Abstract: The Pacification of Ghent in 1576: Hope and Uncertainty in the Netherlands -- Tobacco Growing in Holland in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Case Study on the Innovative Spirit of Dutch Peasants -- The Raison d’état-Politician Johan de Witt -- Dutch Privateering during the Second and Third Anglo- Dutch Wars -- Atlantic Rivalry. The Struggle for the Dutch Tea Market 1813-1850 -- The Negro Slave in Nineteenth-Century Surinam -- The Opposition of the ‘People’s Men’ (1850-1869) -- King Albert and the Peace (1915-1918) -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Abstract: I. The Curaçao Islands. The Inhabitants -- II. Historical Background and Discovery -- III. The Spanish Period -- IV. The Dutch Conquest -- V. Curaçao as War Base -- VI. The Struggle for Survival -- VII. The Last Dutch Stand -- VIII. The End of the Seventeenth Century -- IX. The Eighteenth Century -- X. The English Interregnum -- XI. The Dutch Leeward Islands in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries -- XII. The Wild Coast from pre-Columbian Times to 1621 -- XIII. Dutch Colonizing Efforts on the Wild Coast -- XIV. Surinam under the Chartered Society -- XV. Surinam during the English Interregnum -- XVI. Aspects of Dutch Colonization -- XVII. The Curaçao Islands in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century -- XVIII. The Curaçao Islands Under Paramaribo -- XIX. The Curaçao Islands from 1845 to 1900 -- XX. The Emancipation of the Curaçao Slaves -- XXI. Relations Between Curaçao and Venezuela Toward the End of the Nineteenth Century -- XXII. Oil Comes to the Curaçao Islands -- XXIII. The Curaçao Islands From World War I to World War II -- XXIV. The Dutch Leeward Islands in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- XXV. Surinam in the Nineteenth Century -- XXVI. The Early Twentieth Century in Surinam -- XXVII. Political Developments in the Dutch West Indies in the Twentieth Century -- XXVIII. Economic Development of the Dutch Antilles and Surinam -- XXIX. Society and Culture in the Netherlands West Indies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- General index.

Abstract: To English-speaking historians, the author of this book, a Dutchman who for many years now finds his base at the University of Florida, became well known when his The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast, 158~I680 was published in 1972. At that time Professor Goslinga, who prior to his academic career in the United States, lived for an extended period in Cura~ao, Netherlands Antilles, had already acquired a solid reputation among Dutch Caribbeanists by his manifold publications on social, political and maritime aspects of Dutch West Indian history. By his training, interests and present position, Dr. Goslinga would seem to me to be singularly well-equipped to write a comprehensive history - geared to an English-speaking university public - of what was once known as the Netherlands West Indies. The present book is the product of this professional equipment and of his long teaching experience. It should go a long way in filling the old and wide gap in historical information on this part of the former Dutch empire, and I hope an equally wide but younger audience will appreciate it.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Life and Works of the Ban? M?sà -- 2. The Manuscripts of The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 3. Earlier Information on The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 4. Historical Context of The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 5. Motifs -- 6. Transliteration of Arabic letters -- 7. Presentation and Translation -- 8. Notes to Introduction -- II. The Book of Ingenious Devices -- List of Models -- Translation and Annotations.

Abstract: 1. English Intervention and the Pattern of Revolt -- 2. International Peace and Civil War -- 3. The Queen, the Prince and the Crisis of the Nobility -- 4. The Loss of the South -- 5. The North Preserved -- 6. Relations Transformed -- Conclusion -- Notes -- A Note on Sources.

Abstract: My first thanks must go to the Electors to Ford's Lectureship in English History in the University of Oxford, who honoured me with the invitation to discharge that formidable responsibility in 1969, generously interpreting the statute so as to allow me to deal with a subject which contained nearly as much Netherlands as it did English history. To Hugh Trevor-Roper, Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford, and his fellow­ Electors, I am grateful for much encouragement, guidance and hospitality. The colleagues and pupils upon whom I have from time to time inflicted discussion of problems arising from my subject are far too numerous to be thanked individually. Two must nevertheless be singled out. Vivian Fisher of Jesus College, Cambridge, very kindly read the completed manuscript, and I have benefited by a number of characteristically penetrating comments and suggestions which he made. Geoffrey Parker, Fellow of Christ's College, generously allowed me to make use of his unique knowledge of the Spanish, French and Italian archives to check and supplement my own information. I am deeply grateful to both. Finally, it will be evident that quite apart from my own researches these lectures owe a heavy debt to many scholars, Dutch, Belgian, American and British especially, who have worked in this or related fields of inquiry. I am not less indebted to those from whose interpretations I have ventured to differ than to those with whom I have found myself in agreement.

Abstract: The formation of archdeaconries in the diocese of Utrecht in the second half of the eleventh century and the first quarter of the twelfth -- Antwerp ships in English harbours in the fifteenth century -- Variants within Dutch Calvinism in the sixteenth century -- Flanders in 1576: revolutionary or reactionary? -- William III and the Utrecht ‘Government-Regulation’: background, events and problems -- The introduction of the steam engine to the Netherlands -- Survey of recent historical works on Belgium and the Netherlands.

Abstract: Inleiding / Introduction -- Kempo Thessaliensis, De Gloriosa Virgine Maria, Alkmaar, Johannes Haghen Daventriensis, CA. 1518, [NK 1276-NATI, 6] -- Wandelinghe Der Kersten Menschen Amsterdam, Hugo Jansz Van Woerden, 1506 [Nk 2198-Nat, II 10] -- Het Evangelie Van Mattheus Amsterdam, Doen Pietersz, 1522 [Nk 369-Nat I, 1] -- Alardus Amstelredamus, Ritus Edendi Paschalis Agni Amsterdam, Doen Pietersz, 1523 [Nk 57-Nat IV, 15] -- Statuta Jurisdictionis Kennemarie Amsterdam, Peter Jansz Tyebout, 1527 [Nk 1951-Nat I, I en 2] -- Die Kaert Vander Zee (Met Het Waterrecht Van Wisby) Amsterdam, Jan Seversz Die Croepel, 1532 [Nk 3290 & 4085-Nat 11, 1] -- Den Herbarius in Dietsche Antwerpen, Govaert Bac, 1511 [Nk 1049-Nat I, 4] -- Ludolphus De Saxonia, Dit Es Dleven Ons Liefs Heeren Ihesu Cristi Antwerpen, Henrick Eckert Van Homberch, 1503 [Nk 1407-Nat I, 4 En VIII, 26] -- Der Zielen Troost Antwerpen, Adriaen Van Berghen, 1509 [Nk 2084-Nat II, 2] -- Heynric Herp, Groote Ende Nieuwe Spieghel Der Volcomenheit Antwerpen, Weduwe Roelant Van Den Dorpe, 1501 [Nk 1062-Nat I, 4] -- Cronike Van Brabant Antwerpen, Jan Van Doesborch, 1530 [Nk 654-Nat IX, 27] -- Het Nieuw Testament Antwerpen, Willem Vorsterman, 20 Sept. 1529 [NK 396-NAT V, II] -- Det Ny Testamente Antwerpen, Willem Vorsterman, 1529 [Nk 412-Nat, Impressions Danoises, Ii, 5] -- Die Wonderlijcke Oorloghen Van Maximiliaen Antwerpen, Willem Vorsterman, CA. 1531 [NK 1626-NATt XXXV, 215] -- Ulenspieghel Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten, CA. 1519 [NK 2088-NAT XXIV, 102] -- Joannes Ludovicus Vives, De Concordia & Discordia in Humano Genere Ad Carolum V Caesarem Libri Quattuor Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten, 1529 [NK 2163-NAT XIII, 49] -- De Triumphelicke Ghereeschappen Ende Ordinancie Vander Incomste Der Keyserliker Maiesteyt Carolo V in De Stadt Van Napels… Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten, 1536 [NK 1163-NAT XIX, 85 (= 84)] -- Jason Pratensis, De Tuenda Sanitate Libri Quatuor Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten, 1538 [NK 1753-NAT XII, 45] -- Coustumes & Usaiges De … Vallenchiennes Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten Voor Jehan Pissart, Bergen, 1540 [NK 633-NAT VI, 23] -- Bernardus Lutzenburgensis, Compendium Sermocionatorium in Preconio Dive Anne Genitricis Marie… Antwerpen, Jan Lettersnijder, CA. 1506 [NK 296-NAT II, 6] -- Johannes De Ketham, Fasciculus Medicine Antwerpen, Claes De Grave, 1512 [NK 1223-Nat V, II] -- Maximiliaan I, Houtsneden Antwerpen, Jan De Gheet, 1515 [NK 1505 EN 3509-NAT IV, 4] -- Novum Testamentum Antwerpen, Jan Thibault, 1525 [NK 341-NAT III, 10–13] -- Dat Nieuwe Testament Antwerpen, Jan Van Ghelen, 1525 [NK 383-NAT III, 22] -- Souterliedekens Antwerpen, Symon Cock, 1540 [NK 1918-NAT IX, 34] -- Den Bijbel Antwerpen, Jacob Van Liesvelt, 6 September 1526 [NK 386-NAT IV, 20] -- Anna Bijns, Dit Is Een Schoon Ende Suuverlijc Boecxken Inhoudende Veel Scoone Constige Refereinen… Antwerpen, Jacob Van Liesvelt, 1528 [NK 423-NAT VIII, 44] -- Den Bijbel Antwerpen, Hansken Van Liesvelt, 1538 [NK 409] -- Missale Traiectense Antwerpen, Christoffel Van Ruremund Voor Willem Vorsterman En Govaart Van Der Haghen, 1527 [NK I53O-NAT C.V.R.I.] -- Nieuw Testament Antwerpen, Hans Van Ruremund, 1525 [NK 381-NAT, II, 8 EN III, 19] -- La Saincte Bible En Francoys Translatee Selon La Pure & Entière Traduction De Sainct Hierome…Antwerpen, Marten De Keyser, 1534, [NK 419-NAT XI, 54] -- La Saincte Bible En Francoys Translatee Selon La Pure & Entière Traduction De Sainct Hierome…Antwerpen, Marten De Keyser, 1534 [NK 419-NAT XII, 55] -- Oud En Nieuw Testament, Antwerpen, H. Peetersen Van Middelburg, 1535, [NK 407-NAT VI, 23] -- Gemma Phrysius, De Principiis Astronomiae Et Cosmographiae, Antwerpen, Joannes Grapheus, 1530, [NK 97I-NAT II, 6] -- Johannes Servilius, Lexicon Graeco-Latinum, Antwerpen, J. Grapheus Voor J. Steels, 1540, [NK 1900-NAT II, 6] -- Hans Holbein De Jonge, Historiarum Veteris Instrumenti Icones, Antwerpen, J. Steels, 1540, [NK 1103-NAT SUPP. III, 7, 8, 9] -- Urbanus Regius, Dialogus Van De Prekingile Die Christus Den Twee Discipelen Dede, Tot Emaus Gaende Op Den Paesdach Antwerpen?, Niclaes Van Oldenborch, 1538 [NK I789-NAT I, 2 EN 5] -- Guilielmus De Branteghem, Jesu Christi Vita Antwerpen, Mattheus Crom, 1537 [NK 486-NAT I, 2] -- Eusebius Caesariensis, Die Historie Die Men Heet Ecclesiastica… Antwerpen, Govaert Van Der Haghen, 1534 [Nk 883-Nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, II, 8] -- S. Bonaventura, De Verweckinghe Der Godlijcker Liefden Antwerpen, Goris De Bonte, 1535 [nk 470-nat, derniers imprimeurs, I, 6] -- Gemma Phrysius, Arithmeticae Practicae Methodus Facilis Antwerpen, Gillis Coppens Van Diest, 1540 [Nk 970-Nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, VI, 24] -- Christianus Massaeus, Chronicorum Libri Xx Antwerpen, Joannes Crinitus, 1540 [Nk I500-Nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, VI, 25] -- Cornelius Scribonius Grapheus, Pacis Inter Carolum v et Franciscum i Descriptio Antwerpen, Joannes Coccius, 1540 [NK 1023-nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, VI, 27] -- Evangelia Et Epistolae, Breviusculis Qui B Usd A M Hermanni Torrentini Scholiis illustrata Antwerpen, Anthonis Van Der Haghen, 1540 [NK 897-Nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, VIII, 32–33] -- Rosarium Mysticum Animae Fidelis Antwerpen, Marten De Keyser amp; Willem Vorsterman, 1535 [NK 1807] -- Martin Luther, Die Epistel Van S. Pauwels tot die galaten… Uutgeleyt DooreenengEleerdenende Christelicken Man Antwerpen, Jan Hillen Van Hoochstraten, ca. 1526 [NK 1433-Nat I, 8] -- Cornelis Van Baersdorp, Methodus Universae Artis Medicae Brugge, Hubert De Croock, 1538 [NK 163-Nat IV, 17] -- Magninus Mediolanensis Tregement der Ghesontheyt Brüssel, Thomas Vander Noot, 1514 [NK 1453-Nat II, 4] -- Uit: Tbouck Van Wondre, 1513 Drukkersmerk Van Thomas Vander Noot [NK 433-cf. Nat III, 6] -- Den Spieghel der Behoudenessen Brüssel, Thomas Vander Noot, CA. 1508? [NK 1929-Nat V, 9 -- TSCEP Vol Wonders Brüssel, Thomas Vander Noot, 1514 [NK 1875-Nat 1,2] -- Litterae Confraternitatis AO 1516 Volkerus, Prior B. Marie de Bethleem in Wateringen [NK 4412] -- Johannes Eckiusj Declaracie Teghen Zommighe Articulen der Lutherane N Delft, Cornelis Henricsz Lettersnyder, 1527 [NK 752-Nat VIII, 36] -- Martinus De Gouda, Compendium Latini Ideomatis Den Hem, Regulieren, 1509 [NK 3503-NAT SUPP. IV, 37] -- Historie Van Sinte Anna, Vertaald Door Wouter Bor Deventer, Richard Pafraet, 1509 [NK 1082, Deperditu M—Nat Borne 1, 1] -- Johannes Reuchlin, Sergius Vel Capitis Caput Deventer, Jacob Van Breda, 1509 [NK 1796-Nat I, 10] -- Nocturnus Septimus Psalmorum Daviticorum Deventer, Jacob van Breda, CA. 1215 [NK 1600-Nat I, 3] -- S. Hieronymus, Epistolae de Fructu Laboris et Periculis Ocii Deventer, Theod. de Borne, CA. 1515 [NK 1073-Nat IV, 14] -- Marcus Tullius Cicero, Paradoxorum Libellus Deventer, Theod. de Borne, 1519 [NK 570-Nat I, I] -- Ordinarius Congregationis Wyndesemensis Deventer, Alb. Pafraet, 1521 [Nk 1649-Nat Iv, 16] -- Publius Terentius Afer, Andria Deventer, Alb. Pafraet, 1525 [Nk 1983-Nat Iv, 19] -- Nieuw Testament Deventer, Alb. Pafraet, 1525 [Nk 382-Nat Ix, 45] -- Junius Juvenalis, Satyra Octava Deventer, Wessel Zuseler, 1523 [Nk 1243-Nat I, 2] -- Henricus Bebel, De Romanorum Magistratibus Gent, Pieter De Keysere, 1521 [Nk 260-Nat II, 4] -- Johannes Despauterius, De Figuris Liber Gent, Pieter De Keysere, 1520 [Nk 2761-Nat III, 9] -- Robertus Gropretius, Regimen Sanitatis Gent, Joos Lambrecht, 1538 [Nk 3128-Nat II, 4] -- Breviarium Trajectense Gouda, Collaciebroeders, 1508 [Nk 4 94—Nat VII, 69] -- Q. Horatius Flaccus, Sermonum Libri Duo’S-Hertogenbosch, Laurens Hayen, 1521 [Nk II37-Nat I, 1] -- Regula Et Institutiones Seraphici Ordinis Fratrum Minorum Cum Nonnullis Privilegiis ’S-Hertogenbosch, Laurens Hayen, Ca. 1509–1510 [Nk 3 79 0—N At III, II] -- R. Langius, Carmen In Horas Dominicas’S-Hertogenbosch, Fratres Domus S. Gregorii, 1526 [Nk 1314-Nat I, 1] -- G. Macropedius, Andrisca Fabula Lepidissima ’S-Hertogenbosch, Gerard Van Der Hatart, 1538 [Nk 1444-Nat Ii, 8] -- P. Vergilius Maro, Georgica Cum Argumentis Modestini ’S-Hertogenbosch, Jan Van Turnhout, 1530 [Nk 4049-Nat S Up P. I, 1] -- Sybe Jarichs, Een Corte Cronike Kampen, Jan Evertsz., 1536 [Nk 1196-Nat I, 1] -- Rhenanus Uzichius, In Exceptionem Zutphaniensem Etc. Panegyricus Kampen, Jan Petersz., 1538 [Nk 38Oi-Nat Supp. Ii, 5] -- Cornelius Aurelius, Cronycke Van Hollandt, Zeelandtende Vrieslant Leiden, Jan Severszoon, 1517 [Nk 613] -- Legende Van S. Katherina Vander Seyn Leiden, Jan Severszoon, Voor 1509? [Nk 1338-Nat Xi, 32] Sonderlinghe Deuote Oeffeninghe Der Passien Ons Heren Op Den Pater Noster Ghedeclareert … Leiden, Peter Janszoon, Z.J. [Nk 1618-1619-Nat 1,1] -- Breviarium Traiectense Leiden, Jan Severszoon, 1508 [Nk 493-Nat I, I] -- Almanach Voor Den Iare 1540 … Leiden, Peter Claeszoon Van Balen, 1539 [Nk 2300] -- Plutarchus, Apophthegmata Leuven, Dirk Martens, 1521 [Nk I74I-Nat VIII, 27] -- Adrianus Florentii Epistola Ad Facultatem Theologiae Lovaniensem. Condemnationes Doctrin Ae M. Luthe Ri A T...

