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  • 2025-2025  (54)
  • 1980-1984  (390)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (375)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401169431
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Resource Management Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I -- Soil Profile Descriptions -- Soil Maps -- Laboratory Analyses -- Soil Taxonomy -- Computerized Groupings of Soils -- Projects -- Photographs -- First Exam -- II -- Engineering Applications -- Waste Disposal -- Agricultural Land Classification -- Erosion Control -- Yield Correlations -- Farm Planning -- Community Planning -- III -- Soil Potentials -- Soil Variability -- Sequential Testing -- Land Uses and Soils -- Tragedy of the Commons -- Strategic Implications -- Military Campaigns -- Research -- Predictions -- Soils Tours -- Slide Sets -- Final Exam -- Evaluation.
    Abstract: The success of the book Soils and the Environment imagination in the applications of soil surveys, illustrates the need for further, more detailed toward the end of improving productivity and information about soil survey interpretations (uses efficiency in the use of soils and the environment. of soil surveys), especially for laypersons, teachers, Although laypersons, teachers, and students are the and students. Much information about soils and primary groups addressed by this Field Guide, the environment is secluded in offices of various other people involved with using soil surveys are agencies and institutions and thus is not readily (or will be) agriculturalists, agronomists, assessors, available to the people who need it. Techniques for botanists, conservationists, contractors, ecologists, finding and using the information are also not well economists, engineers, extension workers, fores­ known, so there is great need for this Field Guide ters, geologists, groundwater experts, planners, to Soils and the Environment to provide teachers politicians, public health officials, range managers, and learners with exercises that will give them recreationists, soil scientists, wildlife specialists, and many others. This Field Guide complements practice leading to confidence in the manipulation and enhances the book Soils and the Environment and utilization of soil survey data. In a sense, all published in 1981. of us are (or should be) learners and teachers in the use of soil survey information. This Field Guide DONALD R.
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  • 102
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400955608
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Resource Management Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I -- 1 Minerals in History -- 2 National Mineral Policy -- 3 Environment -- 4 Mineral Economics -- 5 Energy -- 6 Exploration -- 7 Mineral Production Technology -- 8 Crystal Gazing -- II -- 9 METALS -- 10 Non-Metals -- Annotated Bibliography.
    Abstract: This volume discusses the mineral resources upon which modern civiliza­ tion is built. Take away these minerals and humanity will rapidly return to the stone age, with its greatest concern the depletion of flint (also a mineral). It would, of course, result in about a 99% reduction in population. In other words, approximately 99% of the worlds' population is dependent on minerals for its existence. That is a pretty strong statement, but how many have even seen a travois? Without minerals, pack animals, rafts, rowboats, sail boats, sledges, and the backs of man would be the only forms of transport. Sufficient food could not be transported, nor could it be grown on our tired soils without tractors and fertilizer. Even in the more fertile tropics where nearly half of the population is now suffering from malnutrition, crops are dependent on "miracle" grains that require mechanization and mineral fertilizers. Modern buildings cannot operate without electricity and, without mineral fuels, few people in the northern latitudes would survive the first winter.
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  • 103
    ISBN: 9789400960831
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (396p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Franz Rosenzweig Der Mensch und Sein Werk, Gesammelte Schriften IV 4-2
    Series Statement: Franz Rosenzweig Gesammelte Schriften, Der Mensch und Sein Werk 4-2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Germanic languages ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Aus Franz Rosenzweigs Arbeitspapieren zur Verdeutschung der Schrift -- Im Anfang -- Namen -- Er Rief -- In der Wüste -- Reden -- Jehoschua -- Richter -- Schmuel -- Könige -- Jeschajahu -- Register der Bibelstellen -- Register der hebräischen Worte -- Namenverzeichnis -- Verweise auf die für die Bibelübersetzung relevanten Briefe -- und Tagebuchstellen von Franz Rosenzweig -- Bibliographie der Werke Franz Rosenzweigs -- General Register.
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  • 104
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400964389
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- Notes to Chapter 1 -- 2. The Biological Background -- 2.1. Sociobiology as Biology -- 2.2. Principles of Genetics -- 2.3. Population Genetics -- 2.4. Selection as Preserver of the Status Quo -- 2.5. The Level of Selection -- 2.6. The Theory of Evolution -- 2.7. Sociobiology as part of Evolutionary Theory -- Notes to Chapter 2 -- 3. The Sociobiology of Animals -- 3.1. Aggression: The Ethological Viewpoint -- 3.2. What is Animal Aggression Really Like? -- 3.3. Evolutionary Stable Strategies -- 3.4. Strengths and Limitations of the Game-theoretic Approach -- 3.5. Sex and Sexual Selection -- 3.6. Parental Investment -- 3.7. Female Reproductive Strategies -- 3.8. Parenthood -- 3.9. Altruism -- 3.10. Kin Selection -- 3.11. Parental Manipulation -- 3.12. Reciprocal Altruism -- Notes to Chapter 3 -- 4. Human Sociobiology -- 4.1. Aggression -- 4.2. Sex -- 4.3. Parenthood -- 4.4. Kin Selection -- 4.5. Parental Manipulation -- 4.6. Reciprocal Altruism -- 4.7. A General Model for Human Altruism -- Notes to Chapter 4 -- 5. Normative Criticisms -- 5.1. Sociobiology as Reactionary -- 5.2. Does Sociobiology Support Virulent Capitalism? -- 5.3. Why Sahlins’ Criticisms About Ideology Fail -- 5.4. Sociobiological Explanations of Homosexuality -- 5.5. Is Sociobiology Sexist? The Minor Charges -- 5.6. Is Sociobiology Sexist? The Major Charge -- Notes to Chapter 5 -- 6. Epistemological Criticisms -- 6.1. The Problem of Reification -- 6.2. Sociobiology as Mystical Nonsense -- 6.3. Natural Selection as Social Exploitation -- 6.4. Is Sociobiology Unfalsifiable? General Considerations -- 6.5. Is Sociobiology Unfalsifiable? Particular Considerations -- 6.6. Is Human Sociobiology False? The Rise and Fall of Islam -- 6.7. Is Human Sociobiology False? The Problem of Daughters -- 6.8. Conclusion -- Notes to Chapter 6 -- 7. The Positive Evidence -- 7.1. The Direct Evidence: Problems with Testing -- 7.2. Successes and Reservations -- 7.3. The Question of Intelligence -- 7.4. The Causes Behind Intelligence -- 7.5. The Weight of the Direct Evidence for Human Sociobiology -- 7.6. The Argument from Analogy -- 7.7. Human Aggression -- 7.8. The Indirect Evidence for Animal Sociobiology -- 7.9. The Indirect Evidence for Human Sociobiology -- 7.10. The Plausibility of Cultural Causes over Biological Causes -- 7.11. Does Culture Leave a Place for Human Sociobiology? -- 7.12. A Biological-Cultural Compromise -- 7.13. Conclusion -- Notes to Chapter 7 -- 8. Sociobiology and the Social Sciences -- 8.1. Theory Change: Replacement and Reduction -- 8.2. The Replacement of Anthropology -- 8.3. Primitive War as Analysed through a Biological-Anthropological Compromise -- 8.4. Biologically Sympathetic Anthropology -- 8.5. The Formal Relationship between a Corrected Anthropology and Biology -- 8.6. Psychology: The Problem of Learning -- 8.7. Psychoanalytic Theory and the Explanation of Homosexuality -- 8.8. Economics -- 8.9. Sociology -- 8.10. Conclusion -- Notes to Chapter 8 -- 9. Sociobiology and Ethics -- 9.1. Why are we Ethical? -- 9.2. Evolutionary Ethics -- 9.3. Wilson’s Attack on Intuitionism -- 9.4. Wilson’s Moral Relativism -- 9.5. Can Evolution be Directed? -- 9.6. Sociobiology and the Direction of Evolution -- 9.7 Conclusion -- Afterword -- Name Index.
