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  • 2010-2014  (550)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (550)
  • Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
  • Environment  (428)
  • Science and Technology  (138)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Guidance on Developing Safety Performance Indicators For Industry (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221741
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Chemical Accidents
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Guidance on Developing Safety Performance Indicators (“Guidance on SPI”) was prepared to assist enterprises that wish to implement and/or review Safety Performance Indicator Programmes. The three chapters in this Guidance are designed to help enterprises better understand safety performance indicators, and how to implement SPI Programmes. Specifically, Chapter 1 provides important background information on the Guidance and on SPIs more generally including (i) a description of the target audience for this Guidance, (ii) defi nitions of SPIs and related terms, and (iii) insights on the reasons for implementing an SPI Programme. Chapter 2 sets out a seven-step process for implementing an SPI Programme, along with three examples of how different types of enterprises might approach the establishment of such a Programme. These seven steps build on the experience of a number of enterprises in the UK that worked with the Health and Safety Executive to develop a practical approach for applying performance indicators. Chapter 3 provides additional support for the development of an SPI Programme by setting out a menu of possible elements (targets, outcome indicators and activities indicators). This menu is extensive in light of the different types of potentially interested enterprises, recognising that each enterprise will likely choose only a limited number of the elements to monitor its key areas of concern. Furthermore, it is understood that an enterprise may decide to implement an SPI Programme in steps, focusing fi rst on only a few priority areas, and then expanding and amending its Programme as experience is gained. Annexes provide further support with an expanded explanation of metrics and a summary of targets, along with a glossary, a list of selected references and a copy of the Guiding Principles’ “Golden Rules.”
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221741-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essai n 489 : Test des Comètes In Vivo en Conditions Alcalines sur Cellules de Mammifères (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224186
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 489; In Vivo Mammalian Alkaline Comet Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’essai in vivo d’électrophorèse sur gel en conditions alcalines de cellules isolées, aussi appelé test des comètes est une méthode mesurant les cassures de brins d’ADN dans les cellules eucaryotes. Chaque groupe traité est composé au minimum de 5 animaux d’un même sexe (ou de chaque sexe si besoin est). On utilise également un groupe témoin positif et un groupe témoin négatif. Les animaux reçoivent un traitement quotidien sur une durée de 2 jours ou plus, permettant au produit chimique d’essai d’atteindre le tissu cible, celui-ci peut être le foie, le rein, ou tous autres tissus si cela est justifié. Les tissus à étudier sont disséqués et des suspensions de cellules/noyaux isolés sont préparées, puis incluses dans un gel d’Agarose pour être fixé sur des lames. Les cellules/noyaux sont traitées avec un tampon de lyse pour éliminer la membrane cellulaire et/ou nucléaire. L’ADN nucléaire dans l’agar est ensuite soumis à une électrophorèse à pH élevé produisant des structures ressemblant à des comètes qui, si l’on utilise les colorants fluorescents appropriés, peuvent être observées par microscopie à fluorescence. En fonction de leur taille les fragments d’ADN migrent de la tête vers la queue de la comète, et l’intensité de la queue de la comète relative à l’intensité totale (tête plus queue) reflète l’ampleur des cassures de l’ADN.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224186-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Guidance Document on the Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.) Brood test Under Semi-field Conditions (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264085510
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.75
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described in this guidance document assesses the effects of plant protection products (PPPs), and has been validated using the active Fenoxycarb, which is known to act as an insect growth regulator (IGR), to the honey bee brood (Apis mellifera L.) under semi-field conditions (tunnel conditions followed by field conditions). The method can be used to address concerns regarding the impact on the brood development in honey bee colonies which are exposed to treatments of PPPs in agricultural crops. The aim of this test is to fill an identified gap or complement the sequential testing scheme with the development of a test method under semi-field conditions and to produce quantitative data that can be used as the basis for the evaluation of IGRs and other larvicidal compounds.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264085510-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 238: Sediment-Free Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224131
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 238 ; Essai de Toxicité sur Myriophyllum Spicatum dans un Système Sans Sédiment
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the toxicity of chemicals on the growth of submerged aquatic plants Myriophyllum spicatum growing in a sediment-free test system. In a modified Andrews’ medium Myriophyllum spicatum plant cultures are exposed to at least five different concentrations of the test chemical over a period of 14 days. A minimum of 10 replicates for the controls and 5 replicates for each test concentration should be used. The measured variables include growth of shoot length, of lateral branches and roots, development of fresh and dry weight, increase of whorls. Both average specific growth rate (r) and yield (y) are determined and then used to expressed ErCx and EyCx respectively (x can be eg. 10,20,50) In addition, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) may be statistically determined.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224131-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essai n 475: Essai d'aberration chromosomique sur moelle osseuse de mammifères (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224414
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 475; Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosomal Aberration Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai d'aberration chromosomique in vivo sur mammifères est employé à l’identification des composés d'essai qui induisent des aberrations structurales dans des cellules de moelle osseuse d’animaux, généralement des rongeurs (rats, souris et hamsters chinois). Les aberrations structurales peuvent être de deux types : chromosomiques ou chromatidiques. Des animaux sont exposés à la substance d'essai (liquide ou solide) par une voie d'exposition appropriée (habituellement par gavage via une sonde gastrique ou d’une canule de tubage appropriée, ou par injection intrapéritonéale) et sont sacrifiés après des délais appropriés de traitement. Avant le sacrifice, les animaux sont traités avec un inhibiteur de fuseau. Des préparations chromosomiques sont alors faites à partir des cellules de moelle et colorées, et des cellules de métaphase sont analysées pour mettre en évidence les aberrations chromosomiques. Chacun des groupes traités et de contrôle doivent inclure au moins 5 animaux analysables par sexe. La dose de limite est 2000 de mg/kg pc/jour pour le traitement jusqu'à 14 jours, et de 1000 mg/kg pc/jour pour le traitement de plus de 14 jours.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224414-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    L' eau et l'adaptation au changement climatique : Des politiques pour naviguer en eaux inconnues (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264200647
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: tudes de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Water and Climate Change Adaptation; Policies to Navigate Uncharted Waters
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’eau est le principal vecteur par lequel les effets du changement climatique se feront sentir, et la clé de la réussite des stratégies d’adaptation. Ce rapport propose des orientations aux responsables de l’action gouvernementale pour les aider à élaborer des mesures davantage en phase avec les priorités, répondant mieux aux besoins du moment, plus efficientes et plus équitables. Il décrit une approche de l’adaptation au changement climatique fondée sur les risques et promouvant la sécurité de l’eau. Il détaille également les principales tendances et présente les pratiques optimales mises en lumière par l’enquête sur les politiques relatives à l’eau et à l’adaptation au changement climatique, que l’OCDE a menée auprès de ses 34 pays membres et de la Commission européenne. Cette enquête est la première de ce type à analyser de façon systématique les enjeux du changement climatique pour les ressources en eau douce et les nouvelles réponses qu’y apportent les pouvoirs publics dans les pays de l’OCDE. Pour finir, le rapport évalue comment améliorer les incitations à gérer les risques liés à l’eau et comment rendre plus flexibles les politiques de l’eau et les stratégies de financement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264200647-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Greening Household Behaviour : Overview from the 2011 Survey - Revised edition (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264214651
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Environmental Policy and Household Behaviour
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers des comportements plus environnementaux ; Vue d'ensemble de l'enquête 2011
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Greening household behaviour
    Keywords: OECD ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Lebensstil ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; OECD ; Verbraucherverhalten ; Lebensstil ; Umweltbewusstsein
    Abstract: Developing growth strategies that promote greener lifestyles requires a good understanding of the factors that affect people’s behaviour towards the environment. Based on periodic surveys of more than 10 000 households, this publication presents responses from the most recent round of the OECD survey implemented in 2011, in 5 areas (energy, food, transport, waste and water) and 11 countries: Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. The survey provides a common framework to collect unique empirical evidence for better policy design. Analysis comparing the data across countries, policy conditions and household characteristics reveals which measures most effectively change behaviour. Each round of the survey also allows to track changes over time and to explore new emerging issues. The new survey confirms the importance of providing the right economic incentives for influencing our decisions. The findings indicate that “soft” measures such as labelling and public information campaigns also have a significant complementary role to play. Spurring desirable behaviour change requires a mix of these instruments. This edition completely replaces the previously posted 2013 edition.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264214651-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Water Governance in Jordan : Overcoming the Challenges to Private Sector Participation (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264213753
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gouvernance des services de l'eau en Jordanie ; Surmonter les défis de la participation du secteur privé
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Water governance in Jordan
    DDC: 363.61095695
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Governance-Ansatz ; Wasserversorgung ; Privatwirtschaft ; Jordanien ; Environment ; Governance ; Jordan ; Jordanien ; Wasserwirtschaft
    Abstract: This report assesses the main governance and financing challenges to private sector participation (PSP) in the water supply and sanitation sector of Jordan, and provides ways forward to address them, based on international experience and OECD compendium of principles and good practices. Using the diagnostic analysis of the governance challenges to PSP in the Jordan water sector (Chapter 1), the report identifies ways forward to overcome bottlenecks focusing on three key pillars (Chapter 2): i) managing public-private partnership in a fiscally constrained environment through appropriate budget processes; ii) reducing the regulatory risks through supporting the development of a high-quality framework; and iii)managing and enhancing stakeholder engagement to improve accountability and buy-in. The report also includes an action plan with concrete measures to implement the recommendations proposed in the report. The report has been developed as part of a water policy dialogue conducted by the OECD jointly with the Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-Med) in the context of the project labelled by the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) “Governance and Financing for the Mediterranean Water Sector”, with the support of the FEMIP Trust Fund of the European Investment Bank.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264213753-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Desarrollo sostenible : Integrar la economía, la sociedad y el medio ambiente (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175617
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: Esenciales OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development; Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le développement durable ; À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Umwelt im Zusammenhang betrachtet
