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  • 2010-2014  (860)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (860)
  • Environment  (428)
  • Economics  (281)
  • Steuer  (162)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264221734
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Chemical Accidents
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Document was designed to serve as a tool to assist industrial enterprises, public authorities, and communities near hazardous installations world-wide develop and implement a means to assess the success of their chemical safety activities. The guidance does not define a precise methodology, but rather provides guidance on how to develop and use safety performance indicators including the general elements of Safety Performance Indicators (SPI) Programmes.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264174337
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gouvernance des services de l'eau en Tunisie ; Surmonter les défis de la participation du secteur privé
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Water governance in Tunisia
    Keywords: Wasserwirtschaft ; Privatwirtschaft ; Wasserpolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Tunesien ; Environment ; Governance ; Tunisia
    Abstract: This report diagnoses the main governance and financing challenges to private sector participation in the water supply and wastewater sector of Tunisia, and provides ways forward to address these challenges. It been developed as part of a water policy dialogue conducted by the OECD jointly with the Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-Med) in the context of the project labelled by the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) "Governance and Financing for the Mediterranean Water Sector", with the support of the FEMIP Trust Fund of the European Investment Bank.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 239 ; Essai de Toxicité sur Myriophyllum Spicatum dans un Système Eau-Sédiment
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the toxicity of chemicals on the growth of the rooted aquatic plants (Myriophyllum spicatum) growing in water-sediment system. Shoot apices of healthy and non-flowering plant are potted in standardised, artificial sediment supplemented with additional nutrient and exposed to at least five concentrations of the chemical over a period of 14 days. A minimum of 6 replicates for the untreated control and 4 replicates for each test concentration should be used. The measured quantitative variables include growth of shoot length and development of fresh and dry weight, and the measured qualitative variables include presence or not of chlorosis and necrosis or growth deformities. Both average specific growth rate (r) and yield (y) are determined and then used to expressed ErCx and EyCx respectively (x can be e.g. 10, 20, 50.) In addition, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) may be statistically determined.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224179
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 489 ; Test des Comètes In Vivo en Conditions Alcalines sur Cellules de Mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vivo alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay, also called alkaline Comet Assay is a method measuring DNA strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. Each treated group is composed of a minimum of 5 animals of one sex (or of each sex as appropriate). A positive and a vehicle control group are also used. Administration of the treatment consists of daily doses over duration of 2 days or more, ensuring the test chemical reaches the target tissue which can be the liver, the kidney or other tissues if justified. Tissues of interest are dissected and single cells/nuclei suspensions are prepared and embedded in agarose on slides. Cells/nuclei are treated with lysis buffer to remove cellular and/or nuclear membranes. The nuclear DNA in the agar is then subjected to electrophoresis at high pH. This results in structures resembling comets which by using suitable fluorescent stain, can be observed by fluorescent microscopy. Based on their size DNA fragments migrate away from the head to the tail, and the intensity of the comet tail relative to the total intensity (head plus tail) reflects the amount of DNA breakage.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264223202
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs de croissance verte pour l'agriculture ; Évaluation préliminaire
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Green growth indicators for agriculture
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Landwirtschaft ; Landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Landwirtschaft ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: An integral component of any green growth strategy is a highly-reliable set of measurement tools and indicators that would enable policy makers to evaluate how effective policies are, and to gauge the progress being achieved in shifting economic activity onto a greener path. These tools and indicators, which will need to be based on internationally comparable data, must also be embedded in a conceptual framework and selected according to a clearly-specified set of criteria. This report is a first step towards developing a framework to monitor progress on green growth in the agricultural sector in OECD countries. The goal is to identify relevant, succinct and measurable statistics to implement the OECD Green Growth Strategy Measurement Framework which provides a common basis for further developing green growth indicators in the agricultural sector in OECD countries.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264217737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Indonesia 2014
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Indonesien ; Taxation ; Indonesia
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Indonesia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224216
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 431; In Vitro Skin Corrosion; Reconstructed Human Epidermis (Rhe) Test Method
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice porte sur le danger de corrosion cutanée pour la santé humaine faisant suite à une exposition avec un produit chimique. La corrosion cutanée désigne la survenue de lésions irréversibles de la peau qui se manifestent par une nécrose visible, selon la définition du Système Général Harmonisé pour la Classification et l’Étiquetage des produits chimiques. Cette Ligne directrice décrit une procédure in vitro permettant d’identifier les substances et mélanges corrosifs et non corrosifs, en faisant appel à un épiderme humain reconstitué qui reproduit fidèlement les propriétés histologiques, morphologiques, biochimiques et physiologiques des couches supérieures de la peau humaine. La procédure sur épiderme humain reconstitué part du principe que les substances corrosives sont capables de pénétrer dans le stratum corneum (couche cornée) par diffusion ou érosion, et sont cytotoxiques pour les cellules des couches sous-jacentes. Deux réplicats sont employés pour chaque traitement (ou durée d'exposition), et pour les contrôles. Les substances corrosives sont identifiées sur la base de leur capacité à réduire la viabilité cellulaire en dessous des valeurs seuils définies pour des périodes d'exposition spécifiques. La viabilité cellulaire est mesurée via la conversion enzymatique du colorant vital MTT en un sel de formazan bleu mesuré quantitativement après son extraction des tissus. Les substances corrosives sont mises en évidence par leur capacité à faire chuter la viabilité cellulaire sous un seuil prédéterminé. Plusieurs méthodes validées sont référencées dans la Ligne directrice et suivent la procédure décrite ci-dessus. Certaines méthodes référencées permettent par aillaurs la sous-categorisation des produits corrosifs. Cette Ligne directrice comprend également un ensemble de normes de performances pour l’évaluation de méthodes d’essai similaires ou modifiées.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224438
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 487 ; Essai in vitro de micronoyaux sur cellules de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vitro micronucleus test is a genotoxicity test for the detection of micronuclei in the cytoplasm of interphase cells. Micronuclei may originate from acentric chromosome fragments (i.e. lacking a centromere), or whole chromosomes that are unable to migrate to the poles during the anaphase stage of cell division. The assay detects the activity of clastogenic and aneugenic test substances in cells that have undergone cell division during or after exposure to the test substance. This Test Guideline allows the use of protocols with and without the actin polymerisation inhibitor cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin B allows for the identification and selective analysis of micronucleus frequency in cells that have completed one mitosis, because such cells are binucleate. This Test Guideline also allows the use of protocols without cytokinesis block provided there is evidence that the cell population analysed has undergone mitosis.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224377
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 474; Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai de micronoyaux de mammifères est employé pour la détection des dommages induits par la substance d'essai aux chromosomes ou à l'appareil mitotique des érythroblastes, par l'analyse des érythrocytes prélevés dans la moelle et/ou les cellules du sang périphérique des animaux, habituellement des rongeurs (souris ou rats). Le but de l'essai de micronoyaux est d'identifier des substances (liquide ou solide) qui causent des lésions cyto-génétiques et des micronoyaux dans lesquels il reste des fragments de chromosomes ou des chromosomes entiers. Une augmentation de la fréquence des érythrocytes polychromatiques micronucléés chez les animaux traités est une indication des dommages chromosomiques induits. Les animaux sont exposés à la substance d'essai par une voie d’exposition appropriée (habituellement par gavage à l'aide d'une sonde gastrique ou d'une canule de tubage adaptée, ou par injection intrapéritonéale). La moelle et/ou les cellules sanguines sont rassemblées, préparées sur des lames et colorées. Les lames sont analysées pour détecter la présence de micronoyaux. Chacun des groupes traités et de contrôle doivent inclure au moins 5 animaux analysables par sexe. L'administration des traitements se compose d'une dose unique de la substance d'essai ou de deux doses quotidiennes (ou plus). La dose limite est 2000 mg/kg pc/j pour le traitement jusqu'à 14 jours, et 1000 mg/kg pc/j pour le traitement de plus de 14 jours.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264221413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (524 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.150
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is a tool to support regulatory authorities’ decisions on the hazard of specific chemicals when they receive test results from a Test Guideline (TG) or draft TG for the screening/testing of chemicals for endocrine disrupting properties. The contexts for these decisions will vary, depending on local legislation and practice, so the advice is worded in such a way as to permit flexible interpretation. It provides guidance on how to interpret the outcome of individual tests and how to increase evidence on whether or not a substance may be an endocrine disrupter; to this end, it recommends a test method that may be performed if regulatory authorities need more evidence.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264209114
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T.: Boosting resilience through innovative risk governance
    Keywords: Katastrophe ; Risikomanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Welt ; Environment ; Governance ; Naturkatastrophe ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Risikomanagement
    Abstract: This report examines what countries have achieved in terms of strengthening resilience through better risk management and identifies persisting challenges. It focuses on the importance of creating an institutional environment that engages all stakeholders and allows them to build resilience against future shocks. This report has contributed to the development of the OECD Recommendation on the Governance of Critical Risks.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264215955
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: This book provides an overview of the key challenges faced by Japan and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of Japan, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264217751
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Mexico 2014
    DDC: 338.979843009047
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Mexiko ; Taxation ; Mexico
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Mexico. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789264217676
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Chile 2014
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Chile ; Taxation ; Chile
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Chile. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264214262
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. How was life?