    Abstract: In June 1975, the distinguished Harvard entomologist Edward O. Wilson published a truly huge book entitled, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. In this book, drawing on both fact and theory, Wilson tried to present a com­ prehensive overview of the rapidly growing subject of 'sociobiology', the study of the biological nature and foundations of animal behaviour, more precisely animal social behaviour. Although, as the title rather implies, Wilson was more surveying and synthesising than developing new material, he com­ pensated by giving the most thorough and inclusive treatment possible, beginning in the animal world with the most simple of forms, and progressing via insects, lower invertebrates, mammals and primates, right up to and in­ cluding our own species, Homo sapiens. Initial reaction to the book was very favourable, but before the year was out it came under withering attack from a group of radical scientists in the Boston area, who styled themselves 'The Science for the People Sociobiology Study Group'. Criticism, of course, is what every academic gets (and needs!); but, for two reasons, this attack was particularly unpleasant. First, not only were Wilson's ideas attacked, but he himself was smeared by being linked with the most reactionary of political thinkers, including the Nazis.
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  • 105
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400964044
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 23
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Boolean Semantics: An Overview -- 1. Sketch of the Semantics -- 2. On the Relation between English Form and Logical Form -- 3. An Ontological Innovation -- I: The Extensional Logic -- A. The Core Language, L -- I: The Extensional Logic -- B. Extending the Core Language -- II: The Intensional Logic.
    Abstract: In the spring of 1978, one of the authors of this book was sitting in on a course in logic for linguists given by the other author. In attempting to present some of Montague's insights in an elementary way (hopefully avoid­ ing the notation which many find difficult at first), the authors began dis­ cussions aimed towards the construction of a simple model-theoretical semantic apparatus which could be applied directly to a small English-like language and used to illustrate the methods of formal logical interpretation. In these discussions two points impressed themselves on us. First, our task could be simplified by using boolean algebras and boolean homomorphisms in the models; and second, the boolean approach we were developing had much more widespread relevance to the logical structure of English than we first thought. During the summer and fall of 1978 we continued work on the system, proving the more fundamental theorems (including what we have come to call the Justification Theorem) and outlining the way in which an intensional interpretation scheme could be developed which made use of the boolean approach (which was originally strictly extensional). We presented our findings in a monograph (Keenan and Faltz, 1978) which the UCLA Linguistics Department kindly published as part of their series called Occa­ sional Papers in Linguistics; one of the authors also presented the system at a colloquium held at the Winter Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America in December 1978.
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  • 106
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400962712
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology 23
    Series Statement: Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaelogy 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Regional planning ; Archaeology ; Ethnology. ; Culture. ; History.
    Abstract: I. General -- A. Bibliographies -- B. Handbooks and General Works -- C. Collections of Various Articles, Commemoration Volumes, Congress Papers, etc. -- D. Catalogues, Museum Collections and Museology -- E. Applied Sciences, Restoration Techniques, Dating Methods and Material Analysis -- II. India and the Regions within its Cultural Influence -- A. 1. General -- A. 2. Activities of Museums and Activities of Societies -- B. Relations with other Cultural Regions -- III. The Indian Subcontinent -- A. General -- B. Archaeology -- C. Historical Studies -- D. Arts -- IV. Regions within the Sphere of Indian Cultural Influence -- A. General -- B. Sri Lanka (Ceylon) -- C. South-East Asia -- D. Indonesian Archipelago -- E. Afghanistan and Central Asia -- F. Nepal -- G. Tibet -- V. Commemorative and Obituary Notices.
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  • 107
    ISBN: 9789400964303
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (536p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing, Studies in Comparative Cross-Cultural Research 6
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology ; Sociology. ; Public health.
    Abstract: Section I: Introductions -- 1. Among the Physicians: Encounter, Exchange and Transformation -- 2. Including the Physician in Healer-Centered Research: Retrospect and Prospect -- Section II: Core Medicine -- 3. A World of Internal Medicine: Portrait of an Internist -- Section III: Medical Specialties -- 4. Models and Practice in Medicine: Menopause as Syndrome or Life Transition? -- 5. Mary; Patient as Emergent Symbol on a Pediatrics Ward: The Objectification of Meaning in Social Process -- 6. How Surgeons Make Decisions -- 7. Gentle Interrogation: Inquiry and Interaction in Brief Initial Psychiatric Evaluations -- 8. Reflexivity, Countertransference and Clinical Ethnography: A Case From a Psychiatric Cultural Consultation Clinic -- 9. The Once- and the Twice-Born: Self and Practice Among Psychiatrists and Christian Psychiatrists -- Section IV: Interrelations of Medical Specialties -- 10. Discourses on Physician Competence -- 11. Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry: Medicine as Patient, Marginality as Practice -- 12. Disease and Pseudo-Disease: A Case History of Pseudo-Angina -- List of Contributors -- Author Index.
    Abstract: After putting down this weighty (in all senses of the word) collection, the reader, be she or he physician or social scientist, will (or at least should) feel uncomfortable about her or his taken-for-granted commonsense (therefore cultural) understanding of medicine. The editors and their collaborators show the medical leviathan, warts and all, for what it is: changing, pluralistic, problematic, powerful, provocative. What medicine proclaims itself to be - unified, scientific, biological and not social, non-judgmental - it is shown not to resemble very much. Those matters about which medicine keeps fairly silent, it turns out, come closer to being central to its clinical practice - managing errors and learning to conduct a shared moral dis­ course about mistakes, handling issues of competence and competition among biomedical practitioners, practicing in value-laden contexts on problems for which social science is a more relevant knowledge base than biological science, integrating folk and scientific models of illness in clinical communication, among a large number of highly pertinent ethnographic insights that illuminate medicine in the chapters that follow.
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  • 108
    ISBN: 9789400956483
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Series in Social Welfare 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social groups. ; Sociology.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Overview of the Book -- Notes and References -- 2 Studies of Decision Making in Child Welfare and Sources of Information for Decision Making -- Decision-Making Studies: A Brief Review -- Information -- Discussion -- Notes and References -- 3 Judgment and Decision Making -- Knowledge Structures and Judgmental Strategies -- Summary -- Discussion -- Notes and References -- 4 A Model for Decision Making -- The Program Environment -- Reception -- The Investigation -- Guidelines for Determining Whether a Child Is in Immediate Danger and, if so, Whether Protective Custody Is Necessary -- Determining Whether There Is Credible Evidence of Abuse or Neglect -- Notes and References -- 5 Description of the Illinois/West Virginia Project -- Project Implementation: The Field Test Sites -- The Research Hypotheses and Research Design -- Case Characteristics -- Training Workers for the Field Test -- Consultation with Project Workers and Supervisors -- Reliability -- Results -- Notes and References -- 6 The Process of Decision Making -- Decisions Made by Workers and Others: An Overview -- Summary of Decisions Mode by Workers -- The Decision Making Process -- Summary of Decision Making Process -- Notes and References -- 7 The Outcomes of Decision Making -- The Outcome of Using Structured Decision-Making Procedures -- Summary -- A Search for Predictor Variables -- A Finding of Credible Evidence -- Discussion -- Limitations of the Study -- Notes and References -- 8 Implications of the Study -- Implications for Child Welfare Practice -- Summary -- Implications for Administration -- Summary -- Implications for the Education of Child Welfare Workers -- Notes and References -- Subject/Author Index.
    Abstract: All countries confront the problem of providing for dependent, neglected, and 1 abused children. While the exact form of institutional response will differ in relation to a country's political and economic structure, its culture and its tradition, the same general kinds of child welfare services have been developed 2 everywhere. Literature from the United States, Canada, and several Western European countries reflects a shared concern about children who reside in unplanned, substitute care arrangements and a growing recognition of the importance of 3 making permanent plans for these children. The American response to this problem took shape in the early 1970s when government at the local, state, and 4 federal levels undertook to fund permanency planning projects. Permanency planning projects were charged with developing and testing procedures that would increase the likelihood that children would move out of substitute care arrangements into permanent family homes either through restoration to their biological families, termination of parental rights and subsequent adoption, court appointment of a legal guardian, or planned emancipation for older children. Long-term foster care, if it was a planned outcome supported by the use of written agreements between foster parents and child care agencies, was recognized as an appropriate option for some children. 2 DECISION MAKING IN CHILD WELFARE Permanency planning projects have had a direct effect on the substantive aspects of social work practice in child welfare.
