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  • 2025-2025
  • 1965-1969  (30)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (30)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
  • Philosophy (General)  (30)
  • 1
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    Meta-Ethics and Normative Ethics (1969)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401192996
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 252 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics.
    Abstract: 1. Introductory: Meta-Ethics, Normative Ethics and Morality -- 1. Levels of Theorizing -- 2. Meta-Ethics -- 3. Normative Ethics and Morality -- 4. Inter-relations between Meta-Ethics and Normative Ethics -- 5. The plan of this work -- A. Meta-Ethics: A Defence of an Intuitionist Ethic -- 2. Theistic and Naturalistic Meta-Ethical Theories -- 3. Non-Cognitivist Meta-Ethical Theories -- 4. A Positive Approach: Intuitionism and the Nature of the Objective Moral Facts -- 5. Intuitionism: How we Come to Gain Moral Knowledge -- B. Normative Ethics: The Case for Ethical Pluralism -- Introducing Part B. from Meta-Ethics to Normative Ethics -- 6. Intrinsic Goods -- 7: Monistic Theories of Absolute Obligation: Utilitarianism -- 8. Pluralistic Theories of Absolute Obligation: Kant and Natural Law -- 9. A Positive Approach: Prima Facie Duties.
    Abstract: The purpose of this work is to develop a general theory of ethics which ex­ plains the logical status of moral judgments and the nature of the general principles which we should adopt and on the basis of which we should act. The enquiry into the logical function of moral judgments is entered into as important in its own right and as a preliminary to the normative enquiry, for it is on the basis of our conclusions in the area of meta-ethics, that we de­ termine the appropriate method of reaching our normative ethic. The ap­ proach followed in the meta-ethical enquiry is that of examining theories of the past and present with a view to seeing why and in what respects they fail, in particular, what features of moral discourse are not adequately explained or accommodated by them. A positive theory which seeks to take full account of these and all other logical features of moral discourse is then developed in terms of a modified intuitionism of the kind outlined by W. D. Ross, 'good' being explained as the name of a consequential property, 'right' in terms of moral suitability, and moral obligations as consisting in our being constrained to act in certain ways by facts we apprehend to constitute moral reasons which constrain us so to act.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-9299-6
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  • 2
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    Philosophical Logic (1969)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401096140
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 279 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 20
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: Truth and Meaning -- Semantics for Propositional Attitudes -- Some Problems about Belief -- Quantifiers, Beliefs, and Sellars -- The Unanticipated Examination in View of Kripke’s Semantics for Modal Logic -- On the Logic and Ontology of Norms -- Comments on von Wright’s ‘Logic and Ontology of Norms’ -- Scattered Topics in Interrogative Logic -- Åqvist’s Corrections-Accumulating Question-Sequences -- Some Problems of Inductive Logic -- Comments on Ackermann’s ‘Problems’ -- Induction and Intuition: Comments on Ackermann’s ‘Problems’ -- Rejoinder to Skyrms and Salmon -- Confirmation and Translation -- An Analysis of Relativised Modalities -- The System S9 -- Calculi of Pure Strict Implication -- Mood and Language-Game -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The purpose of this brief introduction is to describe the origin of the papers here presented and to acknowledge the help of some of the many individuals who were involved in the preparation of this volume. Of the eighteen papers, nine stem from the annual fall colloquium of the Depart­ ment of Philosophy at the University of Western Ontario held in London, Ontario from November 10 to November 12, 1967. The colloquium was entitled 'Philosophical Logic'. After some discussion, the editors decided to retain that title for this volume. Von Wright's paper 'On the Logic and Ontology of Norms' is printed here after some revision. A. R. Anderson commented on the paper at the colloquium, but his comments here are based upon the revised version of the von Wright paper. The chairman of the session at which von Wright's paper was read and discussed was T. A. Goudge. Aqvist's paper 'Scattered Topics in Interrogative Logic', and Belnap's comments, 'Aqvist's Cor­ rections-Accumulating Question-Sequences', are printed as delivered. The chairman of the Aqvist-Belnap session was R. E. Butts. Wilfrid Sellars' paper 'Some Problems about Belief' is printed as delivered at the col­ loquium, but 'Quantifiers, Beliefs, and Sellars' by Ernest Sosa is a revision of his comments at the colloquium. That session was chaired by G. D. W. Berry. Ackermann's paper 'Some Problems oflnductive Logic', as well as Skyrms' comments, are printed as delivered.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9614-0
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  • 3
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    Studies in Hegel (1969)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401033718
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 9
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Time in Hegel’s Phenomenology -- Hegel Revisited -- On Hegel’s Theory of Alienation and its Historic Force -- Are There Infallible Explanations? -- Substance, Subject and Dialectic -- Hegel as Panentheist -- The Philosophy of Merleau-Ponty.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3371-8
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  • 4
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    Studies in Phenomenology (1969)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401033695
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives Husserl 30
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 30
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I Introduction -- II Phenomenology and the Empiricist Tradition -- III Husserl’s Critique of Formal Logic -- IV Subjectivism in Phenomenology -- V Concept of Person and Subjectivity -- VI Phenomenology as Philosophy of Science -- VII Is Phenomenology Ontologically Committed? -- VIII Conclusion.