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    Keywords: 1820-2010 ; Lebensqualität ; Soziale Lage ; Sozialgeschichte ; Geschichte ; Welt ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Geschichte ; Daten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Erde
    Abstract: How was life in 1820, and how has it improved since then? What are the long-term trends in global well-being? Views on social progress since the Industrial Revolution are largely based on historical national accounting in the tradition of Kuznets and Maddison. But trends in real GDP per capita may not fully re­flect changes in other dimensions of well-being such as life expectancy, education, personal security or gender inequality. Looking at these indicators usually reveals a more equal world than the picture given by incomes alone, but has this always been the case? The new report How Was Life? aims to fill this gap. It presents the first systematic evidence on long-term trends in global well-being since 1820 for 25 major countries and 8 regions in the world covering more than 80% of the world’s population. It not only shows the data but also discusses the underlying sources and their limitations, pays attention to country averages and inequality, and pinpoints avenues for further research. The How Was Life? report is the product of collaboration between the OECD, the OECD Development Centre and the CLIO-INFRA project. It represents the culmination of work by a group of economic historians to systematically chart long-term changes in the dimensions of global well-being and inequality, making use of the most recent research carried out within the discipline. The historical evidence reviewed in the report is organised around 10 different dimensions of well-being that mirror those used by the OECD in its well-being report How’s Life?, and draw on the best sources and expertise currently available for historical perspectives in this field. These dimensions are:per capita GDP, real wages, educational attainment, life expectancy, height, personal security, political institutions, environmental quality, income inequality and gender inequality.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789264222885
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Gibraltar 2014
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Gibraltar ; Taxation ; Gibraltar
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Gibraltar. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195493
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: tudes de l'OCDE sur la politique de l'environnement et le comportement des ménages
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur la politique de l'environnement et le comportement des ménages
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Greening Household Behaviour; Overview from the 2011 Survey - Revised edition
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Il est indispensable de bien comprendre les facteurs qui influencent les décisions des individus à l’égard de l'environnement si l’on veut élaborer des stratégies de croissance qui favorisent des modes de vie plus « verts ». Les récents travaux menés par l'OCDE à partir d’enquêtes périodiques auprès de plus de 10 000 ménages dans un certain nombre de pays et de domaines représentent un progrès décisif pour autant qu'ils apportent de nouveaux éclairages sur les mesures réellement efficaces. Cette publication présente une synthèse des données issues de la dernière enquête en date, axée sur cinq domaines (énergie, alimentation, transport, déchets et eau) et réalisée dans onze pays : Australie, Canada, Chili, Corée, Espagne, France, Israël, Japon, Pays-Bas, Suède et Suisse. La nouvelle enquête confirme l’importance de fournir les bonnes motivations pour influer sur nos décisions. Les résultats indiquent que les mesures telles que l’étiquetage et les campagnes d’information publique ont aussi un rôle significatif et complémentaire à jouer. Inciter un changement favorable de comportement demande un mélange de ces instruments.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1178
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Environmental policies seek to address market failures related to the protection of the environment. However, they may also increase barriers to entry and distort competition. If stringent environmental policies can be designed in a way that minimises such economic burdens, they can facilitate the achievement of economic and environmental goals and a cleaner growth model. This paper reports evidence on selected competition-relevant aspects of environmental policy design from a cross-country questionnaire. Information on administrative burdens related to environmental licenses, differential treatment among incumbents and new entrants and the procedures to evaluate economic effects of environmental policies are summarised in a set of indicators of the Burden on the Economy due to Environmental Policies (BEEP). The indicators allow for a set of tentative conclusions. Firstly, the BEEP captures information on anti-competitive regulations absent from the OECD’s product market regulation indicators (PMR). Secondly, though it is not yet possible to evaluate the economic impact of anti-competitive aspects of environmental policies, it is likely they impact well beyond the sectors directly concerned, hampering productivity growth, as shown for other product market regulations. Finally, the burdens of environmental policies are not related to their actual stringency, indicating that ambitious environmental targets can be pursued in ways that are more (or less) friendly to competition.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1176
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Environmental policies address wellbeing and sustainability objectives, affecting firm and household behaviour. A newly developed, cross-country composite proxy of environmental policy stringency (EPS) shows that stringency has been increasing across OECD countries over the past two decades. However, the tightening environmental policies have had little effect on aggregate productivity, spurring primarily short-term adjustments. Nevertheless, they have led to various effects within the economy - the most technologically advanced industries and firms have seen a small increase in productivity, possibly being in the best position to adapt. Least productive firms have seen their productivity fall. Part of the effect is likely to have taken place through entry and exit of firms and relocation of activities. Finally, this project provides evidence on the anti-competitive bias of some aspects of environmental policies. The indicator of Burdens on the Economy due to Environmental Policies (BEEP) shows that barriers to entry and competition, and the consideration given to economic effects of environmental policies vary notably across countries, but that this variation is not related to the stringency of policies. Hence, to support both economic and environmental outcomes, stringent environmental policies can and should be implemented with minimum barriers to entry and competition.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264220676
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (450 p.)
    Edition: Second edition
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Europäische Kommission. Statistisches Amt Eurostat-OECD methodological guide for developing producer price indices for services
    Keywords: Erzeugerpreisindex ; Dienstleistungssektor ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; OECD ; Erzeugerpreis ; Preisindex ; Dienstleistungssektor
    Abstract: The International Producer Price Index Manual, Theory and Practice (PPI Manual) published by the IMF in 2004 consituted a landmark for international standards on price measurement and contains detailed, comprehensive information for the compilation of producer price indices as well as an extensive coverage of the conceptual and theoretical issues. This second edition of the Methodological Guide for Developing Producer Price Indices for Services (SPPI Guide) is a complement to the PPI Manual in two ways: it focuses on service-specific aspects in the PPI compilation by developing further the conceptual framework and it adds detailed descriptions of PPI measurement for a wide range of individual service industries. This second edition of the SPPI Guide has been jointly produced by the OECD, Eurostat, the members of a task Force with deleguates from 14 OECD/EU members countries (Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States)and in synergy with the Voorburg Group. Several countries contributed to the Guide by providing descriptions of service PPIs for individual industries, other countries were represented by national experts in at least one meeting of the Task Force.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264102637
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Water governance in the Netherlands
    DDC: 333.91009492
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Governance-Ansatz ; Niederlande ; Environment ; Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This report assesses the extent to which Dutch water governance is fit for future challenges and sketches an agenda for the reform of water policies in the Netherlands. It builds on a one-year policy dialogue with over 100 Dutch stakeholders, supported by robust analytical work and drawing on international best practice.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181243
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (205 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Compendium of Agri-environmental Indicators
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Ce livre fournit l’ensemble des indicateurs agro-environnementaux les plus récents et les plus complets concernant les 34 pays membres de l’OCDE sur la période 1990-2010. Il s’appuie sur les travaux conduits pendant vingt ans par l’OCDE dans ce domaine. Ces indicateurs ont pour objet de décrire l’état actuel de l’environnement dans l’agriculture et sa tendance ; de mettre en évidence les lieux où des situations critiques sont en train d’apparaître ; de comparer l’évolution des performances entre périodes et entre pays ; et de fournir un ensemble d’indicateurs et une base de données pour suivre et évaluer l’action publique, projeter les tendances futures et concevoir des indicateurs de croissance verte.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264223035
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Grenada 2014
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Grenada ; Taxation ; Grenada
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Grenada. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264207929
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Seine Basin, Île-de-France, 2014; Resilience to Major Floods
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; France
    Abstract: Cette étude s'intéresse à la prévention du risque d'inondation de la Seine en Ile-de-France. Elle étudie l'impact qu'une inondation majeure telle que celle produite en 1910 pourrait avoir sur le bien-être des citoyens, le fonctionnement de la métropole et l'économie. Elle propose des pistes d'amélioration relative à la gouvernance et la prévention de ce risque majeur.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264218482
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Portugal; Deepening Structural Reform to Support Growth and Competitiveness
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Portugal: Deepening Structural Reform to Support Growth and Competitiveness
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221062
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.25
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report constitutes an emission scenario document (ESD) for chemicals used in the electronics industry. It provides information on the sources and release pathways of chemicals during various processing techniques relevant to this varied industry sector, to help estimate releases of chemicals into the environment. Therefore, it will assist in the development of exposure scenarios and risk characterisation and assessment, for example as required by the REACH regulation (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of chemicals.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264085442
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (154 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.69
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: To keep (Q)SAR applications on a solid scientific foundation, an international effort to articulate principles for (Q)SAR technology and to develop a guidance document for use of (Q)SAR in regulatory applications. This document presents those principles and helpful guides for validating (Q)SAR technology for a variety of applications.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264221574
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.59