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: En la actualidad oímos por doquier la expresión “desarrollo sostenible”, pero ¿qué significa realmente? ¿De qué manera la producción y el consumo lo afectan?¿La globalización de la economía la está ayudando u obstaculizando? ¿Se puede medir la sostenibilidad a través de las herramientas tradicionales del análisis económico? ¿Qué pueden hacer los gobiernos, las empresas y las personas para fomentarla? La OCDE genera información, investigación y recomendaciones de políticas sobre muchos temas relacionados con el desarrollo sostenible, incluidos el cambio climático, la cooperación con los países en desarrollo y la responsabilidad social corporativa. Esenciales OCDE: Desarrollo sostenible se basa en esa experiencia. Señala que, para ser sostenible, el desarrollo debe basarse en el avance simultáneo de tres áreas: la economía, la sociedad y el medio ambiente.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175617-es
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Le coût de la pollution de l'air : Impacts sanitaires du transport routier (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264220522
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Cost of Air Pollution; Health Impacts of Road Transport
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Transport
    Abstract: La pollution de l’air extérieur tue plus de trois millions de personnes dans le monde chaque année, et elle est à l’origine de problèmes de santé, allant de l’asthme aux maladies cardiovasculaires chez un plus grand nombre de personnes encore. Pour les pays de l’OCDE ainsi que pour la Chine et l’Inde, le coût de ces impacts est estimé à 3 500 milliards USD par an en termes de mortalité et de morbidité, et la tendance est à la hausse. En se basant sur les nouvelles données épidémiologiques depuis l’étude de l’OMS sur la charge mondiale de morbidité en 2010, ainsi que sur les estimations de l’OCDE sur la valeur d’une vie statistique, ce rapport démontre que les impacts sanitaires de la pollution de l’air sont approximativement quatre fois plus élevés, et leurs coûts économiques considérablement plus importants, que les évaluations précédentes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264220522-fr
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Industry and Technology Policies in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264213227
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Industry and technology policies in Korea
    DDC: 338.642
    Keywords: Industriepolitik ; Technologiepolitik ; Südkorea ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Korea, Republic of ; Südkorea ; Industriepolitik ; Technologiepolitik
    Abstract: The Korean innovation system is in many ways highly developed and has helped to underpin Korea’s rapid industrialisation. However, long-standing policy emphases on manufacturing and large firms are today in question. Structural problems - such as the relatively weak innovation performance of SMEs, a lagging services sector and limited domestic job creation among the industrial conglomerates - have led to a shift in policy priorities. This shift is crystallised in the current government’s Creative Economy Strategy, which entails a far-reaching set of measures aimed at fostering cutting-edge innovation and consolidating a knowledge-based economy increasingly driven by high-value services. This review addresses Korea’s industry and technology policies and institutions, and provides policy recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264213227-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Seine Basin, Île-de-France, 2014: Resilience to Major Floods (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264208728
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Étude de l'OCDE sur la gestion des risques d'inondation ; la Seine en Île-de-France 2014
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Seine Basin, Île-de-France, 2014
    Keywords: Corporate Governance ; Risikomanagement ; Privatwirtschaft ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; OECD-Staaten ; Norwegen ; Singapur ; Schweiz ; Environment ; Governance ; France ; Île-de-France ; Seine ; Überschwemmung ; Katastrophenschutz
    Abstract: This study examines flood risk prevention of the Seine in the Ile-de-France region. It highlights the impacts a major flood, like the one in 1910, could have on the well-being of citizens, city management and the economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264208728-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
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    Panorama de l'environnement 2013 : Les indicateurs de l'OCDE (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221802 , 9789264185807 , 9789264225466
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment at a Glance 2013; OECD Indicators
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Ce livre présente les indicateurs clés de l'environnement entérinés par les ministres de l'environnement des pays de l'OCDE. Ces indicateurs reflètent les progrès réalisés dans le domaine de l'environnement depuis 1990 et contribuent à mesurer la performance environnementale. Organisés par sujets tels que le changement climatique, la pollution de l'air, la biodiversité, les déchets ou l'eau, ces indicateurs ont tout pour plaire à ceux qui sont interéssés par l'environnement et par le dévelopement durable.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221802-fr
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  • 14
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    National Intellectual Property Systems, Innovation and Economic Development : With perspectives on Colombia and Indonesia (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264204485
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als National intellectual property systems, innovation and economic development
    Keywords: Immaterialgüterrechte ; Innovation ; Entwicklung ; Kolumbien ; Indonesien ; Science and Technology ; Colombia ; Indonesia
    Abstract: This publication addresses the role of national systems of IP in the socio-economic development of emerging countries, notably through their impact on innovation. It presents a framework that identifies the key mechanisms that enable IP systems to support emerging countries’ innovation and development objectives. The report also discusses two IP country studies conducted for Colombia and Indonesia. These are based on analyses of the national intellectual property systems, drawing on country missions that gathered detailed information and feedback from more than 100 stakeholders on IP-related priorities and bottlenecks. Concrete policy recommendations are provided for both countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264204485-en
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  • 15
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    The Indicators of the Economic Burdens of Environmental Policy Design : Results from the OECD Questionnaire (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1178
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Environmental policies seek to address market failures related to the protection of the environment. However, they may also increase barriers to entry and distort competition. If stringent environmental policies can be designed in a way that minimises such economic burdens, they can facilitate the achievement of economic and environmental goals and a cleaner growth model. This paper reports evidence on selected competition-relevant aspects of environmental policy design from a cross-country questionnaire. Information on administrative burdens related to environmental licenses, differential treatment among incumbents and new entrants and the procedures to evaluate economic effects of environmental policies are summarised in a set of indicators of the Burden on the Economy due to Environmental Policies (BEEP). The indicators allow for a set of tentative conclusions. Firstly, the BEEP captures information on anti-competitive regulations absent from the OECD’s product market regulation indicators (PMR). Secondly, though it is not yet possible to evaluate the economic impact of anti-competitive aspects of environmental policies, it is likely they impact well beyond the sectors directly concerned, hampering productivity growth, as shown for other product market regulations. Finally, the burdens of environmental policies are not related to their actual stringency, indicating that ambitious environmental targets can be pursued in ways that are more (or less) friendly to competition.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrjnbnbm8v-en
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  • 16
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    Detailed Review Paper (DRP) on Molluscs Life-cycle Toxicity Testing (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221468
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (182 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.121
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This paper reviews what is known about the responses of molluscs to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), to consider whether it would be desirable and feasible to standardise mollusc-based partial- and full-lifecycle tests that are sensitive to EDCs and to other chemicals, and if so, to recommend suitable methods for optimisation and validation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221468-en
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  • 17
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    Etude de l'OCDE sur la gestion des risques d'inondation : la Seine en Île-de-France 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264207929
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Seine Basin, Île-de-France, 2014; Resilience to Major Floods
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; France
    Abstract: Cette étude s'intéresse à la prévention du risque d'inondation de la Seine en Ile-de-France. Elle étudie l'impact qu'une inondation majeure telle que celle produite en 1910 pourrait avoir sur le bien-être des citoyens, le fonctionnement de la métropole et l'économie. Elle propose des pistes d'amélioration relative à la gouvernance et la prévention de ce risque majeur.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264207929-fr
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  • 18
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    Greener Skills and Jobs (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264208704
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Greener skills and jobs
    Keywords: Umweltschutz ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Welt ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Umweltschutz ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Qualifikation ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Green skills, that is, skills needed in a low-carbon economy, will be required in all sectors and at all levels in the workforce as emerging economic activities create new (or renewed) occupations. Structural changes will realign sectors that are likely to decline as a result of the greening of the economy and workers will need to be retrained accordingly. The successful transition to a low-carbon economy will only be possible if workers can flexibly adapt and transfer from areas of decreasing employment to new industries. This report suggests that the role of skills and education and training policies should be an important component of the ecological transformation process.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264208704-en
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  • 19
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    Test No. 474: Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 474; Le test de micronoyaux sur les érythrocytes de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The mammalian in vivo micronucleus test is used for the detection of damage induced by the test substance to the chromosomes or the mitotic apparatus of erythroblasts, by analysis of erythrocytes as sampled in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood cells of animals, usually rodents (mice or rats). The purpose of the micronucleus test is to identify substances (liquid or solid) that cause cytogenetic damage which results in the formation of micronuclei containing lagging chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes. An increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in treated animals is an indication of induced chromosome damage. Animals are exposed to the test substance by an appropriate route (usually by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula, or by intraperitoneal injection). Bone marrow and/or blood cells are collected, prepared and stained. Preparations are analyzed for the presence of micronuclei. Each treated and control group must include at least 5 analysable animals per sex. Administration of the treatments consists of a single dose of test substance or two daily doses (or more). The limit dose is 2000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment up to 14 days, and 1000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment longer than 14 days.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224292-en
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  • 20
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    Test No. 487: In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224438
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 487 ; Essai in vitro de micronoyaux sur cellules de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vitro micronucleus test is a genotoxicity test for the detection of micronuclei in the cytoplasm of interphase cells. Micronuclei may originate from acentric chromosome fragments (i.e. lacking a centromere), or whole chromosomes that are unable to migrate to the poles during the anaphase stage of cell division. The assay detects the activity of clastogenic and aneugenic test substances in cells that have undergone cell division during or after exposure to the test substance. This Test Guideline allows the use of protocols with and without the actin polymerisation inhibitor cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin B allows for the identification and selective analysis of micronucleus frequency in cells that have completed one mitosis, because such cells are binucleate. This Test Guideline also allows the use of protocols without cytokinesis block provided there is evidence that the cell population analysed has undergone mitosis.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224438-en
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  • 21
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    Essai n 474: Le test de micronoyaux sur les érythrocytes de mammifères (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224377