Abstract: I Profit and Power -- II Representative Thought and National Policy -- III Economic Relations and the Sources of Tension in the First Half of the Century -- IV War in Embryo -- V The First Dutch War -- VI Prudent Idealism: an Interlude (1654-60) -- VII Foreign Trade and Domestic Politics at the Restoration -- VIII The Colonial Prelude and the Approach of the Second Dutch War -- IX A War of Tradesmen -- X Conclusion -- A List of the Principal Sources Consulted.

Abstract: Historical explanations need to keep step with the march of research if they are not to degenerate into empty cliches. It has long been a commonplace of 17th century history that the Anglo-Dutch Wars were the product of 'commercial rivalry'. This essay, first published twenty years ago, attempted to analyse and redefine this overworked traditional concept so as to explain more precisely how it led to naval wars between the Dutch and the English. Two idees fixes of contemporary English thought seemed especially significant; one was the persistent consciousness of English inferiority and backwardness in economic affairs when compared with the Dutch; the other, compounding this, was the equally persistent conviction that strategically, England seemed well placed to wreck the Dutch maritime economy and bring the Republic to her knees in a naval war. These obsessive beliefs combined naturally with the specific influences and motives of powerful political and commercial lobbies to stoke the fires of aggression. Failing over several decades to make any visible progress by more or less peaceful policies, they turned, first, to economic warfare by means of propaganda and pseudo-legal claims to maritime sovereignty; finally (in 1652) to all-out eco­ nomic and naval warfare.

Abstract: Holland’s Advance -- Poverty in Flanders and Brabant from the Fourteenth to the Mid-Sixteenth Century: Sources and Problems -- Prices and Wages as Development Variables: A Comparison between England and the Southern Netherlands, 1400–1700 -- An Inquiry into the Behaviour of Wages in the Dutch Republic and the Southern Netherlands, 1580–1800 -- Poverty in Amsterdam at the Close of the Eighteenth Century -- Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp in America, 1783–1784 -- Some Remarks on the Cultivation System in Java -- The Mutiny on board De Zeven Provincien: Reaction and Repercussions in the Netherlands -- Dutch Jews in a Segmented Society -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Abstract: I. Point Of Departure -- II. Appeasement Defined -- III. On Motives and Similarities -- IV. Ideological Angst -- V. Portraits of Two Epochs -- VI. The Balance Sheet.

Abstract: It has not been my intention to write a definitive study of appeasement. Such a work would have to include the French variety, Stalin's appeasement of Hitler between 1939 and 1941, or the appeasement of Japan in 1938 and 1939. I chose the British case for a number of reasons. The opportunity of a comparative model was a challenge, British appeasement was well known, and the structure of the British government remained rather the same in the intervening period between Waterloo and Dunkirk. I admit that Amiens and Munich represent the most dramatic episodes in the story of appeasement, but then the British struggles against Bonaparte and Hitler were of epic proportions. It was of course unnecessary "to prove" appeasement at Munich, but very few historians had looked at the treaty of Amiens in this way. Much of my research effort was therefore devoted to examining the published material of the earlier period. While I have used some original Addington documents, this work is not primarily an inquiry into unpublished sources but a rein­ terpretation of well known events that were made public long ago. The flood of publications and revelations of the 1930's continues unabated. I have tried to use the latest studies, especially those that have benefited from the thirty­ year rule. My debts of gratitude extend over a long period since two stints as chairman of the department have delayed this book by at least four years.

Abstract: I. Plato in Antiquity -- 1. Plato’s first successors -- 2. Aristotle and the older Peripatetics -- 3. New schools: Zeno, Epicurus, Pyrrho -- 4. The Academy as the school of uncertainty -- 5. Back to certainty -- 6. In Rome. Cicero -- 7. Contacts with the Old Testament -- 8. Across the boundaries of the schools -- 9. Before Plotinus -- 10. The first contacts with Christianity -- 11. Plotinus and the Neo-Platonists -- 12. The Christian Fathers -- 13. Ancient laudatory and calumnious legends on Plato -- 14. Interpretation, criticism, polemics -- 15. Other responses and effects -- II. Plato in the Middle Ages and in the New Age -- 16. Entry into the Middle Ages in the East -- 17. The West before the Renaissance -- 18. The beginning of the Italian Renaissance -- 19. Plato and Aristotle, contest and temporary reconciliation -- 20. Marsilio Ficino. The Florentin Academy -- 21. The diffusion of Renaissance Platonism -- 22. From Descartes to Kant -- 23. The age of the autocracy of reason -- 24. The new Humanism -- 25. Modern Platonic scholarship -- 26. Plato in modern philosophy -- 27. New translations. From science to literature -- 28. Plastic, graphic and mechanical arts. Music. Education -- 29. Life without end -- Name index -- Picture index.

Abstract: Plato's earthly life ended in the year 347 B. C. At the same time, however, began his posthumous life - a life of great influence and fame leaving its mark on aU eras of the history of European learning -lasting until present times. Plato's philosophy has taken root earlier or later in innumerable souls of others, it has matured and given birth to new ideas whose proliferation further dissemi­ nated the vital force of the original thoughts. It happened sometimes, of course, that by various interpretations different and sometimes altogether contradictory thoughts were deduced from one and the same Platonic doctrine: this possibility is also characteristic of Plato's genius. Even though in the history of Platonism there were times less active and creative, the continuity of its tradition has never been completely interrupted and where there was no growth and progress, at least that what had been once accepted has been kept alive. When enquiring into Plato's influence on the development of learning, we shall above all consider the individual approach of various personalities to Plato's philosophy, personal Platonism, which at its best concerns itself with the literary heritage of Plato and though accessible was not always much sought for.

Abstract: The growing interest in the history of Indonesia has made it desirable to have an English summary of the principal works of the Dutch historian Dr H. J. de Graaf, who in several books and articles published between 1935 and 1973 has given a description of the development of the Javanese kingdom of Mataram, based both on European and in­ digenous material. His works form a substantial contribution to the study of the national history of Indonesia. The Summary contains references to the paragraphs of the Dutch books and articles. This makes it easy for those readers who have a know­ ledge of Dutch to consult the original texts. The List of Sources for the study of Javanese history from 1500 to 1700 is composed of the lists in the summarized books and articles, and the Index of Names refers not only to the present Summary but also to the eight original texts. Many names of persons and localities in the Index have been provided with short explanatory notes and references to other lemmata as a quick way to give some provisional information on Javanese history.

Abstract: Political and Religious Ideas of Netherlanders at the Court in Prague -- The Southern Netherlands and the Foundation of the Dutch East and West India Companies -- The Organization and Effects of Flemish Privateering in the Seventeenth Century -- Social Mobility under the Regents of the Republic -- The Attitude of the Roman Curia to the French Revolution and its Opposite Effects in the Southern and Northern Netherlands -- A Study of Wealth and Income in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- The Role of Small Countries in the International Politics of the 1860s: The Netherlands and Belgium in Europe -- The Position of the Jews during the German Occupation of the Netherlands: Some Observations -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Abstract: In the Survey of Recent Historical Works, which according to custom concludes this IXth volume of the Acta, is a notice of the recent 'Report of the Dutch research, with suggestions for future development'. Such a report could easily be classified as an attempt to bring pressure to bear on financial resources for support of a somewhat neglected branch of scientific effort, indeed as a symptom of the current disease of notatitis. A recent special issue 'Regeren door notas', of the periodical Beleid and Maatschappij, March-April 1976, discusses this severe Dutch epidemic of official note-writing, for any purpose, on any matter, at any time, by any sort of official committee to any sort of official body. But even if such were the only reason for the production of this Report, which indeed it is not, the Report will stand on its own feet, as significant and of consequence. In general, however, this Report makes sad reading. It would seem that Dutch historical research and historiography lags far behind comparable foreign developments. There are said to be immense gaps in knowledge of and insight into virtually all fields of the Dutch past and moreover a total lack of modem sophistication. Inevitably, currently fashionable techniques such as programming, co-ordination, and teamwork are suggested as desirable, and a preference is expressed for the currently highly regarded socio-historical approach.

Abstract: Origin of the Theory of Nations with History and Nations without History -- Marxist Theorists on the Evolution of the Concept of Nations with History and Nations without History -- Attitude of 20th Century Marxists Towards Question of the Right of National Self-Determination for Small National Groups -- Conclusion.

Abstract: This study is based upon the concept of nations with history and nations without history which was advanced in 1848/1849 in the pages of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, a Cologne based German newspaper under the editorship of Karl Marx. This theory is presented in this study as a model of opposites ; historic nations and non-historic nations, respec­ tively revolutionary nations and counter-revolutionary national groups which Engels and Marx associated with the philosophy of Hegel. As Marx and Engels saw it, Hegel had taught that nature and history abounded in opposites, and this was believed to be the essence of his dialectic. Marx liked this dialectic better than anything else in Hegel's thought and modified it to fit his own economic theory of history. In reality, however, there are no categories of opposites; certainly not in nature; no two colors are opposites; nor are any two times of the day, indeed nothing temporal, nothing living, nothing that is in process of becoming. ! It is only in human understanding that opposites are intro­ duced. In the history of ideas what has been a misunderstanding of Hegel's teachings has exerted a greater influence upon subsequent generations than Hegel's philosophy as he himself understood it. With Marx's development of the materialistic concept of history, the Volksgeist (Spirit of the Age), so pronounced in Hegel's work lost ground rapidly; first, because it was difficult to understand and second, because its mastery was hardly rewarding to anyone save scholars and philosophers.