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is the report of the OECD Seminar on Risk Reduction through Prevention, Detection and Control of the Illegal International Trade in Agricultural Pesticides that took place on 19 May, 2010 at OECD, Paris, France, and was chaired by Dr. Wolfgang Zornbach of the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. After a series of presentations on governments‟ and other stakeholders‟ approaches and experiences (copies of all presentations are in Annex 4), the Seminar discussed the various issues associated with the illegal international trade of pesticides: risks and consequences of using illegal pesticides, risks linked to the pesticide supply/logistical chain, existing systems in place in countries, difficulties faced by authorities and customs, etc. The Seminar developed a set of recommendations targeted at governments, industry, all stakeholders and OECD.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264220973
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (133 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.29
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals to be used in water washing machines at industrial and institutional laundries. The document presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to chemicals used in water washing machines in laundries.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2014/03
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report assesses conceptually and empirically the extent to which the stringency of environmental regulations drives international trade in environmental goods. Many of the measures governments adopt to address issues such as local air and water pollution or GHG emissions take the form of regulations that aim to change the behaviour of firms or households. Compliance by private actors with those regulations in turn generates a growing market for environmental goods and services that is increasingly international in scope as more countries tighten their environmental regulations. Regulatory stringency thus spurs the development of a market for a whole range of equipment specifically meant for preventing and abating pollution, with important implications for international trade in such equipment. The different indicators of regulatory stringency considered in the present analysis generally support the notion that the stringency of environmental regulations positively affects countries’ specialisation in environmental products, even when considering specific sectors such as solid-waste management or wastewater treatment. While increased trade in environmental products is not an end in itself, the environmental benefits this entails can contribute to global improvements in environmental quality. By increasing demand for environmental products and technologies, environmental policy can complement trade policy in supporting pollution-reduction efforts not just domestically, but also abroad.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.163
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In most OECD countries, the gap between rich and poor is at its highest level since 30 years. Today, the richest 10 per cent of the population in the OECD area earn 9.5 times the income of the poorest 10 per cent; in the 1980s this ratio stood at 7:1 and has been rising continuously ever since. However, the rise in overall income inequality is not (only) about surging top income shares: often, incomes at the bottom grew much slower during the prosperous years and fell during downturns, putting relative (and in some countries, absolute) income poverty on the radar of policy concerns. This paper explores whether such developments may have an impact on economic performance. Drawing on harmonised data covering the OECD countries over the past 30 years, the econometric analysis suggests that income inequality has a negative and statistically significant impact on subsequent growth. In particular, what matters most is the gap between low income households and the rest of the population. In contrast, no evidence is found that those with high incomes pulling away from the rest of the population harms growth. The paper also evaluates the “human capital accumulation theory” finding evidence for human capital as a channel through which inequality may affect growth. Analysis based on micro data from the Adult Skills Survey (PIAAC) shows that increased income disparities depress skills development among individuals with poorer parental education background, both in terms of the quantity of education attained (e.g. years of schooling), and in terms of its quality (i.e. skill proficiency). Educational outcomes of individuals from richer backgrounds, however, are not affected by inequality. It follows that policies to reduce income inequalities should not only be pursued to improve social outcomes but also to sustain long-term growth. Redistribution policies via taxes and transfers are a key tool to ensure the benefits of growth are more broadly distributed and the results suggest they need not be expected to undermine growth. But it is also important to promote equality of opportunity in access to and quality of education. This implies a focus on families with children and youths – as this is when decisions about human capital accumulation are made -- promoting employment for disadvantaged groups through active labour market policies, childcare supports and in-work benefits.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.78
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report focuses on demand for renewable energy and energy efficiency. It presents the results of follow-up of econometric analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). The report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the 2014 OECD publication “Greening Household Behaviour: Overview from the 2011 Survey”...
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Papers no.2014/03
    Keywords: Environment ; Zambia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Embracing green growth can secure strong, stable and sustainable development. Green growth recognises and integrates the value of natural capital into economic decision-making and development planning, which is critical to avoid natural capital depletion, the worst of climate change and social and national security risks (OECD, 2013). This is particularly true for developing countries, because of their dependence on natural assets and acute exposure and vulnerability to environmental risks, ranging from air, water and soil pollution, as well as natural resource scarcity and extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change. A green growth policy framework recognises and aims to address both micro- and macro-level pressures that countries face to grow their economies, while also managing environmental risks. In poorer developing countries, micro-level pressures may include lack of access to basic services such as shelter, fuel, water; while macro-level pressures are threats to stable livelihoods due to...
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.74
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Politikfeldanalyse ; Lernen ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores methodological approaches that can be used to monitor and evaluate climate change adaptation initiatives at the projects and programme levels. It examines approaches that have been used in other areas of development practice to see what lessons have been learned that can inform the development of monitoring and evaluation frameworks targeted at adaptation. The paper focuses on three methodological challenges related to monitoring and evaluation that are particularly relevant for adaptation: i) assessing attribution, ii) establishing baselines and targets, and iii) dealing with long time horizons. The paper also considers the importance of on-going learning in evaluation and the benefit of applying a comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluation, building on tested practices from participatory methods and social sciences techniques.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264390201
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.79
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: In 2011, OECD conducted a survey of member countries to gain a better overview of the mechanisms in place in countries for assessing and managing the risks of obsolete pesticides. Obsolete pesticides are those that are no longer fit for purpose for some reason, be it product deterioration, de-registration or a revision of use conditions. This report documents the analysis, conclusions and recommendations stemming from all of the submitted information.
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/06
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Land management faces a series of daunting challenges in the 21st century. These include contributing to the global mitigation effort and adaptation needed to prevent dangerous climate change, while providing enough food for a population of 9 billion by 2050 as well as shelter and livelihoods for rural populations and various ecosystem services. The existing mitigation reporting and accounting arrangements for the land sector are complex, not applicable to all Parties, and provide limited scope for pursuing more costeffective accounting approaches that would enable developing countries to address conflicting policy objectives such as addressing climate change while increasing agricultural output. This paper has two aims. The first is to lay out possible elements of a long-term vision for the post-2020 reporting and accounting framework for emissions and removals from the land sector, building on existing experience with reporting and accounting as well as previous studies. The second is to identify possible steps that could be taken at COP 20 in 2014, COP 21 in 2015, and in 2016-2020 to put Parties on a pathway towards realising this vision.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1144
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Women's Role in the Swiss Economy
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: En Suisse, les femmes ont désormais un niveau de formation égal à celui des hommes. Néanmoins, des progrès restent à accomplir sur le marché du travail où l’offre de main-d’oeuvre féminine et sa rémunération sont inférieures à celles des hommes. Le taux d’activité des femmes est élevé et ne cesse de croître, ce qui est contrebalancé toutefois par une forte incidence du travail à temps partiel, reflet de préférences individuelles et de facteurs qui restreignent le travail des femmes. L’insuffisance et le coût élevé des solutions de garde d’enfants, conjugués à un taux marginal d’imposition important pour les deuxièmes pourvoyeurs de revenus, dissuadent les femmes de travailler plus. L’écart net (c’est-à-dire inexpliqué) de rémunération de 7 % environ en faveur des hommes, persistant quoique en baisse, ainsi que la non-représentation des femmes parmi les dirigeants et chefs d’entreprise n’incite pas non plus ces dernières à tirer pleinement profit de leur niveau de formation élevé. Il faut donc éliminer ces obstacles en priorité, en augmentant les dépenses publiques consacrées aux structures de garde d’enfants et d’accueil parascolaire à l’échelon des cantons et des communes. Il faudrait aussi étudier la réglementation existante relative aux services de garde d’enfants pour voir s’il est possible d’élargir la gamme des prestations offertes, en termes de rapport qualité-prix. Il convient également de supprimer l’effet pénalisant implicite du mariage sur le plan fiscal, comme cela est actuellement envisagé par le Conseil fédéral. Une plus grande flexibilité dans l’aménagement du temps de travail pourrait également permettre aux femmes de réduire le coût de la conciliation entre travail et vie de famille. Ainsi, offrir aux femmes comme aux hommes la possibilité d’opter plus facilement pour des solutions comme les horaires de travail flexibles, l’annualisation des horaires, le partage de poste, le temps partiel ou le télétravail, et instituer un congé paternité et/ou un congé parental consécutif unique et non transférable pourraient aider les femmes à intégrer le marché du travail et à en sortir plus aisément. Le renforcement de la concurrence sur les marchés de produits devrait contribuer à combler l’écart de rémunération entre hommes et femmes, en remplaçant notamment certaines pratiques discriminatoires par la recherche des meilleurs talents, indépendamment du sexe. Enfin, un code de gouvernement d’entreprise en faveur d’une représentation plus égalitaire des femmes aux postes de direction et la fixation d’objectifs ambitieux pour accroître la proportion de femmes dans les conseils d’administrations, conjugués à l’adoption de la pratique « appliquer ou expliquer », ou encore l’instauration de quotas, devraient contribuer à la disparition du « plafond de verre ». Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la Suisse 2013 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Suisse).