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 474; Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai de micronoyaux de mammifères est employé pour la détection des dommages induits par la substance d'essai aux chromosomes ou à l'appareil mitotique des érythroblastes, par l'analyse des érythrocytes prélevés dans la moelle et/ou les cellules du sang périphérique des animaux, habituellement des rongeurs (souris ou rats). Le but de l'essai de micronoyaux est d'identifier des substances (liquide ou solide) qui causent des lésions cyto-génétiques et des micronoyaux dans lesquels il reste des fragments de chromosomes ou des chromosomes entiers. Une augmentation de la fréquence des érythrocytes polychromatiques micronucléés chez les animaux traités est une indication des dommages chromosomiques induits. Les animaux sont exposés à la substance d'essai par une voie d’exposition appropriée (habituellement par gavage à l'aide d'une sonde gastrique ou d'une canule de tubage adaptée, ou par injection intrapéritonéale). La moelle et/ou les cellules sanguines sont rassemblées, préparées sur des lames et colorées. Les lames sont analysées pour détecter la présence de micronoyaux. Chacun des groupes traités et de contrôle doivent inclure au moins 5 animaux analysables par sexe. L'administration des traitements se compose d'une dose unique de la substance d'essai ou de deux doses quotidiennes (ou plus). La dose limite est 2000 mg/kg pc/j pour le traitement jusqu'à 14 jours, et 1000 mg/kg pc/j pour le traitement de plus de 14 jours.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224377-fr
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  • 22
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    Test No. 239: Water-Sediment Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 239 ; Essai de Toxicité sur Myriophyllum Spicatum dans un Système Eau-Sédiment
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the toxicity of chemicals on the growth of the rooted aquatic plants (Myriophyllum spicatum) growing in water-sediment system. Shoot apices of healthy and non-flowering plant are potted in standardised, artificial sediment supplemented with additional nutrient and exposed to at least five concentrations of the chemical over a period of 14 days. A minimum of 6 replicates for the untreated control and 4 replicates for each test concentration should be used. The measured quantitative variables include growth of shoot length and development of fresh and dry weight, and the measured qualitative variables include presence or not of chlorosis and necrosis or growth deformities. Both average specific growth rate (r) and yield (y) are determined and then used to expressed ErCx and EyCx respectively (x can be e.g. 10, 20, 50.) In addition, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) may be statistically determined.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224155-en
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  • 23
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    Economies interconnectées : Comment tirer parti des chaînes de valeur mondiales (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264201842
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (290 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Interconnected Economies; Benefiting from Global Value Chains
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Cette publication examine comment les chaînes de valeur mondiales ont évolué et les défis politiques qu'elles ont engendrés.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264201842-fr
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  • 24
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    Essai n 310 : Biodégradabilité facile - dégagement de CO2 dans des flacons hermétiquement clos (essai de l'espace libre au-dessus du liquide) (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224513
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 310; Ready Biodegradability - CO2 in sealed vessels (Headspace Test)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice est une méthode de dépistage pour l'évaluation de la biodégradabilité facile de substance chimique. La substance d'essai, normalement à 20 mg C/L, représentant la seule source de carbone et d’énergie, est incubée (pendant 28 jours normalement) dans des bouteilles scellées, en aérobiose, contenant un milieu tampon composé de sels minéraux, dans lequel a été ensemencée une population mixte de micro-organismes. Afin de vérifier la procédure d'essais, une substance de référence (éthylèneglycol, benzoate de sodium ou aniline et 1-octanol), à la biodégradabilité connue, doit être testée en parallèle. On recommande d’analyser trois réplicats de flacon après un nombre suffisant d'intervalles de temps. De même, au moins cinq flacons (les flacons d'essai, les flacons témoins blanc, et les flacons avec la substance de référence) sont analysés à la fin de l'essai, afin de calculer les intervalles de confiance à 95% pour le pourcentage moyen de biodégradation. L'évolution de CO2 dégagé par la biodégradation aérobie finale de la substance d'essai est déterminée en mesurant l’excèdent de carbone inorganique (CI) produit dans les flacons d'essai par rapport à celui produit dans les flacons témoins blanc ne contenant que le milieu ensemencé. Le degré de biodégradation est exprimé en pourcentage de la production maximale théorique de CI (ThCI), basé sur la quantité de substance d'essai ajoutée au départ. Une biodégradation 〉60% de la ThCI, dans l’intervalle de 10 jours au cours de cet essai, démontre que la substance d'essai est facilement biodégradable en aérobiose.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224513-fr
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    Measuring the Digital Economy : A New Perspective (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221796
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring the Digital Economy; A New Perspective (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Measuring the digital economy
    DDC: 381/.142
    RVK:
    QR 760
    Keywords: Internetnutzung ; IKT-Sektor ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Bericht ; Statistik ; OECD ; Electronic Commerce ; Neue Medien ; Evaluation
    Abstract: The growing role of the digital economy in daily life has heightened demand for new data and measurement tools. Internationally comparable and timely statistics combined with robust cross-country analyses are crucial to strengthen the evidence base for digital economy policy making, particularly in a context of rapid change. This report presents indicators traditionally used to monitor the information society and complements them with experimental indicators that provide insight into areas of policy interest. The key objectives of this publication are to highlight measurement gaps and propose actions to advance the measurement agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221796-en
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  • 26
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    Green Growth Indicators 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264202030
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Green growth indicators 2014
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Bericht ; OECD ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: The OECD Green Growth Strategy supports countries in fostering economic growth and development while ensuring that natural assets continue to provide the resources and environmental services on which well-being relies. Policies that promote green growth need to be founded on a good understanding of the determinants of green growth and need to be supported with appropriate indicators to monitor progress and gauge results. This book updates the 2011 Towards Green Growth: Monitoring progress. It presents the OECD framework for monitoring progress towards green growth and a selection of updated indicators that illustrate the progress that OECD countries have made since the 1990s.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264202030-en
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  • 27
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    Science, Technology and Innovation in Viet Nam (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264213500
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Science, technology and innovation in Viet Nam
    Keywords: Innovation ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Technologiepolitik ; Vietnam ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Viet Nam ; Vietnam ; Technischer Fortschritt
    Abstract: This book offers a comprehensive assessment of the innovation system of Viet Nam, focusing on the role of government and providing concrete recommendations on how to improve policies that affect innovation and R&D performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264213500-en
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  • 28
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    The Cost of Air Pollution : Health Impacts of Road Transport (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264210448 , 9789264218338
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le coût de la pollution de l'air ; Impacts sanitaires du transport routier
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The cost of air pollution
    Keywords: Luftverschmutzung ; Straßenverkehr ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Krankheit ; Soziale Kosten ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Transport ; OECD ; Luftverschmutzung ; Straßenverkehr ; Kosten
    Abstract: Outdoor air pollution kills more than 3 million people across the world every year, and causes health problems from asthma to heart disease for many more. This is costing societies very large amounts in terms of the value of lives lost and ill health. Based on extensive new epidemiological evidence since the 2010 Global Burden of Disease study, and OECD estimates of the Value of Statistical Life, this report provides evidence on the health impacts from air pollution and the related economic costs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264210448-en
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  • 29
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    Estudio de la OCDE sobre políticas y regulación de telecomunicaciones en Colombia (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264209558
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Review of Telecommunication Policy and Regulation in Colombia
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Colombia
    Abstract: La estudio de la OCDE sobre políticas y regulación de las telecomunicaciones tomó como base las respuestas de las autoridades colombianas a un cuestionario, así como los resultados de una extensa serie de entrevistas realizadas a los principales actores del sector de las telecomunicaciones durante una visita de investigación efectuada en Colombia.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264209558-es
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  • 30
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Iceland 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264214200
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Islande 2014
    DDC: 363.7
    Keywords: Environment ; Iceland
    Abstract: This report is the third OECD review of Iceland’s environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on the environmental aspects of Iceland's energy and tourism policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264214200-en
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  • 31
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    Water Governance in the Netherlands : Fit for the Future? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264102637
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Water governance in the Netherlands
    DDC: 333.91009492
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Governance-Ansatz ; Niederlande ; Environment ; Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This report assesses the extent to which Dutch water governance is fit for future challenges and sketches an agenda for the reform of water policies in the Netherlands. It builds on a one-year policy dialogue with over 100 Dutch stakeholders, supported by robust analytical work and drawing on international best practice.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264102637-en
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  • 32
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Colombia 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264208292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Colombie 2014
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental; Colombia 2014
    Keywords: Environment ; Colombia
    Abstract: This report is the first OECD review of Colombia’s environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on waste and chemicals management and policies that promote more effective and efficient protection and sustainable use of biodiversity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264208292-en
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  • 33
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    Renforcer les mécanismes de financement de la biodiversité (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195547
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Scaling-up Finance Mechanisms for Biodiversity
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Ce rapport examine les six mécanismes de financement novateurs tels que définis par la Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB). Il s’agit de la réforme fiscale environnementale, des paiements pour services écosystémiques, de la compensation des atteintes à la biodiversité, des marchés de produits verts, de la biodiversité dans le financement climatique, ainsi que de la biodiversité dans le financement international du développement. Cette publication, qui s’est inspirée de la littérature existante et de plus de 40 études de cas réalisées dans le monde entier, examine les questions suivantes : Quels sont ces mécanismes et comment fonctionnent-ils ? Quelles ressources financières ont-ils mobilisées et quelles sont les possibilités de les accroître ? Enfin, quelles sont les considérations clés de conception et de mise en oeuvre – y compris les mesures de sauvegarde environnementale et sociale – dont il faut tenir compte pour que les pouvoirs publics puissent garantir l’efficacité environnementale, l’efficience économique et l’équité redistributive de ces mécanismes ?