Abstract: I. The Egyptians -- Chronological Summary -- The Egyptians as the “inventors” of geometry -- The Rhind papyrus -- The technique of calculation -- “Aha-calculations” -- Applied calculations -- The development of the computing technique -- Hypothesis of an advanced science -- The geometry of the Egyptians -- What could the Greeks learn from the Egyptians? -- II. Number systems, digits and the art of computing -- The sexagesimal system -- Sumerian technique of computation -- The Greek notation for numbers -- Sexagesimal fractions -- Hindu numerals -- The abacus of Gerbert -- III. Babylonian mathematics -- Chronological summary -- Babylonian algebra -- Babylonian geometry -- Babylonian theory of numbers -- Applied mathematics -- Summary -- Greek Mathematics -- IV. The age of Thales and Pythagoras -- V. The golden age -- VI. The century of Plato -- VII. The Alexandrian Era (330–200 B.C.) -- VIII. The decay of Greek mathematics.

Abstract: Soon after the publication of my"Ontwakende W etenschap"the need for an English translation was felt. We were very glad to find a translator fully familiar with the English and Dutch languages and with mathematical terminol· ogy. The publisher, Noordhoff, had the splendid idea to ask H. G. Beyen, professor of archeology, for his help in choosing a nice set of illustrations. It was a difficult task. The illustrations had to be both instructive and attractive, and they had t~ illustrate the history of science as well as the general background of ancient civilization. The publisher encouraged us to find better and still better illustrations, and he ordered photographs from all over the world, with never failing energy and enthusiasm. Mr. Beyen's highly instructive subscripts will help the reader to see the inter· relation between way of living, art, and science of the ancient world. Thanks are due to many correspondents, who have suggested additions and pointed out errors. Sections on Astrolabes and Stereographte Projection and on Archimedes' construction of the heptagon have been added. The sections on Perspective and on the Anaphorai of Hypsicles have been enlarged. In the second English edition I have incorporated an important discovery of P. Huber, which sheds new light upon the role of geometry In Babylonian algebra (see p. 73). The section on Heron's Metrics (see p. 277) was written anew, follOWing a suggestion of E. M. Bruins. Zurich. 1961 B. L.

Abstract: The Representation of the Freeholders in the Drainage Districts of Zeeland West of the Scheldt during the Middle Ages -- The ‘Betrayal’ of the Sixteenth-Century Bourgeoisie: A Myth? Some Considerations of the Behaviour Pattern of the Merchants of Antwerp in the Sixteenth Century -- The’ Weber Thesis: An Attempt at Interpretation -- History and Prognostication -- Ten years of Guerilla-Warfare and Slave Rebellions in Surinam, 1750–1759 -- Political Power Struggle in and around the Main Belgian Cities, 1830–1848 -- Depression and Policy in the Thirties -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Abstract: Volume VIII of Acta Historiae Neerlandicae again presents studies on the history of the Low Countries which it is hoped will be of interest to foreign scholars. The intention has been to deal with a fairly long period, and many differing aspects, of the subject. So institutional, political, economic, social and cultural history all receive a fair share of attention, and together the studies cover a considerable number of centuries. It is, however, striking to note how even this restricted number of studies reflects prevailing viewpoints among today's Low Countries' historians. Clearly there is considerable stress on economic and social questions. Traditional studies such as those of former Belgian historians on medieval history, or those of the Dutch on the seventeenth century, are now giving way to works that are problem­ directed. Power structures, the position of the bourgeoisie, reactions of the intelli­ gentsia and theologians to societal problems, have now more attraction for scholars than the glories of late medieval wealth in Flanders or Holland's Golden Age. Terms such as Guerilla warfare, Struggle, Depression, typify today's critical approach to society in general.

Abstract: I. Soul and Mathematicals -- II. Posidonius and Neoplatonism -- III. The Subdivisions of Theoretical Philosophy -- IV. The Origin of the Quadrivium -- V. Speusippus in Iamblichus -- VI. A New Fragment of Aristotle -- VII. Metaphysica Generalis in Aristotle? -- Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Passages in Greek and Latin Authors.

Abstract: The first edition of this book appeared in 1953; the second, revised and enlarged, in 1960. The present, third edition is essentially a reprint of the second, except for the correction of a few misprints and the following remarks, which refer to some recent publications* and replace the brief preface to the second edition. Neither Eudemus nor Theophrastus, so I said (p. 208£. ) knew a branch of theoretical philosophy the object of which would be something called 0'. 1 ~ 0'. 1 andwhich branch wouldbedistinct from theology. And there is no sign that they found such a branch (corresponding to what was later called metaphysica generalis) in Aristotle. To the names of Eudemus and Theophrastus we now can add that of Nicholas of Damascus. In 1965 H. J. Drossaart Lulofs published: Nicolaus Damascenus On the Philosophy of Aristotle (Leiden: Brill), Le. fragments of his m:pr. njc; 'ApLO''t'o't'&AOUC; qJLAOO'OqJLiXC; preserved in Syriac together with an English trans­ lation. In these fragments we find a competent presentation of Aristotle's theoretical philosophy, in systematic form. Nicholas subdivides Aristotle's theoretical philosophy into theology, physics, and mathematics and seems to be completely unaware of any additional branch of philosophy the object of which would be 0'. 1 ~ 0'. 1 distinct from theology with its object (the divine).

Abstract: I. The Role of Propaganda Before and After the Election of 1848 -- II. Napoleon III’s Methods of Creating Public Opinion, 1849–1858 -- III. Brochures on England and Roumania, 1858 -- IV. Brochures on Italian Nationalism, 1859 -- V. Brochures on the Roman Question, 1859–1870 -- VI. Brochures on Germany and Her Neighbors, 1860–1870 -- VII. Brochures and the Apology for Defeat, 1868–1870 -- VIII. Conclusion.

Abstract: Public opinion had roots in the nineteenth century with the develop­ ment of industrialization. What is this public? It is the mass of individuals who comprise a society or a nation; this mass in turn is divided into many groups, which have their own interests, prejudices, and beliefs. A govern­ ment, whether democratic or not, is well aware of the power of public opinion and is anxious to measure and shape it. All three branches of government may direct and educate public thinking, using the instru­ ments of propaganda. Propaganda is any idea and action designed to influence the views and actions of others. Today's means of propaganda are books, newspapers, radio, movies, television, public schools, and lastly the rostrum. Molders of opinion believe that words, sounds, and pictures accomplish little unless they are carefully organized and inte­ grated into a well-conceived plan. Once this is accomplished, the ideas 1 conveyed by the words will become part of the people themselves. Special techniques, such as the employment of fear and the play on prejudices, have been used quite succesfully by modern states to impose their own dogmas and policies. Because the social scientist has been aware of the study of public opinion, he may have concluded that it was a modern innovation; but governments have always been concerned with public opinion, though not always understanding it, and have attempted to influence it.

Abstract: Inaugural Lecture -- Imaginado Creatrix: The Creative versus the Constitutive Function of Man, and the Possible Worlds -- I / The A Prior -- Welcoming Remarks -- Life-world and A Priori in Husserl’s Later Thought -- The Transcendental A Priori in Husserl and Kant -- The Affective A Priori -- Special Contribution to the Debate: The Life-World and the A Priori — Opposites or Complementaries? -- Special Contribution to the Debate: The A Priori of Taste -- Consciousness and Action in Ingarden’s Thought -- The A Priori in Ingarden’s Theory of Meaning -- Discussion -- II / Activity and Passivity of Consciousness -- The Activity of Consciousness: Husserl and Bergson -- Problems of Continuity in the Perceptual Process -- The A Priori Moment of the Subject-Object Dialectic in Transcendental Phenomenology: The Relation-ship between A Priori and Ideality -- Special Contribution to the Debate: Passivity and Activity of Consciousness in Husserl -- III / Phenomenology and Nature -- Sense-Experience: A Stereoscopic View -- Freedom, Self-Reflection and Inter-subjectivity or Psychoanalysis and the Limits of the Phenomenological Method -- Discussion -- Constitution and Intentionality in Psychosis -- Scientific Information Function and Ingarden’s Theory of Forms in the Constitution of the Real World -- Discussion -- Complementary Essays -- Le platonisme de Husserl -- Art, Imagination, and the A Priori.

Abstract: 1 Sir John Moore’s Enough of his Early Life to Explain his Subsequent Misfortunes -- 2 The Revolt of the Spanish and the Expedition to Sweden -- 3 The Defeat of the French, and the Question of Future Operations -- 4 The Army Prepares to March into Spain -- 5 The French and Spanish Armies -- 6 The Effects of Tudela -- 7 A Change of Plans -- 8 From Sahagún to Valencia de Don Juan and Benavente -- 9 From Benavente to Bembibre -- 10 Bembibre to Cacabelos and Villafranca -- 11 From Cacabelos and Villafranca to Lugo -- 12 From Lugo to Betanzos -- 13 La Coruña -- 14 Post Mortem -- Maps.

Abstract: This book is an attempt to present the chief events in the last campaign of Sir John Moore. Enough of Sir John Moore's life, and of life in England, France, and Spain to explain those events has been included. In several instances, perhaps important instances, accounts of events as given here differ from what may be found elsewhere. In such cases the documents upon which the present narrative is based have been indicated. The list of those to whom I am indebted is a long one. The staff of the Public Record Office have been unfailingly helpful, pleasant, and ef­ ficient on the many occasions when I have used the Record Office. The Librarian and staff of the National Library of Scotland were most help­ ful when the writer consulted the papers of Sir George Murray and the manuscripts of Thomas Graham, Lord Lynedoch, in that Library. An especially enjoyable occasion was the time spent in the Scottish United Services Museum working with the Sir David Baird papers. I am much indebted to The Honourable the Marquess of Anglesey for permission to consult the Paget papers in the Library at Plas-Newydd. The Libra­ rian and the Keeper of Manuscripts of the John Rylands Library have been most kind and generous in making available the papers of Sir Henry Clinton. As always, Mr.

Abstract: I Sentimentalism: The Conceptual Background -- 1. A Russian Sentimentalist: I.I. Dmitriev -- 2. The Philosophical Background -- 3. The Sensualist Approach in Russian Aesthetics -- 4. Freemasonic Concepts -- II Sentimentalism: Literary Influences from the West and the Russian Response -- 1. Three Trends -- 2. Translated Literature between 1750 and 1780 -- 3. Changing Genre Concepts -- 4. Sentimental Aestheticism: Patterns and Motifs -- III The Transition to Preromantic Writing -- 1. From Sentimental Clichés to Preromantic Concepts -- 2. Major Influences on Preromantic Writing in Russia Jean Jacques Rousseau, William Shakespeare, Johann Gottfried Herder, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang Goethe -- 3. German Aesthetic Theories in Russia -- 4. Folklore and Mythology -- IV Preromantic Themes and Motifs -- 1. Basic Concepts of Preromantic Literature: Nature, Poetry, and the Genius -- 2. Major Genres of Preromantic Literature The Novel and Drama -- 3. Early Russian Interpretations of the Romantic: The Term “romanicheskii” -- V Russian Preromantic Writing -- 1. N. M. Karamzin’s Preromantic Period -- 2. The Friendly Literary Society -- 3. The Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Science and the Arts -- 4. Three Preromantic Authors V. T. Narezhnyi, N. I. Gnedich, D. V. Davydov -- Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Terms -- Index of Russian Periodicals.

Abstract: Russian literature between 1750 and the romantic age presents a confus­ ing picture. Various literary movements arose and existed side by side, while new trends made themselves felt. At no other time in the history of Russian literature was there a similar influx of widely disparate literary and intellectual influences from the West. The complex evolution of literature is reflected in the area of literary classification. Period terms have been used in great variety, yet without general agreement as to the extent, or even the nature of the trends described. The essays of this study are devoted to two major literary trends of the 18th and early 19th century, -sentimentalism and preromanticism. They aim to elucidate their evolu­ tion as well as at defining and describing the conceptual framework on which they rest. Since the 18th century did not draw a sharp line between translated and original literature, both have been included here. Literary, philosophical, and general cultural influences from the West were of consi­ derable importance for Russian literature. The concepts, motifs and themes which reached Russian writers in translations moulded their own original works. The 18th century witnessed the formation of an adequate literary language which culminated in Kararnzin's style. The distinction of two stages in the development of sentimentalism as suggested here and the differentiation between both of them and a third literary trend, preroman­ ticism, is an attempt to reflect adequately the rapid change in stylistic and poetic norms.

Abstract: I. The Great Channing -- I. Edward Channing: A Biographical Sketch -- II. The Great Channing -- II. The Great Work -- III. The Planting of a Nation in the New World -- IV. A Century of Colonial History -- V. The American Revolution -- VI. Federalists and Republicans -- VII. The Period of Transition -- VIII. The War for Southern Independence, and the End of the Great Work -- III. Other Works -- IX. Textbooks -- X. Miscellaneous Writings -- IV. An Evaluation -- XI. Edward Channing, Historian.

Abstract: Twenty years after Edward Channing's death in 1931, historians differed rather widely in their evaluation of his work. A British author, surveying American historiography since 1890, was quite critical of Channing's major contribution, the six-volume History of the United States, contending that it "won only a contemporary reputation which is not wearing well. "l Referring specifically to the second volume of the History, this writer stated his feeling that it "added little of substance to what was to be found in earlier works," and that it "was so partisan as sometimes to be quite misleading. "2 Quite a different view was expressed by an American historian writing in the same year. He felt that Channing seemed "assured of a niche in the his­ torians' Hall of Fame as one of the giants of American historiography. "3 Many of Channing's findings were new, this writer emphasized, and had been useful to other historians. He concluded that Channing's History "wears well twenty years after his death," and, indeed, "remains one of the major accomplishments in the field of American historical writing. '" Some support is given to the latter interpretation by a poll of historians, once again dated 1952, to determine preferred works in American history published between 1920 and 1935. Channing's History finished eighth, fol­ lowing only the works of Parrington, Turner, Webb, Beard, Andrews, 5 Becker, and Phillips.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- The Problem and the Approach -- The Politics of German Intellectuals in the Vormärz and the Revolution -- A Typology of the Intellectuals in the 1850’s -- II. The Public Orientations of Scholarship -- From Philosophy to History -- Tradition and Departures in the Social Sciences -- III. Debates About the Recent Past -- Liberal Self-praise -- The Democratic Millennium -- The Conservative Critique of the Forces of Revolution -- From Political Narrative to Social Analysis -- IV. Political Hopes and Fears -- Arguments over the Distribution of Power within the State -- The National Questions -- V. Conflicting Answers to the Social Questions -- The Short Answers of the Classical Liberals -- The Varieties of Group Solidarity and Group Self-help -- Moderate Proposals for Positive Action by the State -- The Postrevolutionary Advocacy of Socialism -- VI. Conclusion -- Appendix: The Men and Their Works -- Secondary Bibliography.