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  • 109
    ISBN: 9789400956568
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (368p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: 1 Introduction to Evaluation -- Objectives -- What Is Evaluation? -- Methods -- Standards -- History -- Roles in Evaluation Work -- Knowledge Test for Unit 1 -- Application Exercise -- Questions Without Answers -- References -- 2 An Analysis of Alternative Approaches to Evaluation -- Objectives -- Alternative Conceptualizations of Evaluation -- Pseudoevaluation -- Quasievaluations -- True Evaluations -- Conclusion -- Knowledge Test for Unit 2 -- Application Exercises -- Questions Without Answers -- References -- 3 Objectives-oriented Evaluation: The Tylerian Tradition -- Objectives -- The Intention of the Tylerian Approach -- Some Limitations of the Tylerian Approach -- Metfessel and Michael: An Extension of the Tylerian Approach -- Knowledge Test for Unit 2 -- Application Exercises -- Questions Without Answers -- References -- 4 Edward A. Suchman and the Scientific Approach to Evaluation -- Objectives -- Conceptual Aspects of Evaluation -- Methodological Aspects of Evaluation -- Evaluation and Program Administration -- Knowledge Test for Unit 4 -- Questions Without Answers -- References -- 5 Cronbach’s Designing Evaluations: A Synopsis -- Objectives -- to the Issues -- Cronbach’s Concepts of the Elements in an Evaluation Design: Uto -- Planning for Communication -- The Promise of Evaluation -- Knowledge Test for Unit 5 -- Application Exercises -- Questions Without Answers -- References -- 6 Stufflebeam’s Improvement-oriented Evaluation -- Objectives -- Some Personal History -- Development of the CIPP Model -- The PDK Study Committee’s Elaboration of CIPP Evaluation -- CIPP Compared to Other Recent Evaluation Proposals -- CIPP as a Strategy for Improving Systems -- An Overview of CIPP Categories -- Designing Evaluations -- Metaevaluation and Standards -- Conclusion -- Knowledge Test for Unit 6 -- Application Exercises -- Questions Without Answers -- References -- 7 Stake’s Client-centered Approach to Evaluation -- Objectives -- The Countenance Statement of Evaluation -- Format for Data Collection -- Responsive Evaluation -- General Observations -- Knowledge Test for Unit 7 -- Application Exercises -- Questions Without Answers -- References -- 8 T.R. Owens, R.L. Wolf: An Adversary Approach to Evaluation -- Objectives -- Intention of the Adversary Model -- One Form of the Adversary Approach: Wolf’s Judicial Model -- Pros and Cons of Adversary Evaluation -- Knowledge Test for Unit 8 -- Application Exercises -- Questions Without Answers -- References -- 9 Illuminative Evaluation: The Holistic Approach -- Objectives -- Traditional Evaluation: Seeds of Doubt -- Stake’s Concept of Evaluation as Portrayal -- Illuminative Evaluation: A Social-Anthropological Paradigm -- The Context of Educational Programs -- Organization and Methods of Illuminative Evaluation -- Reporting and Decision Making -- Problems Associated with Illuminative Evaluation -- Knowledge Test for Unit 9 -- Application Exercises -- Questions Without Answers -- References -- 10 Michael Scrlven’s Consumer-Oriented Approach to Evaluation -- Objectives -- Evaluation Defined -- Critique of Other Persuasions -- Formative and Summative Evaluation -- Amateur versus Professional Evaluation -- Intrinsic and Payoff Evaluation -- Goal-free Evaluation -- Needs Assessment -- The Key Evaluation Checklist -- Metaevaluation -- Evaluation Ideologies -- Professionalization of Evaluation -- Knowledge Test for Unit 10 -- Application Exercises -- Questions Without Answers -- References -- Indexes.
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  • 110
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400962361
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 44
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 44
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: First Investigation -- The Indicative Gesture as the Original Form of Consciousness -- Second Investigation -- Syncretic Language -- Third Investigation -- Marxism and Psychoanalysis — The Origins of the Oedipal Crisis -- Notes -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Tran Duc Thao, a wise and learned scientist and an eminent Marxist philoso­ pher, begins this treatise on the origins of language and consciousness with a question: "One of the principal difficulties of the problem of the origin of consciousness is the exact determination of its beginnings. Precisely where must one draw the line between the sensori-motor psychism of animals and the conscious psychism that we see developing in man?" And then he cites Karl Marx's famous passage about 'the bee and the architect' from Capital: ... what distinguishes the worst architect from the best of bees is this, that the architect raises his structure in the imagination before he erects it in reality. At the end of every labor process, we get a result that already existed in the imagination of the laborer at its commencement. (Capital, Vol. I, p. 178, tr. Moore and Aveling) Thao follows this immediately with a second question: "But is this the most elementary form of consciousness?" Thus the conundrum concerning the origins of consciousness is posed as a circle: if human consciousness pre­ supposes representation (of the external reality, of mental awareness, of actions, of what it may), and if this consciousness emerges first with the activity of production using tools, and if the production of tools itself pre­ supposes representation - that is, with an image of what is to be produced in the mind of the producer - then the conditions for the origins of human.
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  • 111
    ISBN: 9789400960749
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Franz Rosenzweig: Gesammelte Schriften 4-1
    Series Statement: Franz Rosenzweig Gesammelte Schriften, Der Mensch und Sein Werk 4-1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Religion (General) ; Germanic languages ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Religion.
    Abstract: Vorwort -- Vorwort -- Die 95 Hymnen und Gedichte -- Gott -- Seele -- Volk -- Zion -- Verzeichnis der in den Anmerkungen angeführten Bibelstellen -- Namensverzeichnis.
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  • 112
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400961043
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Life sciences.
    Abstract: I: Teleological Phenomena -- 1. Teleology and reduction: Preliminaries -- 2. Purposiveness and designedness -- 3. Relative purposiveness -- 4. Internal purposiveness -- II: The Kantian Endeavor -- 1. The Critical methodology -- 2. The quest for unity and the Critique of Judgment -- 3. The Critique of Aesthetic Judgment and the Critique of Teleological Judgment -- III: Design in Nature -- 1. Is purposiveness designedness? -- 2. The empirical question -- 3. Two methodological objections -- IV: The Mechanism of Nature -- 1. Mechanism vs. vitalism, preformation vs. epigenesis -- 2. Reductionism in Kant -- 3. Kant’s anti-reductionism -- 4. The freedom of vital phenomena -- V: The Autonomy of Biology -- 1. Kant’s projectionism -- 2. Kant’s explanatory systematic unity -- 3. A natural dialectic -- 4. A noumenal question -- Appendix: Leibniz and the Second Analogy.
    Abstract: The most neglected sector of Kant's Critical Philosophy is his collec­ tion of remarks about biological phenomena in the second part of the Critique of Judgment, the Critique of Teleological Judgment. The reasons for this are numerous, but since in Kant, everything comes in threes, a three-fold collection will suffice. The Critique of Teleological Judgment itself is one reason. More than most of his writings, this segment of the Critical corpus suffers from what can most charitably be termed "mistakes of exposition. " In this part of the third Critique, it is commonplace to find sub-arguments in Kant's general position somewhere other than their logical niche. The result is that the general theme behind his remarks about living phenomena is obscured. This difficulty has done much to discourage even the most enthusiastic of Kant admirers from investing their time on this work. Secondly, in this century, until very recently, there has been little interest in philosophical questions about biology. Twenty-one out of thirty-one sections of the Critique of Teleological Judgment (sections #61 and 63-83) deal either directly or indirectly with issues of interest in the philosophy of biology. Finally, the Critique of Teleological Judgment has been placed among the last on that list "of writings thought to formulate Kant's Critical system. This is not merely because of its temporal position.
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  • 113
    ISBN: 9789400962682
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (379p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 46
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- J. M. Boche?ski, the Teacher: A Personal Reminiscence -- The Critique of Marxist Philosophy: 1956–1981 -- II. Marx-Interpretation -- Karl Marx and Adam Smith: Critical Remarks About the Critique of Political Economy -- Marxism as History — A Theory and Its Consequences -- “All Powers to the Walking People.” Feuerbach as a Fourth-World Marxist -- III. Marxism And Methodology -- Philosophical Evaluations of Systems Theory -- Humanistic Interpretation and Historical Materialism: The Methodology of the Pozna? School -- Is the Planning of Science Possible? A Comparison of Western Philosophy of Science and Soviet Marxism -- IV. Soviet Marxism-Leninism -- The Present State of the Marxist-Leninist Core Belief in Revolution. What Remains of Basic Marxism? -- Soviet Philosophical Anthropology and the Foundations of the Human Sciences -- Technological Determinism and Revolutionary Class War in Marxist Thinking -- O. I. Džioev: A Soviet Critique of Structuralist Social Theory -- V. Marxism in Confrontation with Non-Marxist Thought -- Some Continental and Marxist Responses to Pragmatism -- Recent Soviet Evaluations of American Philosophy -- A. F. Losev and the Rebirth of Soviet Aesthetics After Stalin -- The Marxist Critique of Rawls -- Out From Under the Railroad Bridge: Sartre and the Soviets -- Doctoral Dissertations Directed by J. M. Boche?ski -- Bibliography of the Works by J. M. Boche?ski 1961–1980 -- Index of Names.