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195547-fr
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    Greening Household Behaviour : A review for Policy Makers (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.3
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Personal behaviour and choices in daily life, from what we eat to how we get to work or heat our homes, have a significant – and growing – effect on the environment. But why are some households greener than others? And what factors motivate green household choices? Answering these questions is vital for helping governments design and target policies that promote “greener” behaviour. The OECD’s Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) survey is designed to do just that. This large-scale household survey explores what drives household environmental behaviour and how policies may affect household decisions. It focuses on five areas in which households have significant environmental impact: energy, food, transport, waste and water. This policy paper is based on the second round of the EPIC survey, carried out in 2011 (the first was in 2008). The survey collected information from more than 12 000 households in Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcllp4gln-en
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    Detailed Review Paper on the State of the Science on Novel In Vitro and In Vivo Screening and Testing Methods and Endpoints for Evaluating Endocrine Disruptors (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221352
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (213 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.178
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document describes some endocrine pathways that have been shown to be susceptible to environmental endocrine disruption and whose disruption could contribute to increasing incidents of some disorders in humans and wildlife populations, such as obesity/diabetes/metabolic syndrome, reproductive dysfunction, and neuro-developmental abnormalities. Assays and endpoints are described that could be used in new or existing OECD Test Guidelines for evaluating chemicals for endocrine-disrupting activity. Endocrine pathways evaluated are the hypothalamus:pituitary:adrenocortical (HPA) axis, the hypothalamus:pituitary:gonad (HPG) axis, the somatotropic axis, the retinoid signaling pathway, the hypothalamus:pituitary:thyroid (HPT) axis, the vitamin D signaling pathway, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221352-en
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    Detailed Review Paper on the Use of Metabolising Systems for In Vitro Testing of Endocrine Disruptors (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264085497
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (213 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.97
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Increasing incidents of disorders such as obesity/diabetes/metabolic syndrome, reproductive dysfunction, and neuro-developmental abnormalities in some human populations have raised concern that disruption of key endocrine-signaling pathways by exposure to environmental chemicals may be involved. This Detailed Review Paper describes some endocrine pathways that have been shown to be susceptible to environmental endocrine disruption and whose disruption could contribute to increasing incidents of some disorders in humans and wildlife populations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264085497-en
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    Promoting Research Excellence : New Approaches to Funding (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264207462
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Promoting research excellence
    DDC: 370.78
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Hochschulpolitik ; Forschungsfinanzierung ; Hochschulfinanzierung ; Universitäre Forschung ; Regionales Cluster ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: National research systems face an increasingly competitive environment for ideas, talent and funds, and governments have shifted funds from institutional core funding to project funding, often on a competitive basis, or reward success in raising third-party funds in performance-based funding schemes. It is in this context that “research excellence initiatives” (REIs) have emerged. This is an instrument designed to encourage outstanding research by providing large-scale, long-term funding to designated research units. They provide funds for research and research-related measures, such as the improvement or extension of physical infrastructure, the recruitment of outstanding researchers from abroad and researcher training. This report presents new evidence on how governments steer and fund public research in higher education and public research institutions through REIs. The report can help inform discussions on future government policy directions by providing information on how REIs work and on the functioning and characteristics of institutions that host centres of excellence. The findings show some of the benefits to be gained through REIs and note some pitfalls to be avoided.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264207462-en
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  • 38
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    Test No. 473: In Vitro Mammalian Chromosomal Aberration Test (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224223
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 473; Essai d'aberration Chromosomique In Vitro chez les Mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of the in vitro chromosome aberration test is to identify agents that cause structural chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian somatic cells. Structural aberrations may be of two types: chromosome or chromatid. The in vitro chromosome aberration test may employ cultures of established cell lines, cell strains or primary cell cultures. Cell cultures are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) both with and without metabolic activation during about 1.5 normal cell cycle lengths. At least three analysable concentrations of the test substance should be used. At each concentration duplicate cultures should normally be used. At predetermined intervals after exposure of cell cultures to the test substance, the cells are treated with a metaphase-arresting substance, harvested, stained. Metaphase cells are analysed microscopically for the presence of chromosome aberrations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224223-en
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  • 39
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    Test No. 475: Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosomal Aberration Test (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224407
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 475; Essai d'aberration chromosomique sur moelle osseuse de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The mammalian in vivo chromosome aberration test is used for the detection of structural chromosome aberrations induced by test compounds in bone marrow cells of animals, usually rodents (rats, mice and Chinese hamsters). Structural chromosome aberrations may be of two types: chromosome or chromatid. Animals are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) by an appropriate route of exposure (usually by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula, or by intraperitoneal injection) and are sacrificed at appropriate times after treatment. Prior to sacrifice, animals are treated with a metaphase-arresting agent. Chromosome preparations are then made from the bone marrow cells and stained, and metaphase cells are analysed for chromosome aberrations. Each treated and control group must include at least 5 analysable animals per sex. The limit dose is 2000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment up to 14 days, and 1000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment longer than 14 days.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224407-en
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    Essai n 239 : Essai de Toxicité sur Myriophyllum Spicatum dans un Système Eau-Sédiment (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224162
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 239; Water-Sediment Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette ligne directrice vise à évaluer la toxicité des produits chimiques sur le développement des plantes aquatiques à racines (Myriophyllum spicatum) cultivées dans un système eau-sédiment. L’apex d’individus sains et sans fleur sont mis en pot dans un sédiment synthétique normalisé complété par des nutriments et soumis à au moins 5 concentrations différentes du produit chimique d’essai pendant une période de 14 jours. On utilise au minimum 6 réplicats pour les témoins et 4 réplicats pour chaque concentration d’essai. Les variables quantitatives mesurées sont la longueur de la tige et l’évolution du poids frais et sec, et les variables mesurées qualitatives sont la présence ou non de chlorose, et la nécrose ou les anomalies de croissance. On détermine le taux de croissance spécifique (r) et le rendement (y), qui sont ensuite utilisés pour obtenir la CxEr et la CxEy (x pouvant être par exemple 10, 20, 50). De plus, la concentration minimale avec effet observé (CMEO) et la concentration sans effet observé (CSEO) peuvent être déterminées par calcul statistique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224162-fr
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  • 41
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    ‘Outsourcing' of Inspection Functions by Glp Compliance Monitoring Authorities (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264220959
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is a statement of policy set by the 1989 Council Decision-Recommendation on Compliance with Good Laboratory Practice [C(89)87(Final). It reiterates the decisions and the recommendations related to the role and responsibilities of governments, national GLP compliance monitoring authorities and inspectors set out in that Act and its Annexes and states current practices. The Working Group on GLP is of the opinion that, while the Council Act allows “outsourcing” of inspection functions, this should be the exception rather than the rule and should be used only as an interim solution and primarily by new GLP compliance monitoring programmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264220959-en
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  • 42
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    Perspectivas de la OCDE sobre ciencia, tecnología e industria 2014 (Version abreviada) : Informe Iberoamericano (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264226487
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: La ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación (CTI) son factores decisivos para lograr un desarrollo social y económico sostenible. La OCDE hace recomendaciones de política basadas en evidencia acerca de la aportación de la CTI a las metas de crecimiento, empleo, sustentabilidad y bienestar de las naciones. Los países de Iberoamérica han estado trabajando de cerca con la OCDE sobre diversos aspectos de CTI y ahora, a propósito de la Reunión de Ministros y Altas Autoridades de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, a celebrarse el 27 y 28 de noviembre en la ciudad de Puebla, México, la Organización ha preparado el presente Informe Iberoamericano, que se deriva de su OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014. Su finalidad es informar a los responsables del diseño de políticas de CTI de la región, así como a representantes y analistas del sector empresarial, sobre los cambios recientes y próximos en los modelos mundiales de CTI. Asimismo, destaca las posibles implicaciones actuales y futuras de las políticas de CTI de los países a nivel tanto global como nacional.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264226487-es
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    Green Growth Indicators for Agriculture : A Preliminary Assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264223202
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs de croissance verte pour l'agriculture ; Évaluation préliminaire
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Green growth indicators for agriculture
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Landwirtschaft ; Landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Landwirtschaft ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: An integral component of any green growth strategy is a highly-reliable set of measurement tools and indicators that would enable policy makers to evaluate how effective policies are, and to gauge the progress being achieved in shifting economic activity onto a greener path. These tools and indicators, which will need to be based on internationally comparable data, must also be embedded in a conceptual framework and selected according to a clearly-specified set of criteria. This report is a first step towards developing a framework to monitor progress on green growth in the agricultural sector in OECD countries. The goal is to identify relevant, succinct and measurable statistics to implement the OECD Green Growth Strategy Measurement Framework which provides a common basis for further developing green growth indicators in the agricultural sector in OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264223202-en
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  • 44
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    Evaluaciones de la OCDE sobre el desempeño ambiental: México 2013 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189188
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Análisis de los resultados medioambientales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Mexico 2013
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE; Mexique 2013
    Keywords: Environment ; Mexico
    Abstract: El programa de la OCDE sobre las evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental proporciona una evaluación independiente del progreso de los países para cumplir los compromisos nacionales e internacionales en materia de políticas ambientales junto con recomendaciones relevantes a dichas políticas. Las evaluaciones están dirigidas para promover el aprendizaje entre pares, estimular una mayor rendición de cuentas entre países y ante la opinión pública y para que los países mejoren su desempeño individual y colectivo en la gestión del medio ambiente. Las evaluaciones están apoyadas por un extenso número de datos económicos y ambientales. Cada ciclo de las evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental cubre todos los países miembros de la OCDE y algunos países socios. Entre los más recientes evaluaciones se encuentran: Alemania (2012), Eslovenia (2012), Israel (2011) y Eslovaquia (2011). Este informe es la tercera evaluación del desempeño ambiental de México. Evalúa el progreso hacia el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento verde y se centra en políticas sobre el cambio climático y aborda objetivos de biodiversidad y la conservación de bosques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189188-es