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224407
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 475; Essai d'aberration chromosomique sur moelle osseuse de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The mammalian in vivo chromosome aberration test is used for the detection of structural chromosome aberrations induced by test compounds in bone marrow cells of animals, usually rodents (rats, mice and Chinese hamsters). Structural chromosome aberrations may be of two types: chromosome or chromatid. Animals are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) by an appropriate route of exposure (usually by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula, or by intraperitoneal injection) and are sacrificed at appropriate times after treatment. Prior to sacrifice, animals are treated with a metaphase-arresting agent. Chromosome preparations are then made from the bone marrow cells and stained, and metaphase cells are analysed for chromosome aberrations. Each treated and control group must include at least 5 analysable animals per sex. The limit dose is 2000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment up to 14 days, and 1000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment longer than 14 days.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224186
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 489; In Vivo Mammalian Alkaline Comet Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’essai in vivo d’électrophorèse sur gel en conditions alcalines de cellules isolées, aussi appelé test des comètes est une méthode mesurant les cassures de brins d’ADN dans les cellules eucaryotes. Chaque groupe traité est composé au minimum de 5 animaux d’un même sexe (ou de chaque sexe si besoin est). On utilise également un groupe témoin positif et un groupe témoin négatif. Les animaux reçoivent un traitement quotidien sur une durée de 2 jours ou plus, permettant au produit chimique d’essai d’atteindre le tissu cible, celui-ci peut être le foie, le rein, ou tous autres tissus si cela est justifié. Les tissus à étudier sont disséqués et des suspensions de cellules/noyaux isolés sont préparées, puis incluses dans un gel d’Agarose pour être fixé sur des lames. Les cellules/noyaux sont traitées avec un tampon de lyse pour éliminer la membrane cellulaire et/ou nucléaire. L’ADN nucléaire dans l’agar est ensuite soumis à une électrophorèse à pH élevé produisant des structures ressemblant à des comètes qui, si l’on utilise les colorants fluorescents appropriés, peuvent être observées par microscopie à fluorescence. En fonction de leur taille les fragments d’ADN migrent de la tête vers la queue de la comète, et l’intensité de la queue de la comète relative à l’intensité totale (tête plus queue) reflète l’ampleur des cassures de l’ADN.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224162
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 239; Water-Sediment Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette ligne directrice vise à évaluer la toxicité des produits chimiques sur le développement des plantes aquatiques à racines (Myriophyllum spicatum) cultivées dans un système eau-sédiment. L’apex d’individus sains et sans fleur sont mis en pot dans un sédiment synthétique normalisé complété par des nutriments et soumis à au moins 5 concentrations différentes du produit chimique d’essai pendant une période de 14 jours. On utilise au minimum 6 réplicats pour les témoins et 4 réplicats pour chaque concentration d’essai. Les variables quantitatives mesurées sont la longueur de la tige et l’évolution du poids frais et sec, et les variables mesurées qualitatives sont la présence ou non de chlorose, et la nécrose ou les anomalies de croissance. On détermine le taux de croissance spécifique (r) et le rendement (y), qui sont ensuite utilisés pour obtenir la CxEr et la CxEy (x pouvant être par exemple 10, 20, 50). De plus, la concentration minimale avec effet observé (CMEO) et la concentration sans effet observé (CSEO) peuvent être déterminées par calcul statistique.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789264221635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.70
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is the report of the “OECD Workshop on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - Strategies for the adoption and implementation of IPM in agriculture contributing to the sustainable use of pesticides and to pesticide risk reduction”, that took place on 16 19 October 2011, in Berlin, Germany, and was chaired by Dr. Wolfgang Zornbach of the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. The developed detailed recommendations for promoting and facilitating the adoption and implementation of IPM strategies and for encouraging appropriate stakeholders to use IPM tools and measures. The workshop was planned in the framework of the “OECD Strategic Approach in Pesticide Risk Reduction”. It addressed the following four main issues: technology and Information, economics and market access, policies and strategies and measurements and impact. This report includes the outcomes of the workshop discussions, as well as the overall workshop conclusions (Section 4) and recommendations (Section 5) targeted at governments, all stakeholders and OECD.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224131
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 238 ; Essai de Toxicité sur Myriophyllum Spicatum dans un Système Sans Sédiment
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the toxicity of chemicals on the growth of submerged aquatic plants Myriophyllum spicatum growing in a sediment-free test system. In a modified Andrews’ medium Myriophyllum spicatum plant cultures are exposed to at least five different concentrations of the test chemical over a period of 14 days. A minimum of 10 replicates for the controls and 5 replicates for each test concentration should be used. The measured variables include growth of shoot length, of lateral branches and roots, development of fresh and dry weight, increase of whorls. Both average specific growth rate (r) and yield (y) are determined and then used to expressed ErCx and EyCx respectively (x can be eg. 10,20,50) In addition, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) may be statistically determined.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224414
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 475; Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosomal Aberration Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai d'aberration chromosomique in vivo sur mammifères est employé à l’identification des composés d'essai qui induisent des aberrations structurales dans des cellules de moelle osseuse d’animaux, généralement des rongeurs (rats, souris et hamsters chinois). Les aberrations structurales peuvent être de deux types : chromosomiques ou chromatidiques. Des animaux sont exposés à la substance d'essai (liquide ou solide) par une voie d'exposition appropriée (habituellement par gavage via une sonde gastrique ou d’une canule de tubage appropriée, ou par injection intrapéritonéale) et sont sacrifiés après des délais appropriés de traitement. Avant le sacrifice, les animaux sont traités avec un inhibiteur de fuseau. Des préparations chromosomiques sont alors faites à partir des cellules de moelle et colorées, et des cellules de métaphase sont analysées pour mettre en évidence les aberrations chromosomiques. Chacun des groupes traités et de contrôle doivent inclure au moins 5 animaux analysables par sexe. La dose de limite est 2000 de mg/kg pc/jour pour le traitement jusqu'à 14 jours, et de 1000 mg/kg pc/jour pour le traitement de plus de 14 jours.
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9789264224537
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Series Statement: Etudes de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Water Governance in Jordan; Overcoming the Challenges to Private Sector Participation
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Jordan
    Abstract: Ce rapport s’appuie sur les travaux de l’OCDE dans les domaines de la gouvernance de l’eau, de la politique de la réglementation et de la participation du secteur privé pour identifier les défis de gouvernance à la mobilisation des partenariats public-privé (PPP) dans la gestion des services de l’eau et de l’assainissement en Tunisie, et suggérer des recommandations de politiques publiques pour les surmonter. Il s’inscrit dans le cadre du dialogue sur les politiques conduit conjointement par l’OCDE et le Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-Med) dans le cadre du projet labellisé par l’Union pour la Méditerranée (UpM) « Gouvernance et Financement du Secteur de l’Eau en Méditerranée », avec le soutien financier du fonds fiduciaire FEMIP de la Banque Européenne d’Investissement.