    Abstract: The book is the result of my preoccupation with the phe­ nomenological philosophy of Edmund Husserl during my years of post-doctoral studies (approximately since 1960). As the titles of the chapters may suggest, I have dealt with a number of topics relating to Husserlian Phenomenology - themes which are relatively independent but not disconnected. For I have been prone to look upon this movement as presenting more an organic outlook of its own, inspite of its diversity of phases, than as offering certain answers to individual philosophical problems. Accordingly my aim here has been to interpret the meaning and significance of this outlook in its logical, epistemological and metaphysical aspects. In writing these chapters I have been aware of the fact that the phenomenological movement as such still represents some­ thing of a heterodoxy in the world of Anglo-American philosophy to-day. Yet the points of contact between the two are not far­ fetched. In treating the problems from the phenomenological point of view, I have often taken into account the views of the empirical-analytical school in general. It should be clear that instead of confining myself to a bare exposition of the different aspects of Husserlian Phenomenology, I have taken some freedom in interpreting its point of view.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3369-5
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  • 5
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    Induction, Acceptance and Rational Belief (1969)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401033909
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (239p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 26
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 26
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Editor’s Introduction -- Three Logics of Belief -- The Consistency of Rational Belief -- Conjunctivitis -- Induction. A Discussion of the Relevance of the Theory of Knowledge to the Theory of Induction (with a Digression to the Effect that neither Deductive Logic nor the Probability Calculus has Anything to Do with Inference) -- Justification, Explanation, and Induction -- Probability and Evidence -- Dracula meets Wolfman: Acceptance vs. Partial Belief -- Induction, Acceptance, and Rational Belief: A Selected Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The papers collected in this volume were originally presented at a sym­ posium held at the University of Pennsylvania in December of 1968. Each of the papers has been revised in light of the discussions that took place during this symposium. None of the papers has appeared in print previously. The extensive bibliography that appears at the end of the volume was originally distributed during the symposium and was revised on the basis of many helpful suggestions made by those who participated. The symposium was made possible by a grant from The National Science Foundation and funds contributed by the Philosophy Depart­ ment of the University of Pennsylvania. On behalf of the contributors to this volume, I would like to express my thanks to these organizations for their generous support. In addition, I would like to express my gratitude to the members of the Graduate Philosophy Students Organization at the University of Penn­ sylvania for the considerable assistance they gave me during the sym­ posium. My thanks, also, to Judith Sofranko and Lynn Luckett for their very responsible efforts in the preparation of the manuscript. Finally, I would like to thank Professor James Cornman for his invaluable advice and encouragement.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3390-9
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  • 6
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    Essays in Honor of Carl G. Hempel : A Tribute on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday (1969)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401714662
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 274 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 24
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 24
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Reminiscences of Peter -- Natural Kinds -- Inductive Independence and the Paradoxes of Confirmation -- Partial Entailment as a Basis for Inductive Logic -- Are There Non-Deductive Logics? -- Statistical Explanation vs. Statistical Inference -- Newcomb’s Problem and Two Principles of Choice -- The Meaning of Time -- Lawfulness as Mind-Dependent -- Events and Their Descriptions: Some Considerations -- The Individuation of Events -- On Properties -- A Method for Avoiding the Curry Paradox -- Publications (1934–1969) by Carl G. Hempel -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The eminent philosopher of science Carl G. Hempel, Stuart Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University and a Past President of the American Philosophical Association, has had a long and distinguished academic career in the course of which he has been professorial mentor to some of America's most distinguished philosophers. This volume gathers together twelve original papers by Hempel's students and associates into a volume intended to do homage to Hempel on the occasion of his 65th year in 1970. The papers are grouped around the unifying topic of Hempel's own interests in logic and philosophy of science, the great majority dealing with issues on inductive logic and the theory of scientific explanatio- problems to which Hempel has devoted the bulk of his outstandingly fruitful efforts. With the approach of 'Peter' Hempel's 65th birthday, an editorial committee sprang into being by an uncannily spontaneous process to prepare to commemorate this event with an appropriate Festschrift. The editors were pleased to receive unfailingly prompt and efficient coopera­ tion on the part of all contributors. The responsibility of seeing the work through the press was assumed by Nicholas Rescher. The editors are grateful to all concerned for their collaboration. ALAN ROSS ANDERSON PAUL BENACERRAF ADOLF GRUNBAUM GERALD J. MASSEY NICHOLAS RESCHER RICHARD S. RUDNER TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE V PAUL OPPENHEIM: Reminiscences of Peter 1 w. v. QUINE: Natural Kinds 5 JAAKKO HINTIKKA: Inductive Independence and the Paradoxes of Confirmation 24 WESLEY c.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1466-2
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  • 7
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    The Logic of Abelard (1969)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401033848
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 1
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 1
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; History
    Abstract: I. What Abelard Means by Logic -- II. The Problem of Meaning -- III. The Meaning of Universal Nouns -- IV. The Meaning of the Proposition -- V. The ‘Argumentatio’ -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3384-8
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  • 8
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    Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science : Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science 1966/1968 (1969)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401033817
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (496p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 5
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Reply to Hilary Putnam’s ‘An Examination of Grünbaum’s Philosophy of Geometry’ -- Causality Requirements and the Theory of Relativity -- Comments on ‘Causality Requirements and the Theory of Relativity’ -- Matter, Space and Logic -- Is Logic Empirical? -- On the Philosophical Significance of the Correspondence Argument -- On Distinguishing Types of Measurement -- Hypotheses in Newton’s Philosophy -- The Role of Models in Theoretical Physics -- The Problem of Truth -- Symmetry in Physics -- Verification or Proof — An Undecided Issue? -- Ernst Mach’s Biological Theory of Knowledge -- Theories and Hypotheses in Biology: Theoretical Entities and Functional Explanation -- Comments on ‘Theories and Hypotheses in Biology’ -- Comments: Theoretical Entities Versus Theories -- The Unity of Physics -- Supplementary Comments to Weizsäcker’s Paper.
    Abstract: In this fifth volume of Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, we have gathered papers about the logic and methods of the natural sciences. Along with the individual pieces, there are several which have originated as commentaries but are now supplementary contributions: those by Stachel and Putnam. Grlinbaum's long essay developed from a paper first suggested for our Colloquium some years ago, and we are glad of the occasion to publish it here. Several of the papers were not first presented to our Colloquium but they are the work of friends and scholars who have contributed to our discussions along similar lines. We are grateful to them for allowing us to publish their papers: L Bernard Cohen, Hilary Putnam, Mihailo Markovic. And we are also grateful to C. F. von Weizsacker for his paper, recently presented to the Boston philosophical and scientific community as a lecture at M. LT. With these few exceptions, the fifth volume presents work which was partially supported by a grant from the U. S. National Science Foundation to Boston University. Such support will conclude with the fourth volume of philosophical studies of psychology, the social sciences, history, and the inter-relationships of the sciences with ethics and metaphysics. Unimportant circumstances made it necessary to publish that fourth volume after this fifth volume, and perhaps this will mildly suggest that neither science nor the philosophy of science needs to be constrained by orthodoxy of procedure.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3381-7
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  • 9
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    Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science 1966/1968 (1969)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401033787
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (556p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 4
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Work and Influence of Wernicke -- The Symptom Complex of Aphasia: A Psychological Study on an Anatomical Basis -- Anatomy and the Higher Functions of the Brain -- What is Perception? -- Knowledge, Language and Rationality. Statement of the Problem -- Comments: Language and Knowledge, by Stephen Toulmin -- A Parallelism Between Wittgensteinian and Aristotelian Ontologies -- Wolniewicz on Wittgenstein and Aristotle -- The Computer as Gadfly -- The Subject of Cultural Creation -- Dialectical Materialism and the Philosophy of Praxis -- Theory in History -- Understanding and Participant Observation in Cultural and Social Anthropology -- Comments: Theory and Practice of Participant-Observation, by Judith B. Agassi -- Comments: Participant-Observation and the Collection of Data, by Sidney W. Mintz -- Patterns of Use of Science in Ethics -- Comments by Ruth Anna Putnam -- Comments on Abraham Edel’s ‘Patterns of Use of Science in Ethics’, by John Ladd -- On Empirical Knowledge -- Comments on ‘On Empirical Knowledge’, by John Compton -- Causal Connection -- Some Comments to ‘Causal Connection’, by M. M. Schuster -- Causality and the Notion of Necessity -- Unity and Diversity in Science -- On Methods of Refutation in Metaphysics.