Abstract: THE PROBLEM AND THE APPROACH The abortive revolutions of 1848 have been widely regarded by historians as a watershed not only in the political but also in the intellectual de­ velopment of modem Europe. Before 1848, according to the traditional view, the prevalent climate of opinion was idealistic, hopeful, humane, and progressive. Mterwards, it was empirical, pessimistic, cynical, and obsessed with power. As Hans Kohn put it in his essay "Mid-century: The Turning Point," "In 1848 the foundations of Western civilizatio- intellectual belief in the objectivity of truth and justice, ethical faith in mercy and tolerance - were still unshaken. . . . In the spring of 1848 mankind was full of glowing hope, but the end of 1848 dashed the hopes, and the century which 1848 inaugurated appears to have led slowly but surely to decay and disaster. " 1 Germany, a prime culprit in the debacle which marked the last third of that century, has been seen as the country in which the events of 1848-49 had the most profound impact. Although few historians have gone as far as Kohn in linking the failures experienced by mid-nineteenth-century Germans to the horrors perpetrated by some of their twentieth-century descendants, it has long been common to think of Germany's response to her defeated revolution as a process of atti­ tudinal preparation for Otto von Bismarck's authoritarian solution to the national question in the period between 1864 and 1871 - which in turn was fraught with ominous long-range significance.

Abstract: Officials in Town and Countryside in the Low Countries. Social and Professional Developments from the Fourteenth to the Sixteenth-Century -- What is New Socially and Economically in the Sixteenth- Century Netherlands -- The Nameless Homeland of Erasmus -- Dutch Men-of-War — Those on Board c. 1700–1750 -- Thorbecke, A Liberal Statesman -- Challenge and Response -- Thorbecke and the Churches -- Darwin and our Forefathers. Dutch Reactions to the Theory of Evolution 1860–1875: A Field Survey -- Survey of recent Dutch Historiography -- Belgian Historiography written in Dutch, 1971–1973.

Abstract: The editors of the seventh volume of Acta Historiae Neerlandicae have followed the same lines as those adopted for its predecessor. Studies have again been selected which throw light on the history of the Low Countries, the choice again being directed to subjects likely to be of interest to foreign scholars lacking knowledge of the Dutch language. For this reason articles fairly general in scope have been chosen: studies of local interest or concerned with matters of detail have not been included. In this volume a wide diversity of topics is treated. Included are studies in the economic and social history of the later Middle Ages, and on subjects in the fields of the sixteenth and early half of the eighteenth centuries. There are two articles on the nineteenth century Dutch statesman Thorbecke (1972 was the anniversary of his death). And there are also contributions on the homeland of Erasmus and on Dutch reactions to the publication of Darwin's Origins of Species. Also included are surveys of recent historical publications in the Netherlands and of those from Belgian historians that appeared in Dutch. A group of English historians, working under the guidance of Professor Swart, of University College, London, has surveyed the former, this article being edited by Mrs Alice Carter of the London School of Economics. The task of the late Professor Dhondt, of the University of Ghent, in connection with the survey of the Belgian contributions written in Dutch has been taken over by W.

Abstract: I. Values and Career Choice, 1860–1878 -- II. Politics as a Profession, 1878–1889 -- III. Ministerial Politics, 1890–1895 -- IV. Illusions, 1895–1899 -- V. Opposition, Partial Reconciliation, 1900–1914 -- VI. Final Service (i): War Finance, 1914-1916 -- VII. Final Service (ii): Premier, 1917 -- VIII. Troubled Victory, 1918–1923 -- Jugement.

Abstract: In 1878 Alexandre Ribot assumed his place at the left-center of the French Chamber of Deputies. From here he began a lifelong effort to establish a moderate republic based upon his conception of liberal political values. The time seemed propitious to instill lofty purpose into French political life, for his entry into the Chamber coincided with the consolidation of the republican regime following the crisis of 16 May. But the first wave of republican anti-clericalism revealed the fragility of Ribot's hopes. During the next forty years, successive dramatic phases in republican history - Boulangism, the Dreyfus Affair, separa­ tion of church and state, the emergence of socialism, and ultimately, the demands of wartime leadership - would test Ribot's system of political values. Adaptive and resilient, he refined his definition of liberalism in response to political change and the charge that his plea for liberty and toleration had become instead sanctuary for a privileged class in French society.

Abstract: I. Introduction: The Comparative Study of Minor Parties -- Minor Parties and Comparative Analysis -- Minor Parties Defined -- The Study of Minor Parties in the Federal -- Republic of Germany -- II. The Role of Minor Parties in the United States -- Forces Deterring Minor Parties in the United States -- The Classification of American Minor Parties -- Characteristics of American Minor-Party Activity -- Minor-Party Functions in the American Party System -- Minor Parties as Integral Elements of the American Party System -- III. The Evolution of the German Party System -- Party Development in Imperial Germany: 1848–1918 -- Party Development in the Weimar Republic: 1918–1933 -- Party Development in the Nazi Era: 1933–1945 -- Party Development in the Immediate Post-War Period: 1945–1949 -- The 1949 Bundestag Election -- The 1953 Bundestag Election -- The 1957 Bundestag Election -- The 1961 Bundestag Election -- The 1965 Bundestag Election -- The 1969 Bundestag Election -- The 1972 Bundestag Election -- Landtag Elections: 1949–1972 -- Conclusion -- IV. The Minor Parties of the Federal Republic of Germany Part I: The Non-Extremist Parties -- The South Schleswig Voters’ League (SSW) -- The Bavarian Party (BP) -- The Rhenish-Westphalian People’s Party (RWVP) -- The Center Party (DZP) -- The German Party (DP) -- The “Pro-European” Parties (EVD; EFP; EP) -- The All-German People’s Party (GVP) -- The Union of German Middle Class Parties (UDM) -- The Christian People’s Party (CVP) -- The Economic Reconstruction Party (WAV) -- The Refugee Party (BHE; GB/BHE; GDP; GPD) -- V. The Minor Parties of the Federal Republic of Germany Part II: The Extremist Parties -- Extremist Parties of the Left (KPD; BdD; DFU; DKP; ADF) -- Extremist Parties of the Right (DReP/DKP; SRP; DRP; DG; AUD; VU; UAP; FSU; NPD) -- VI. Conclusion: Toward a Comparative Theory of Minor Parties -- Forces Deterring Minor-Party Success -- Characteristics of Minor-Party Activity -- Minor-Party Functions -- Future Research Needs -- Conclusion.

Abstract: Minor parties in the United States have been studied both individually and collectively. On the basis of these studies, social scientists have set forth certain generalizations concerning the types of American minor parties, their characteristics, their functions, and the obstacles they face in the American party system. However, in their comparative analysis of political parties, political scientists have generally limited themselves to comments about the major parties. This study examines in detail all the minor parties which have participated in the national elections of the Federal Republic of Germany since its inception in 1949 in light of the descriptive and explanatory generalizations which have been formulated about minor parties in the United States. The purpose of such an analysis is threefold. First, it provides materials on the West German minor parties which will be readily accessible for cross-national research. Second, through comparisons with the West German experience, the generalizations pro­ duced to explain American minor parties are made more suitable for comparative analysis. Third, and most important, it seeks to demonstrate that some minor parties play an important role in a party system and that, therefore, minor parties should not be ignored in the comparative analysis of political parties. I am deeply indebted to Professors William B. Gwyn and James D. Cochrane for their help on this project. This work could not have been completed without Professor Gwyn's guidance and prodding.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- A. Purpose and Plan -- B. The Unity of Temple’s Christian Philosophy -- C. The Major Influences on Temple’s Life and Thought -- I The Construction of a Christian Philosophy -- 2. The Philosophic Enterprise -- 3. The Knowledge Venture -- 4. The Understanding of Reality -- 5. The Relevance of Christian Philosophy -- II A Christian Philosophy of Personality: Human and Divine -- 6. Process and Personality -- 7. Human Personality -- 8. Divine Personality -- 9. Justification for Theism -- 10. From Theism to a Metaphysics of the Incarnation -- III A Christian Philosophy of Personal and Social Morality -- 11. Personal Ethics -- 12. The Need of Ethics for Religion -- 13. Christian Social Thought -- IV A Christian Philosophy of History -- 14. The Historical Process -- 15. History and Eternity -- V Evaluation and Reconstruction of Temple’s Christian Philosophy -- 16. Philosophy and the Christian Faith -- 17. Human Personality -- 18. The Category of the Personal and the Problem of God -- 19. The Person in Relation to Society -- 20. God and the Meaning of History.

Abstract: A. PURPOSE AND PLAN William Temple was trained as a philosopher and lectured on phi­ losophy at Oxford (1904), but his concern for labor, education, journalism, and the Church of England led him away from philosophy as a profession. Enthroned in 1942 as Archbishop of Canterbury, Temple persisted in applying his Christian position to the solution of the problems of the day. He will be remembered for his contributions in many areas of life and thought: his work in the ecumenical movement, and his writings in theology and social ethics attest to the variety and depth of his concern, but of special significance is his contribution toward the construction of a distinctly Christian philosophy relevant to the twentieth century. Although Temple did not work out a systematic formulation of his Christian philosophy, the bases for a Christian philosophy are never­ theless evident in his position. It is the purpose of the present work to enter sympathetically and critically into the major facets of Temple's position and to weave together, as far as is legitimate, the separate strands of his thought into a meaningful, even if not a completely unified, Christian philosophy. The intent is not simply to present Temple's conclusions on a variety of philosophical and theological issues; rather, Temple's position is developed systematically, and the arguments for the conclusions at which he arrived are carefully ex­ pounded.

Abstract: I The Theory Of Diaspora -- I. The Diaspora: Origin and Meaning -- II. The Consequences Of Diaspora -- III. The Diaspora and Jewish Character -- II The Emancipation -- IV. The French Experience Pre-Emancipation -- V. The Emancipation -- VI. Dreyfus -- VII. The Russian Diaspora: The Matrix -- VIII. The Russian Zion Alternative -- III The Modern Agony -- IX. The German-Jewish Synthesis -- X. Anti-Semitism, Nationalism, Self-Hate, The Failure Of Symbiosis -- Epilogue. Is America Different?.

Abstract: Few questions have agitated thoughtful Jews as much as the one touching on identity. The problem arose originally from the situation of the Jews as a diaspora community. From the time of Philo and probably before, great energies have been expended by Jews in seeking to understand the meaning of the Jewish dispersion. In recent times the problem has been transformed from a largely academic and relig­ ious issue into a political one, to wit the furious debates in modern Israel over the citizenship quandary. For more than twenty years now the Jewish State has been rocked by violent and often acrimonious discussion over the who is a Jew controversy. The consequences of these exchanges have had reverberations all over the Jewish world since a final determination of this issue could not but have important bearing on present-day diaspora communities. For reasons that are natural and understandable Israeli historians such as Baer, Dinur and Kauffman have written extensively and brilliantly about the diaspora dimensionin Jewishhistory. Theirfocus, however, has been influenced strongly by the re-birth of Israel as a political entity in this century. This has predisposed them not unex­ pectedly to view the vast historical sweep of diaspora history aspart of a spectrum which reflects the return to Israel as a dominant shading in the analysis.

Abstract: Bruges and Antwerp in the 15th and 16th Centuries: an Antithesis? -- The Reformation at Deventer in 1579–1580. Size and social Structure of the Catholic Section of the Population during the Religious Peace -- Enlightened Conservatism: the Case of Elie Luzac -- Ideology and Constitution -- From Keystone to Cornerstone. Hoogovens IJmuiden 1918–1968. The Birth and Development of a basic Industry in the Netherlands -- The Education Issue in the Dutch East Indies in the Twentieth Century. Opinions on the Question of ‘Western Education’ versus ‘National Education’ -- Survey of recent Dutch Historiography -- Belgian Historiography written in Dutch, 1969–1971 -- The Authors.

Abstract: The five previous volumes of the Acta Historiae Neerlandicae appeared under the auspices of the Netherlands Committee for Historical Sciences. When in 1970 this Committee merged with the Historical Society to form the Dutch Historical Society (Nederlands Historisch Genootschap) an opportunity arose to rethink the aims of the Acta's original promotors. Also this sixth and succeeding volumes became the responsibility of the new combined Society as above. The volumes will from now on be published at The Hague by Martinus Nijhoff. From the early days of the Acta language barriers were broken down, and interested scholars from other countries could acquaint themselves with deve­ lopments in historical work in the Low Countries hitherto published only in Dutch. The Acta thus enabled discussion on Dutch historical topics to become international. However, initially subjects covered a wide field, not only of Dutch but also of general history, and articles were translated from Dutch not only into English but also into French and German. If sales can be taken as a guide, it appeared that scholars were not finding in the Acta precisely what they were seeking. Editors' expectations, and therefore their hopes, were, it was felt, going unrealised.