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Afrique du Sud 2013 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264202900
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; South Africa 2013
    Keywords: Environment ; South Africa
    Abstract: Ce rapport est le troisième examen environnemental de l’Afrique du Sud. Il évalue les progrès accomplis par l’Afrique du Sud en termes de développement durable et de croissance verte, avec un accent particulier sur la biodiversité et l’économie des services écosystémiques, ainsi que sur la gouvernance environnementale multiniveaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264202900-fr
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  • 46
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    Towards Green Growth in Southeast Asia (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Towards green growth in Southeast Asia
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Umweltpolitik ; Südostasien ; Environment ; Development ; Südostasien ; Umweltpolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: Southeast Asia’s booming economy offers tremendous growth potential, but also large and interlinked economic, social and environmental challenges. The region’s current growth model is based in large part on natural resource exploitation, exacerbating these challenges. This report provides evidence that, with the right policies and institutions, Southeast Asia can pursue green growth and thus sustain the natural capital and environmental services, including a stable climate, on which prosperity depends. Carried out in consultation with officials and researchers from across the region, Towards Green Growth in Southeast Asia provides a framework for regional leaders to design their own solutions to move their countries towards green growth. While recognising the pressures that Southeast Asian economies face to increase growth, fight poverty and enhance well-being, the report acknowledges the links between all these dimensions and underscores the window of opportunity that the region has now to sustain its wealth of natural resources, lock-in resource-efficient and resilient infrastructure, attract investment, and create employment in the increasingly dynamic and competitive sectors of green technology and renewable energy. Some key policy recommendations are that these challenges can be met by scaling up existing attempts to strengthen governance and reform countries’ economic structure; mainstreaming green growth into national development plans and government processes; accounting for the essential ecosystem services provided by natural capital, ending open-access natural resource exploitation; and guiding the sustainable growth of cities to ensure well-being and prosperity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224100-en
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Autriche 2013 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264202948 , 9789264219946
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Austria 2013
    Keywords: Environment ; Austria
    Abstract: Le programme d’examens environnementaux de l'OCDE propose des évaluations indépendantes des progrès accomplis par les pays eu égard à leurs engagements nationaux et internationaux en matière d’environnement, ainsi que des recommandations orientées vers l’action des pouvoirs publics. Ces examens ont pour objectif de promouvoir l’apprentissage entre pairs, d’encourager les pays à rendre compte de leur action aux autres pays et à leur opinion publique, ainsi que d’améliorer les performances environnementales des gouvernements, individuellement et collectivement. Les analyses s’appuient sur un large éventail de données économiques et environnementales. Chaque cycle d’examens environnementaux couvre la totalité des pays membres de l'OCDE ainsi que certains pays partenaires. Ce rapport est le troisième examen environnemental de l’Autriche. Il évalue les progrès vers le développement durable et la croissance verte et met l'accent sur la gestion des produits chimiques ainsi que sur l’adaptation au changement climatique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264202948-fr
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    Emerging Policy Issues in Synthetic Biology (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264208421
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Emerging policy issues in synthetic biology
    DDC: 572.86
    Keywords: Biotechnologie ; Science and Technology ; Synthetische Biologie
    Abstract: Synthetic biology is at such an early stage of development that there is no uniform agreement as yet about what it actually is. To some, it represents a natural extension of genetic engineering, and therefore is “business as usual”. For others, it is a way to bring mass manufacturing out from the decades of biotechnology research. Currently the discipline is limited by the ability to synthesise DNA cost-effectively but this is a technical barrier that it is anticipated will be overcome. Synthetic biology raises a number of policy issues around R&D funding, company investment, PPP arrangements and innovative financing, infrastructure requirements, education and training, intellectual property (IP), regulation, and public engagement. In preparation for the continuing development and greater use of synthetic biology, some countries have started to prepare synthetic biology technical roadmaps and a global roadmap for the medium term would be an extremely useful policy tool. Technical roadmaps could both identify likely future policy requirements, and be a useful vehicle in public engagement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264208421-en
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    Compendium des indicateurs agro-environnementaux de l'OCDE (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264181243
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (205 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Compendium of Agri-environmental Indicators
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Ce livre fournit l’ensemble des indicateurs agro-environnementaux les plus récents et les plus complets concernant les 34 pays membres de l’OCDE sur la période 1990-2010. Il s’appuie sur les travaux conduits pendant vingt ans par l’OCDE dans ce domaine. Ces indicateurs ont pour objet de décrire l’état actuel de l’environnement dans l’agriculture et sa tendance ; de mettre en évidence les lieux où des situations critiques sont en train d’apparaître ; de comparer l’évolution des performances entre périodes et entre pays ; et de fournir un ensemble d’indicateurs et une base de données pour suivre et évaluer l’action publique, projeter les tendances futures et concevoir des indicateurs de croissance verte.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264181243-fr
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  • 50
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    La gouvernance des services de l'eau en Tunisie : Surmonter les défis de la participation du secteur privé (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264213807
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: tudes de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Water Governance in Tunisia; Overcoming the Challenges to Private Sector Participation
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Tunisia
    Abstract: Ce rapport analyse les principaux défis de gouvernance à la participation du secteur privé (PSP) au secteur des services de l’eau et de l’assainissement en Tunisie et suggère des recommandations de politiques publiques pour les surmonter, basées sur le corpus analytique et de bonnes pratiques de l’OCDE. Sur la base du diagnostic sur les défis de gouvernance (Chapitre 1), ce rapport identifie trois axes de réflexion et de recommandations principales (Chapitre 2) pour les autorités tunisiennes : i) comprendre la variété des modalités de PSP, leurs objectifs et conditions de succès ; ii) assurer la viabilité financière et la soutenabilité budgétaire de la PSP dans le secteur de l’eau en Tunisie ; et iii) améliorer les mécanismes de transparence et renforcer l’engagement des parties prenantes. Ce rapport comprend également un plan d’actions (Chapitre 3) assorti de mesures concrètes pour mettre en œuvre les recommandations proposées. Ce rapport s’inscrit dans le cadre du dialogue sur les politiques conduit conjointement par l’OCDE et le Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-Med) en Tunisie dans le cadre du projet labellisé par l’Union pour la Méditerranée (UpM) « Gouvernance et Financement du Secteur de l’Eau en Méditerranée », avec le soutien financier du fonds fiduciaire FEMIP de la Banque Européenne d’Investissement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264213807-fr
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    Measuring Environmental Policy Stringency in OECD Countries : A Composite Index Approach (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1177
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Cross-country analysis of the economic effects of environmental policies is limited by the lack of reliable, comparable measures of the stringency of environmental policies. This paper attempts to fill this gap, by constructing new quantitative indexes of environmental policy stringency (EPS). Selected environmental policy instruments, primarily related to climate and air pollution, are scored and aggregated into composite EPS indexes. Two EPS indexes are proposed – one for the energy sector, and an extended one to proxy for the broader economy (“economy-wide”). They cover most OECD countries over 1990s-2012. While a simplification of the multidimensional reality of environmental policies, the EPS indicators are a first tangible effort to measure environmental policy stringency internationally over a relatively long time horizon. They show relatively high and significant correlations with alternative proxies of EPS used in the literature, such as measures of perceived stringency based on surveys, measures based on environmental outcomes and a composite policy-based measure with no time series. The paper describes some additional features of the EPS indicators and sketches out possible future extensions.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrjnc45gvg-en
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    Essai n 431 : Corrosion Cutanée In Vitro : Essai sur Modèle de Peau Humaine (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224216
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 431; In Vitro Skin Corrosion; Reconstructed Human Epidermis (Rhe) Test Method
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice porte sur le danger de corrosion cutanée pour la santé humaine faisant suite à une exposition avec un produit chimique. La corrosion cutanée désigne la survenue de lésions irréversibles de la peau qui se manifestent par une nécrose visible, selon la définition du Système Général Harmonisé pour la Classification et l’Étiquetage des produits chimiques. Cette Ligne directrice décrit une procédure in vitro permettant d’identifier les substances et mélanges corrosifs et non corrosifs, en faisant appel à un épiderme humain reconstitué qui reproduit fidèlement les propriétés histologiques, morphologiques, biochimiques et physiologiques des couches supérieures de la peau humaine. La procédure sur épiderme humain reconstitué part du principe que les substances corrosives sont capables de pénétrer dans le stratum corneum (couche cornée) par diffusion ou érosion, et sont cytotoxiques pour les cellules des couches sous-jacentes. Deux réplicats sont employés pour chaque traitement (ou durée d'exposition), et pour les contrôles. Les substances corrosives sont identifiées sur la base de leur capacité à réduire la viabilité cellulaire en dessous des valeurs seuils définies pour des périodes d'exposition spécifiques. La viabilité cellulaire est mesurée via la conversion enzymatique du colorant vital MTT en un sel de formazan bleu mesuré quantitativement après son extraction des tissus. Les substances corrosives sont mises en évidence par leur capacité à faire chuter la viabilité cellulaire sous un seuil prédéterminé. Plusieurs méthodes validées sont référencées dans la Ligne directrice et suivent la procédure décrite ci-dessus. Certaines méthodes référencées permettent par aillaurs la sous-categorisation des produits corrosifs. Cette Ligne directrice comprend également un ensemble de normes de performances pour l’évaluation de méthodes d’essai similaires ou modifiées.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224216-fr
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    Test No. 310: Ready Biodegradability - CO2 in sealed vessels (Headspace Test) (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224506
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 310 ; Biodégradabilité facile - dégagement de CO2 dans des flacons hermétiquement clos (essai de l'espace libre au-dessus du liquide)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is a screening method for the evaluation of ready biodegradability of chemicals. The test substance, normally at 20 mg C/L, as the sole source of carbon and energy, is incubated (during 28 days normally) in sealed bottles with aerobic condition containing a buffer-mineral salts medium, which has been inoculated with a mixed population of micro-organisms. In order to check the test procedure, a reference substance (aniline, sodium benzoate or ethylene glycol and 1-octanol) of known biodegradability should be tested in parallel. It is recommended that triplicate bottles be analysed after a sufficient number of time intervals. Also at least five test bottles (from test vessels, blank controls, and vessels with the reference substance) are analysed at the end of the test, to enable 95% confidence intervals to be calculated for the mean percentage biodegradation value. The CO2 evolution resulting from the ultimate aerobic biodegradation of the test substance is determined by measuring the Inorganic Carbon (IC) produced in the test bottles in excess of that produced in blank vessels containing inoculated medium only. The extent of biodegradation is expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maximum IC production (ThIC), based on the quantity of test substance added initially. Biodegradation 〉60% ThIC within the 10-d window in this test demonstrates that the test substance is readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224506-en
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    Report of the OECD workshop on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - Strategies for the adoption and Implementation of IPM in Agriculture Contributing to the Sustainable Use of Pesticides and to Pesticide Risk Reduction (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.70
