ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Growth Rates ; Indicators ; Institutional Change ; Institutional Framework ; Institutional Reform ; Institutions ; Market Economy ; National Governance ; Per Capita Income ; Property Rights ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Rule Of Law ; Transition Economies ; Accountability ; Bureaucracy ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Civil Society ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Data Collection ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Good Governance ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Growth Rates ; Indicators ; Institutional Change ; Institutional Framework ; Institutional Reform ; Institutions ; Market Economy ; National Governance ; Per Capita Income ; Property Rights ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Rule Of Law ; Transition Economies ; Accountability ; Bureaucracy ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Civil Society ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Data Collection ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Good Governance ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Growth Rates ; Indicators ; Institutional Change ; Institutional Framework ; Institutional Reform ; Institutions ; Market Economy ; National Governance ; Per Capita Income ; Property Rights ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Rule Of Law ; Transition Economies
    Abstract: January 2000 - What aspects of institution building most affect the transition to a market economy? In terms of effects on per capita income and school enrollment, the rule of law may be most important. In terms of life expectancy, the quality of the bureaucracy plays a more crucial role. Campos presents measures with which to map institution building during the transition from centrally planned to market economies. Data collection and indicators are measured in terms of five institutional dimensions of governance: · Accountability of the executive · Quality of the bureaucracy · Rule of law · Character of policymaking process · Strength of civil society. Campos highlights the differences over time and between Central and Eastern European countries and those of the former Soviet Union. In terms of effects on per capita income and school enrollment, Campos finds the rule of law to be the most important institutional dimension, both for the sample as a whole and for differences between the two regions. In terms of life expectancy, however, the quality of the bureaucracy plays the most crucial role. One important message Campos draws from the results is that institutions do change over time and are by no means as immutable as the literature has suggested. The range of feasible policy choices (for changing institutions) may be much wider than is often assumed. This paper is a product of Development Policy, Development Economics Senior Vice Presidency. The author may be contacted at nauro.camposcerge.cuni.cz
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  • 14
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    An Ecological and Historical Perspective on Agricultural Development in Southeast Asia (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hayami, Yujiro An Ecological and Historical Perspective on Agricultural Development in Southeast Asia
    Keywords: Agricultural Industry ; Agricultural Production ; Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Cash Crops ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Cultivated Land ; Cultivation ; Ecological Zones ; Environment ; Export Crops ; Farm ; Farms ; Forestry ; Forests and Forestry ; Green Revolution ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Land Distribution ; Land Use and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Plantations ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Produce ; Rice ; Rice Areas ; Rice Production ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Shifting Cultivation ; Tropical Products ; Tropical Rain Forests ; Agricultural Industry ; Agricultural Production ; Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Cash Crops ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Cultivated Land ; Cultivation ; Ecological Zones ; Environment ; Export Crops ; Farm ; Farms ; Forestry ; Forests and Forestry ; Green Revolution ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Land Distribution ; Land Use and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Plantations ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Produce ; Rice ; Rice Areas ; Rice Production ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Shifting Cultivation ; Tropical Products ; Tropical Rain Forests ; Agricultural Industry ; Agricultural Production ; Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Cash Crops ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Cultivated Land ; Cultivation ; Ecological Zones ; Environment ; Export Crops ; Farm ; Farms ; Forestry ; Forests and Forestry ; Green Revolution ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Land Distribution ; Land Use and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Plantations ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Produce ; Rice ; Rice Areas ; Rice Production ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Shifting Cultivation ; Tropical Products ; Tropical Rain Forests
    Abstract: March 2000 - How location, natural resources, and different policies toward the elite's preemption of unused land shaped the historical development of different agrarian structures across Southeast Asia, conditioning agricultural growth performance until today. According to Myint's vent-for-surplus theory, development of the economies of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand from the nineteenth century on took natural advantage of large tracts of unused empty land with low population density and abundant natural resources of the type typically found in Southeast Asia and Africa at the outset of Western colonization. When these economies were integrated into international trade, hitherto unused natural resources (primary commodities the indigenous people had not valued) became the source of economic development, commanding market value because of high import demand in Western economies. The major delta of Chao Phraya River was the resource base of vent-for-surplus development with rice in Thailand; tropical rain forests filled that role in Indonesia and the Philippines with respect to the production of tropical cash crops. This basic difference underlay differences in distribution of farm size: the unimodal distribution of peasants or family farms in Thailand and the coexistence of peasants and large estate farms or plantations specializing in tropical export crops in Indonesia and the Philippines. Differences in agrarian development were also shaped by different policies toward the elite's preemption of unused land. Under Spanish colonialism, the elite preempted unused land in the Philippines wholesale, bifurcating land distribution between noncultivating landlords and sharecroppers in lowland rice areas, and between plantation owners and wage laborers in upland areas. In Indonesia, the Dutch government granted long-term leases for uncultivated public land to foreign planters, but prevented alienation of cultivated land from native peasants, to avoid social instability. In Thailand, concessions were granted for private canal building, but the independent kingdom preserved the tradition of giving land to anyone who could open and cultivate it. Relatively homogeneous landowning peasants dominated Thailand's rural sector. As frontiers for new cultivation closed, the plantation system's initial advantage (large-scale development of land and infrastructure) began to be outweighed by its need to monitor hired labor. The peasant system, based on family labor needing no supervision, allowed Thailand's share of the world market in tropical cash crops to grow, as Indonesia and the Philippines lost their traditional comparative advantage. Moreover, land reform in the Philippines made land markets inactive, with resulting distortions in resource allocation and serious underinvestment in agriculture. This paper - a product of Rural Development, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to review rural development in Asian countries. The author may be contacted at hayamisipeb.aoyama.ac.jp
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