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  • 114
    ISBN: 9789400964815
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (688p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 176
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Science Philosophy ; Ethics ; Law—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1: Theory of Science and Theory of Law -- Synopsis -- Recent Trends in the Philosophy of Science -- Legal Dogmatics as a Scientific Paradigm -- Paradigms in Legal Dogmatics Towards a Theory of Change and Progress in Legal Science -- Pragmatic Metatheory for Legal Science -- On Making Implicit Methodologies Explicit -- 2: Ontology and Epistomology in Legal Science -- Synopsis -- Ought, Reasons, Motivation, and the Unity of the Social Sciences: The Meta-theory of the Ought-Is Problem -- Legal Data. An Essay about the Ontology of Law -- Pluralis Juris -- Changes of Paradigm in the Law -- Legal Norms: a Transformational Approach -- Epistemology and Validity in Law -- Is Law a System of Enactments? -- The Concept of “Fact” in the Physical Sciences and in Law -- 3: Objectivity and Rationality of Legal Justification -- Synopsis -- Objectivity in the Social Sciences -- Objectivity and Rationality in Lawyer’s Reasoning -- Coherence in Legal Justification -- Paradigms of Justifying Legal Decisions -- Monism, Pluralism, Relativism and Right Answers in the Law -- Discovery and Justification in Science and Law -- Reasons and Causes in Connection with Judicial Decisions -- 4: Technical Rationality in the Law -- Synopsis -- Legal Rationality Among Different Types of Rationality -- Paradigms of Legal Research; Empirical Science and Legal Dogmatics -- Goal Reasons in Common Law Cases — Are They Predictive? -- Teleological Construction of Statutes -- Reason, Law and History -- The Rule of Law in Legal Reasoning -- 5: Some Special Topics Concerning Rationality and Legitimacy in the Law -- Synopsis -- An Ubiquitous Paralogism in Legal Thinking -- Power of Tolerance — On the Legitimacy of a Legal System -- Sir Edward Coke’s Legal Conservatism -- Popper’s Criterion of Refutability in the Legal Context -- 6: Criticism and Developments in Particular Areas of the Law: Property, Contracts, and Torts -- Synopsis -- Theory Choice and Contract Law -- Trends in Legal Science Relating to Contracts and Torts -- The Economics of Trade Laws -- 7: Interdisciplinary Bridges between Legal Research and Other Sciences -- Synopsis -- On Bridging the So-Called Gap Between Normative Legal Dogmatics and Empirical-Theoretical Social Science -- Towards an Interdisciplinary Theory of Law -- Legal Science and Hermeneutic Point of View -- Legal Theory and Social Science -- Integration Between Legal Research and Social Science -- 8: Analysis of Legal Norms and Juristic Propositions -- Synopsis -- Karl Olivecrona’s Theory of Legal Rules as Independent Imperatives -- Norms of Competence in Scandinavian Jurisprudence -- A Tentative Analysis of Two Juristic Sentences -- 9: Logical and Preference-Theoretical Structures in the Law -- Synopsis -- Automated Analysis of Legislation -- Rights and Practical Possibilities -- Requirements, Urgency, and Worth -- The Property Right of Sweden Today — Or a Requiem over an Outdated Way of Argueing -- List of Participants -- Index of Names.
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  • 115
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    ISBN: 9789400962569
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (436p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 81
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 81
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: One / Epistemological Foundations of the Dialectical Theory of Meaning -- I. General Logical Problems of Constructing a Theory of Meaning -- II. Categories of Objective Reality -- III. Symbols -- IV. Objective Experience -- V. Concepts and Other Categories of Thought -- Two / Analysis of Meaning -- VI. Meaning as a Complex of Relationships -- VII. Mental Meaning -- VIII. Objective Meaning -- IX. Linguistic Meaning -- X. Practical Meaning -- Three / Meaning and Communication -- XI. The Genesis of Signs and Meaning -- XII. General Definition of Meaning: The Interrelationships of the Individual Dimensions of Meaning -- XIII. Conditions of Effective Communication -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This prize monograph was a pioneering work among Marxist philosophers, East and West, twenty-five years ago. To our mind, the work would have been received with respect and pleasure by philosophers of many viewpoints if it had been known abroad then. Now, revised for this English-language editiJn by our dear and honored colleague Mihailo Markovic, it is still admirable, still the insightful and stimulating accomplishment of a pioneering philosophical and scientific mind, still resonating to the three themes of technical mastery, humane purpose, political critique. Markovic has always worked with the scientific and the humanist disci­ plines inseparably, a faithful as well as a creative man oflate twentieth century thOUght. Reasoning is to be studied as any other object of investigation would be: empirically, theoretically, psychologically, historically, imaginatively. But the entry is often through the study of meaning, in language and in life. In his splendid guide into the work before us, his Introduction, Markovic shows his remarkable ability as the teacher, motivating, clarifying, sketching the whole, illuminating the detail, Critically situating the problem within a practical understanding of the tool oflanguage.
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  • 116
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    ISBN: 9789401096126
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H.L. Van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 92
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 92
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: One: Epistemology and Ontology -- Structuring the Phenomenological Field: Reflections on a Daubert Manuscript -- Phenomenology and Relativism -- Memory and Phenomenological Method -- “Plato’s Cave”, Flatland and Phenomenology -- Time and Time-Consciousness -- Two: Social and Political Life -- “Left” and “Right” as Socio-Political Stances -- A Phenomenology of Coercion and Appeal -- Phenomenology as Psychic Technique of Non-Resistance -- The Self in Question -- Existential Phenomenology and Applied Philosophy -- Three: Aesthetic, Ethical, and Religious Values -- The Good and the Beautiful -- The Retributive Attitude and the Moral Life -- Kindness -- The Phenomenology of Symbol: Genesis I and II -- Epilogue: For the Third Generation of Phenomenologists Contributing to this Volume.
    Abstract: by Wolfe Mays It is a great pleasure and honour to write this preface. I first became ac­ quainted with Herbert Spiegelberg's work some twenty years ago, when in 1960 I reviewed The Phenomenological Movement! for Philosophical Books, one of the few journals in Britain that reviewed this book, which Herbert has jok­ ingly referred to as "the monster". I was at that time already interested in Con­ tinental thought, and in particular phenomenology. I had attended a course on phenomenology given by Rene Schaerer at Geneva when I was working there in 1955-6. I had also been partly instrumental in getting Merleau-Ponty to come to Manchester in 1958. During his visit he gave a seminar in English on politics and a lecture in French on "Wittgenstein and Language" in which he attacked Wittgenstein's views on language in the Tractatus. He was apparently unaware of the Philosophical Investigations. But it was not until I came to review Herbert's book that I appreciated the ramifications of the movement: its diverse strands of thought, and the manifold personalities involved in it. For example, Herbert mentions one Aurel Kolnai who had written on the "Phenomenology of Disgust'!, and which had appeared in Vol. 10 of Husserl's Jahrbuch. It was only after I had been acquainted for some time with Kolnai then in England, that I realised that 2 Herbert had written about him in the Movement. The Movement itself contains a wealth of learning.
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  • 117
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    ISBN: 9789400963405
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences a Yearbook 8
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 8
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    Keywords: Humanities ; History.