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is the report of the “OECD Workshop on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - Strategies for the adoption and implementation of IPM in agriculture contributing to the sustainable use of pesticides and to pesticide risk reduction”, that took place on 16 19 October 2011, in Berlin, Germany, and was chaired by Dr. Wolfgang Zornbach of the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. The developed detailed recommendations for promoting and facilitating the adoption and implementation of IPM strategies and for encouraging appropriate stakeholders to use IPM tools and measures. The workshop was planned in the framework of the “OECD Strategic Approach in Pesticide Risk Reduction”. It addressed the following four main issues: technology and Information, economics and market access, policies and strategies and measurements and impact. This report includes the outcomes of the workshop discussions, as well as the overall workshop conclusions (Section 4) and recommendations (Section 5) targeted at governments, all stakeholders and OECD.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221635-en
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    Test No. 489: In Vivo Mammalian Alkaline Comet Assay (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224179
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 489 ; Test des Comètes In Vivo en Conditions Alcalines sur Cellules de Mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vivo alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay, also called alkaline Comet Assay is a method measuring DNA strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. Each treated group is composed of a minimum of 5 animals of one sex (or of each sex as appropriate). A positive and a vehicle control group are also used. Administration of the treatment consists of daily doses over duration of 2 days or more, ensuring the test chemical reaches the target tissue which can be the liver, the kidney or other tissues if justified. Tissues of interest are dissected and single cells/nuclei suspensions are prepared and embedded in agarose on slides. Cells/nuclei are treated with lysis buffer to remove cellular and/or nuclear membranes. The nuclear DNA in the agar is then subjected to electrophoresis at high pH. This results in structures resembling comets which by using suitable fluorescent stain, can be observed by fluorescent microscopy. Based on their size DNA fragments migrate away from the head to the tail, and the intensity of the comet tail relative to the total intensity (head plus tail) reflects the amount of DNA breakage.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224179-en
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    Essai n 473: Essai d'aberration Chromosomique In Vitro chez les Mammifères (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224278
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 473; In Vitro Mammalian Chromosomal Aberration Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le but de l'essai in vitro d'aberration chromosomique est d'identifier les agents qui causent des aberrations chromosomiques structurales dans les cellules mammifères cultivées. Les aberrations structurales peuvent être de deux types : chromosomiques ou chromatidiques. L'essai in vitro d'aberration chromosomique peut utiliser des cultures de lignées cellulaires établies, des souches cellulaires ou des cultures de cellules primaires. Des cultures cellulaires sont exposées à la substance d'essai (liquide ou solide) avec et sans activation métabolique pendant environ 1.5 fois le cycle cellulaire normal. Au moins trois concentrations analysables de la substance d'essai devraient être employées. Il faut normalement réaliser les cultures en doublon à chaque niveau de dose. À intervalles prédéterminés après exposition des cultures de cellules à la substance d'essai, les cellules sont traitées avec une substance qui bloque la métaphase, récoltées et teintées. Les cellules métaphasiques sont analysées au microscope pour déceler les aberrations chromosomiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224278-fr
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    La gouvernance des services de l'eau en Jordanie : Surmonter les défis de la participation du secteur privé (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224537
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Series Statement: Etudes de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Water Governance in Jordan; Overcoming the Challenges to Private Sector Participation
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Jordan
    Abstract: Ce rapport s’appuie sur les travaux de l’OCDE dans les domaines de la gouvernance de l’eau, de la politique de la réglementation et de la participation du secteur privé pour identifier les défis de gouvernance à la mobilisation des partenariats public-privé (PPP) dans la gestion des services de l’eau et de l’assainissement en Tunisie, et suggérer des recommandations de politiques publiques pour les surmonter. Il s’inscrit dans le cadre du dialogue sur les politiques conduit conjointement par l’OCDE et le Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-Med) dans le cadre du projet labellisé par l’Union pour la Méditerranée (UpM) « Gouvernance et Financement du Secteur de l’Eau en Méditerranée », avec le soutien financier du fonds fiduciaire FEMIP de la Banque Européenne d’Investissement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224537-fr
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    Prix effectifs du carbone (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264197138
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Effective Carbon Prices
    Keywords: Environment ; Taxation
    Abstract: Les manuels d’économie prédisent que les taxes et les systèmes d’échange de permis d’émission sont les solutions les moins onéreuses pour permettre à la société de réduire ses émissions de CO2. Ce livre démontre que cette hypothèse se vérifie également en pratique. Il fournit des estimations sur les coûts pour la société de réduire les émissions de CO2 dans 15 pays, en utilisant une large panoplie d’instruments dans 5 secteurs générant le plus d’émissions : le secteur de production d’électricité, du transport routier, des pâtes & papier et du ciment, ainsi que de la consommation d’énergie des ménages. Il trouve de grandes variations dans le coût de réduction de chaque tonne de CO2 au sein de et entre les pays, ainsi qu’au sein des secteurs examinés et à travers différents types d’instruments politiques. Des approches axées sur le marché, tels que les taxes et les systèmes d’échange de permis ont systématiquement permis la réduction de CO2 à un moindre coût par rapport à d’autres instruments. Les subventions d’équipement et les tarifs d’achat figuraient, quant à eux, parmi les mesures les plus onéreuses de réduction d’émissions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264197138-fr
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    Vers des comportements plus environnementaux : Vue d'ensemble de l'enquête 2011 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195493
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: tudes de l'OCDE sur la politique de l'environnement et le comportement des ménages
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur la politique de l'environnement et le comportement des ménages
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Greening Household Behaviour; Overview from the 2011 Survey - Revised edition
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Il est indispensable de bien comprendre les facteurs qui influencent les décisions des individus à l’égard de l'environnement si l’on veut élaborer des stratégies de croissance qui favorisent des modes de vie plus « verts ». Les récents travaux menés par l'OCDE à partir d’enquêtes périodiques auprès de plus de 10 000 ménages dans un certain nombre de pays et de domaines représentent un progrès décisif pour autant qu'ils apportent de nouveaux éclairages sur les mesures réellement efficaces. Cette publication présente une synthèse des données issues de la dernière enquête en date, axée sur cinq domaines (énergie, alimentation, transport, déchets et eau) et réalisée dans onze pays : Australie, Canada, Chili, Corée, Espagne, France, Israël, Japon, Pays-Bas, Suède et Suisse. La nouvelle enquête confirme l’importance de fournir les bonnes motivations pour influer sur nos décisions. Les résultats indiquent que les mesures telles que l’étiquetage et les campagnes d’information publique ont aussi un rôle significatif et complémentaire à jouer. Inciter un changement favorable de comportement demande un mélange de ces instruments.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195493-fr
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  • 60
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Sweden 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264213715
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suède 2014
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD;s granskning av Sveriges miljöpolitik; Sverige 2014
    Keywords: Environment ; Sweden
    Abstract: This report is the third OECD review of Sweden’s environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on Sweden's longstanding commitment to mitigating emissions of greenhouse gases and its management of marine ecosystem services and water.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264213715-en
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  • 61
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    Climate Resilience in Development Planning : Experiences in Colombia and Ethiopia (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264209503
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Climate resilience in development planning
    DDC: 363.7387
    Keywords: Entwicklungsplanung ; Klimawandel ; Kolumbien ; Äthiopien ; Environment ; Colombia ; Ethiopia ; Äthiopien ; Kolumbien ; Klimaänderung ; Entwicklungsökonomie
    Abstract: Climate-related disasters have inflicted increasingly high losses on developing countries, and with climate change, these losses are likely to worsen. Improving country resilience against climate risks is therefore vital for achieving poverty reduction and economic development goals. This report discusses the current state of knowledge on how to build climate resilience in developing countries. It argues that climate-resilient development requires moving beyond the climate-proofing of existing development pathways, to consider economic development objectives and resilience priorities in parallel. Achieving this will require political vision and a clear understanding of the relation between climate and development, as well as an adapted institutional set-up, financing arrangements, and progress monitoring and evaluation. The report also discusses two priorities for climate-resilient development: disaster risk management and the involvement of the private sector. The report builds on a growing volume of country experiences on building climate resilience into national development planning. Two country case studies, Ethiopia and Colombia, are discussed in detail.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264209503-en
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  • 62
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Colombie 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264208384
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Colombia 2014
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental; Colombia 2014
    Keywords: Environment ; Colombia
    Abstract: Ce rapport est le premier examen environnemental de la Colombie. Il évalue les progrès accomplis par la Colombie en termes de développement durable et de croissance verte, avec un accent particulier sur la gestion des produits chimiques et l’adaptation au changement climatique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264208384-fr
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  • 63
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    Making Innovation Policy Work : Learning from Experimentation (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264185739
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (286 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Making innovation policy work
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Innovationsförderung ; Innovation ; Industriepolitik ; Unternehmenspolitik ; Umweltschutzmarkt ; Produktion ; Wirtschaft ; Ökologie ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Entwicklung ; Unterentwicklung ; Ursache ; Tendenz ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This book explores emerging topics in innovation policy for more inclusive and sustainable growth, building on concrete examples. It develops the notion of experimental innovation policy – which integrates monitoring and feedback at the policy design stage, and occurs continuously to improve impact and implementation. This approach should help improve the quality and efficiency of public expenditures supporting innovation policy. Experimental policy making is particularly important for new and emerging innovation domains, where the scope for learning and improvement is the greatest. To make the discussion as concrete and relevant as possible for practitioners and policy makers, three emerging domains of innovation policy are explored in greater detail: innovative entrepreneurship, green innovation, and pro-poor or base-of-the-pyramid (BoP) innovation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264185739-en
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  • 64
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    Empirical Evidence on the Effects of Environmental Policy Stringency on Productivity Growth (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1179
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of changes in the stringency of environmental policies on productivity growth in OECD countries. Using a new environmental policy stringency (EPS) index, it estimates a reduced-form model of multi-factor productivity growth, where the effect of countries' environmental policies varies with pollution intensity of the industry and technological advancement. A multi-layer analysis provides insights at the aggregate economy, the industry and the firm level. At the aggregate economy level, a negative effect on productivity growth is found one year ahead of the policy change. This negative “announcement effect” is offset within three years after the implementation. At the industry level, a tightening of environmental policy is associated with a short-term increase in industry-level productivity growth, for the most technologically advanced country-industry pairs. This effect diminishes with the distance to the global productivity frontier, becoming insignificant at larger distances. At the firm level, only the technologically most advanced firms show a positive effect on productivity growth from a tightening of environmental policies, while a third of firms, the less productive ones, experience a productivity slowdown.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrjnb36b40-en