Abstract: I: peacemaking with Germany, 1918–1919 -- i. The Conclusion of an Armistice: “Effectual Guarantees” or Unconditional Surrender -- ii. Responsibility and Retribution -- iii. Safeguards and Security: Churchill’s attitude to Allied military occupation, and his attempts to create an independent Rhineland -- iv. Easing the Blockade : Churchill’s Aldwych Club speech and his plan to counter the spread of Bolshevism in Germany -- v. Churchill’s Critique of the Paris Peace Conference -- II: the Russo-German Question, 1918–1920 -- i. The Menace of Russo-German Conjunction -- ii. The Case for Preventive War 66 -- iii. The Military Situation in Russia: Churchill’s assessments and their impact upon his attitude towards Germany, January–April 1919 -- iv. The anti-Bolshevists Fail to Sustain their Offensive : Churchill suggests an Anglo-German modus vivendi as a complementary check against conjunction, May–December 1919 -- v. Churchill Resolves to Abandon the anti-Bolshevist Cause, January– February 1920 -- vi. “The Very Great and Imminent Danger” of Polish Collapse, July–August 1920: Churchill again proposes an Anglo-German agreement to deter conj unction -- ii. Conjunction Averted -- III: Foundations for a German Policy, 1920–1922 -- i. Two Proposals for Securing an Agreed Anglo-French German Policy -- ii. Churchill and Lloyd George dispute the Merits of a Coercive Approach -- iii. The Perils of Pragmatism -- iv. The Ascendancy of British Interests -- Conclusion.

Abstract: It was in the early summer of 1906 that Violet Bonham Carter first met Winston Churchill: an encounter which left an "indelible im­ pression" upon her. "I found myself," she recalled, sitting next to this young man who seemed to me quite different from any other young man I had ever met. For a long time he remained sunk in abstraction. Then he appeared to become aware of my existence. He tumed on me a lowering gaze and asked me abruptly how old I was. I replied that I was nineteen. HAnd I," he said almost despairingly, "am thirty-two already. Younger than anyone else who counts, though," he added, as if to comfort himself. Then savagely: "Curse ruthless time! Curse our own mortality! How cruelly short is the allotted span for all we must cram into it!" And he burst forth into an eloquent diatribe on the shortness of human life, the immensity of possible human accomplishment - a theme so well exploited by the poets, prophets and philosophers of all ages that it might seem difficult to invest it with a new life and startling significance. Yet for me he did so, in a torrent of magnificent language which appeared to be both effortless and inexhaustible and ended up with the words I shall always 1 remember: "We are all worms. But I do believe that I am a glow worm.

Abstract: Abridged Table of Contents -- One: The Republic -- I: The Origins: The Period of the Mythological Kings -- II: The Class Struggle and the Merger between the Patricians and the Plebeians -- III: The Political Institutions of the Republic I: The Magistrates -- IV The Political Institutions of the Republic II: The Popular Assemblies -- V: The Political Institutions of the Republic III: The Senate -- VI. The Administration of Justice -- VII: The Collapse of the Republican Order -- A Postscript: Why the Roman Republic Never Became a Democracy -- Two: The Empire -- Introduction: Principate and Dominate -- I The Establishment of the Principate -- II The Institutions of the Augustan Principate I -- III: The Institutions of the Augustan Principate II -- IV: The Administration of justice -- V: The Augustan Reform Legislation -- VI: The Creator and His Work -- Section Two: The Principate in Operation -- VII: The Period in Retrospect -- VIII: The Emperor -- IX: the face of the republican institutions -- X: The Social Classes -- XI: The Administration of the Empire -- XII: Decline and Fall of the Principate -- Section Three: The Dominate -- XIII The Period in Retrospect -- XIV: The Rise of Christianity as the State Religion -- XV: The Emperor -- XVI: The Organization of the Imperial Government -- XVII: The Administration of Justice and the Law -- XVIII: The Coercive State -- Epilogue: Rome’s Impact on the Civilization of the Western World.

Abstract: Next to the Bible, Shakespeare, the French revolution and Napoleon, ancient Rome is one of the most plowed-through fields of historical experience. One of the truly great periods of history, Rome, over the centuries, deservedly has attracted the passionate attention of historians, philologists and, more recently, archeologists. Since Roman law constituted the source of the legal life of most of Western Europe, the legal profession had a legitimate interest. Veritable libraries have been built around the history of Rome. In the past confmed mostly to Italian, German, and French scholars the fascination with things Roman by now has spread to other civilized nations in­ cluding the Anglo-Saxon. Among the contributors to our knowledge of ancient Rome are some of the great minds in history and law. Our bibliography - selective, as neces­ sarily it has to be - records outstanding generalists as well as some of the numerous specialists that were helpful for our undertaking. Why, then, another study of the Roman political civilization and one that, at least measured by volume and effort, is not altogether insubstantial? And why, has to be added, one presented by an author who, whatever his reputation in other fields, ostensibly is an outsider of the classical discipline? These are legitimate questions that should be honestly answered. By training and avocation the author is a constitutional lawyer or, rather, a political scientist primarily interested in the operation of governmental institutions.

Abstract: I. The Kingdom of Hanover and the Guelphs -- II. 1866 -- III. Prussian Negotiations with King George 1866–1871 -- IV. Guelph Subversive Activities -- V. Guelph Parliamentary Activities -- VI. Bismarck and the Guelph Dynasty 1871–1890 -- VII. Bismarck and the New Province -- VIII. Bismarck and the Secret Uses of the Guelph Fund -- Conclusions -- Map 1 — Historical Development of the Kingdom of Hanover -- Map 2 — Electoral Districts in the Province of Hanover 1867–1918 -- Map 3 — Administrative Divisions in the Province of Hanover 1867–1884 -- Map 4 — Administrative Divisions in the Province of Hanover 1884–1890.

Abstract: Many historians have concerned themselves with the founding of the German Empire in 1871 and the means used to unite the disparate sections of Germany, many of which had older traditions than did Bismarck's Prussia. Understandably writers have given more attention to the victor than to the vanquished. Except for polemicists who seek to prove the wrong done or to vindicate the action taken, scholars have been interested in writing about trends which were to become significant in the new Reich, about the new governmental structure itself, and about the diplomacy and statesmanship which were used to form the new German nation-state. But the consolidation of many diverging strands of political, economic, and social traditions in the new state left many issues unsolved and in fact seemed to create new ones. Many of these problems, while not overtly affecting the basic outline of German history, have nonetheless influenced it and have become at times serious matters of concern for the Reich Chancellor. One of the problems was the threat of particularist sentiment to the national unity which Bismarck was trying to create. Although there was an awareness among some nineteenth century Ger­ mans of a specific German nationality, the majority of people did not think in terms of a German unity but regarded themselves as Bavarians, Saxons, or belonging to some other Stamm, or tribal subdivision of the Germans.

Abstract: I Introduction -- 1. Al-Jazar? — his life and environment -- 2. The Manuscripts -- 3. Translation and Illustrations -- 4. Modern works on al-Jazar? -- 5. Islamic technology up to al-Jazar? -- The Ban? M?sà -- ‘Archimedes’ -- Al-Khuw?rizm? -- Ri?w?n -- 6. Arabic translations of earlier works -- II The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices Al-Jazar?’s complete work translated into English, together with reproductions of all the original illustrations Al-Jazar?’s Introduction -- Category I — Clocks -- 1 The castle water-clock -- 2 The water-clock of the drummers -- 3 The water-clock of the boat -- 4 The elephant water-clock -- 5 The beaker water-clock -- 6 The water-clock of the peacocks -- 7 The candle-clock of the swordsman -- 8 The candle-clock of the scribe -- 9 The monkey candle-clock -- 10 The candle-clock of the doors -- Category II — Vessels and figures suitable for drinking sessions -- 1 A goblet which arbitrates at drinking parties -- 2 A goblet which arbitrates at drinking parties -- 3 An arbiter for drinking parties (the castle wine dispenser) -- 4 A boat which is placed on a pool during a drinking party -- 5 A pitcher for dispensing different liquids -- 6 The figure of a boon-companion who drinks the king’s leavings -- 7 A standing slave holding a fish and a goblet -- 8 A man holding a goblet and a bottle -- 9 A dais upon which are two shaykhs, each holding a goblet and a bottle -- 10 A slave-girl who emerges from a cupboard at intervals, holding a glass which contains wine -- Category III — Pitchers, basins and other things (for handwashing and phlebotomy) -- 1 A pitcher from which hot water, cold water and mixed water is poured -- 2 A pitcher which dispenses water for the king to perform his ritual ablutions -- 3 A slave who pours water over the king’s hands -- 4 A peacock which discharges water from its beak -- 5 The basin of the monk, from which can be told the quantity of blood which falls into it -- 6 The basin of the two scribes for blood-letting -- 7 The basin of the reckoner for blood-letting -- 8 The basin of the castle from which the amount of blood collected therein can be ascertained -- 9 The basin of the peacock for washing the hands -- 10 The basin of the slave -- Category IV — Fountains and perpetual flutes -- 1 Fountain of the two tipping-buckets -- 2 Two fountains and two tipping-buckets, with four outlets -- 3 Fountain of the two floats -- 4 Two fountains of the two floats -- 5 The fountain of the bowl -- 6 Fountain of the two tipping-buckets (with valves) -- 7 Instrument for perpetual flute, with two spheres -- 8 Instrument for perpetual flute, with two tipping-buckets -- 9 Instrument for perpetual flute, with a balance -- 10 Instrument for perpetual flute with two floats -- Category V — Machines for raising water -- 1 A machine for raising water from a pool to a higher place by an animal who turns a lever-arm -- 2 A machine for raising water from a pool or a well by an animal who rotates it -- 3 A machine for raising water by means of an endless chain of pots -- 4 A machine for raising water from a pool (by means of a flumed swape operated by a crank driven, through gears, by an animal) -- 5 Pump driven by a water-wheel -- Category VI — Miscellaneous -- 1 A door of cast brass for the king’s palace at ?mid -- 2 A protractor -- 3 A lock for locking a chest by means of 12 letters of the alphabet -- 4 Four bolts on the back of a door -- 5 A boat clock -- Category I Chapter 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 7 -- 8 -- 9 -- 10 -- II 1 & 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 7 -- 8 -- 9 -- 10 -- III 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- Category III Chapter 5 -- 6 -- 7 -- 8 -- 9 -- 10 -- IV 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 7–10 -- V 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- VI 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- Category I Clocks -- Categories II and III Vessels and Measuring Basins -- Category IV Fountains and Perpetual Flutes -- Category V Water Lifting Devices -- Category VI Miscellaneous -- 1 The Palace Door; Casting techniques -- 2 The protractor -- Chapters 3 and 4 The locks -- 5 The boat clock -- Individual Components -- 1. Wheels, axles and bearings -- 2. Water Equipment -- 3. Vessels and their fittings -- 4. Miscellaneous parts and fittings; materials -- 5. Weights and measures -- Conclusion (Including an assessment of al-Jazar?’s achievement and a discussion of his methods of presentation).

Abstract: To judge by the dictum of al-Ja~i?: (d. A.D. 869), 'Wisdom has descended upon these three: the brain of the Byzantine, the hands of the Chinese, and the tongue of the Arab', in the great age of the.

Abstract: I. The constitutional argument -- A. The Eighty Years War -- B. The Era of “True Liberty” (Ware Vrijheid) -- C. The Oligarchy and Slingelandt -- II. The revolution of 1747 and the Stadhouderate -- A. Invasion and Revolution -- B. Reaction after 1754 -- 1. Elie Luzac and the Stadhoudersgezinden -- 2. Jan Wagenaar and the Loevesteiners -- 3. The Shade of Johan de Witt -- III. The development of patriot and orangist ideology -- A. New Ideas and Old History: Socrates and the Beggars -- B. New Organizations: Economic Patriotism -- C. Pieter Paulus on the Stadhouder and the Constitution -- D. Simon Stijl and the New Enlightened History -- E. J.D. van der Capellen, “Born Regent” and Patriot -- IV. The patriots prepare “the democratic revolution” -- A. The Patriot Call to Arms -- B. Hollan’s Wealth: A Summary of the Orangist Position -- C. The Call for Constitutional Restoration -- 1. Political Organization and Patriot Activity -- 2. Political Theory in a Patriot Program -- D. The Response in Theory and Practice -- 1. Sovereignty Defended by A. Kluit -- 2. Patriots and Organists Ready for Battle -- 3. The Failure of the Democratic Patriot Revolution -- V. The end of the constitutional argument220 A. “Civil Liberty” and “Equality” under Orange Restoration -- B. Politics, Philosophy and History in 1793 -- 1. S.I. Wiselius: Political Enlightenment -- 2. A. Kluit: The Rights of Man -- C. The End of the Republic, Long Live the Republic -- 1. French Invasion and National Assembly -- 2. The Batavian Republic: Constitution and Coup -- 3. The Old Republic in Retrospect -- Conclusion.

Abstract: The "age of the democratic revolution" 1 in the Dutch Republic cul­ minated in two revolutions : the aborted Patriot Revolution of 1787 and the more successful Batavian Revolution of 1795. For the United Provinces that age had begun after a series of crises in 1747 and resulted in the un­ precedented establishment of a single individual in the office of chief executive in all of the component provinces. The new form which emerged from the foreign and domestic threats of midcentury was that of a hereditary Stadhouder in the House of Orange. That family had served the Dutch state in varying capacities and with disparate consequences from its inception in the Revolt of the sixteenth century, through the triumphs of the Golden Era, to the less glorious days of the Periwig Period. The accession of William IV in 1747, his early death followed by a lengthy regency from 1752, and the accession of his son, William V, as "eminent head" of each province and chief officer of the Generality in 1766, all brought forth renewed scrutiny of the family and the offices of the Princes of Orange in the political life of the Republic. Those who were most critical of the new powers of the Stadhouderate and most desirous of reducing the dangers they saw threatening the state from the aggrandizement of that office, came to usurp the nearly exclusive use of the hoary title of Patriot.

Abstract: Journalism in the Reign of Charles X: The Social and Political Setting -- I. Liberty of the Press in the Restoration -- II. Parisian Journals and Journalists in the Late Restoration -- III. Political Journalism in the Fall of the Villèle Ministry, 1827–1828: A Preview of Revolution -- IV. Political Journalism and the Martignac Ministry, 1828–1829: The Failure of Conciliation -- V. The Political Press and the Parti-Prêtre: The Anticlerical Campaign of 1828–1829 -- VI. The Press in the Crisis of August 8, 1829 -- VII. The New Militant Press -- VIII. Legal Resistance: The Breton Association and the Press -- IX. Winter Quarters: November, 1829 — February, 1830 -- X. The Press and the “221” -- XI. Judicial Ordeals, February-March, 1830 -- XII. “The King will not Yield” -- XIII. “It is Life or Death” -- XIV. The Journalists in the Trois Glorieuses -- XV. The Revolutionary Influence of Journalism -- Appendices.