    Abstract: I Introduction -- Science and Utopia: On the Social Ordering of the Future -- II Science and Utopia in History -- Science and Utopia: The History of a Dilemma -- Elias Artista: A Precursor of the Messiah in Natural Science -- The Explosion of the Circle: Science and Negative Utopia -- III Socialism, Science and Utopia -- From Utopia to Science? The Development of Socialist Theory between Utopia and Science -- Bogdanov’s Red Star: An Early Bolshevik Science Utopia -- IV Utopias in Practice -- Automata: A Masculine Utopia -- Making Dreams Come True — An Essay on the Role of Practical Utopias in Science -- Eugenic Utopias: Blueprints for the Rationalization of Human Evolution -- Artificial Intelligence and Industrial Robots: An Automatic End for Utopian Thought? -- V Utopian Modes -- Meddling with ‘Politicks’ — Some Conjectures about the Relationship between Science and Utopia -- Science and Power for What? -- Science and Utopia in Late 20th Century Pluralist Democracy, with a Special Reference to the U.S.A. -- Epilogue -- Vespers -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Just fifty years ago Julian Huxley, the biologist grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley, published a book which easily could be seen to represent the prevail­ ing outlook among young scientists of the day: If I were a Dictator (1934). The outlook is optimistic, the tone playfully rational, the intent clear - allow science a free hand and through rational planning it could bring order out of the surrounding social chaos. He complained, however: At the moment, science is for most part either an intellectual luxury or the paid servant of capitalist industry or the nationalist state. When it and its results cannot be fitted into the existing framework, it and they are ignored; and furthermore the structure of scientific research is grossly lopsided, with over-emphasis on some kinds of science and partial or entire neglect of others. (pp. 83-84) All this the scientist dictator would set right. A new era of scientific human­ ism would provide alternative visions to the traditional religions with their Gods and the civic religions such as Nazism and fascism. Science in Huxley's version carries in it the twin impulses of the utopian imagination - Power and Order. Of course, it was exactly this vision of science which led that other grand­ son of Thomas Henry Huxley, the writer Aldous Huxley, to portray scientific discovery as potentially subversive and scientific practice as ultimately en­ slaving.
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  • 118
    ISBN: 9789400962620
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 17
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Spontaneity Of Life, Individualization, Beingness -- Harmony in Becoming: The Spontaneity of Life and Self-Individualization -- Toward a More Comprehensive Concept of life -- Confucian Methodology and Understanding the Human Person -- Heidegger’s Quest for the Essence of Man -- A Comparative Study of Lao-tzu and Husserl: A Methodological Approach -- II Human Faculties of Life -- Mind and Consciousness in Chinese Philosophy: A Historical Survey -- Transcendental Consciousness in Edmund Husserl’s Phenomenology -- Life-world and Reason in Husserl’s Philosophy of Life -- Consciousness and Body in the Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty: Some Remarks Concerning Flesh, Vision, and World in the Late Philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty -- Language, Consciousness, and Mind in Neo-Confucian Philosophy: The Crossbow Pellet -- Conscience and Life: The Role of Freedom in Heidegger’s Conception of Conscience -- III Life, Morality and Inwardness -- A Reevaluation of Confucius -- Conscience, Morality and Creativity -- Confucian Moral Metaphysics and Heidegger’s Fundamental Ontology -- The Concept of Tao: A Hermeneutical Perspective -- Phenomenology in T’ien-t’ai and Hua-yen Buddhism -- Chinese Buddhism as an Existential Phenomenology -- A Critical Reflection on the Methods of Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, and the Idea of Contextualization in Religious and Theological Studies -- IV The Locus of Art In Life -- The Tenets of Roman Ingarden’s Aesthetics in a Philosophical Perspective -- The Literary Work and Its Concretization in Roman Ingarden’s Aesthetics -- The Writer as Shaman -- A Glimpse of the Fundamental Nature of Japanese Art -- A Phenomenological Perspective of Theodore Roethke’s Poetry -- Virginia Woolf’s Theory of Reception -- The Aesthetic Interpretation of life in The Tale of Genji -- Index Of Names.
    Abstract: To introduce this collection of research studies, which stem from the pro­ grams conducted by The World Phenomenology Institute, we need say a few words about our aims and work. This will bring to light the significance of the present volume. The phenomenological philosophy is an unprejudiced study of experience in its entire range: experience being understood as yielding objects. Experi­ ence, moreover, is approached in a specific way, such a way that it legitima­ tizes itself naturally in immediate evidence. As such it offers a unique ground for philosophical inquiry. Its basic condition, however, is to legitimize its validity. In this way it allows a dialogue to unfold among various philosophies of different methodologies and persuasions, so that their basic assumptions and conceptions may be investigated in an objective fashion. That is, instead of comparing concepts, we may go below their differences to seek together what they are meant to grasp. We may in this way come to the things them­ selves, which are the common objective of all philosophy, or what the great Chinese philosopher Wang Yang Ming called "the investigation of things". It is in this spirit that the Institute's programs include a "cross-cultural" dialogue meant to bring about a profound communication among philosophers in their deepest concerns. Rising above artificial cultural confinements, such dialogues bring scholars, thinkers and human beings together toward a truly human community of minds. Our Institute unfolds one consistent academic program.
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  • 119
    ISBN: 9789400962835
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 16
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Anthropology ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / On the Concepts of Health and Disease -- An Equilibrium Model of Health -- Comments on Pörn’s ‘An Equilibrium Model of Health’ -- On the Circle of Health -- Comments on Nordenfelt’s ‘On the Circle of Health’ -- Clinical Problems and the Concept of Disease -- Comments on Engelhardt’s ‘Clinical Problems and the Concept of Disease’ -- Health and Disease from the Point of View of the Clinical Laboratory -- Section II / On Definition and Classification in Medicine -- A Critique of Essentialism in Medicine -- Comments on Jensen’s ‘A Critique of Essentialism in Medicine’ -- Psychiatric Classification: The Status of So-Called “Diagnostic Criteria” -- Comments on Malmgren’s ‘Psychiatric Classification: The Status of So-Called “Diagnostic Criteria”’ -- Section III / On Causal Thinking in Medicine -- A. Causal Analysis -- Criteria of Causal Association in Epidemiology -- Comments on Ahlbom’s ‘Criteria of Causal Association in Epidemiology’ -- About Causation in Medicine: Some Shortcomings of a Probabilistic Account of Causal Explanations -- B. Causal Selection -- Models of Causation in Epidemiology -- On the Selection of Causes of Death: An Analysis of WHO’s Rules for Selection of the Underlying Cause of Death -- Disease from a Historical and Social Point of View: Some Remarks Based on the Needs of Preventive Medicine -- Comments on Larsen’s ‘Disease from a Historical and Social Point of View’ -- The Causal Basis of the Current Disease Classification -- Comments on Wulff’s ‘The Causal Basis of the Current Disease Classification’ -- What is a Genetic Disease? On the Relative Importance of Causes -- Comments on Hesslow’s ‘What is a Genetic Disease?’ -- C. Causal Explanation -- A Pragmatic Concept of Causal Explanation -- Comments on Sadegh-zadeh’s ‘A Pragmatic Concept of Causal Explanation’ -- D. Other Topics on Causality -- Holistic Medicine as a Method of Causal Explanation, Treatment, and Prevention in Clinical Work: Obstacle or Opportunity for Development? -- Causes, Effects, and Side Effects: Choosing Between the Better and the Best -- Notes on the Philosophy of Medicine in Scandinavia -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: On May 13-15, 1982, some 50 scientists and scholars - physicians, philos­ ophers and social scientists - convened at Hasselby Castle in Stockholm for the first Nordic Symposium on the Philosophy of Medicine. The topics for the symposium included (1) the concepts of health and disease, (2) classification in medicine, and (3) causality and causal explanations in medicine. The majority of the participants were Scandinavian but the symposium was also able to welcome four distinguished guests from other parts of the world, Professors Stuart F. Spicker and H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., U.S.A., Dr Anne M. Fagot, France, and Dr Werner Morbach, West Germany. The latter represented Professor Kazem Sadegh-zadeh, who unfortunately was prevented from attending. One of the main purposes of this symposium was to bring together people in Scandinavia who at present work within the field of Philosophy of Medi­ cine. This group is still relatively small but is growing rapidly, and the scholarly activity has recently been notable. This fact is clearly demonstrated by the presentation of 'Philosophy of Medicine in Scandinavia' in the Appendix of this volume.