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    Do Environmental Policies Matter for Productivity Growth? : Insights from New Cross-Country Measures of Environmental Policies (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1176
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Environmental policies address wellbeing and sustainability objectives, affecting firm and household behaviour. A newly developed, cross-country composite proxy of environmental policy stringency (EPS) shows that stringency has been increasing across OECD countries over the past two decades. However, the tightening environmental policies have had little effect on aggregate productivity, spurring primarily short-term adjustments. Nevertheless, they have led to various effects within the economy - the most technologically advanced industries and firms have seen a small increase in productivity, possibly being in the best position to adapt. Least productive firms have seen their productivity fall. Part of the effect is likely to have taken place through entry and exit of firms and relocation of activities. Finally, this project provides evidence on the anti-competitive bias of some aspects of environmental policies. The indicator of Burdens on the Economy due to Environmental Policies (BEEP) shows that barriers to entry and competition, and the consideration given to economic effects of environmental policies vary notably across countries, but that this variation is not related to the stringency of policies. Hence, to support both economic and environmental outcomes, stringent environmental policies can and should be implemented with minimum barriers to entry and competition.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrjncjrcxp-en
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  • 66
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    Guidance Document on Standardised Test Guidelines for Evaluating Chemicals for Endocrine Disruption (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (524 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.150
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is a tool to support regulatory authorities’ decisions on the hazard of specific chemicals when they receive test results from a Test Guideline (TG) or draft TG for the screening/testing of chemicals for endocrine disrupting properties. The contexts for these decisions will vary, depending on local legislation and practice, so the advice is worded in such a way as to permit flexible interpretation. It provides guidance on how to interpret the outcome of individual tests and how to increase evidence on whether or not a substance may be an endocrine disrupter; to this end, it recommends a test method that may be performed if regulatory authorities need more evidence.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221413-en
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    Metal Finishing (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221130
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (91 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.12
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in the finishing of metals, to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals into the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221130-en
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  • 68
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    Blending of Fragrance Oils into Commercial and Consumer Products (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221031
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (127 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.26
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The scope of this Emissions Scenario Document includes the blending of fine and functional fragrance oils into consumer and commercial products. The manufacture of aroma chemicals and the formulation of fragrance oil are outside the scope of this scenario. However, these industrial operations are discussed in this section as an introduction to the fragrance industry as a whole. The following life-cycle diagram demonstrates the applicability of this scenario.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221031-en
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  • 69
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    Transport and Storage of Chemicals (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.24
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources and release pathways of chemicals during their transport and storage in a wide range of industries, to help estimate releases of chemicals into the environment. This ESD covers the transport and storage of chemicals either as pure chemicals or as components of finished products. However, it does not consider the following: mixed waste streams, radioactive substances, biological and infectious materials and foodstuffs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221079-en
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  • 70
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    Leather Processing (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221178
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.8
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, production processes, pathways and use patterns of chemicals used as additives in plastics to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals to the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221178-en
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  • 71
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    Metalworking Fluids (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264220980
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (127 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.28
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document provides information on the sources, use patterns and potential release pathways of chemicals used in metalworking fluids. The document presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposure to chemicals ussed in metalworking fluids.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264220980-en
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  • 72
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    Photographic Industry (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221222
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.5
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in photographic industry to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals to the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221222-en
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  • 73
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    Water Treatment Chemicals (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221239
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.4
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in the treatment of water in a number of areas to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals to the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221239-en
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  • 74
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    Coating Industry (Paints, Lacquers and Varnishes) (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221093
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (201 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.22
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in the coatings industry (paints, lacquers and varnishes), to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals into the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221093-en
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  • 75
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    Adhesive Formulation (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221116
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.20
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used in the adhesive formulation industry. The document presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to additives and components used in adhesive formulations. These approaches are intended to provide conservative, screening-level estimates resulting in release and exposure amounts that are likely to be higher, or at least higher than average, than amounts that might actually occur in the real world setting.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221116-en
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  • 76
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    Automotive Spray Application (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221147
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.11
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in automotive refinishing industry. The information can be used to estimate releases of chemicals to the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221147-en
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    Lubricants and Lubricant Additives (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221154
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (119 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.10
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in lubricants to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals into the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221154-en
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  • 78
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    OECD Guidance on Pesticide Compliance and Enforcement Best Practices (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221772
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.71
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Best Practices Guidance addresses compliance and enforcement issues as they relate to pesticides and associated health and environmental risks. The objective of this document is to provide guidance for promoting and monitoring compliance and for assessing and mitigating risks of non-compliance. It is targeted primarily at pesticide regulators, but may also interest policy makers as well as regulated parties (i.e. pesticide industry). This document addresses the following areas of the pesticide life-cycle: manufacturing and product integrity; distribution (including transportation and sale); product use; product storage; and container recycling and disposal.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221772-en
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  • 79
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    Textile Finishing (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221185
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (77 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.7
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in textile finishing industry to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals to the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221185-en
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  • 80
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    Guidance on Grouping of Chemicals (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264085831
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (99 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.80
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This guidance document is part of the OECD effort to provide guidance for assessing the hazards of chemical substances while gaining efficiencies and improving animal welfare. The approach described in this guidance document is to consider closely related chemicals as a group, or category, rather than as individual chemicals. In the category approach, not every chemical needs to be tested for every endpoint. Rather, the overall data for that category must prove adequate to support a hazard assessment. The overall data set must allow the estimation of the hazard for the untested endpoints.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264085831-en
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    Radiation Curable Coating, Inks and Adhesives (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264220997
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (163 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.27
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used in the radiation curable products industry, specifically during application of radiation curable coatings, inks, and adhesives. The document focuses primarily on ultraviolet (UV) and electron beam (EB) curable products and presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to components and additives used in radiation curable products.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264220997-en
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    Formulation of Radiation Curable Coatings, Inks and Adhesives (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221109
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.21
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used in the radiation curable products industry, specifically during formulation of radiation curable coatings, inks, and adhesives. The document focuses primarily on ultraviolet (UV) and electron beam (EB) curable products and presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to components and additives used in radiation curable products.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221109-en
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    Rubber Additives (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221192
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.6
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used as additives in rubber industry to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals to the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221192-en
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    Wood Preservatives (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221321
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.2
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Emission Scenario Document (ESD) presents an approach to estimate the emissions of substances used in wood preservatives (EU Product Type 8) from two stages of their life cycle: 1) application (industrial applications / in situ applications by professionals and amateurs) and storage of treated wood prior to shipment, and 2) treated wood-in service.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221321-en
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    Photoresist Use in Semiconductor Manufacturing (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221161
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (117 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.9
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. The document presents standard approaches for estimating environmental releases of and occupational exposures to additives and components used in photoresist formulations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221161-en