Abstract: The "July Revolution" of 1830 in France overthrew the King, brought down the Bourbon dynasty, and ended the fifteen-year era known as the Restoration. lt established the "July Monarchy" of Louis-Philippe, citizen­ King of the Hause of Orleans, a regime also destined for extinction eighteen years later. Although the 1848 revolt is of somewhat greater domestic political importance and considerably greater in its European scope and its social implications, the July Revolution of 1830 should not be relegated to the lower Ievels of historical consciousness. Yet, in modern times, even in France, relatively few works have been published concerning either the Restoration or the revolution which terminated it. New interpretations, such as the excellent works of Bertier de Sauvigny and David Pinkney have awakened the enthusiasm of scholars; but in general, the intrinsic importance of this period has been slighted for nearly a century. There are reasons for this inattention: At first glance, the era seems retrograde, born of a conservative reaction; and placid - it falls between Napoleon's giant earthquake on one side, and on the other, the dynamics of European nationalism, imperialism, and the class struggle. But the Restoration was neither archaic nor calm. lt was, for all its manifest anachronisms, an age of rapid political, cultural, and social growth. France, during these years, was maturing and ripening toward nationhood - and toward the collision of many complex forces, culminating in revolution.

Abstract: I. A Progressive Mind in the Age of Restoration, 1820–1848 -- The Education of a Nineteenth Century Liberal, 1818–1827 -- The Apprentice Writer: Cattaneo and the Annali Universali di Statistica, 1827–1836 -- The Years of Maturity: Cattaneo’s Economic and Social Thought, 1836–1839 -- Il Politecnico: “Herein Dwells My Spirit”, 1839–1844 -- Reformer and Critic: the Development of Cattaneo’s Political Thought, 1844–1848 -- II. Reluctant Revolutionary, 1848–1849 -- The Five Days of Milan -- Cattaneo, Charles Albert, and the Provisional Government of Lombardy, March-May 1848 -- Cattaneo, Mazzini, and the Politics of “Fusion”, May-August 1848 -- Informal Diplomacy: Cattaneo’s Mission to Paris, August-October 1848 -- A View of the Revolution in Lombardy: Cattaneo’s L’insurrection de Milan en 1848 -- Cattaneo, Mazzini, and the Revolution in Central Italy, November 1848–May 1849 -- The Triumph of Reaction, June-October 1849 -- III. Nationalism and Liberty: Cattaneo’s Search for a Political Program, 1850–1858 -- Cattaneo and the Archivio triennale, 1850–1851 -- Cattaneo, Mazzini, and the Lessons of History -- Cattaneo, Ferrari, and the Federalist Alternative -- Cattaneo, Pisacane, and the Social Question -- “Pursuits of a More Quiet Nature”: Cattaneo and the Cultural and Economic Life of Canton Ticino, 1852–1858 -- Cattaneo’s Attitude Toward Italian Politics and European Diplomacy 1852–1858 -- IV. Cattaneo and the Politics of Italian Unification, 1859–1860 -- “The Spirit of Napoleon Is Rising Again ”: Cattaneo and the Meaning of the Franco-Sardinian Alliance, January-April 1859 -- Cattaneo, Mazzini, and the Meaning of Bonapartism -- Cavour’s War and the Annexation of Lombardy, April-December 1859 -- Elections, Plebiscites... and “Pancakes”: Cattaneo and the Creation of a “Political Italy”, January-June 1860 -- A Last Chance for Liberty: Cattaneo and the Southern Question, June-November 1860 no -- V. Carlo Cattaneo and the Politics of The Risorgimento: An Ambiguous Legacy.

Abstract: In January 1948, Alessandro Levi, a distinguished scholar in the fields of law, philosophy and political theory, published an article entitled "The 'return' of Carlo Cattaneo. " 1 Levi, himself the author of an im­ portant work on Cattaneo, 2 reported on several initiatives which had been taken by Italian scholars since 1945 to rescue the Lombard writer and politician from relative obscurity. With some financial assistance from the City of Milan, a committee of Italian and Swiss scholars had been formed in the spring of 1946 to publish Cattaneo's works, which until then had only appeared in fragmentary and uncritical 3 editions. LeMonnier of Florence had agreed to publish the new edi­ tion. Meanwhile, the Lombard historian Rinaldo Caddeo was preparing with considerable pains an edition of several volumes of Cattaneo's correspondence. In addition, a catalog of materials pertaining to Cat­ taneo and found among the Crispi papers was being prepared at the State Archives in Palermo. A brief biography had appeared in 1945 and other works by historians, political scientists, and journalists were 4 in progress. These initiatives seemed long overdue, in view of the fact that Cattaneo's contemporaries had considered him a leading figure in the liberal-democratic current of the Risorgimento. As Levi acknowledged in his article, however, these efforts to rescue Cattaneo's work from obscurity were something more than a belated tribute to an important participant in the history of nineteenth century Italy.

Abstract: I / Changing Concepts -- I. Deliberate Knowledge -- II. The Knowledge of the All -- III. Knowledge, Interpretation and Congruence -- IV. Knowledge as Method -- V. The Justification of Knowledge and the Knowledge of Ends -- VI. Continuations and Developments -- II / Background and Consequences -- VII. The Origins of Philosophy -- VIII. Philosophy and Life -- IX. Philosophy and Its History -- X. Science and Philosophy -- XI. Religion and Philosophy -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Abstract: The present book is concerned with the nature of philosophy and with the scope of philosophical interest. It combines an analysis of the major types of philosophical thinking as they emerged in the history of philosophical ideas with an attempt to examine problems which recurrent­ ly emerge in philosophical discourse. It is from this point of view that the historical and the systematic approaches are meant to be mutually reinforcing. I am grateful to my friends who helped me to formulate the line of thinking expressed in this book: Z. Bar-On, A. Margalit, E. I. I. Poznanski, Z. Werblovsky and E. Zemach. Some years ago when I visited the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara, Dr. Robert M. Hutchins encouraged me to write the present book. I am dedicating the book to him not only because of that encouragement but more importantly because as an educational thinker Dr. Hutchins represents the position which assigns to the great ideas of the past validity and value in the analysis of topical problems of the present.

Abstract: I. Introduction. The General Background of the Groups Investigated -- 1. The period prior to the arrest -- 2. The period from the arrest to the delivery into the concentration camps -- 3. The time spent in the camps -- 4. The period after liberation -- II. Previous Investigations -- III. The Collection of the Material and Its Arrangement -- A. The Norwegian groups -- B. The Israeli groups -- IV. The Background of the Investigated Persons and Their Personality Before Arrest -- 1. Home and childhood -- 2. School education and age distribution -- 3. Civil status, occupation, ‘personality’ -- V. Conditions During Persecution and Captivity -- 1. Somatic aspects -- 2. Psychic aspects -- VI. Conditions After Release from Captivity -- A. The Israeli groups -- B. The Norwegian groups -- VII. The General Influence of the Stay in the Concentration Camps -- 1. Changes in personality -- 2. Why did they survive? -- 3. Feelings of guilt -- VIII. Present Conditions -- 1. Occupational status -- 2. Somatic and psychiatric symptoms -- 3. The concentration camp syndrome -- IX. The Psychiatric Picture of the Disorder -- A. The Norwegian groups -- B. The Israeli groups -- X. Summary and Conclusions -- References.

Abstract: The general background of the groups investigated The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the severe psychic and physical stress situations to which human beings were exposed in the concentration camps of World \Var II have had lasting psychological results, to discover the nature of these conditions and the symptomatology they present, and finally to investigate which detailed factors of the above-mentioned stress situation can be con­ sidered decisive for the morbid conditions which were revealed. In order to elucidate these questions from different points of view, I have examined groups of former concentration camp inmates both in Norway and Israel. The Norwegians who were examined compose a fairly uniform group of men and women, born and bred in Norway, who after the War naturally returned to their native country. The Israeli groups which were examined were drawn from almost every country in Europe that had been under German occupation during World War II. They had all immigrated into Israel, mostly after 1948.

Abstract: I: Propaedeutic to a Study of Royce -- II: Possibilities for a Roycean Pragmatism -- One The Early Royce (c. 1875–90) -- III: His Theory of Knowledge -- IV: His notion of the Absolute -- V: His Conception of the Individual -- Two The Middle Period (c. 1890–1906) -- VI: Theory of Knowledge Pragmatically allied with Doctrine of Interpretation -- VII: Notion of the Absolute More Pragmatically Orientated -- VIII: Conception of the Individual Pragmatically Leads to Consideration of Community -- Three The Mature Royce (c. 1906–16) -- IX: Knowledge by Interpretation, a Mediating principle -- X: God as Pragmatic Postulate -- XI: Community as Perfective of the Individual -- Conclusion -- XII: The Roycean Pragmatic.

Abstract: When I first became acquainted with the thought of the American philoso­ pher Josiah Royce, two factors particularly intrigued me. The first was Royce's claim that the notion of community was his main metaphysical tenet; the second was his close association with the two American pragmatists, Charles Sanders Peirce and William James. Regarding the first factor, I was struck by the fact that a philosopher who died in 1916 should emphasize a topic of such contemporary significance not only in philosophy but in so many other vital fields as well (sociology, psychology, politics, theology - to name only a few). Regarding the second, I was curious as to whether the pragmatism of Peirce and James might have influenced Royce during the course of their professional and personal contacts. Similarly, I wondered whether the idealism of Royce might have affected the thought of Peirce and James. To have appeased my curiosity in regard to all three thinkers, however, would have required (at least) three books. As a start I have now appeased it in regard to one. In researching the writings of Royce I found my way to the Houghton Library and to the Archives of Harvard University at Cambridge, Massa­ chusetts, where the unpublished manuscripts of Royce are preserved. (No editing job has yet been done on this bulk of material, though such would certainly be a welcome contribution to American philosophy.

Abstract: I Historical Perspectives and Philosophical Method -- I: Basic points of reference in Descartes and Kant -- II: Leon Brunschvicg and Henri Bergson -- III: Philosophies of reflection and philosophy of spirit -- II Axiological Idealism -- IV: Stating the problem -- V: Search for a method: The human condition in authenticity and alienation -- VI: Spiritual conversion and the transfiguration of values -- VII: Axiological idealism and spiritual personalism -- VIII: Conclusions.

Abstract: The axiological idealism of Georges Bastide, which is itself an attempt to come to grips with basic philosophical problems in a form wholly in accord with the preoccupations of our times, offered a unique opportunity for coming into contact with two new horizons - critical idealism and axiological personalism. An examination of the intimate relationship between these two viewpoints promised to be of special interest and worthy of research. A similar theme is encountered in the philosophy of R. Le Senne and a number of works have been devoted to the study of his philosophy. However, in Bastide's axiological idealism the emphasis is on the relationship between the problem of spiritual conversion and the problem of the transfiguration of values and, as far as I know, no major study has been made of Bastide's philosophy. This study also opened up the possibility of a deeper understanding of the philosophies of Descartes and Kant, as well as the philosophies of Brunsch­ vicg and Bergson. Bastide's philosophy offers new possibilities for reflection on the past in the light of contemporary problems, just as his own work can be understood only in the light of the philosophies which are the chief inspi­ ration for his axiological idealism. In this regard we have devoted three chapters of historical background in order to introduce the main influences on Bastide's philosophy.

Abstract: One: Japan in transition: Culture and education -- Since Meiji -- Contemporary change -- Prewar education -- Postwar Sh?wa reform -- Two: The Burakumin as a minority -- Discriminated Japanese -- Historical background -- The formation of Burakumin -- Development of emancipation movements -- Postwar emancipation movement -- Three: The Burakumin in Junan -- Social encounter of Burakumin -- Ecological aspects of Junan -- Pattern of maintenance systems in Junan -- Personality -- Conflict in Junan -- Unity or continuing conflict in Junan -- Four: Burakumin and education -- Schools in Eizen -- School program -- Junan students in schools -- Four operating elements in D?wa education at Yonami and T?zai -- D?wa education at Yonami -- D?wa education at T?zai -- Five: National policies and local responses -- Background of Zend?ky? -- Government-supported D?wa education -- Zend?ky? organization and its role -- Responses to national policies -- Six: Search and perspective -- Recommended reading -- Glossary of Japanese terms.

Abstract: This is a profile of people known as Burakumin, a Japanese minority group with a history of many centuries. The Burakumin is an "in­ visible race" which, unlike the Negro and other races in America, lacks stigma of color or other physical distinctions. Not invisible is it other­ wise, for Burakumin are unlike the majority Japanese in a variety of cultural features historically derivative from discrimination and pre­ judice which Burakumin have long suffered. This study of Burakumin focused on the responses of two compulso­ ry schools to the problems of this minority group. Other research foci were integrated into this central concern of the study so as to provide a unified cultural perspective. Attention was given to such various aspects of Burakumin culture as: historical perspective, community life, struggles for emancipation, organizational activities, nature of prejudice and discrimination, attitudes and responses of non-Buraku­ min towards Burakumin. Education in its broadest sense is an indigenous cultural process by means of which the culture, whether literate or non-literate, can main­ tain its continuity; this process is widely woven into the complex fabric of man's life and his organized activities. Education in a formal sense, however, is institutionalized schooling engaged in cultural transmission and change. One of the practical advantages of studying education in an anthropological perspective is to treat it in the matrix of culture as education and culture relate to each other. The present study focused its attention upon formal education with only minor attention given to informal aspects.