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    ISBN: 9789400962330
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 64
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 64
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introductory Remarks to the Symposium on Hegel and the Sciences -- The Scholar, the Liberal Ideal, and the Philosophy of Science -- I. The Sciences -- Conceptual Analysis and Scientific Theory in Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature (with Special Reference to Hegel’s Optics) -- A Comment on Buchdahl’s Paper -- The Chemical System of Substances, Forces and Processes in Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature and the Science of His Time -- Hegel and the Celestial Mechanics of Newton and Einstein -- The Hegelian Treatment of Biology and Life -- More Comments on the Place of the Organic in Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature -- Hegel and the Organic View of Nature -- Hegel’s Philosophical Understanding of Illness -- On Hegel’s Significance for the Social Sciences -- Hegel’s Conception of Psychology -- II. Philosophy and Methodology of Science -- The Dialectical Structure of Scientific Thinking -- Is the Progress of Science Dialectical? -- Some ‘Moments’ of Hegel’s Relation to the Sciences -- Hegel’s ‘Deduction of the Concept of Science’ -- Theory and Praxis and the Beginning of Science -- The First American Interpretation of Hegel in J. B. Stallo’s Philosophy of Science -- III. Dialectics and Logic -- Hegel’s Logic from a Logical Point of View -- The Dynamics of Hegelian Dialectics, and Non-Linearity in the Sciences -- Mathematical Dialectics, Scientific Logic and the Psychoanalysis of Thinking [Comment on Kosok and Gauthier] -- Comments on Kosok’s Interpretation of Hegel’s Logic -- Bibliographical Note -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: To the scientists and philosophers of our time, Hegel has been either a ne­ glected or a provocative thinker, a source of irrelevant dark metaphysics or of complex but insightful analysis. His influence upon the work of natural scientists has seemed minimal, in the main; and his stimulus to the nascent sciences of society and to psychology has seemed to be as often an obstacle as an encouragement. Nevertheless his philosophical analysis of knowledge and the knowing process, of concepts and their evolutionary formation, of rationality in its forms and histories, of the stages of empirical awareness and human practice, all set within his endless inquiries into cultural formations from the entire sweep of human experience, must, we believe, be confronted by anyone who wants to understand the scientific consciousness. Indeed, we may wish to situate the changing theories of nature, and of humankind in nature, within a philosophical account of men and women as social practi­ tioners and as sensing, thinking, feeling centers of privacy; and then we will see the work of Hegel as a major effort to mediate between the purest of epistemological investigations and the most practical of the political and the religious. This book, long delayed to our deep regret, derives from a Symposium on Hegel and the Sciences which was sponsored jointly by the Hegel Society of America and the Boston University Center for Philosophy and History of Science a decade ago.
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    ISBN: 9789401174176
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Series in Social Welfare 6
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    Keywords: Social sciences
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Foundations for Practice -- 3 Methods of Assessment -- 4 Methods of Treatment -- 5 Problems of Anxiety -- 6 Problems of Demoralization -- 7 Problems of Identity and Meaning -- 8 Conclusions -- References.
    Abstract: The essential purpose of this book is to provide practitioners and students of the human service professions with a practice approach and methodology that has been developed over the past ten years in both research and clinical work with older persons. It is concerned with the kinds of emotional prob­ lems that are salient and pervasive in the second half of life, that is, from about the ages of 50 on into the 60s, 70s, and 80s. These problems are often related to inevitable developmental and situational events and losses, as well as the decrements and concerns that are prevalent in the latter decades of life: physical decline and illness, loss of loved ones, concerns about one's own mortality, loss of major occupational and family roles, and the issues of meaning in and about one's life which are raised by these losses and concerns. The approach to these problems will include a range of assessment and treatment methods for counseling and psychotherapy. It will, however, em­ phasize two particular kinds of methods for dealing with these problems. The first of these, cognitive methods, tend to focus on how older persons think about or construe these problems whereas phenomenological methods focus on how persons experience or feel about them. What is common to both is that they are oriented toward the person's perception of the prob­ lem.
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    ISBN: 9789400961135
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H.L. van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 95
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: The Intentional Approach to Ontology -- The Question of the Rationality of Social Interaction -- Time-consciousness and Historical Consciousness -- The Aesthetic Object as “Die Sache selbst” -- The Implications of Merleau-Ponty’s Thought for the Practice of Psychotherapy -- The Hidden Dialectic in Edmund Husserl’s Phenomenology -- Time Structure in Social Communality -- Hegel’s Image of Phenomenology -- Phenomenology and the Phenomenon of Technology -- Piaget and Freud: Two Approaches to the Unconscious -- Husserl, Frege and the Overcoming of Psychologism -- Phenomenological Reduction and the Sciences -- Variations of the Transcendentalism -- The Identities of the Things Themselves -- Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology and History -- Marvin Farber’s Contribution to the Phenomenological Movement: An International Perspective -- Contributors -- Index of subjects -- Index of names.
    Abstract: The articles included in this volume originate from contributions to the International Conference on Philosophy and Science in Phenomenologi­ cal Perspecllve, held in Buffalo in March 1982. The occasion had been to honor the late Professor Marvin Farber, a long time distinguished member of the Department of Philosophy, State University of New York at Buffalo. and the Founding Editor of the journal, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Many of the papers were subsequently rewritten, expanded or other­ wise edited to be published in the series Phaenomenoiogica. The articles lIy Professor Frings and Professor Rotenstreich had not been presented at the conference, although they were originally invited papers. We regret that not all papers submitted to the conference, including com­ ments, could be accommodated in this volume. Nonetheless, our sincere gratitude is due to all participants who have made the conference a memorable and worthy event. nt of Philosophy, State University of New York at The Departme Buffalo, as the sponsor of the conference, wishes to acknowledge the grants from the Conferences in the Disciplines Program, Conversations in the Disciplines Program, and the International Studies of the State University of New York at Buffalo, as well as for a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. The International Phenomenological Society, with Professor Roderick Chisholm succeeding Marvin Farber as its president, co-sponsored the conference.
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    ISBN: 9789400961845
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (360p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 17
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics. ; Philosophy, Ancient. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction: John Wisdom and the Breadth of Philosophy -- 2. What is there in Horse Racing? -- 3. Mr. Köllerstr#x00F6;m’s Dream: Enlightenment and Happiness -- 4. Wonders -- 5. Saints and Supererogation -- 6. Wisdom on Aesthetics: Superstructure and Substructure -- 7. The Art of Saying what can be Imagined -- 8. Our Knowledge of Other People -- 9. Psycho-Analysis and Philosophy -- 10. Discipline and Discipleship -- 11. The Scope of Reason: Wisdom, Kuhn and James -- 12. Generality and the Importance of the Particular Case -- 13. Universals: Logic and Metaphor -- 14. From Epistemology to Romance via Wisdom -- 15. Philosophy and Scepticism.
    Abstract: JOHN WISDOM AND THE BREADTH OF PHILOSOPHY hham Dhman 1. THE ESSAYS IN THIS VOLUME The essays following the two pieces by John Wisdom have all been written by philosophers who are former students or friends of Wisdom or who have a high regard for his work. Their contributions were all written with him in mind and to be discussed at a conference honouring his work. This conference was held in August 1983 at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which Wisdom has been a fellow since 1935. Wisdom is a master of discursive reasoning and one of his distinctive contributions in philosophy has been to examine its various forms and their interconnections, particularly the form it takes in philosophical inquiry and the way it advances our understanding there. His concern to bring out the links between all that is abstract in such reasoning and the concrete and particular is well known and represented in many of the essays in this volume. But Wisdom has also a deep appreciation of the kind of understanding that is advanced non-discursively. As he puts it in the first piece in this volume: However skilled a good critic 'I am sure that much of what makes "Hamlet" "Hamlet" will run between his fingers'. He has himself advanced our understanding on many questions in philosophy in this way, not simply by what he has said, but also by what he has suggested 'between the lines'.
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    ISBN: 9789400961876
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 196 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Science and Philosophy 1
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. The Philosophical Situation: A Critical Appraisal -- 1: The ‘standard’ account of meaning -- 2: ‘Meaning variance’ and ‘incommensurability’ -- II. The Scientific Situation: An Historical Analysis -- 3: Faraday’s ‘lines of force’ -- 4: Maxwell’s ‘Newtonian aether-field’ -- 5: Lorentz’ ‘non-Newtonian aether-field’ -- 6: Einstein’s ‘field’ -- III. The Making of Meaning: A Proposal -- 7: Meaning in scientific practice.