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    The Space Economy at a Glance 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264217294 , 9789264225459 , 9789264222304
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The space economy at a glance 2014
    Keywords: Luftfahrtindustrie ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The space sector plays an increasingly pivotal role in the functioning of modern societies and their economic development as the use of satellite technology gives rise to new applications, uses and markets. Space Economy at a Glance offers a statistical overview of the global space sector and its contributions to economic activity using data from over 40 countries with space programmes, and identifies new dynamics in the space sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264217294-en
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    Guidance on Developing Safety Performance Indicators For Public Authorities and Communities/Public (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221734
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Chemical Accidents
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Document was designed to serve as a tool to assist industrial enterprises, public authorities, and communities near hazardous installations world-wide develop and implement a means to assess the success of their chemical safety activities. The guidance does not define a precise methodology, but rather provides guidance on how to develop and use safety performance indicators including the general elements of Safety Performance Indicators (SPI) Programmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221734-en
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Netherlands 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264213159
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This book provides a comprehensive assessment of the innovation system of the Netherlands, focusing on the role of government and including concrete recommendations on how to improve policies that affect innovation and R&D performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264213159-en
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    OECD Review of Telecommunication Policy and Regulation in Colombia (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264208131
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estudio de la OCDE sobre políticas y regulación de telecomunicaciones en Colombia
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD review of telecommunication policy and regulation in Colombia
    Keywords: Telekommunikationspolitik ; Regulierung ; Kolumbien ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Colombia
    Abstract: As have OECD countries, Colombia has recognised that the communications sector, and in particular high-speed Internet access provided by fixed and mobile broadband, represents a key infrastructure for improving productivity and economic growth and in enhancing the welfare of its citizens. This report reviews policies and regulations in the telecommunication service sector in Colombia. It puts forward recommendations aimed at furthering regulatory reform and stimulating market competition and investment in the sector as a building block for the future development of the Colombian economy. It aims to help achieve one of the government's goals, which is to develop a knowledge-intensive society.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264208131-en
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    Boosting Resilience through Innovative Risk Governance (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264209114
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T.: Boosting resilience through innovative risk governance
    Keywords: Katastrophe ; Risikomanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Welt ; Environment ; Governance ; Naturkatastrophe ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Risikomanagement
    Abstract: This report examines what countries have achieved in terms of strengthening resilience through better risk management and identifies persisting challenges. It focuses on the importance of creating an institutional environment that engages all stakeholders and allows them to build resilience against future shocks. This report has contributed to the development of the OECD Recommendation on the Governance of Critical Risks.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264209114-en
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: France 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264214026
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques d'innovation ; France 2014
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; France
    Abstract: This report compares the performance of the French innnovation systems with that of other countries and presents the conclusions of interviews with 30 key actors in the French research and innovation system. During the past ten years, this system has undergone profound changes, and the report highlights the governments plan to dynamise and reform the system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264214026-en
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    Examens de l'OCDE des politiques d'innovation : France 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264214019
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292 p.)
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE des politiques d'innovation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy; France 2014
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; France
    Abstract: Ce rapport sur la France compare les performances et le fonctionnement du système français avec ceux d'autres pays, et se base sur les conclusions des travaux thématiques de l'OCDE ainsi que sur environ 30 entretiens conduits avec les principaux acteurs du système français de recherche et d'innovation. Ce système a connu des transformations profondes au cours de la dernière décennie, et le rapport met l'accent sur le "Programme des Investissements d'Avenir", un plan gouvernemental qui vise à dynamiser la recherche et l'innovation et à encourager les réformes de l'ensemble du système.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264214019-fr
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Colombia 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264204638
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Colombia
    Abstract: This review offers a comprehensive assessment of the innovation system of Colombia, focusing on the role of government. It provides concrete recommendations on how to improve policies that affect innovation performance, including R&D policies and identifies good practices from which other countries can learn. The Overall assessment and recommendations is also available in French and Spanish.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264204638-en
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    Water Governance in Tunisia : Overcoming the Challenges to Private Sector Participation (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174337
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gouvernance des services de l'eau en Tunisie ; Surmonter les défis de la participation du secteur privé
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Water governance in Tunisia
    Keywords: Wasserwirtschaft ; Privatwirtschaft ; Wasserpolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Tunesien ; Environment ; Governance ; Tunisia
    Abstract: This report diagnoses the main governance and financing challenges to private sector participation in the water supply and wastewater sector of Tunisia, and provides ways forward to address these challenges. It been developed as part of a water policy dialogue conducted by the OECD jointly with the Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-Med) in the context of the project labelled by the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) "Governance and Financing for the Mediterranean Water Sector", with the support of the FEMIP Trust Fund of the European Investment Bank.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174337-en
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    Essai n 487 : Essai in vitro de micronoyaux sur cellules de mammifères (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224445
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 487; In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Test No. 487: In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’essai micronoyau in vitro est un essai de génotoxicité pour la détection des micronoyaux dans le cytoplasme de cellules en interphase. Les micronoyaux peuvent provenir de fragments de chromosomes acentriques (c’est-à-dire sans centromère), ou de chromosomes entiers qui ne peuvent migrer vers les pôles pendant l’étape d’anaphase de la division cellulaire. L’essai détecte l’activité de substances d’essai clastogènes et aneugènes dans les cellules qui ont subi une division cellulaire au cours ou après l’exposition à une substance d’essai. Cette Ligne directrice prévoit l’utilisation de protocoles, avec et sans cytochalasine B (inhibiteur de polymérisation de l’actine). La cytochalasine B permet l’identification et l’analyse sélective de la fréquence des micronoyaux dans les cellules qui ont complété une mitose, ces cellules étant binucléées. La Ligne directrice permet l’utilisation de protocoles sans blocage de la cytokinèse à condition qu’il soit démontré que la population cellulaire a subi une mitose.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224445-fr
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    OECD Guidance to the Environmental Safety Evaluation of Microbial Biocontrol Agents (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221659
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.67
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document dealing with biological pesticides provides guidance to both industry and regulatory authorities, in the context of applications for the approval of microbial biological control agents (mBCAs), and for the registration of microbial biological control products (mBCPs).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221659-en
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    Essai n 238 : Essai de Toxicité sur Myriophyllum Spicatum dans un Système Sans Sédiment (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224148
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 238; Sediment-Free Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Test No. 238: Sediment-Free Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne Directrice vise à évaluer la toxicité des produits chimiques sur le développement des plantes aquatiques submergées Myriophyllum spicatum cultivées dans un milieu sans sédiment. Dans le milieu d’Andrew modifié les cultures de Myriophyllum spicatum sont exposées à au moins 5 concentrations différentes du produit chimique d’essai pendant 14 jours. On utilise minimum de 10 réplicats pour les témoins et 5 réplicats pour chaque solution d’essai. Les variables mesurées sont : la croissance de la longueur de la tige, des branches latérales et des racines, l’évolution du poids frais et sec, et l’augmentation du nombre de verticilles. On détermine le taux de croissance spécifique (r) et le rendement (y), qui sont ensuite utilisés pour obtenir la CxEr et la CxEy (x pouvant être par exemple 10, 20, 50). De plus, la concentration minimale avec effet observé (CMEO) et la concentration sans effet observé (CSEO) peuvent être déterminé par calcul statistique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224148-fr
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    Plastic Additives (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221291
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (141 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.3
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used as additives in plastics to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals to the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221291-en
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    Guidance Document on Regulatory Incentives for the Registration of Pesticide Minor Uses (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221710
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.63
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document provides guidance to national regulatory authorities in providing greater incentives to encourage applicants (manufacturers/registrants) to register agricultural pesticides (including both synthetically and naturally derived products) for minor uses.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221710-en
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    Test No. 431: In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Reconstructed Human Epidermis (Rhe) Test Method (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264224193
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 431 ; Corrosion Cutanée In Vitro ; Essai sur Modèle de Peau Humaine
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Essai n 431: Corrosion Cutanée In Vitro ; Essai sur Modèle de Peau Humaine
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The present Test Guideline addresses the human health hazard endpoint skin corrosion, following exposure to a test chemical. Skin corrosion is defined as the production of irreversible tissue damage, manifested as visible necrosis of the skin, according to the definition of the Globally Harmonised System for Classification and Labeling of Chemicals. This Test Guideline describes an in vitro procedure allowing the identification of non-corrosive and corrosive substances and mixtures, based on three-dimensional human skin model which reliably reproduces histological, morphological, biochemical, and physiological properties of the upper layers of human skin, including a functional stratum corneum. The procedure on reconstituted human epidermis is based on the principle that corrosive chemicals are able to penetrate the stratum corneum by diffusion or erosion, and are cytotoxic to the underlying cell layers. Two tissue replicates are used for each treatment (or exposure time), and for controls. Corrosive materials are identified by their ability to produce a decrease in cell viability below defined threshold levels at specified exposure time. Cell viability is measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT into a blue formazan salt that is quantitatively measured after extraction from tissues. Corrosive substances are evidenced by their capacity to reduce cell viability below the defined threshold. Several validated methods are referenced in the Test Guideline and follow the procedure described above. Some of the methods referenced allow sub-categorisation among corrosive chemicals. This Test Guideline also includes a set of Performance Standards (PS) for the assessment of similar and modified TER-based test methods.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264224193-en
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