Abstract: There were several compelling reasons which prompted me to undertake the work of translating and commenting upon the Vale of Tears by Joseph of all, those of Hacohen, the sixteenth century physician and historian. First us who have been teaching in the area of the Middle Ages have noticed over the past several years a distinct upsurge of interest in the field. Consequently, a number of Medieval Institutes, non-denominational in character and attached to major universitites, have sprung up all over the United States trying once more to relate themselves to that age which witnessed - among other things - the unparalleled struggle between two power complexes, the Church and the State. Scholars will also have to consider the Jewish Middle Ages, interconnected with the Christian Middle Ages, which lasted much longer and far beyond the Renaissance in Europe. Most of them tended to gloss over this aspect of Western Civilization which found the Jew in the juggernaut between these two powers. Students of all faiths, ecumenically oriented and truthful to the point of self-abasement are now ready, without a sense of embarrassment, to discuss this long bleak period in the history of European man, where greed, envy, suspicion and religious fanaticism had triumphed over reason and piety. Yet, beyond all of this, there was another consideration which guided me in doing this tedious and often frustrating work: the knowledge of Hebrew has been on the decline in this country.

Abstract: I. Rewriting Moravia’s History -- a. A brief outline of the history of Moravia -- b. Premises of Moravian history -- c. The diocese of Saint Methodius -- d. Moravia part of Slavonia -- e. Slavonic liturgy in Croatia and Dalmatia -- II. Basic Premises -- a. Marava, Maravenses and Moravia -- b. Slavonia -- III. The Realm of Moravia -- a. Testimony of Western Chronicles and Annals -- b. Testimony of Byzantine sources -- IV. The Episcopacy And Diocese Of St. Meth Dius -- a. Testimony of Ecclesiastic sources -- b. The so-called “Forgeries of Lorch” -- V. Medieval Historiography On Moravia -- a. Tradition and evidence south of the Drava -- b. Tradition and evidence north of the Danube -- VI. Archeology and Philology Concerning Moravia -- a. Evidence derived from archeology -- b. Philological evidence -- VII. Conclusions.

Abstract: This study represents the unexpected outcome of an enquiry into the resources for the study of the medieval history of East Central Europe. While reading sources for a planned survey of medieval Poland, Bo­ hemia, Hungary, and Croatia, it became apparent to me that many current presentations of the history of Bohemia and Moravia were not based on viable evidence. Sources pertaining to the lives of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, as well as those for the study of Moravia, had been subjected to unwarranted interpretations or emendations, other sources of significance had been entirely omitted from considera­ tion, and finally, crucial formulations concerning Cyril and Methodius and Moravian history had been made in recent historiography without any basis in sources. Hen:e this study: an exercise in confronting the axioms of modern histori( 'graphy, philology and archaeology with the testimony of sources. My study is more of all introduction to the problems of Moravia's history than a set of fim 1 definitions and solutions. It will lead, ne­ cessarily, to a series of enquiries into the early history of several nations of East Central Europe, of the Church history of that region, and of various disciplines connected with the study of the Cyrillo-Methodian legacy.

Abstract: I. Alsatian Lawyer -- II. The Estates General and the National Constituent Assembly -- III. Procureur-General-Syndic and Member of the National Convention -- IV. The Directorship -- V. The Council of Elders and Retirement.

Abstract: Although numerous facets of the French Revolution have been thoroughly researched, there remain many lacunae. A historian can still find much virgin territory in the social aspects of the Revolution or he can study the events of a given locality. It is especially in the realm of biographical studies, however, that much more remains to be done. Social, economic, and other forces played an important role in the Great Revolution. But in the final analysis it were men and women, no matter how much they might have been "conditioned by the forces of history" or their environment who determined the course of history and who molded their own destiny. No biography on Jean-Fran.

Abstract: I The Austrian Government -- II Sovereign and Servant -- III Reform before Metternich -- IV The Reichsrat of 1811 -- V The Staatsrat of 1814 -- VI The Nationalities in the Reichsrat and Chancelleries -- VII Mountains in Labor -- VIII Triumph and Frustration -- IX Enter Kolowrat -- X The Double Eagle -- XI The Succession Question -- XII The Government of the Dalai Lama -- XIII Creation of the Staatskonferenz -- XIV The Crisis -- XV Archduke Johann’s Intervention -- XVI Dreigreisenregiment -- XVII Justamentnicht-Regieren -- XVIII Reforming Autocracies -- XIX Metternich’s Failure -- Bibliographical Essay.

Abstract: Life of Bolívar -- Sources of Bolívar’s Political Thought -- The Political Thought of Bolívar -- 1. The Cartagena Manifesto -- 2. Ideas on the Union of All America -- 3. The Jamaica Letter -- 4. The Angostura Discourse -- 5. A Letter to Guillermo White -- 6. Letter to General Nariño -- 7. The Congress of Panama -- Circular Letter of Invitation to the Congress of Panama -- Views on the Congress of Panama -- Letter to José Rafael Revenga -- 8. Essay on Public Education -- 9. Letters to Sucre on Federation of Colombia, Peru and Bolivia -- Letter to Sucre of May 12, 1826 -- Letter to Sucre of August 18, 1826 -- 10. Message to the Congress of Bolivia -- 11. Message to the Grand Convention of Ocaña -- 12. Letter to General Daniel O’Leary -- 13. A Panoramic View of Spanish America -- 14. Message to the Constituent Congress of the Republic of Colombia -- 15. Proclamation to the People of Colombia -- 16. Testament of Simón Bolívar.

Abstract: Life of Bolivar Sim6n Bolivar was born in Caracas, Venezuela, on July 24, 1783, and died in Santa Marta, Colombia, on December 17, 1830. His life was relatively brief, but it was crowded with many activities, many hardships, many re­ verses, and many accomplishments. He is now revered as the Liberator of five Latin American countries: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. A descendant of a distinguished Creole family that originated in Biscay, Spain, the young Bolivar was orphaned at an early age and was cared for by his uncle, Carlos Palacios. As was customary, tutors were employed to edu­ cate the young boy. One of these was Andres Bello, later to become a distin­ guished scholar. Another was Sim6n Rodriguez, who was particularly influ­ enced by Rousseau and other eighteenth century philosophers. Later the young BoHvar was sent to Spain to continue his education. There he met Maria Teresa Rodriguez del Toro, whom he married in 1802. Bolivar and his bride returned to Caracas, where she died of yellow fever in 1803. Boli­ var never remarried. Returning to Europe, Bolivar went to Spain and then to France. There he found that Napoleon, the former republican, had proclaimed himself Em­ peror of the French. After a trip to Italy, Bolivar returned to Caracas in 1807 by way of several cities in the United States.

Abstract: Petronius, A Portrait of the Artist -- Comments on Petronius’ Portrayal of Character -- Themes of Concealment and Pretence in Petronius’ Satyricon -- Petronius, Priapus and Priapeum LXVIII -- The Comparison of Petronius with Three Moderns -- Tacitus’ Biography of Petronius -- Eating People is Right -- Did Tacitus quote Petronius? -- Short Bibliography.

Abstract: I. Dr. Sun’s Policy of Aligning with Soviet Russia and Admitting Chinese Communists to Kuomintang Membership -- II. Why Did the Third International Order Chinese Reds to Become Members of the Kuomintang? -- III. The Kuomintang after Admitting Chinese Reds to its Membership -- IV. Purging of the Party and Stoppage of Kuomintang Communist Cooperation -- V. Armed Uprisings and the Trek to Yenan -- VI. Direct Talks Between the Kuomintang and the Communists -- VII. American Mediation and the Political Consultative Conference -- VIII. Peace Talks During the Acting-Presidency of Li Tsung-Jen`.

Abstract: Anyone making a study of the causes that led to the fall of the Chinese mainland into Communist hands will have to examine the long struggles between the two major rival parties in China, the Nationalists or the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communists. As the author once took a personal part in those struggles, he has assumed the task of giving an account of the facts as known to him. Some of the intricate events recorded in the following pages may be little known to the outside world or have not yet been revealed by others. What he has put down here has been carefully checked by him and is all backed up by firsthand sources. For example, on the eve of the March 19, 1926 Chungshan gunboat incident at Canton, an incident in which the Communists had plotted to kidnap General Chiang Kai-shek, then Commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy, someone had asked the General himself in person whether he was going back to Whampoa that day. Three telephone calls were made asking this question. In making a report of the incident after it was over, General Chiang did not identify who the individual was who was so persistent in ascertaining the General's movements on that momentous day, nor did he ever breathe a word of it even to his closest aides. Up to now few people know for sure who the person might have been.

Abstract: I. The Establishment of Neudeutschland -- II. Growth and Development, 1920–1922 -- III. Schism and Rupture, 1922–1924 -- IV. A Period of Calm, 1925–1929 -- V. Crisis and Change, 1930–1933 -- VI. The Initial Reaction to the Nazi State -- VII. The Onslaught and Resistance, 1934–1935 -- VIII. The Last Phase, 1936–1939.

Abstract: This study is of a modest segment of Germany's experience in the Weimar and Nazi periods. Its purpose is to throw light on one small part of that experience in order to add it to the larger puzzle. It is a study of Neudeutschland, a German Catholic youth organization for students. The membership of the Bund, as it was known, is primarily from the German secondary schools, those which are equivalent to the last two grades of grade school, plus high school and two years of college in the United States. Two ancillary sections of the organization are the Jungvolk, the segment for the youngsters of pre-secondary school age, and the Alterenbund, for those who have graduated and are pur­ suing careers in business, the university, and such. The organization was founded in 1919. Its course was relatively stormy until 1924, after which a short respite occurred in which an attempt was made at a unique synthesis. That synthesis can be sum­ marized in the phrase, "Catholic youth movement. " Neudeutschland sought to catholicize the "healthy" aspects of the German youth move­ ment which had grown after 1900 and which had swept through the secondary schools of Protestant northern Germany prior to the First World War. Mter the war, the impetus towards youth movemen- greatly enhanced by the shattering of the old, restricting authorit- spread among the Catholic students in the secondary schools.

Abstract: I. Ancient Literature. Literature of the Ch’ing Period. Folklore -- 1. Some Basic Features of Chinese Culture -- 2. History and Epics in China and in the West -- 3. The Authenticity of the Chu-shu-chi-nien -- 4. L’art de la guerre de Sun-tz? -- 5. Some Marginal Notes on the Poems of Po Chü-i -- 6. Two Documents Relating to the Life of P’u Sung-ling -- 7. Liao-chai chih-i by P’u Sung-ling -- 8. P’u Sung-ling and his Work -- 9. Liu O et son roman -- 10. Chui-tz?-shu — Folk-Songs from Ho-nan -- II. Medieval Popular Literature -- 11. Popular Novels in the Collection of Ch’ien Tseng -- 12. The Narrators of Buddhist Scriptures and Religious Tales in the Sung Period -- 13. Researches into the Beginnings of the Chinese Popular Novel, I.-II -- 14. New Studies of the Chinese Colloquial Short Story -- 15. Shui-hu-chuan et son auteur -- 16. The Creative Methods of Chinese Medieval Story-tellers -- 17. The Realistic and Lyric Elements in the Chinese Medieval Story -- 18. The Beginnings of Popular Chinese Literature; Urban Centres—the Cradle of Popular Fiction -- 19. Boccaccio and his Chinese Contemporaries -- 20. Les contes chinois du Moyen-âge comme source de l’histoire économique et sociale sous les dynasties des Sung et des Yüan -- 21. General Bibliography to Medieval Popular Literature -- Index to Part I -- Index to Part II -- List of Chinese Names and Quotations.

Abstract: The studies contained in this volume arose over the last thirty years. Originally the range of the materials I intended to include in my selection was very much wider. Publishing difficulties, however, have obliged me to curtail them to something less than half the planned content. At first I intended to include all the studies I supposed might be of interest to readers and represent contributi­ ons still of some significance for research in this domain of Oriental scholarship. When the necessity arose to limit the contents I gave preference to the standpoint of thematic completeness rather than to what would be of interest to the general reader. Thus in this volume I have confined myself to two them­ atic fields only-Old Chinese literature and studies dealing with mediaeval storytellers' productions-hua-pen. I have excluded the whole complex of historical studies and all studies relating to the new literature. I am now preparing, on the principal historical theme on which I was engaged already in the period of my studies in Prague under Prof. J. Bidlo, and then in 1928 till 1930, with Prof. B. Karlgren in Sweden and Prof. G. Haloun in Halle, in Germany, a more compendious study in which I hope to sum up the results of my research, and I also intend to publish a volume of selected studies dealing with the New Chinese literature at some later date.

Abstract: I. Introduction and Biographical Sketch -- II. Philosophical Skepticism -- 1. Historical Meaning of Skepticism -- 2. The Philosophy of a Modern Skeptic -- 3. The Sick Society and its Remedy -- 4. Criticism and Conclusion -- III. Skepticism and the Law -- 1. The Origins of Legal Realism -- 2. The Realistic Approach to Law -- 3. Natural Law -- 4. Conclusion -- IV. Reform of Legal Institutions -- 1. Legal Education -- 2. The Training of Judges -- 3. The Jury System -- 4. The Quest for Justice -- 5. Democracy in the Court Room -- 6. Conclusion -- V. Constitutional Philosophy -- 1. Judicial Restraint and the Constitution -- 2. Judicial Restraint and Legislative Interpretation -- 3. The Meaning of the Bill of Rights -- 4. Conclusion -- VI. Views on Political Democracy -- 1. Origins of Political Democracy -- 2. The Foundations of Democracy -- 3. The Pragmatic Value of Democracy -- 4. The Reform of American Democracy -- 5. Conclusion -- VII. Economic Theory -- 1. The Nature of Economics -- 2. The Depression: Its Causes and Cure -- 3. The Consequences of Inaction -- 4. The Future Society -- 5. Conclusion -- VIII. Paths to Peace -- 1. The Causes and Prevention of War: Pre-1940 -- 2. Transformation and the War Years -- 3. The Causes and Prevention of War: Post World War II -- 4. Conclusion -- IX. Summary and Conclusions -- 1. An Intellectual Portrait -- 2. A Personal Portrait -- 3. An Evaluation.