    Abstract: The fourth volume of Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science consists mainly of papers which were contributed to our Colloquium during the past few years. The volume represents a wide range of interests in contem­ porary philosophy of science: issues in the philosophy of mind and of language, the neurophysiology of perceptual and linguistic behavior, philosophy of history and of the social sciences, and studies in the fun­ damental categories and methods of philosophy and the inter-relation­ ships of the sciences with ethics and metaphysics. Papers on the logic and methods of the natural sciences, including biological, physical and mathematical topics appear in the fifth volume of our series. We have included in the present volume the first English translation of the classic and fundamental work on aphasia by Carl Wernicke, together with a lucid and appreciative guide to his work by Dr. Norman Geschwind. The papers were not written to form a coherent volume, nor have they been edited with such a purpose. They represent current work-in­ progress, both in the United States and in Europe. Although most of the authors are philosophers, it is worth noting that we have essays of philosophical significance here written by a sociologist, an anthropologist, a political scientist, and by three neurophysiologists. We hope that collaboration among working scientists and working philosophers may develop further.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3378-7
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  • 10
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    Problems of the Logic of Scientific Knowledge (1969)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401033930
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (441p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 25
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 25
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Logic of Scientific Knowledge -- Levels of Knowledge and Stages in the Process of Knowledge -- I. Differences Between the Problems, ‘Sensation-Thought’ and ‘Empirical-Theoretical’ -- II. Basis of the Division of the Sentences of the Language of Science into Levels -- III. The Semantic System: Admissible Objects of Thought and Modes of Expression -- IV. Empirical and Theoretical Objects of Science -- V. Sentences Which Express Facts and Sentences Which Formulate Laws -- VI. Stages in the Process of Knowledge -- VII. Types of Explanation of Empirical Connections -- VIII. Stages in the Process of Knowledge, II -- Problems of the Logical-Methodological Analysis of Relations Between the Theoretical and Empirical Planes of Scientific Knowledge -- I. The Traditional Inductivist Approach to the Problem of the Relations Between Theoretical and Empirical Knowledge and its Limitations -- II. Critique of the Neopositivist Approach to the Analysis of the Relations Between the Theoretical and Empirical Levels of Scientific Knowledge -- III. Contemporary Logic of Science on the Relations Between Theoretical and Empirical Knowledge: The Connection of the Theoretical and Empirical Levels of Knowledge in the Structure of Hypothetical-Deductive Theory -- IV. Contemporary Logic of Science on the Relations Between Empirical and Theoretical Knowledge: The Problem of the Establishment of Logical Correspondence Between Theoretical and Empirical Knowledge -- Logical and Physical Implication -- The Deductive Method as a Problem of the Logic of Science -- I. Introduction -- II. Deduction and Deductive Inference -- III. Deductive System and Deductive Theory -- IV. Types of Deductive Systems -- V. Problems of the Logical-Epistemological Analysis of the Deductive Sphere of Knowledge -- Probability Logic and its Role in Scientific Research -- I. Introduction -- II. Systems of Probability Logic -- III. Probability Logic and Statistical Inference -- IV. Probability Logic and the Problem of the Selection of Hypotheses -- V. Probability Logic and the Problem of Confirmation of Hypotheses -- The Basic Forms and Rules of Inference by Analogy -- I. The General Schema of Inferences by Analogy -- II. Traditional Analogy -- III. Causal and Substantial Analogy -- IV. Analogy of Consequence -- IV. Analogy of Correlation -- VI. Functional-Structural and Structural-Functional Analogy -- On the Types of Definition and Their Importance for Science -- I. Preliminary Remarks -- II. Types of Definition -- III. The Problem of Definitions in Formal Systems -- IV. On the Importance of Definitions in Science -- Idealization as a Method of Scientific Knowledge -- I. The Abstraction of Identity -- II. Idealization -- III. Some Methodological Considerations -- The Statistical Interpretation of Fact and the Role of Statistical Methods in the Structure of Empirical Knowledge -- I. The Nature of Empirical Knowledge and the Principle of Verification -- II. The Statistical Nature of the Object and the Structure of the Construction of Empirical Knowledge -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3393-0
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  • 11
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    Studies in the Methodology and Foundations of Science : Selected Papers from 1951 to 1969 (1969)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401731737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 475 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 22
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 22
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Methodology: Models and Measurement -- 1. A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences (1960) -- 2. Models of Data (1962) -- 3. A Set of Independent Axioms for Extensive Quantities (1951) -- 4. Foundational Aspects of Theories of Measurement (1958) -- 5. Measurement, Empirical Meaningfulness, and Three-Valued Logic (1959) -- II: Methodology: Probability and Utility -- 6. The Role of Subjective Probability and Utility in Decision-Making (1956) -- 7. The Philosophical Relevance of Decision Theory (1961) -- 8. An Axiomatization of Utility Based on the Notion of Utility Differences (1955) -- 9. Behavioristic Foundations of Utility (1961) -- 10. Some Formal Models of Grading Principles (1966) -- 11. Probabilistic Inference and the Concept of Total Evidence (1966) -- III: Foundations of Physics -- 12. Axioms for Relativistic Kinematics with or without Parity (1959) -- 13. Probability Concepts in Quantum Mechanics (1961) -- 14. The Role of Probability in Quantum Mechanics (1963) -- 15. The Probabilistic Argument for a Nonclassical Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1966) -- IV: Foundations of Psychology -- 16. Stimulus-Sampling Theory for a Continuum of Responses (1960) -- 17. On an Example of Unpredictability in Human Behavior (1964) -- 18. Behaviorism (1965) -- 19. On the Behavioral Foundations of Mathematical Concepts (1965) -- 20. Towards a Behavioral Foundation of Mathematical Proofs (1965) -- 21. The Psychological Foundations of Mathematics (1967) -- 22. On the Theory of Cognitive Processes (1966) -- 23. Stimulus-Response Theory of Finite Automata (1969) -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The twenty-three papers collected in tbis volume represent an important part of my published work up to the date of this volume. I have not arranged the paper chronologically, but under four main headings. Part I contains five papers on methodology concerned with models and measurement in the sciences. This part also contains the first paper I published, 'A Set of Independent Axioms for Extensive Quantities', in Portugaliae Mathematica in 1951. Part 11 also is concerned with methodology and ineludes six papers on probability and utility. It is not always easy to separate papers on probability and utility from papers on measurement, because of the elose connection between the two subjects, but Artieles 6 and 8, even though they have elose relations to measurement, seem more properly to belong in Part 11, because they are concerned with substantive questions about probability and utility. The last two parts are concerned with the foundations of physics and the foundations of psychology. I have used the term foundations rather than philosophy, because the papers are mainly concerned with specific axiomatic formulations for particular parts of physics or of psychology, and it seems to me that the termfoundations more appropriately describes such constructive axiomatic ventures. Part 111 contains four papers on the foundations of physics. The first paper deals with foundations of special relativity and the last three with the role ofprobability in quantum mechanics.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3173-7