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264217768
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Montserrat 2014
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Montserrat ; Taxation ; Montserrat
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Montserrat. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264214637 , 9789264224117
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (520 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lequiller, François Understanding national accounts
    RVK:
    Keywords: Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; International ; Welt ; Economics ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung
    Abstract: This second edition of Understanding National Accounts, that provides a comprehensive explanation of how national accounts are compiled, contains new data and new chapters, and is adapted to the new systems of national accounts, SNA 2008 and ESA 2010, that came into effect in September 2014. It approaches national accounts from a truly global perspective, with special chapters dedicated to international comparisons, globalisation and well-being as well as to the national systems used in major OECD economies, such as the United States. Each chapter of the manual uses practical examples to explain key concepts in national accounts in a clear and accessible way. And, each chapter concludes with a synthesis of key points covered in the chapter, followed by resources for further exploring the topic, and by a set of exercises to test your knowledge. It is an ideal guide to national accounts for students and other interested readers.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264217430
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Georgia 2014
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Georgien ; Taxation ; Georgia ; Georgien ; Steuer
    Abstract: This publication reviews the quality of Georgia's legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information for tax purposes. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264213753
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gouvernance des services de l'eau en Jordanie ; Surmonter les défis de la participation du secteur privé
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Water governance in Jordan
    DDC: 363.61095695
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Governance-Ansatz ; Wasserversorgung ; Privatwirtschaft ; Jordanien ; Environment ; Governance ; Jordan ; Jordanien ; Wasserwirtschaft
    Abstract: This report assesses the main governance and financing challenges to private sector participation (PSP) in the water supply and sanitation sector of Jordan, and provides ways forward to address them, based on international experience and OECD compendium of principles and good practices. Using the diagnostic analysis of the governance challenges to PSP in the Jordan water sector (Chapter 1), the report identifies ways forward to overcome bottlenecks focusing on three key pillars (Chapter 2): i) managing public-private partnership in a fiscally constrained environment through appropriate budget processes; ii) reducing the regulatory risks through supporting the development of a high-quality framework; and iii)managing and enhancing stakeholder engagement to improve accountability and buy-in. The report also includes an action plan with concrete measures to implement the recommendations proposed in the report. The report has been developed as part of a water policy dialogue conducted by the OECD jointly with the Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-Med) in the context of the project labelled by the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) “Governance and Financing for the Mediterranean Water Sector”, with the support of the FEMIP Trust Fund of the European Investment Bank.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Towards green growth in Southeast Asia
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Umweltpolitik ; Südostasien ; Environment ; Development ; Südostasien ; Umweltpolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: Southeast Asia’s booming economy offers tremendous growth potential, but also large and interlinked economic, social and environmental challenges. The region’s current growth model is based in large part on natural resource exploitation, exacerbating these challenges. This report provides evidence that, with the right policies and institutions, Southeast Asia can pursue green growth and thus sustain the natural capital and environmental services, including a stable climate, on which prosperity depends. Carried out in consultation with officials and researchers from across the region, Towards Green Growth in Southeast Asia provides a framework for regional leaders to design their own solutions to move their countries towards green growth. While recognising the pressures that Southeast Asian economies face to increase growth, fight poverty and enhance well-being, the report acknowledges the links between all these dimensions and underscores the window of opportunity that the region has now to sustain its wealth of natural resources, lock-in resource-efficient and resilient infrastructure, attract investment, and create employment in the increasingly dynamic and competitive sectors of green technology and renewable energy. Some key policy recommendations are that these challenges can be met by scaling up existing attempts to strengthen governance and reform countries’ economic structure; mainstreaming green growth into national development plans and government processes; accounting for the essential ecosystem services provided by natural capital, ending open-access natural resource exploitation; and guiding the sustainable growth of cities to ensure well-being and prosperity.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264202948 , 9789264219946
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Austria 2013
    Keywords: Environment ; Austria
    Abstract: Le programme d’examens environnementaux de l'OCDE propose des évaluations indépendantes des progrès accomplis par les pays eu égard à leurs engagements nationaux et internationaux en matière d’environnement, ainsi que des recommandations orientées vers l’action des pouvoirs publics. Ces examens ont pour objectif de promouvoir l’apprentissage entre pairs, d’encourager les pays à rendre compte de leur action aux autres pays et à leur opinion publique, ainsi que d’améliorer les performances environnementales des gouvernements, individuellement et collectivement. Les analyses s’appuient sur un large éventail de données économiques et environnementales. Chaque cycle d’examens environnementaux couvre la totalité des pays membres de l'OCDE ainsi que certains pays partenaires. Ce rapport est le troisième examen environnemental de l’Autriche. Il évalue les progrès vers le développement durable et la croissance verte et met l'accent sur la gestion des produits chimiques ainsi que sur l’adaptation au changement climatique.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264220522
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Cost of Air Pollution; Health Impacts of Road Transport
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Transport
    Abstract: La pollution de l’air extérieur tue plus de trois millions de personnes dans le monde chaque année, et elle est à l’origine de problèmes de santé, allant de l’asthme aux maladies cardiovasculaires chez un plus grand nombre de personnes encore. Pour les pays de l’OCDE ainsi que pour la Chine et l’Inde, le coût de ces impacts est estimé à 3 500 milliards USD par an en termes de mortalité et de morbidité, et la tendance est à la hausse. En se basant sur les nouvelles données épidémiologiques depuis l’étude de l’OMS sur la charge mondiale de morbidité en 2010, ainsi que sur les estimations de l’OCDE sur la valeur d’une vie statistique, ce rapport démontre que les impacts sanitaires de la pollution de l’air sont approximativement quatre fois plus élevés, et leurs coûts économiques considérablement plus importants, que les évaluations précédentes.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264213715
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suède 2014
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD;s granskning av Sveriges miljöpolitik; Sverige 2014
    Keywords: Environment ; Sweden
    Abstract: This report is the third OECD review of Sweden’s environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on Sweden's longstanding commitment to mitigating emissions of greenhouse gases and its management of marine ecosystem services and water.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221741
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Chemical Accidents
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Guidance on Developing Safety Performance Indicators (“Guidance on SPI”) was prepared to assist enterprises that wish to implement and/or review Safety Performance Indicator Programmes. The three chapters in this Guidance are designed to help enterprises better understand safety performance indicators, and how to implement SPI Programmes. Specifically, Chapter 1 provides important background information on the Guidance and on SPIs more generally including (i) a description of the target audience for this Guidance, (ii) defi nitions of SPIs and related terms, and (iii) insights on the reasons for implementing an SPI Programme. Chapter 2 sets out a seven-step process for implementing an SPI Programme, along with three examples of how different types of enterprises might approach the establishment of such a Programme. These seven steps build on the experience of a number of enterprises in the UK that worked with the Health and Safety Executive to develop a practical approach for applying performance indicators. Chapter 3 provides additional support for the development of an SPI Programme by setting out a menu of possible elements (targets, outcome indicators and activities indicators). This menu is extensive in light of the different types of potentially interested enterprises, recognising that each enterprise will likely choose only a limited number of the elements to monitor its key areas of concern. Furthermore, it is understood that an enterprise may decide to implement an SPI Programme in steps, focusing fi rst on only a few priority areas, and then expanding and amending its Programme as experience is gained. Annexes provide further support with an expanded explanation of metrics and a summary of targets, along with a glossary, a list of selected references and a copy of the Guiding Principles’ “Golden Rules.”