    Abstract: Einstein often expressed the sentiment that "the eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility," and that science is the means through which we comprehend it. However, nearly every­ one - including scientists - agrees that the concepts of modem physics are quite incomprehensible: They are both unintelligible to the educated lay-person and to the scientific community itself, where there is much dispute over the interpretation of even (and especially) the most basic concepts. There is, of course, almost universal agreement that modem science quite adequately accounts for and predicts events, i. e. , that its calculations work better than those of classical physics; yet the concepts of science are supposed to be descriptive of 'the world' as well - they should enable us to comprehend it. So, it is asked, and needs tobe"asked: Has modem physics failed in an important respect? It failed with me as a physics student. I came to physics, as with most naIve students, out of a desire to know what the world is really like; in particular, to understand Einstein's conception of it. I thought I had grasped the concepts in classical mechanics, but with electrodynamics confusion set in and only increased with relativity and quantum mechanics. At that point I began even to doubt whether I had really understood the basic concepts of classical mechanics.
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  • 125
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    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften GmbH | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783322886774
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (392 pages)
    Series Statement: Beiträge Zur Sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung Ser. v.61
    DDC: 301
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    Keywords: Parsons, Talcott ; Handlungstheorie ; Strukturalismus ; Hochschulschrift ; Electronic books
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  • 126
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    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften GmbH | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783322954886
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (116 pages)
    DDC: 305.235
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Jugendsoziologie ; Electronic books
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  • 127
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    Online Resource
    Ann Arbor : University of Michigan | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780472901999
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (159 pages)
    Series Statement: Michigan Papers in Japanese Studies v.11
    DDC: 302.3/0952/16
    Keywords: Electronic books
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  • 128
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    Online Resource
    Berlin/Boston : Walter de Gruyter GmbH | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783111629902
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 pages)
    Edition: 3rd ed.
    Series Statement: Sammlung Göschen Ser. v.1101
    DDC: 301
    Keywords: Sociology ; Electronic books
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  • 129
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401568647
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 167 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Holocaust Studies Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; History. ; Civil procedure.
    Abstract: 1 The Philosophical Implications of the Holocaust -- 2 A Psychological Perspective of the Holocaust -- 3 The Post-Holocaust Generations -- 4 Christian Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust -- 5 German Protestant Responses to Nazi Persecution of the Jews -- 6 The Irgun and the Destruction of European Jewry -- 7 Halakhah and the Holocaust: Historical Perspectives -- 8 The Surviving Voice: Literature of the Holocaust -- 9 Poetry in the Holocaust Dominion -- 10 Holocaust Imagery in Contemporary French Literature -- 11 The Genocide Bomb: The Holocaust Through the Eyes of a Survivor -- Contributing Authors.
    Abstract: The number of books and articles dealing with various aspects of World War II has increased at a phenomenal rate since the end of the hostilities. Perhaps no other chapter in this bloodiest of all wars has received as much attention as the Holo­ caust. The Nazis' program for the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" - this ideologically conceived, diabolical plan for the physicalliquidation of European Jewry - has emerged as a subject of agonizing and intense interest to laypersons and scholars alike. The centrality of the Holocaust in the study of the Third Reich and the Nazi phenomenon is almost universally recognized. The source materials for many of the books published during the immediate postwar period were the notes and diaries kept by many camp and ghetto dwellers, who were sustained during their unbelievable ordeal by the unusual drive to bear witness. These were supplemented after the liberation by a large number of personal narratives collected from survivors alI over Europe. Understandably, the books published shortly after the war ended were mainly martyrological and lachrymological, reflecting the trauma of the Holocaust at the personal, individual level. These were soon followed by a considerable number of books dealing with the moral and religious questions revolving around the role ofthe lay and spiritual leaders of the doomed Jewish communities, especially those involved in the Jewish Councils, as well as God' s responsibility toward the "chosen people.
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  • 130
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400959811
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 572
    Keywords: Life sciences ; Biochemistry ; Morphology (Animals)
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  • 131
    ISBN: 9789400969056
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 138 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I Raymond Aron -- Raymond Aron: Texte Originale -- II Isaiah Berlin and the Emergence of Liberal Pluralism -- III Leszek Kolakowski: A Portrait -- IV The Achievement of Marguerite Yourcenar -- About the Authors.
    Abstract: This book has been published to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Erasmus Prize and underline the importance of the four laureates who received the Prize in the jubileum year. Raymon Aron, Isaiah Berlin, Leszek Kolakowski and Marguerite Y ourcenarcan be considered four outstanding representatives of the unique European intellectual tradition that is characterised by its critical sense and respect for freedom of the individual. It is for this reason that they have been awarded the Erasmus Prize. The essays included in this book are devoted to these four personalities, a Frenchman strongly influenced by the German philosophical tradition, a Russian who has settled in Oxford, a philosopher banned from his native Poland, and a Frenchwoman of Belgian origin living in America. Each has demonstrated in his or her own way that the ideas on and ideals of European culture and tradition are oflasting value. Each recognizes that human values can only flourish in a pluralistic society, a society in which 'Ie juste milieu' must constantly be sought. The temptation to succumb to monistic, dogmatic and intolerant tendencies that continue to threaten our civilisation not only from the outside but also from within, must be continually resisted. The dignity of man reaches full maturity first and foremost in a society in which man is the moulder and maker of himself and freedom of the individual stands central.
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  • 132
    ISBN: 9789400967786
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 338 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. Van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 88
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 88
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I The Contours of a Logistic Phenomenology of Meaning -- 1. Expression and Meaning -- 2. Meaning and Nominal Acts -- 3. Meaning and Propositional Acts -- 4. A Logistic Interpretation of Intentionality and Truth -- II Toward a Genetic Phenomenology of Perception -- 5. Static and Genetic Pheonomenology -- 6. The First Elaboration: A Noetics of Perception -- 7. The Second Elaboration: A Noematics of Perception -- 8. The Third Elaboration: Transcendental Aesthetics -- 9. The Nexus of Perception and World -- III Toward a Genetic Phenomenology of Speech-Acts -- 10. Genetic Analysis, Thought and Speech -- 11. Language, Intersubjectivity and the Origins of Meaning -- 12. The Dialectic of Language and Perception.
    Abstract: Whenever one attempts to write about a philosopher whose native tongue is not English the problem of translations is inevitable. For the sake of simplicity and accuracy we have translated all of our quotations from the German unless otherwise noted. But for the sake of easy reference we have included the page numbers of the English translations as well as the German texts. Because there is a new translation forthcoming, we have not included references to the English translation of Ideen I. Since the German texts are readily available, we did not reproduce them in the footnotes. All quotations translated from Husserl's unpublished manuscripts, however, do include the German text in the footnotes. This work is greatly indebted to the criticism and help of Professor Ludwig Landgrebe, whose support made possible two years at the UniversiHit Koln. Garth Gillan and Lothar Eley also have contributed much to the basic direction ofthis work. Others such as Edward Casey, Claude Evans, Irene Grypari, Don Ihde, Grant Johnson, Martin Lang, J. N. Mohanty, Robert Ray and Susan Wood have been more than helpful in their discussions with me on these topics and in their criticisms of some of the ambiguities of an earlier draft. Likewise a special word of thanks to Reto Parpan whose insightful corrections were most valuable and to Nancy Gifford for her discussions on matters epistemolo­ gical and for her help in the final preparation of the book.
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  • 133
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401720496
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 452 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 162
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Ethics ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Working Conceptions of “The Law” -- Rules and Reason -- The Rôle of the Judge -- Concluding Comments -- Justification as Coherence -- Precedent, Discretion and Fairness -- Rights and Claims -- Rights, Claims and Remedies -- Rights and Justified Claims -- Concluding Comments -- The Tendency to Deprave and Corrupt -- Obscenity and the Law -- Obscenity and the Law in Practice -- Concluding Comments -- Justifications of Reverse Discrimination -- Is Reverse Discrimination Fair? -- Reverse Discrimination -- Concluding Comments -- Duress per Minas as a Defence to Crime: I -- Duress per Minas as a Defence to Crime: II -- Duress per Minas as a Defence to Crime: III -- Duress and Necessity as Defences to Crime: A Postcript -- Cruel and Unusual Punishments -- Retributivism and the Death Sentence -- Punishment and Respect for Persons -- Concluding Comments -- Indexes.