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  • 12
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    Formal and Transcendental Logic (1969)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401749008
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 340 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Preparatory Considerations -- I / The Structures and the Sphere of Objective Formal Logic -- 1. Formal logic as apophantic analytics -- 2. Formal apophantics, formal mathematics -- 3. Theory of deductive systems and theory of multiplicities -- 4. Focusing on objects and focusing on judgments -- 5. Apophantics, as theory of sense, and truthlogic -- II / From Formal to Transcendental Logic -- 1. Psychologism and the laying of a transcendental foundation for logic -- 2. Initial questions of transcendental-logic: problems concerning fundamental concepts -- 3. The idealizing presuppositions of logic and the constitutive criticism of them -- 4. Evidential criticism of logical principles carried back to evidential criticism of experience -- 5. The subjective grounding of logic as a problem belonging to transcendental philosophy -- 6. Transcendental phenomenology and intentional psychology. The problem of transcendental psychologism -- 7. Objective logic and the phenomenology of reason -- Conclusion -- Appendix I / Syntactical Forms and Syntactical Stuffs; Core-Forms and Core-Stuffs -- § 1. The articulation of predicative judgments -- § 2. Relatedness to subject-matter in judgments -- § 3. Pure forms and pure stuffs -- § 4. Lower and higher forms. Their sense-relation to one another -- § 5. The self-contained functional unity of the self-sufficient apophansis. Division of the combination-forms of wholes into copulatives and conjunctions -- § 6. Transition to the broadest categorial sphere -- a. Universality of the combination-forms that we have distinguished -- b. The distinctions connected with articulation can be made throughout the entire categorial sphere -- c. The amplified concept of the categorial proposition contrasted with the concept of the proposition in the old apophantic analytics -- § 7. Syntactical forms, syntactical stuffs, syntaxes -- § 8. Syntagma and member. Self-sufficient judgments, and likewise judgments in the amplified sense, as syntagmas -- § 9. The “judgment-content” as the syntactical stuff of the judgment qua syntagma -- § 10. Levels of syntactical forming -- § 11. Non-syntactical forms and stuffs — exhibited within the pure syntactical stuffs -- § 12. The core-formation, with core-stuff and core-form -- § 13. Pre-eminence of the substantival category. Substantivation -- § 14. Transition to complications -- § 15. The concept of the “term” in traditional formal logic -- Appendix II / The Phenomenological Constitution of the Judgment. Originally Active Judging and Its Secondary Modifications -- § 1. Active judging, as generating objects themselves, contrasted with its secondary modifications -- § 2. From the general theory of intentionality -- a. Original consciousness and intentional modification. Static intentional explication. Explication of the “meaning” and of the meant “itself.” The multiplicity of possible modes of consciousness of the Same -- b. Intentional explication of genesis. The genetic, as well as static, originality of the experiencing manners of givenness. The “primal instituting” of “apperception” with respect to every object-category -- c. The time-form of intentional genesis and the constitution of that form. Retentional modification Sedimentation in the inconspicuous substratum (unconsciousness) -- § 3. Non-original manners of givenness of the judgment -- a. The retentional form as the intrinsically first form of “secondary sensuousness”. The livingly changing constitution of a many-membered judgment -- b. Passive recollection and its constitutional effect for the judgment as an abiding unity -- c. The emergence of something that comes to mind apperceptionally is analogous to something coming to mind after the fashion of passive recollection -- § 4. The essential possibilities of activating passive manners of givenness -- § 5. The fundamental types of originally generative judging and of any judging whatever -- § 6. Indistinct verbal judging and its function -- § 7. The superiority of retentional and recollectional to apperceptional confusion; secondary evidence in confusion -- Appendix III / The Idea of a “Logic of Mere Non-Contradiction” or a “Logic of Mere Consequence” -- § 1. The goal of formal non-contradiction and of formal consequence. Broader and narrower framing of these concepts -- § 2. Relation of the systematic and radical building of a pure analytics, back to the theory of syntaxes -- § 3. The characterization of analytic judgments as merely “elucidative of knowledge” and as “tautologies” -- § 4. Remarks on “tautology” in the logistical sense, with reference to §§ 14–18 of the main text. (By Oskar Becker.).
    Abstract: called in question, then naturally no fact, science, could be presupposed. Thus Plato was set on the path to the pure idea. Not gathered from the de facto sciences but formative of pure norms, his dialectic of pure ideas-as we say, his logic or his theory of science - was called on to make genuine 1 science possible now for the first time, to guide its practice. And precisely in fulfilling this vocation the Platonic dialectic actually helped create sciences in the pregnant sense, sciences that were consciously sustained by the idea of logical science and sought to actualize it so far as possible. Such were the strict mathematics and natural science whose further developments at higher stages are our modem sciences. But the original relationship between logic and science has undergone a remarkable reversal in modem times. The sciences made themselves independent. Without being able to satisfy completely the spirit of critical self-justification, they fashioned extremely differentiated methods, whose fruitfulness, it is true, was practically certain, but whose productivity was not clarified by ultimate insight. They fashioned these methods, not indeed with the everyday man's naivete, but still with a na!ivete of a higher level, which abandoned the appeal to the pure idea, the justifying of method by pure principles, according to ultimate a priori possibilities and necessities.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-4900-8
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  • 13
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    Briefe an Roman Ingarden : Mit Erläuterungen und Erinnerungen an Husserl (1968)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401034340
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Kuhn, Helmut [Rezension von: Husserl, Edmund, Briefe an Roman Ingarden. Mit Erläuterungen und Erinnerungen an Husserl...] 1972
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous Le Patronage des Centres d’Archives-Husserl 25