Abstract: Jerome Frank was one of the most important spokesmen for the generation of liberal intellectuals who came to maturity during the period of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. He was never a major figure in public life and thus never became a symbol of the period as did President Roosevelt, Henry Wallace, Harry Hopkins, or others whose positions made their views acces­ sible to the entire reading and listening public. While these men represented the popular view of the New Deal with its dedication to the elimination of the economic misery which beset the nation during the nineteen thirties, Frank may be the New Deal figure who most accurately summarized the intellectual currents of the period. As is the case with all thinkers, most of the ideas Frank presented in his books, articles, speeches, and in actual practice in governmental service were drawn from the works of other men. He brought together many diverse strains of thought, contributed some of his own ideas, and wove these to­ gether into a pattern which typifies the intellectual atmosphere that was the New Deal.

Abstract: I. Social and Religious Disillusionment of the Age 1850–1900 -- a. Literature: A Reflection of Social and Political Currents -- b. Disillusionment in the Official Church -- II. Lord Radstock and the Religious Revival in Russia’s Upper Classes -- III. Radstockism and Pashkovism in Russian Literature of the Nineteenth Century -- a. Dostoevskij and Zasetskaja -- b. Prince Meshcherskij -- c. Leskov and Peuker -- d. Ward de Charrière -- e. Tolstoj -- f. Boborykin -- IV. Pashkovism: Diffusion Among the Masses and Persecution -- a. Pobedonostev and Anti-Pashkovism -- b. Exile and Persecution -- c. Disintegration and Decline of Pashkovism.

Abstract: My research in the intellectual and spiritual sphere of nineteenth­ century Russia revealed that ever since the penetration of the fashion­ able anti-ecclesiastical views of the Encyclopedists into Russia, the aristocrats had grown indifferent to religion. The spiritual vacuum created as a result of such conditions could not last, however, for a prolonged period of time; least of all during the decades following the r860's when Russia's moral, socio-political, and religious problems were most acute. The subsequent quest for salvation and the general religious inquiry among Russia's elite, as they were known in the West, manifested itself chiefly in the writings of such profound religious and philosophical thinkers as V. Solov'ev, K. Leont'ev, N. Fedorov, Dos­ toevskij, and Tolstoj. They constitute, however, only a fraction of those tormented by the longing for religious truth and guidance in an age of transition and uncertainty. There existed among Russia's aristocracy in the second half of the nineteenth century a widespread socio-religious movement known as Radstockism or Pashkovism, which aimed for a religious renovation and with it a transformation of Russia on an ethical and moral basis. These aristocrats were men and women who in their youth were in­ different to all faith, but who had never abandoned the search for a solution to their own and to Russia's problems. The solution to these problems they believed to be based on moral and religious principles found in Evangelical Christianity.

Abstract: I. Stevins’ Life -- II. Mathematics -- Sixteenth-Century Mathematics -- Stevin’s Mathematical Work -- 1. De Thiende -- 2. Tables of Interest -- 3. Arithmetic and Algebra -- 4. Geometry -- III. Mechanics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Aristotelean and Archimedean Mechanics -- 3. Stevin’s Criticism of the Principle of Virtual Displacements -- 4. The Art of Weighing (De Weeghconst) -- 5. The Practice of Weighing (Weeghdaet) -- IV. Hydrostatics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Archimedean Principle -- 3. The Force Exerted on the Bottom -- 4. The Force Exerted on the Walls -- 5. The Problem of the Diver -- 6. On Floating Top-Heaviness (Vlietende Topswaerheyt) -- 7. Summary -- V. Astronomy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Heavenly Motions (Hemelloop) -- 3. Stevin’s Method -- 4. The Plan of the Work -- 5. Copernican Astronomy -- 6. Theological Opposition -- 7. The Nova Zembla Phenomenon -- 8. The Tides -- VI. Navigation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Sailings (Zeylstreken) -- 3. Great-Circle Sailing -- 4. Loxodromic Sailing -- 5. The Haven-Finding Art (Havenvinding) -- VII. Technology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mills -- 3. Sluices and Locks -- 4. Hydraulic Engineering -- 5. Geomorphology -- 6. The Sailing Chariot -- VIII. Military Science -- A. Fortification -- B. The Marking out of Army Camps (Castrametatio) -- IX. Architecture -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Town-Planning -- 3. House-Building -- X. Double-Entry Book-Keeping -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mercantile Book-Keeping -- 3. Princely Book-Keeping -- XI. Music -- XII. Civic Matters -- A. The Citizen -- B. The Prince -- XIII. Stevin and the Dutch Language -- XIV. Stevin’s Personality -- XV. Stevin’s Works.

Abstract: The works of Simon Stevin are most interesting for the history of science, because they have such a wide scope and reflect so clearly the development of scientific knowledge around 1600 in central Europe. The recent publi­ cation of his Principal Works, with an English translation, has again attracted attention to his fascinating personality. The book on Stevin by Professor E. J. Dijksterhuis, originally published in the Dutch language, is an excellent introduction to the life and works of this remarkable Netherlander. Dijksterhuis prepared a somewhat condensed English edition, adapted to the foreign reader. Because of his untimely death, publication had to be deferred until the undersigned were able to undertake the editorial work. The Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, allowed a grant, through which a linguistic revision of the text was made possible. We are very grateful to Miss C. Dikshoorn for the care with which she carried out this task and prepared the text for the press. A few supplementary notes have been added, for which we are personally responsible and which have been marked with our initials (R.H. or M.M.). Messrs Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, who published the original Dutch edition, have kindly agreed to bring out also the English version and have given all their attention to this publication. R. HOOYKAAS M. G. J. MINNAERT INTRODUCTION Modern science was born in the period beginning with Copernicus's work De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (l543) and ending with Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687).

Abstract: Introduction: The Problems of Contemporary Philosophy -- A. Tradition and Innovation in Contemporary Philosophy -- B. The Process of Differentiation in Philosophy -- C. A Look Ahead -- I / The Philosophy of Self-Evidence: Franz Brentano -- A. Mental Phenomena and Knowledge -- B. The Theory of Being -- C. The Theory of Moral Knowledge -- D. Knowledge of God -- E. Evaluation -- II / Methodological Phenomenology: Edmund Husserl -- A. The Absolute Character of Truth -- B. The Problem of Universals -- C. Intentionality, Judgment and Knowledge (The Phenomenology of Consciousness) -- D. The Phenomenological Intuiting of Essences (Die phänomenologische Wesensschau) -- E. Phenomenology and Transcendental Philosophy -- F. Evaluation -- III / Applied Phenomenology: Max Scheler -- A. Gnoseology and Phenomenology -- B. The Theory of Sympathy -- C. Value and Person -- D. Religious Philosophy and Theology -- E. Man’s Place in the Stratified Structure of the World -- F. Evaluation -- IV / Existential Ontology: Martin Heidegger -- A. The Philosophy of Existence in General and its Historical Relationship to Western Thought -- B. The Ontology of Finite Dasein -- C. Evaluation -- V / The Philosophy of Existence: Karl Jaspers -- A. Philosophical World-Orientation, Illumination of Existence, and Metaphysics -- B. The Being of the Encompassing, and Truth -- C. Evaluation -- VI / Critical Realism: Nicolai Hartmann -- A. The Metaphysics of Knowledge -- B. The Structure of Being -- C. The Philosophy of Spirit -- D. The Philosophy of Value -- E. Evaluation -- VII / Modern Empiricism: Rudolf Carnap and the Vienna Circle -- A. Reasons for the Rise of Modern Empiricism -- B. Immanence Positivism (Mach, Avenarius) and the Epistemology of Moritz Schlick -- C. Definitions and Explications of Concepts -- D. Statements and the Meaning of Statements -- 1. First Formulation of the Empiricist’s Criterion of Meaning -- E. The Structure of Empirical Knowledge -- F. Semantics and Logical Syntax -- G. Evaluation -- VIII / Foundational Studies and Contemporary Analytic Philosophy -- A. Research in the Foundations of Logic and Mathematics -- B. The Theory of Empirical Scientific Knowledge -- C. Problems of Reality -- D. Ethics -- IX / Ludwig Wittgenstein -- A. Philosophy I -- B. Philosophy II -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Abstract: I. The Beginnings -- II. The “Constitutionalism” of Emperor Alexander I -- III. Administrative Activities 1802–1812 -- IV. Reform of Russia’s Finances and Central Administration -- V. Plans of Reform -- VI. Disgrace and Exile -- VII. Philosophical Views and Political Theory -- VIII. Governing Russia’s Provinces -- IX. Projects for Reforming the Provincial Administration -- X. An Unpleasant Interlude — Speransky and the Decembrists -- XI. Codifying Russian Law -- XII. Last Years — Conclusion -- Indices.

Abstract: "An autocracy tempered by assassination", clever foreigners used to say about the Russian empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. With this bon mot the average curiosity about the Tsars' government was satisfied and there seemed to be no need to look further into the matter. There was, on the surface of things, some justification for such a definition: many rulers had suffered violent death and little did the autocracy abate between 1725 and 1905. The impression created by travelers, by historians and journalists, as well as by Russia's own discontented intelligentsia was that nothing really ever changed in Russia, that the autocracy was the same in 1905 as it had been at the death of Peter the Great in 1725. Not that the outside world had remained ignorant of the efforts at reform, the changes, and the modernization wrought in Russia since the day Peter I had "cut a window into Europe. " But the prevailing opinion was that such changes as occurred were merely external and did not affect the fundamental structure of the government or of society.

Abstract: Memorial Address -- Allocution -- Remarques sur la théorie intuitionniste des espaces linéaires -- Some Remarks about Synonymity and the Theorem of Beth -- Beth’s Tableau-Method -- Quelques remarques sur les “Tableaux de Beth” -- Une hypothèse sur l’extension des relations finies et sa vérification dans certaines classes particulières (deuxième partie) -- La philosophie géométrique de Henri Poincaré J. J. A.Mooij -- Logique et théorie physique -- L’argument probabiliste pour une logique non classique de la mécanique quantique -- Courant potentiel en magnétogazdynamique -- Nouvelle méthode de résolution de l’équation de Helmholtz pour une symétrie cylindrique -- Recherche en mécanique ondulatoire non linéaire -- Problème de Cauchy dans le modèle de Lee en métrique indéfinie -- Conclusions -- Bibliography of E. W. Beth.

Abstract: The origins of this book go back to I956 when it was suggested to me that a study on the philosophy of Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola would furnish an important addition to our knowledge of the philoso­ phy of the Italian Renaissance. It was not, however, until I960 that I could devote a significant portion of my time to a realization of this goal. My work was essentially completed in 1963, at which time it was presented in its original form as a doctoral dissertation in the Phi­ losophy Department of Columbia University. Since then I have made many minor improvements and several chapters have been extensively reworked. This study represents the first attempt in fifty years to give a detailed account of even a portion of Gianfrancesco Pico's life and thought. The most comprehensive previous study, Gertrude Bramlette Richards, "Gianfrancesco Pico della lv1irandola" (Cornell University Dissertation, I 9 I 5), which I have found very useful in preparing my own book, is largely based on secondary literature and is mistaken in a number of details. Furthermore, Miss Richards' treatment of Gian­ francesco Pico as a thinker is very sketchy and is not an exhaustive study of his own writings. It is hoped that my present study, built in part on her extensive bibliographical indications, brings forth a certain amount of new information which will be of value for further research.

Abstract: 1 Ideas of Freedom in Common Sense and Philosophy -- I. Commonsense Usages of “Free” and “Unfree” -- II. Commonsense Ideas of Moral Responsibility -- III. Philosophical Theories of Freedom -- IV. Freedom of Choice and Freedom of Action -- 2 The Freedom of Human Activities -- I. “Activities” and “Impediments” -- II. Physical Unfreedom -- III. Unfreedom at Gunpoint -- IV. Unfreedom and the Criminal Law -- V. Economic and Social Unfreedom -- VI. Ignorance and Unfreedom -- VII. Psychological Unfreedom -- VIII. Summary -- 3 Influence, Control, and Power -- I. Basic Meanings of “Influence,” “Control,” and “Power” -- II. The Exercise of Influence -- III. The Exercise of Control -- IV. Varieties of Control and Influence -- V. The Possession of Influence and Control -- VI. The Possession of Power -- VII. Summary -- 4 Authority -- I. The Exercise of Authority -- II. Being an Authority -- III. Authority Without Results -- IV. Authority and Freedom -- V. Summary -- 5 Leadership and Government -- I. Leading and Following -- II. The Functions of the Governor -- III. Control, Influence, and the Criminal Law -- IV. Freedom and Government -- V. The Authority of the Governor -- VI. The Legitimacy of the Governor -- 6 The Philosophical Foundations of Freedom, Control, and Influence -- I. The Human Agent -- II. Human Activities -- III. “Resulting” and “Being Correlated” -- IV. The Interpretation of “Probability P”.

Abstract: Social scientists have become increasingly aware that their work de­ pends upon adequate concepts of certain basic relationships among the people who comprise polities, economies, and societies. Government and politics, in particular, appear to consist almost exclusively of re­ lationships of power, influence, control, authority, leadership, coercion, persuasion, and manipulation. Even the most common and elementary statements of political science - that, for example, the Rio Grande is part of the boundary between Mexico and the United States and members of Congress are chosen in competitive elections - cannot be clear and unambiguous without the use of precise concepts of power and control. The subject matter of the political scientist also appears to raise more questions of evaluation than the economist and sociologist are required to resolve. Questions about the best form of government have always been central to political thought, and recent challenges to the theory, appeal, and suitability of democracy have evoked many at­ tempts to justify it. This attention to evaluation has inevitably involved the perennial issue of human freedom, and although political scien­ tists have written much about the desirability of freedom, they have only infrequently attempted to analyze the concept of freedom.