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789264085510
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.75
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described in this guidance document assesses the effects of plant protection products (PPPs), and has been validated using the active Fenoxycarb, which is known to act as an insect growth regulator (IGR), to the honey bee brood (Apis mellifera L.) under semi-field conditions (tunnel conditions followed by field conditions). The method can be used to address concerns regarding the impact on the brood development in honey bee colonies which are exposed to treatments of PPPs in agricultural crops. The aim of this test is to fill an identified gap or complement the sequential testing scheme with the development of a test method under semi-field conditions and to produce quantitative data that can be used as the basis for the evaluation of IGRs and other larvicidal compounds.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189188
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Análisis de los resultados medioambientales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Mexico 2013
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE; Mexique 2013
    Keywords: Environment ; Mexico
    Abstract: El programa de la OCDE sobre las evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental proporciona una evaluación independiente del progreso de los países para cumplir los compromisos nacionales e internacionales en materia de políticas ambientales junto con recomendaciones relevantes a dichas políticas. Las evaluaciones están dirigidas para promover el aprendizaje entre pares, estimular una mayor rendición de cuentas entre países y ante la opinión pública y para que los países mejoren su desempeño individual y colectivo en la gestión del medio ambiente. Las evaluaciones están apoyadas por un extenso número de datos económicos y ambientales. Cada ciclo de las evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental cubre todos los países miembros de la OCDE y algunos países socios. Entre los más recientes evaluaciones se encuentran: Alemania (2012), Eslovenia (2012), Israel (2011) y Eslovaquia (2011). Este informe es la tercera evaluación del desempeño ambiental de México. Evalúa el progreso hacia el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento verde y se centra en políticas sobre el cambio climático y aborda objetivos de biodiversidad y la conservación de bosques.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264220959
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is a statement of policy set by the 1989 Council Decision-Recommendation on Compliance with Good Laboratory Practice [C(89)87(Final). It reiterates the decisions and the recommendations related to the role and responsibilities of governments, national GLP compliance monitoring authorities and inspectors set out in that Act and its Annexes and states current practices. The Working Group on GLP is of the opinion that, while the Council Act allows “outsourcing” of inspection functions, this should be the exception rather than the rule and should be used only as an interim solution and primarily by new GLP compliance monitoring programmes.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264202030
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Green growth indicators 2014
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Bericht ; OECD ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: The OECD Green Growth Strategy supports countries in fostering economic growth and development while ensuring that natural assets continue to provide the resources and environmental services on which well-being relies. Policies that promote green growth need to be founded on a good understanding of the determinants of green growth and need to be supported with appropriate indicators to monitor progress and gauge results. This book updates the 2011 Towards Green Growth: Monitoring progress. It presents the OECD framework for monitoring progress towards green growth and a selection of updated indicators that illustrate the progress that OECD countries have made since the 1990s.
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264223134
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2014
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; St. Vincent und die Grenadinen ; Taxation ; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221802 , 9789264185807 , 9789264225466
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment at a Glance 2013; OECD Indicators
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Ce livre présente les indicateurs clés de l'environnement entérinés par les ministres de l'environnement des pays de l'OCDE. Ces indicateurs reflètent les progrès réalisés dans le domaine de l'environnement depuis 1990 et contribuent à mesurer la performance environnementale. Organisés par sujets tels que le changement climatique, la pollution de l'air, la biodiversité, les déchets ou l'eau, ces indicateurs ont tout pour plaire à ceux qui sont interéssés par l'environnement et par le dévelopement durable.
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264175617
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: Esenciales OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development; Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le développement durable ; À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Umwelt im Zusammenhang betrachtet
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: En la actualidad oímos por doquier la expresión “desarrollo sostenible”, pero ¿qué significa realmente? ¿De qué manera la producción y el consumo lo afectan?¿La globalización de la economía la está ayudando u obstaculizando? ¿Se puede medir la sostenibilidad a través de las herramientas tradicionales del análisis económico? ¿Qué pueden hacer los gobiernos, las empresas y las personas para fomentarla? La OCDE genera información, investigación y recomendaciones de políticas sobre muchos temas relacionados con el desarrollo sostenible, incluidos el cambio climático, la cooperación con los países en desarrollo y la responsabilidad social corporativa. Esenciales OCDE: Desarrollo sostenible se basa en esa experiencia. Señala que, para ser sostenible, el desarrollo debe basarse en el avance simultáneo de tres áreas: la economía, la sociedad y el medio ambiente.
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789264200647
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: tudes de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Water and Climate Change Adaptation; Policies to Navigate Uncharted Waters
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’eau est le principal vecteur par lequel les effets du changement climatique se feront sentir, et la clé de la réussite des stratégies d’adaptation. Ce rapport propose des orientations aux responsables de l’action gouvernementale pour les aider à élaborer des mesures davantage en phase avec les priorités, répondant mieux aux besoins du moment, plus efficientes et plus équitables. Il décrit une approche de l’adaptation au changement climatique fondée sur les risques et promouvant la sécurité de l’eau. Il détaille également les principales tendances et présente les pratiques optimales mises en lumière par l’enquête sur les politiques relatives à l’eau et à l’adaptation au changement climatique, que l’OCDE a menée auprès de ses 34 pays membres et de la Commission européenne. Cette enquête est la première de ce type à analyser de façon systématique les enjeux du changement climatique pour les ressources en eau douce et les nouvelles réponses qu’y apportent les pouvoirs publics dans les pays de l’OCDE. Pour finir, le rapport évalue comment améliorer les incitations à gérer les risques liés à l’eau et comment rendre plus flexibles les politiques de l’eau et les stratégies de financement.
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1142
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: This paper presents long-term trade scenarios for the world economy up to 2060 based on a modelling approach that combines aggregate growth projections for the world with a detailed computable general equilibrium sectoral trade model. The analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions reflecting faster growth in non-OECD countries. The relative importance of different regions in specific export markets is set to change markedly over the next half century with emerging economies gaining export shares in manufacturing and services. Trade liberalisation, including gradual removal of tariffs, regulatory barriers in services and agricultural support, as well as a reduction in transaction costs on goods, could increase global trade and GDP over the next 50 years. Specific scenarios of regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries or partial multilateral liberalisation could, respectively, raise trade by 4% and 15% and GDP by 0.6% and 2.8% by 2060 relative to the status quo. Finally, the model highlights that investment in education has an influence on trade and high-skill specialisation patterns over the coming decades. Slower educational upgrading in key emerging economies than expected in the baseline scenario could reduce world exports by 2% by 2060. Lower up-skilling in emerging economies would also slow-down the restructuring towards higher value-added activities in these emerging economies.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264214200
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Islande 2014
    DDC: 363.7
    Keywords: Environment ; Iceland
    Abstract: This report is the third OECD review of Iceland’s environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on the environmental aspects of Iceland's energy and tourism policies.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264209503
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Climate resilience in development planning
    DDC: 363.7387
    Keywords: Entwicklungsplanung ; Klimawandel ; Kolumbien ; Äthiopien ; Environment ; Colombia ; Ethiopia ; Äthiopien ; Kolumbien ; Klimaänderung ; Entwicklungsökonomie
    Abstract: Climate-related disasters have inflicted increasingly high losses on developing countries, and with climate change, these losses are likely to worsen. Improving country resilience against climate risks is therefore vital for achieving poverty reduction and economic development goals. This report discusses the current state of knowledge on how to build climate resilience in developing countries. It argues that climate-resilient development requires moving beyond the climate-proofing of existing development pathways, to consider economic development objectives and resilience priorities in parallel. Achieving this will require political vision and a clear understanding of the relation between climate and development, as well as an adapted institutional set-up, financing arrangements, and progress monitoring and evaluation. The report also discusses two priorities for climate-resilient development: disaster risk management and the involvement of the private sector. The report builds on a growing volume of country experiences on building climate resilience into national development planning. Two country case studies, Ethiopia and Colombia, are discussed in detail.
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1175
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: While past labour market reforms have been successful in terms of employment, the relative poverty risk and income inequality have remained broadly unchanged in recent years. Some social groups remain particularly vulnerable, including individuals in non-regular employment, the unemployed and the low skilled. If in employment, their jobs tend to be unstable and wages and income mobility low. Continued efforts are needed to foster economic growth in a more inclusive manner, such that the most vulnerable groups benefit from and contribute to economic growth more strongly and such that the gaps between the rich and the poor in terms of income and wellbeing are reduced. These efforts should include enhancing the labour market outcomes of the most vulnerable and increase upward income mobility among disadvantaged individuals; strengthening skills at the lower end of the skills distribution; revising the tax and benefit system to improve incentives and to ensure efficient and well-targeted redistribution; and to make health and old-age pension insurance more inclusive. This working paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Germany (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-germany.htm).