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Inhaltsangabe -- Edmund Husserls Briefe an Roman Ingarden -- I. Schreiben vom Oktober 1915 -- II. Brief an Hofrat Roman Ingarden (Vater von Professor Roman Ingarden) vom 2. Februar 1917 -- III. Brief vom 13. Februar 1917 -- IV. Brief vom 20. Juni 1917 -- V. Brief vom 8. Juli 1917 -- VI. Brief vom 5. April 1918 -- VII. Brief vom 27. April 1918 -- VIII. Brief vom 16. November 1919 -- IX. Brief vom 12. März 1920 -- X. Brief vom 18. Juli 1920 -- XI. Brief vom 20. August 1920 -- XII. Brief vom 12. Dezember 1920 -- XIII. Brief vom 30. Dezember 1920 -- XIV. Brief vom 28. März 1921 -- XV. Brief vom 20. Juni 1921 -- XVI. Brief vom 6. August 1921 -- XVII. Brief vom 25. November 1921 -- XVIII. Brief vom 14. Dezember 1922 -- XIX. Brief vom 31. August 1923 -- XX. Brief vom 25. Februar 1924 -- XXI. Brief vom 16. Juni 1924 -- XXII. Brief vom 27. September 1924 -- XXIII. Brief vom 9. Dezember 1924 -- XXIV. Brief gegen Weihnachten 1924 -- XXV. Brief vom 27. Juni 1925 -- XXVI. Brief vom 10. Dezember 1925 -- XXVII. Brief vom 16. April 1926 -- XXVIII. Brief vom 9. April 1927 -- XXIX. Brief vom 29. Juni 1927 -- XXX. Brief vom 19. September 1927 -- XXXI. Brief vom 26. Dezember 1927 -- XXXII. Brief vom 23. Februar 1928 -- XXXIII. Brief vom 6. Mai 1928 -- XXXIV. Brief vom 13. Juli 1928 -- XXXV. Brief vom 18. Oktober 1928 -- XXXVI. Brief vom 23. Dezember 1928 -- XXXVII. Brief vom 31. Dezember 1928 -- XXXVIII. Brief vom 9. Januar 1928 -- XXXIX. Brief vom 16. März 1929 -- XL. Brief vom 24. März 1929 -- XLI. Brief vom 26. Mai 1929 -- XLII. Brief vom 2. Dezember 1929 -- XLIII. Brief vom 2. Dezember 1929 -- XLIV. Brief vom 19. März 1930 -- XLV. Brief vom 19. November 1930 -- XLVI. Brief vom 21. Dezember 1930 -- XL VII. Brief vom 31. Dezember 1930 -- XLVIII. Brief vom 5. Februar 1931 -- XLIX. Brief vom 16. Februar 1931 -- L. Brief vom 19. April 1931 -- LI. Brief vom 15. Mai 1931 -- LII. Brief vom 21. Mai 1931 -- LIII. Brief vom 8. Juli 1931 -- LIV. Brief vom 31. August 1931 -- LV. Brief vom 13. November 1931 -- LVI. Brief vom 25. November 1931 -- LVII. Brief vom 17. Dezember 1931 -- LVIII. Brief vom 10. Februar 1932 -- LIX. Brief vom 7. April 1932 -- LX. Brief vom 11. Juni 1932 -- LXI. Brief vom 19. August 1932 -- LXII. Brief vom 16. Oktober 1932 -- LXIII. Brief vom 21. Oktober 1932 -- LXIV. Brief vom 11. Oktober 1933 -- LXV. Brief vom 2. November 1933 -- LXVI. Brief vom 20. November 1933 -- LXVII. Brief vom 23. November 1933 -- LXVIII. Brief vom 13. Dezember 1933 -- LXIX. Brief vom 13. April 1934 -- LXX. Brief vom 31. Juli 1934 -- LXXI. Brief vom 25. August 1934 -- LXXII. Brief vom 7. Oktober 1934 -- LXXIII. Brief vom 26. November 1934 -- LXXIV. Brief vom 21. Dezember 1934 -- LXXV. Brief vom 15. März 1935 -- LXX VI. Brief vom 13. Mai 1935 -- LXXVII. Brief vom 10. Juli 1935 -- LXXVIII. Brief vom 23. Oktober 1935 -- LXXIX. Brief vom 14. Januar 1936 -- LXXX. Brief vom 16. Mai 1936 -- LXXXI. Brief vom 2. Februar 1936 -- LXXXII. Brief vom 15. Februar 1936 -- LXXXIII. Brief vom 31. Dezember 1936 -- LXXXIV. Brief vom 15. April 1937 -- LXXXV. Brief vom 23. Juli 1937 -- LXXXVI. Brief vom 24. Februar 1938 -- LXXXVII. Brief vom 20. März 1938 -- LXXXVIII. Brief vom 21. April 1938 -- LXXXIX. Todesanzeige vom 27. April 1938 -- Roman Ingarden -- Meine Erinnerungen an Edmund Husserl -- Erläuterungen zu den Briefen Husserls.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3434-0
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  • 14
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    Induction, Probability, and Causation (1968)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401718684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 296 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 15
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Science—Philosophy. ; Probabilities.
    Abstract: The Relation between Induction and Probability I–II -- A Treatise on Probability -- Logic, Part II (abridged) -- Mr. Johnson on the Logical Foundations of Science I–II (abridged) -- The Principles of Problematic Induction (with an Addendum) -- The Principles of Demonstrative Induction -- Mechanical and Teleological Causation -- Wahrscheinlichkeit, Statistik, und Wahrheit -- Probability and Induction -- Broad on Induction and Probability -- Replies to my Critics.
    Abstract: In his essay on 'Broad on Induction and Probability' (first published in 1959, reprinted in this volume), Professor G. H. von Wright writes: "If Broad's writings on induction have remained less known than some of his other contributions to philosophy . . . , one reason for this is that Broad never has published a book on the subject. It is very much to be hoped that, for the benefit of future students, Broad's chief papers on induction and probability will be collected in a single volume . . . . " The present volume attempts to perform this service to future students of induction and probability. The suggestion of publishing a volume of this kind in Synthese Library was first made by Professor Donald Davidson, one of the editors of the Library, and was partly prompted by Professor von Wright's statement. In carrying out this suggestion, the editors of Synthese Library have had the generous support of Professor Broad who has among other things supplied a new Addendum to 'The Principles of Problematic Induction' and corrected a number of misprints found in the first printings of this paper. The editors gratefully acknow­ ledge Professor Broad's help and encouragement. A bibliography of Professor Broad's writings (up to 1959) has been compiled by Dr. C. Lewy and has appeared in P. A. Schilpp, editor, The Philosophy of C. D. Broad (The Library of Living Philosophers), pp. 833-852.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1868-4
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  • 15
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    Epistemology I (1968)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401034418
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Knowing in the Strong Sense -- Sophistic Measures -- Eros and Knowledge -- Absent Objects -- The Difference Between the Psychology and the Epistemology of Perception -- Inferential Meaning in Philosophic Questions -- Conceptual Models in Knowledge -- The Analytic, the Synthetic, and C. I. Lewis.
    Abstract: Due to the unprecedented interest which the announcement of the topic of epistemology evoked from contributors, two annual volumes will be devoted to it. This volume accordingly is entitled Epistemology I, and the next volume will be entitled Epistemology II. The Editor KNOWING IN THE STRONG SENSE PETER M. BURKHOLDER Professor Norman Malcolm has defended what he calls "the strong sense" of "know." 1 It is one of the propositional senses; i.e. what is said to be known, in this sense, is an item of information rather than a person, a poem, a physical object, or a skill. According to· Malcolm, this sense of "know" is important and useful.' Philosophers have had it "in mind when they have spoken of 'perfect,' 'metaphysical,' or 'strict' cer­ tainty" (Ke, 70). Moreover, laymen use it when they profess to know such obvious truths as "2 + 2 = 4" or "This is an ink-bottle" (said while peering at and poking an ink-bottle). Nevertheless, in spite of his opinion that it is important, Malcolm has not given a detailed analysis of the strong sense of "know." Thus we may be justified in studying it, first to determine exactly what it is, and then to evaluate it. I do not, of course, wish to suggest that Malcolm necessarily WQuid accept my account of the strong sense as an accurate expli­ cation of his opinions. However, in its descriptive aspects my analysis seems compatible with his written statements.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3441-8
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  • 16
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    Aristotle’s Theory of the Syllogism : A Logico-Philological Study of Book A of the Prior Analytics (1968)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401707879
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 215 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 16
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Abstract: I. What is an Aristotelian Syllogism? -- II. Logical Necessity -- III. Perfection -- IV. The Figures -- V. Reduction and Deduction -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Aristotle and syllogisms from false premisses -- Indices.
    Abstract: The present book is the English version of a monograph 'Die aristotelische Syllogistik', which first appeared ten years ago in the series of Abhand­ 1 lungen edited by the Academy of Sciences in Gottingen. In the preface to the English edition, I would first like to express my indebtedness to Mr. J. Barnes, now fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. He not only translated what must have been a difficult text with exemplary precision and ingenuity, but followed critically every argument and check­ ed every reference. While translating it, he has improved the book. Of those changes which I have made on Mr. Barnes' suggestion I note only the more important ones on pages 4, 12, 24sq, 32, 39, 6lsq, and 158. Since the second edition of the German text appeared in 1963 some further reviews have been published, or come to my notice, which I have 2 been able to make use of in improving the text of this new edition. I must mention here especially the detailed critical discussions of my results and arguments published by Professor W. Wieland in the Philosophische Rundschau 14 (1966), 1-27 and by Professor E. Scheibe in Gnomon 39 (1967), 454-64. Both scholars, while agreeing with the main drift and method of my interpretation, criticise some of my results and disagree with some of my arguments. It would not be possible to discuss these technical matters here with the necessary thoroughness.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0787-9
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  • 17
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    Topics in Philosophical Logic (1968)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401735469
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 347 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behaviorial Sciences 17
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: I / Recent Developments in Philosophical Logic -- II / Self-Referential Statements -- III / Modal Renderings of Intuitionistic Propositional Logic -- IV / A Contribution to Modal Logic -- V / Epistemic Modality: The Problem of a Logical Theory of Belief Statements -- VI / Many-Valued Logic -- VII / Venn Diagrams for Plurative Syllogisms -- VIII / Can There Be Random Individuals? -- IX / The Logic of Existence -- X / Nonstandard Quantificational Logic -- XI / Probability Logic -- XII / Chronological Logic -- XIII / Topological Logic -- XIV / Assertion Logic -- XV / The Logic of Preference -- XVI / Deontic Logic -- XVII / Discourse on a Method -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of the book is to introduce the reader to some new areas oflogic which have yet to find their way into the bulk of modern logic books written from the more orthodox direction of the mainstream of develop­ ments. Such a work seems to me much needed, both because of the in­ trinsic value and increasing prominence of the nonstandard sector of logic, and because this particular sector is of the greatest interest from the standpoint of philosophical implications and applications. This book unites a series of studies in philosophical logic, drawing for the most part on material which I have contributed to the journal liter­ ature of the subject over the past ten years. Despite the fact that some of these essays have been published in various journals at different times, they possess a high degree of thematic and methodological unity. All of these studies deal with material of substantial current interest in philo­ sophical logic and embody a fusion of the modern techniques of logical and linguistic-philosophical analysis for the exploration of areas of logic that are of substantial philosophical relevance.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3546-9
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  • 18
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    Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science 1964/1966 : In Memory of Norwood Russell Hanson (1967)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401035088
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XLIX, 489 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 3
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Early Modern Revolution in Science and Philosophy -- Taxonomy and Information -- On the Elementarity of Measurement in General Relativity: toward a General Theory -- Symposium on Innate Ideas -- Recent Contributions to the Theory of Innate Ideas -- The ‘Innateness Hypothesis’ and Explanatory Models in Linguistics -- The Epistemological Argument -- Natural Kinds -- Metaphysics as Heuristic for Science -- Comments -- Rationalism and the Physical World -- On the Foundations of Probability Theory -- Comments -- Elementarity and Reality in Particle Physics (with an exchange of letters between E. K. Gora and W. Heisenberg) -- Comments -- Semantic Sources of the Concept of Law -- Science in Flux: Footnotes to Popper -- Comments -- Conceptual Revolutions in Science -- Comments -- The Center of the World -- Comments: Analytic Premises and Existential Conclusions -- On the Improvement of the Sciences and Arts, and the possible Identity of the Two -- Comments: Acute Proliferitis -- Comments -- Comments: Illustration vs. Experimental Test -- Logic as Calculus and Logic as Language -- Three Studies in the Philosophy of Space and Time -- What I Don’t Believe.
    Abstract: This third volume of Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science contains papers which are based upon Colloquia from 1964 to 1966. In most cases, they have been substantially modified subsequent to presentation and discussion. Once again we publish work which goes beyond technical analysis of scientific theories and explanations in order to include philo­ sophical reflections upon the history of science and also upon the still problematic interactions between metaphysics and science. The philo­ sophical history of scientific ideas has increasingly been recognized as part of the philosophy of science, and likewise the cultural context of the genesis of such ideas. There is no school or attitude to be taken as de­ fining the scope or criteria of our Colloquium, and so we seek to under­ stand both analytic and historical aspects of science. This volume, as the previous two, constitutes a substantial part of our final report to the U. S. National Science Foundation, which has continued its support of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science by a grant to Boston University. That report will be concluded by a subse­ quent volume of these Studies. It is a pleasure to record our thanks to the Foundation for its confidence and funds. We dedicate this book to the memory of Norwood Russell Hanson. During this academic year of 1966-67, this beloved and distinguished American philosopher participated in our Colloquium, and he did so before.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3508-8
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  • 19
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    Studies on Gottlob Frege and Traditional Philosophy (1967)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401731751
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 291 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Ancient. ; Logic. ; Machine theory.
    Abstract: 0. Introduction -- 1. Ontology -- 2. Semantics -- 3. The So-Called Logical Relations -- 4. The Traditional Lack of Distinction Between UF and UO -- 5. Merkmal-Eigenschaft -- 6 Function -- 7. The Idea of levels (‘Stufen’) in the Philosophical Tradition -- 8. Wertverlauf -- 9. Existence -- 10. Number -- 11. The Main Results of the Present Investigation -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3175-1
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  • 20
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    Philosophical Logic (1967)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401034975
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Logic of our Language -- Petitio in the Strife of Systems -- Observations on the Uses of Order -- Cultural Relativity and the Logic of Philosophy -- A Material Theory of Reference -- On Letting -- On the Illogic of the Mental -- On the Uses and Interpretation of Logical Symbols -- Notes on a Past Logic of Time -- The Problem of Judgment in Husserl’s Later Thought -- Philosophical Logic and Psychological Satisfaction.