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221468
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (182 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.121
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This paper reviews what is known about the responses of molluscs to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), to consider whether it would be desirable and feasible to standardise mollusc-based partial- and full-lifecycle tests that are sensitive to EDCs and to other chemicals, and if so, to recommend suitable methods for optimisation and validation.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1179
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of changes in the stringency of environmental policies on productivity growth in OECD countries. Using a new environmental policy stringency (EPS) index, it estimates a reduced-form model of multi-factor productivity growth, where the effect of countries' environmental policies varies with pollution intensity of the industry and technological advancement. A multi-layer analysis provides insights at the aggregate economy, the industry and the firm level. At the aggregate economy level, a negative effect on productivity growth is found one year ahead of the policy change. This negative “announcement effect” is offset within three years after the implementation. At the industry level, a tightening of environmental policy is associated with a short-term increase in industry-level productivity growth, for the most technologically advanced country-industry pairs. This effect diminishes with the distance to the global productivity frontier, becoming insignificant at larger distances. At the firm level, only the technologically most advanced firms show a positive effect on productivity growth from a tightening of environmental policies, while a third of firms, the less productive ones, experience a productivity slowdown.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264208704
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Greener skills and jobs
    Keywords: Umweltschutz ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Welt ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Umweltschutz ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Qualifikation ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Green skills, that is, skills needed in a low-carbon economy, will be required in all sectors and at all levels in the workforce as emerging economic activities create new (or renewed) occupations. Structural changes will realign sectors that are likely to decline as a result of the greening of the economy and workers will need to be retrained accordingly. The successful transition to a low-carbon economy will only be possible if workers can flexibly adapt and transfer from areas of decreasing employment to new industries. This report suggests that the role of skills and education and training policies should be an important component of the ecological transformation process.
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9789264210158
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    DDC: 336.73
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Slowenien ; Taxation ; Slovenia
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 2 Global Forum Peer Review report for Slovenia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789264210301
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Kolumbien ; Taxation ; Colombia
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 1 Global Forum Peer Review report for Colombia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789264210226
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Mikronesien ; Taxation ; Micronesia, Federated States of
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 1 Global Forum Peer Review report for the Federated States of Micronesia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264217270
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Portugal; Consolidação dareforma estrutural para o apoio ao crescimento e à competitividade
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Portugal: Consolidação dareforma estrutural para o apoio ao crescimento e à competitividade
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal
    Abstract: Having been hit hard by the global crisis, the Portuguese government has taken action to put its economy back on track, and to correct external and budgetary imbalances. Public finances have strengthened, and the current account deficit has closed on the back of gains in competitiveness and improvements in export performance. Portugal has also been able to reduce income inequality and relative poverty, a major accomplishment during a severe crisis with record levels of unemployment. As Portugal successfully exits the EU-IMF-ECB-supported programme and emerges from recession, it is more important than ever to build on these achievements. At the request of the Portuguese authorities, the OECD has carried out an assessment of the impact of the reforms implemented to date on the economy’s longer-term growth outlook. The analysis is based on OECD indicators of the restrictiveness of Product Market Regulation (PMR) and the strictness of Employment Protection Legislation (EPL). It updates the OECD report Portugal: Reforming the State to Promote Growth, published in 2013. According to the OECD’s Going for Growth exercise, Portugal is among the OECD countries with the best recent track record of responsiveness to structural reform recommendations. The reforms undertaken since 2009 to promote competition in product markets and enhance the dynamism of the labour market are expected to raise productivity and potential GDP by at least 3.5% by 2020.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264221123
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.18
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information to be used for risk assessment for active substances and products used as biocidal (i.e. non agricultural) insecticides, acaricides and products to control other arthropods (in the EU, product type 18 [PT18] c).
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221642
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.65
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document examines the establishment of acceptable limits of microbiological contamination in microbial pest control products.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221086
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (137 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.23
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in the pulp, paper and board industry, in order to help estimate releases of chemicals into the environment. This ESD covers the use of chemicals in the making of paper and board and the recycling of paper and board. The main processes considered are paper-making and paper recycling
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221710
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.63
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document provides guidance to national regulatory authorities in providing greater incentives to encourage applicants (manufacturers/registrants) to register agricultural pesticides (including both synthetically and naturally derived products) for minor uses.
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.76
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Abfallvermeidung ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Ökonometrie ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focusses on the determinants of household waste generation, the separation of recyclables and waste prevention behaviours. It presents the econometric results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication « Greening Household Behaviour: Overview from the 2011 Survey - Revised edition » (2014)...
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.77
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on personal transport choices. It presents the results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) survey where econometric techniques are applied. The report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication OECD (2014). The objective of the analysis is to understand the determinants of household choices in the following areas: the use of alternative modes of transportation car ownership, willingness-to-pay for an electric vehicles and the relative importance of environmental factors when buying a car. The results indicate that the choice of non-motorized modes of transportation is strongly correlated with the proximity of the destination and that attitudinal variables play only a minor role. The same is true for the use of public transport. Households that say that they trust information about environmental impact of products, are better educated about impact of private transport and are in favour of government actions to reduce CO2, tend to have a higher willingness to pay for electric vehicles.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/05
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: A key element in the success of limiting mean global surface temperature rise to below 2°C will be transformation of the energy sector globally. In addition to implementing already-available options for more efficient use of energy and low-emissions energy supply, action is needed now to put in place the conditions for longer-term structural change to low-emissions energy systems. This transformational change will involve linkages between actions, institutions, and processes, both inside and outside the UNFCCC framework. This paper explores how the 2015 climate agreement, along with the nationally-determined contributions that Parties make under it, could drive energy sector transformation in addition to tracking greenhouse gas outcomes.
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/04
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Governments are currently negotiating the elements of a new climate change agreement to be adopted at the forthcoming COP 21 conference in Paris in 2015. The aim of this paper is to take stock of existing UNFCCC institutions and arrangements and the inter-linkages between them in the areas of mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage, means of implementation, and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), with a view to informing discussions on the possible elements of a 2015 agreement. A pragmatic agreement would focus on using existing institutions and arrangements more effectively, before creating new ones. Some institutions and arrangements have been established only recently, and time is needed before their effectiveness can be fairly assessed.
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1143
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Overcoming Skills Shortages in Canada
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Canada
    Abstract: Les pénuries de compétences ont progressé dans certains secteurs et régions au cours des dernières années. L’avantage salarial s’accroît dans certaines professions, notamment la santé, l’ingénierie et les métiers spécialisés. Et les taux de postes vacants augmentent également dans les métiers spécialisés, en particulier en Alberta et dans la Saskatchewan. Des réformes ont été mises en oeuvre pour renforcer le processus d’ajustement afin de combler ces pénuries, mais il est possible d’aller plus loin en améliorant l’information sur le marché du travail, en renforçant la réactivité du système d’enseignement et de formation et du système d’immigration face aux attentes du marché du travail, et en réduisant les obstacles à la mobilité interprovinciale de la main-d’oeuvre. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE du Canada 2014 (www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-canada.htm).
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  • 82
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1145
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Deconstructing Canada's Housing Markets: Finance, Affordability and Urban Sprawl
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Canada
    Abstract: Les prix des logements ont sensiblement augmenté au Canada au cours des dix dernières années, portant la dette des ménages et la construction de logements à des points hauts historiques. Bien que le durcissement de la politique macroprudentielle ait ralenti la croissance des emprunts des ménages ces dernières années, l’évolution à la hausse des prix de l’immobilier d’habitation s’est poursuivie, et l’accessibilité financière du logement demeure un problème majeur dans les centres urbains. Les primo-accédants doivent par conséquent consacrer une part plus importante de leurs revenus à l’achat de leur logement et sont exposés à de futures hausses des taux d’intérêt. La construction excessive de logements en copropriété dans quelques grandes villes semble constituer un facteur de risque, en particulier s’il y avait une correction majeure des prix sur ce segment qui se répercuterait sur d’autres compartiments du marché. Le pays bénéficie d’un système de financement du logement efficace et sain, qui a bien fonctionné tout au long de la crise financière mondiale grâce à un cadre solide de surveillance financière et à la garantie explicite de l’État dont bénéficie le marché hypothécaire. Néanmoins, la position dominante occupée par la Société canadienne d’hypothèques et de logement (SCHL), une société d’État, sur le marché de l’assurance prêt hypothécaire se traduit par la concentration d’un volume de risques important au niveau des finances publiques. Une amélioration des conditions de concurrence sur le marché de l’assurance prêt hypothécaire pourrait contribuer à une diversification de ces risques et à une réduction des éléments de passif éventuel assumés par les contribuables, tandis qu’une limitation de la couverture des pertes sur prêts permettrait d’obtenir un meilleur équilibre entre les intérêts individuels et collectifs. Il est possible que plusieurs villes pâtissent d’une pénurie de logements locatifs, en particulier dans la gamme des biens immobiliers accessibles pour les ménages à faibles revenus. Les politiques d’urbanisme se sont traduites par des zones d’habitation peu denses qui contribuent au niveau relativement élevé des émissions de carbone liées aux transports. Pour remédier à ces externalités, il faut renforcer les signaux-prix en matière d’aménagement foncier, d’utilisation des routes, de congestion et de stationnement, tout en intégrant mieux la planification des transports en commun. Pour empêcher que les ménages à faibles revenus ne soient marginalisés, il faudrait que les politiques d’aménagement favorisent la mixité sociale et incitent davantage le secteur privé à construire des logements abordables. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE du Canada 2014 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Canada).
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264210448 , 9789264218338
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le coût de la pollution de l'air ; Impacts sanitaires du transport routier
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The cost of air pollution
    Keywords: Luftverschmutzung ; Straßenverkehr ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Krankheit ; Soziale Kosten ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Transport ; OECD ; Luftverschmutzung ; Straßenverkehr ; Kosten
    Abstract: Outdoor air pollution kills more than 3 million people across the world every year, and causes health problems from asthma to heart disease for many more. This is costing societies very large amounts in terms of the value of lives lost and ill health. Based on extensive new epidemiological evidence since the 2010 Global Burden of Disease study, and OECD estimates of the Value of Statistical Life, this report provides evidence on the health impacts from air pollution and the related economic costs.
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789264217799
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis 2014
    DDC: 336.20091724
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; St. Kitts und Nevis ; Taxation ; Saint Kitts and Nevis
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264223103
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Russian Federation 2014
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Russland ; Taxation ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of the Russian Federation. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221765
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Economic Globalisation; Origins and consequences
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mondialisation économique ; Origines et conséquences
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Globalización económica ; Orígenes y consecuencias
    Keywords: Development ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Es gibt kaum ein Thema, das so kontrovers ist – und gleichzeitig so wenig verstanden wird – wie die Globalisierung. Die wirtschaftliche Globalisierung im weitesten Sinne kann zwar auf eine ebenso lange Geschichte zurückblicken wie der Handel selbst, doch die Komplexität, die sich aus der globalen Vernetzung der Volkswirtschaften ergibt, sowie deren Auswirkungen auf unsere Lebensgrundlagen haben sich durch die globale Finanzkrise noch verstärkt. Diese Publikation beschreibt die entscheidenden Wendepunkte in der Geschichte der wirtschaftlichen Integration und insbesondere die Beschleunigung des Globalisierungsprozesses seit den 1990er Jahren. Darüber hinaus werden die Auswirkungen der Globalisierung in vier maßgeblichen Bereichen – Beschäftigung, Entwicklung, Umwelt und Finanzstabilität – erörtert: Fördert Globalisierung die Entwicklung oder verstärkt sie die Ungleichheit? Werden durch Globalisierung Arbeitsplätze geschaffen oder vernichtet? Schädigt Globalisierung die Umwelt oder trägt sie zu ihrem Erhalt bei? Steuern wir auf eine Entglobalisierung zu oder kann die Globalisierung sogar die Erholung begünstigen?
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1174
    Keywords: Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper estimates the elasticities of government revenue and expenditure items with respect to the output gap for European Union (EU) countries. These elasticities are used by the European Commission, as part of the EU fiscal surveillance process, to calculate the semi-elasticity of the budget balance as a percentage of GDP with respect to the output gap. The study updates the earlier 2005 study of OECD economies using the most recent datasets and tax codes, the coverage being confined in this paper to the 28 EU member states, seven of which are not OECD members. The same basic two-step methodology is retained: revenue and expenditure elasticities with respect to the output gap being defined as the product of, first, the elasticities of individual revenue and expenditure items with respect to their bases and, second, the elasticities of these bases with respect to the output gap. A number of refinements and methodological improvements are made relative to the 2005 study. The revisions to individual elasticities relative to the 2005 vintage are significant in a number of cases but do not follow a clear pattern across countries, except for the elasticities of corporate income tax revenue which are revised up in most cases.
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  • 88
    ISBN: 9789264217898
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Saint Lucia 2014
    DDC: 338.979843009047
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; St. Lucia ; Taxation ; Saint Lucia
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Saint Lucia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264217454
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Andorra 2014
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Andorra ; Taxation ; Andorra
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Andorra. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195547
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Scaling-up Finance Mechanisms for Biodiversity
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Ce rapport examine les six mécanismes de financement novateurs tels que définis par la Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB). Il s’agit de la réforme fiscale environnementale, des paiements pour services écosystémiques, de la compensation des atteintes à la biodiversité, des marchés de produits verts, de la biodiversité dans le financement climatique, ainsi que de la biodiversité dans le financement international du développement. Cette publication, qui s’est inspirée de la littérature existante et de plus de 40 études de cas réalisées dans le monde entier, examine les questions suivantes : Quels sont ces mécanismes et comment fonctionnent-ils ? Quelles ressources financières ont-ils mobilisées et quelles sont les possibilités de les accroître ? Enfin, quelles sont les considérations clés de conception et de mise en oeuvre – y compris les mesures de sauvegarde environnementale et sociale – dont il faut tenir compte pour que les pouvoirs publics puissent garantir l’efficacité environnementale, l’efficience économique et l’équité redistributive de ces mécanismes ?
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264208292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Colombie 2014
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental; Colombia 2014
    Keywords: Environment ; Colombia
    Abstract: This report is the first OECD review of Colombia’s environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on waste and chemicals management and policies that promote more effective and efficient protection and sustainable use of biodiversity.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264208384
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Colombia 2014
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental; Colombia 2014
    Keywords: Environment ; Colombia
    Abstract: Ce rapport est le premier examen environnemental de la Colombie. Il évalue les progrès accomplis par la Colombie en termes de développement durable et de croissance verte, avec un accent particulier sur la gestion des produits chimiques et l’adaptation au changement climatique.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.3
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Personal behaviour and choices in daily life, from what we eat to how we get to work or heat our homes, have a significant – and growing – effect on the environment. But why are some households greener than others? And what factors motivate green household choices? Answering these questions is vital for helping governments design and target policies that promote “greener” behaviour. The OECD’s Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) survey is designed to do just that. This large-scale household survey explores what drives household environmental behaviour and how policies may affect household decisions. It focuses on five areas in which households have significant environmental impact: energy, food, transport, waste and water. This policy paper is based on the second round of the EPIC survey, carried out in 2011 (the first was in 2008). The survey collected information from more than 12 000 households in Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264085497
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (213 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.97
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Increasing incidents of disorders such as obesity/diabetes/metabolic syndrome, reproductive dysfunction, and neuro-developmental abnormalities in some human populations have raised concern that disruption of key endocrine-signaling pathways by exposure to environmental chemicals may be involved. This Detailed Review Paper describes some endocrine pathways that have been shown to be susceptible to environmental endocrine disruption and whose disruption could contribute to increasing incidents of some disorders in humans and wildlife populations.
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789264210004
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Malaysia ; Taxation ; Malaysia
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 2 Global Forum Peer Review report for Malaysia. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789264209978
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Barbados ; Taxation ; Barbados
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 2 Global Forum Peer Review report for Barbados. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264214279
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: This book provides an overview of the key challenges currently faced in the Euro Area and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of the Euro Area, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221567
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.56
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document incorporates two parts, an MRL Calculator User Guide and an MRL Calculator White Paper which discusses the methodology used in the User Guide.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.73
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report focuses on households’ behaviour in relation to water use. It presents the results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) where econometric techniques are applied. This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication OECD (2014). The analysis shows that households whose bill depends on actual water use are unambiguously more likely to exhibit pro-environmental behaviours in terms of water use, including undertaking water-saving behaviours, purchasing water-efficient devices, and taking water efficiency into account when purchasing such equipment. The results also confirm that the effect of social norms, attitudes, and opinions about the environment in general do matter in explaining households’ behaviour and investment decisions. The main policy recommendations that can be derived from this study are: to charge households for water based on their actual water use and to pursue individuals’ sensitisation to environmental issues by promoting water-conservation behaviours through campaigns and advertising, primarily targeting male and young adults.
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.68
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Discussions of the importance of public attitudes in shaping policy often lack clear evidence on causal relations between stated attitudes and observed behaviours. The 2011 OECD Survey of over 12,000 households allows analysing households’ environmental attitudes and behaviours in five different domains (electricity, food, transport, waste and water). Using econometric analysis, we investigate the relationship between stated environmental attitudes and indicators of civic engagement, such as voting in local elections, charity membership and membership in environmental organisations...
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