    Abstract: With this issue we initiate the policy of expanding the scope of Tulane Studies in Philosophy to include, in addition to the work of members of the department, contributions from philosophers who have earned advanced degrees from Tulane and who are now teaching in other colleges and universities. The Editor THE LOGIC OF OUR LANGUAGE ROBERT L. ARRINGTON Wittgenstein wrote in the Tractatus that "logic is not a body of doctrine, but a mirror-image of the world. " 1 In line with his suggestion that a proposition is a 'picture', Wittgenstein argued that propositions 'show' the logical structure of the real. He was insistent, however, that "the apparent logical form of a proposition need not be its real one. " 2 As a result of this we can misunderstand the structure of fact. Philosophical problems arise just when "the logic of our language is mis­ understood. " 3 It is common knowledge that much of this view of logic was rejected by Wittgenstein himself in the Philosophical Investi­ gations. There we are told that language has no ideal or sublime 4 logic which mirrors the structure of the extra-linguistic world. Consequently, inferences from the structure of language to the structure of that extra-linguistic world are invalid. Reality can be 'cut up' in any of a number of ways by language. Wittgenstein adopted a view of philosophy which would render that discipline a non-explanatory, non-critical study of the multiple ways in which language can be used.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3497-5
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  • 21
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    Ontology and the Logistic Analysis of Language : An Enquiry into the Contemporary Views on Universals (1967)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401035149
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 211 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 13
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Ontology
    Abstract: 0. Introduction -- 0.1 The linguistic and logical interests of contemporary philosophy -- 0.2 Natural and logistic languages -- 0.3 The concern of the present study -- 0.4 Plan of the book -- Appendix I/Brief historical survey of logistic philosophy -- Appendix II/The different traditions of contemporary semiotics -- One / The logistic analysis of language and the relation of representation -- 1. A Philosophical Revolution -- 2. From the Theory of Knowledge to the Logical Analysis of Language -- 3. From the Psychological Concept to the Graphical Sign -- 4. The Relation of Representation -- Two / The relation of representation of predicate signs and contemporary views on universals -- 5. Bertrand Russell -- 6. Ludwig Wittgenstein -- 7. Rudolf Carnap -- 8. Stanislaw Le?niewski -- 9. W. V. Quine and N. Goodman -- 10. The Interpretations of Predicate Signs -- 11. Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: It is the aim of the present study to introduce the reader to the ways of thinking of those contemporary philosophers who apply the tools of symbolic logic to classical philosophical problems. Unlike the "conti­ nental" reader for whom this work was originally written, the English­ speaking reader will be more familiar with most of the philosophers dis­ cussed in this book, and he will in general not be tempted to dismiss them indiscriminately as "positivists" and "nominalists". But the English version of this study may help to redress the balance in another respect. In view of the present emphasis on ordinary language and the wide­ spread tendency to leave the mathematical logicians alone with their technicalities, it seems not without merit to revive the interest in formal ontology and the construction of formal systems. A closer look at the historical account which will be given here, may convince the reader that there are several points in the historical develop­ ment whose consequences have not yet been fully assessed: I mention, e. g. , the shift from the traditional three-level semantics of sense and deno­ tation to the contemporary two-level semantics of representation; the relation of extensional structure and intensional content in the extensional systems of Wittgenstein and Carnap; the confusing changes in labelling the different kinds of analytic and apriori true sentences; etc. Among the philosophically interesting tools of symbolic logic Lesniewski's calculus of names deserves special attention.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3514-9
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  • 22
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    Franz Brentano’s Analysis of Truth (1966)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401035354
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 150 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy, modern ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I. Introduction to Franz Brentano’s Philosophy -- 1. Problems of Interpretation -- 2. General -- II. The Early Position -- 1. About the concept of truth. Early criticism of the correspondence theory -- 2. Arguments for the Existence of entia rationis -- III. The Transition -- 1. Analysis of Linguistic Function -- 2. Arguments against the Existence of entia rationis -- IV. The Transition and Background -- 1. Mental Acts -- 2. Judgements -- 3. An attempt to retain the correspondence theory without entia rationis -- V. Late position (critical part) -- 1. Criticism of the correspondence formula res -- 2. Criticism of the correspondence formula intellectus and adequatio -- VI. Late position (positive part) -- 1. Truth -- 2. Evidence -- VII. Ramifications of the analysis of truth -- 1. Self-evident judgements, ‘a priori’ and ‘a posterioir’ -- 2. The relation between self-evident and demonstrable knowledge -- Concluding Remarks -- Appendices.
    Abstract: Franz Brentano 1 was an important philosopher, but for a long time his importance was under-estimated. At least in the English speaking countries, he came to be remembered best as the initiator of a philoso­ phical position which he in fact abandoned for good and sufficient 2 reasons. His ultimate and most important contributions passed almost unnoticed. Even such a well-informed and well-prepared book as Passmore's IOO Years of Philosophy (Duckworth, I957), is open to the same comment; Passmore concentrated his attention on the early Brentano, because he regarded his influence on the British philo­ sophical scene as being confined to Brentano's early work. Brentano's pupils, e. g. , Husserl, Meinong, Marty and Twardowski, were often influential and, often enough, they departed from the strict common­ sense and advisedly cautious attitude of their great teacher. Thus even on the continent, the public image of Brentano tended to be incomplete (and sometimes distorted), outside the narrower circle of pupils, followers, and people with special interest. This, or very nearly this, was still the case in I955, when my contacts with the followers of Twardowski made me turn towards the study of Brentano. Since then there has been a gratifying revival of interest in his work. His early book on Aristotle was reprinted in German and two of his main positions, Psychologie and Wahrheit und Evidenz, are appearing in English translations. Translations into other languages, e. g.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3535-4
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  • 23
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    The Communist Ideology in Hungary : Handbook for Basic Research (1966)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401035422
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (359p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica, Monographs of the Institute of East-European Studies University of Fribourg / Switzerland 23
    Series Statement: Sovietica 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One/Historical Section -- I. The impact of communist ideology in hungary prior to 1945 -- II. The Evolution of Hungarian Marxism-Leninism Under Communist Rule -- two/Systematic Section -- III. A Review of Current Results -- IV. The Official Projects -- V. Who is who in Hungarian Marxism-Leninism -- VI. The Scientific, Educational and Cultural Institutions -- VII. The Major Marxist-Leninist Periodicals -- Three/Bibliographic Section -- VIII. Introduction -- IX. Bibliography of Books, Monographs, and Dissertations on Problems of Communism in Hungary from 1945 Through 1964 -- X. Bibliography of Studies and Articles on Problems of Communism from 1945 Through 1964.
    Abstract: The immediate purpose of this handbook is to aid further research by stating, in a form providing handy reference, the facts concerning the Communist ideology in Hungary Following a narrative of the vicissitudes of that ideology prior to its power-phase - intended as a general introduction contributing to the proper assessment of the 1945-1965 period, which is the main concern of this book - the essential and relevant facts concerning the events, issues, organizations and opinions which have shaped post-war Hungarian Marxism­ Leninism are set out without indulging in lengthy commentaries and personal value-judgements. (Since even the 1956 revolution is treated thus - perhaps the most important, and certainly the most controversial single event of the above period - I should add that the reader interested in finding a detailed analysis and evaluation of the ideological relevance of that event may refer to my Individualism Collectivism and Political Power, The Hague, 1963, pp. 111-140. ) Despite the specificity of much of the data, sufficient translations of Hungarian titles, names and terms have been provided to render the present book useful for the investigator regardless of whether or not he reads Hungarian. But the fundamental purpose of this volume is to make a modest contribution to East-West understanding. It has arisen from the belief that the lessening of world-tensions is best served by understanding, and understanding is best served by objective information.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3542-2
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  • 24
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    The Quest for the Absolute (1966)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401174916
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston College Studies in Philosophy 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Philosophy. ; Political philosophy.
    Abstract: The Nature of the Human Intellect as it is Expounded in Themistius’ “Paraphrasis in Libros Aristotelis de Anima” -- The Theory of Will in St. John Damascene -- Idea and Concept: a Key to Epistemology -- Divine Providence in St. Thomas Aquinas -- Descartes on Distinction -- Hegel and the Doctrine of Historicity of Vladimir Solovyov -- The Salient Features of the Marxist-Leninist Theory of Knowledge -- A. Metaphysical Critique of Method: Husserl and Merleau-Ponty.
    Abstract: Hegel once said that philosophy is the "world stood on its head" and Karl Marx credited his own philosophic genius with setting the Hegel­ ian world right side up again. But both of these intellectual Atlases of the philosophical sphere that hid before our mind's eye a symbol bears further reflection. Philosophy down the ages has always involved at least two elements, first, the universe of being as its objective pole and second, man gazing into this crystallic sphere as the subjective pole. The "world" of Hegel and Marx and of most philosophers can be interpreted to mean the world we know and live in and about which all philosophers wonder. Thus for the philosopher - whoever he be - the concern of his interest is not limited to any particular segment of reality and no thing is off-limits to the beams of his mental radar. Yet this scope seems to many too vast and proud an enterprise. The philosopher seems to leap upon his horse and ride off in all directions at once. He is the day dreamer who indulges in fantasy and escapes from the world of practical concern and anxiety. On the other hand the reflective person must concede that it is the ideas ofthe philosophers more than the strategems of the generals that have shaped history and destinies.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-7491-6
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  • 25
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    Metaphysics and Belief (1966)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401035408
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics. ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Ethics of Belief -- On Beliefs and Believing -- Substance and Experience -- Panentheism in Neo-Platonism -- Ultimacy and the Philosophical Field of Metaphysics.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3540-8
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  • 26
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    Lebendige Gegenwart : Die Frage nach der Seinsweise des Transzendentalen Ich bei Edmund Husserl, Entwickelt am Leitfaden der Zeitproblematik (1966)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401720595
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 23
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I. Teil: Gegenwärtigung als Statischer und Genetischer Urmodus der Welterfahrung -- A. Einführung in den ersten Problembereich der Untersuchung -- B. Die zunächst aufweisbaren Strukturen der Wahrnehmungsgegenwart -- C. Gegenwärtigung als Urkonstitution der Wahrnehmungswelt -- D. Die Protention -- E. Die Unterscheidung von noematischer und noetischer Zeitigung -- F. Die Konstitution der Allzeitlichkeiten -- II. Teil: Lebendige Gegenwart als Urmodus Ichlicher Lebendigkeit -- A. Einführung in den zweiten Problembezirk der Untersuchung -- B. Die radikalisierte Reduktion -- C. Selbstgegenwärtigung und Selbstkonstitution -- D. Die Rätsel der lebendigen Gegenwart -- E. Die ständige Funktionsgegenwart als allzeitliches nunc stans -- F. Zurückführung der Rätsel der lebendigen Gegenwart auf das eine Rätsel der Einheit von Stehen und Strömen -- III. Teil: Entwurf Eines Rückgangs auf das Anonyme Nunc Stans -- A. Aufgabenstellung -- B. Die Funktionsgegenwart als „absolutes Faktum“ -- C. Die Analogie vom Mitgegenwart und Selbstgegenwart.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2059-5
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  • 27
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    Mathematical Thought : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mathematics (1965)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401722070
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 208 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, A Series of Monographs on the Recent Development of Symbolic Logic, Significs, Sociology of Language, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, Statistics of Language and Related Fields 11
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Criticism of Mathematics as Based on Naive Intuition -- III. The Foundations of Arithmetic -- IV. Symbolic Logic and Its Connections with Traditional Logic -- V. Intuitionism and Formalism -- VI. The Paradoxes -- VII. Significs and Logic -- VIII. Recent Developments -- IX. Concluding Remarks -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Persons.
    Abstract: In contributing a foreword to this book I am complying with a wish my husband expressed a few days before his death. He had completed the manuscript of this work, which may be considered a companion volume to his book Formal Methods. The task of seeing it through the press was undertaken by Mr. J. J. A. Mooij, acting director of the Institute for Research in Foundations and the Philosophy of Science (Instituut voor Grondslagenonderzoek en Filoso:fie der Exacte Wetenschappen) of the University of Amsterdam, with the help of Mrs. E. M. Barth, lecturer at the Institute. I wish to thank Mr. Mooij and Mrs. Barth most cordially for the care with which they have acquitted themselves of this delicate task and for the speed with which they have brought it to completion. I also wish to express my gratitude to Miss L. E. Minning, M. A. , for the helpful advice she has so kindly given to Mr. Mooij and Mrs. Barth during the proof reading. C. P. C. BETH-PASTOOR VII PREFACE A few years ago Mr. Horace S.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2207-0
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  • 28
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    Jalons (1965)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401035750
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 20
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Table des Matieres -- Avant-Propos -- Dieu et l’homme dans la philosophie de Spinoza -- Etude parue dans L’Homme, Métaphysique et Conscience de Soi. Neuchatel, La Baconnière, 1948, pp. 37–92. -- Actualité de Hegel -- Etude parue dans Esprit, septembre 1948, pp. 396–408. -- Heidegger et Kant -- Etude parue dans la Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale, janvier 1949, pp. 1–28. -- La connaissance de Dieu dans la philosophie spinoziste -- Etude parue dans la Revue philosophique, octobre-décembre 1949. pp. 474–485. -- La mentalité primitive et Heidegger -- Etude parue dans Les Etudes philosophiques, juillet-Septembre 1954, pp. 284–306. -- La critique de la raison dialectique -- Etude parue dans Esprit, avril 1961, pp. 675–692. -- Note sur Les aventures de la dialectique -- Article paru dans Combat, 1e 29 septembre 1955. -- Gaston Bachelard et la poésie de l’imagination -- Etude parue dans Les Etudes philosophiques, octobre-décembre 1963. -- Wittgenstein et Husserl -- Conférence prononcée à l’Université Johns Hopkins. -- Maurice Merleau-Ponty -- Etude parue, dans Leu Etudes philosophiques, janvier-mars 1962.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3575-0
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  • 29
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    Formal Logic (1965)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401715829
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 123 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, A Series of Monographs on the Recent Development of Symbolic Logic, Significs, Sociology of Language, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, Statistics of Language and Related Fields 9
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: I Syllogistic -- II Classical Logic of Junctors -- III The Calculi of the Logic of Junctors -- IV Effective Logic of Junctors -- V Logic of Quantors -- VI Logic of Identity -- Table of Logical Signs -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: "Logic", one of the central words in Western intellectual history, compre­ hends in its meaning such diverse things as the Aristotelian syllogistic, the scholastic art of disputation, the transcendental logic of the Kantian critique, the dialectical logic of Hegel, and the mathematical logic of the Principia Mathematica of Whitehead and Russell. The term "Formal Logic", following Kant is generally used to distinguish formal logical reasonings, precisely as formal, from the remaining universal truths based on reason. (Cf. SCHOLZ, 1931). A text-book example of a formal-logical inference which from "Some men are philosophers" and "All philosophers are wise" concludes that "Some men are wise" is called formal, because the validity of this inference depends only on the form ofthe given sentences -in particular it does not depend on the truth or falsity of these sentences. (On the dependence of logic on natural language, English, for example, compare Section 1 and 8). The form of a sentence like "Some men are philosophers", is that which remains preserved when the given predicates, here "men" and "philosophers" are replaced by arbitrary ones. The form itself can thus be represented by replacing the given predicates by variables. Variables are signs devoid of meaning, which may serve merely to indicate the place where meaningful constants (here the predicates) are to be inserted. As variables we shall use - as did Aristotle - letters, say P, Q and R, as variables for predicates.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1582-9
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  • 30
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    The Problem of Truth (1965)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401176408
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History.
    Abstract: Truth and Subjectivity -- Truth as Procedure -- Falsity in Practice -- Truth in Empirical Science -- A Fitting Theory of Truth.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-7640-8
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