    Abstract: The Royal Institute of Philosophy has been sponsoring conferences in alternate years since 1969. These have from the start been intended to be of interest to persons who are not philosophers by profession. They have mainly focused on interdisciplinary areas such as the philosophies of psychology, education and the social sciences. The volumes arising from these conferences have in­ cluded discussions between philosophers and distinguished prac­ titioners of other disciplines relevant to the chosen topic. Beginning with the 1979 conference on 'Law, Morality and Rights' and the 1981 conference on 'Space, Time and Causality' these volumes are now constituted as a series. It is hoped that this series will contribute to advancing philosophical understanding at the frontiers of philosophy and areas of interest to non-philos­ ophers. It is hoped that it will do so by writing which reduces technicalities as much as the subject-matter permits. In this way the series is intended to demonstrate that philosophy can be clear and worthwhile in itself and at the same time relevant to the interests of lay people.
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  • 134
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401727945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 555 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 169
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: One / Background -- Two / Analytic Modal Tableaus and Consistency Properties -- Three / Logical Consequence, Compactness, Interpolation, and Other Topics -- Four / Axiom Systems and Natural Deduction -- Five / Non-Analytic Logics -- Six / Non-Normal Logics -- Seven / Quantifiers -- Eight / Prefixed Tableau Systems -- Nine / Intuitionistic Logic -- Special Notation.
    Abstract: "Necessity is the mother of invention. " Part I: What is in this book - details. There are several different types of formal proof procedures that logicians have invented. The ones we consider are: 1) tableau systems, 2) Gentzen sequent calculi, 3) natural deduction systems, and 4) axiom systems. We present proof procedures of each of these types for the most common normal modal logics: S5, S4, B, T, D, K, K4, D4, KB, DB, and also G, the logic that has become important in applications of modal logic to the proof theory of Peano arithmetic. Further, we present a similar variety of proof procedures for an even larger number of regular, non-normal modal logics (many introduced by Lemmon). We also consider some quasi-regular logics, including S2 and S3. Virtually all of these proof procedures are studied in both propositional and first-order versions (generally with and without the Barcan formula). Finally, we present the full variety of proof methods for Intuitionistic logic (and of course Classical logic too). We actually give two quite different kinds of tableau systems for the logics we consider, two kinds of Gentzen sequent calculi, and two kinds of natural deduction systems. Each of the two tableau systems has its own uses; each provides us with different information about the logics involved. They complement each other more than they overlap. Of the two Gentzen systems, one is of the conventional sort, common in the literature.
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  • 135
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    Montreal : MQUP | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780773581036
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (248 pages)
    DDC: 305.630417
    RVK:
    Abstract: This book traces the changing fortunes of the small Protestant community in the southern twenty-six counties of Ireland after independence was achieved in 1922.
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  • 136
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    Online Resource
    Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9789027280312
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (138 pages)
    Series Statement: Pragmatics & Beyond
    DDC: 302.34
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    Keywords: Soziolinguistik ; Kind ; Kommunikation ; Rangordnung ; Interaktion
    Abstract: 'Context' is a concept for linguistic analysis which has rarely been subjected to close empirical scrutiny. This volume presents an attempt to investigate in microscopic detail various processes of contextualization by which children organize their interaction 'frame by frame', achieve, sustain, and embody their working consensus on what it is that they are doing together, and thereby situate their linguistic activities. Microethnography comprises research methods of context analysis, ethnography, and conversational analysis and seeks to locate phenomena of social order in both verbal and nonverbal behavior.
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  • 137
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    Secaucus : Kluwer Academic Publishers | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (353 pages)
    DDC: 305.42
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    Keywords: Feminismus ; Philosophie ; Wissenschaft
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  • 138
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    Online Resource
    Washington : National Academies Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780309595469
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (103 pages)
    DDC: 304.6/2/0951
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  • 139
    ISBN: 9783110860573
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 pages)
    DDC: 306.7072
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    Keywords: Geschichte ; Sexualwissenschaft
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  • 140
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    Online Resource
    Cary : Oxford University Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780199772155
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (218 pages)
    DDC: 001.51
    RVK:
    Keywords: Semiotik
    Abstract: This provocative book undertakes a new and challenging reading of recent semiotic and structuralist theory, arguing that films, novels, and poems cannot be studied in isolation from their viewers and readers.
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  • 141
    ISBN: 9789400968301
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H.L. van Breda et Publiée Sous Le Patronage Des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 93
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 93
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I. Duty and Inclination -- A Ethico-Historical and Critical Part -- 1. Kants Systems of Ethics in Its Relation to Schiller’s Ethical Views -- 2: A Critique of the Groundwork of Kant’s Ethics -- B Systematic Part -- 3: The Method Required in Ethics -- 4: The Origins of the Moral Ought and Its Relations to Inclination and Willing -- II. On the Adaption of the Phenomenological Method to, and Its Refinement as a Method of, Ethics. (Zeitschrift fur Philo- sophische Forschung 29 (1975), pp. 108–117.) -- III. Is Value Ethics Out of Date? (Zeitschrift fur Philosophische Forschung 30 (1976), pp. 93–98.) -- IV. The Golden Rule and Natural Law. (Studia Leibnitiana 8 (1977), pp. 231–254.) -- V. Good and Value, The Philosophical Relevance of the Concept of Value -- Name index.
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  • 142
    ISBN: 9789401539791
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 503 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
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  • 143
    ISBN: 9789400969438
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (432p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 34
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 34
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: The Goal of an Act and the Task of the Agent -- On the Essence and Goals of General Methodology (Praxiology) -- An Outline of the Prehistory of Praxiology -- An Analysis of the Concept of Goal -- Comments on the Concept of Efficiency -- The Value of Perfect Information -- A Praxiological Theory of Evaluations -- Praxiosemiotics: the Theory of Optimum Message in the Service of Other Disciplines and Practical Activities -- A Formal Theory of Actions: Syntax and Semantics of Behaviour -- Praxiological Models — Praxiological Modelling of Systems of Action -- Planning and Implementation. An Elementary Primer of the Cybernetics of Planning -- Praxiology and the Theory of Programming -- Making Use of Science in Actions (A Study in Methodology and Praxiology) -- Practical Problems and Practical Directives -- A Praxiological Theory of Design -- Some Problems of the General Theory of Struggle -- Struggle in a Dense Social Environment -- The Theory of Organization and Management -- The Importance of Praxiology for Political Economy -- Praxiology and Technology -- About the Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 144
    ISBN: 9789400968691
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (190p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I: Transcendental Idealism, Free Will and Major Strategy of the First Critique -- Section 1 -- Section 2 -- II: The Status of Space and Time -- Section 1 -- Section 2 -- Section 3 -- Section 4 -- III: Some Remarks on the Nature of Transcendental Proofs and Related Problems -- Section 1 -- Section 2 -- Section 3 -- IV: The Analogies: Problems of Detailed Application -- Section 1 -- Section 2 -- Section 3 -- V: General -- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 7 -- 8 -- 9.
    Abstract: The book is divided into chapters, but several themes run across them. This is, in fact, the reason for writing a book rather than a number of independent articles; for it appears that several moments of Kant's work are characterized by similar problems, and consequently we might be unable to see the impact of these on a more 1 i mi ted canvas. But further, and perhaps no less importantly, the shared problems are likely to be indicative of the nature of the whole area under discussion. Given this, to concentrate our attention on them should provide clarification not accessible in any other way. It is one of the objects of the present book to obtai n thi s clarification, and to apply it to the area itself, rather than merely to utilize the results in Kantian exegesis and elucidation. Thus the aim is not predominantly historical. Of the various themes, the theme of Space and Time turns out to be of prime importance to the whole picture presented, and within it, the theme of space. This is not perhaps surprising, for Kant's central task is to provide for objectivity; i. e. , to explain how a "subjective" stream of perceptions can amount to a perception of the world in which there are both subjective and objective moments.
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  • 145
    ISBN: 9789400969575
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Feilds 20
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Do Historians and Philosophers of Science Share the Same Heritage? -- I -- Conceptual and Technical Aspects of the Galilean Geometrization of the Motion of Heavy Bodies -- The Galilean Geometrization of Motion: Some Historical Considerations -- Measure, Proportion and Mathematical Structure of Galileo’s Mechanics -- II -- Space, Geometrical Objects and Infinity: Newton and Descartes on Extension -- Finite and Otherwise. Aristotle and Some Seven- teenth Century Views -- III -- The Ideal of the Mathematization of All Sciences and of ‘More Geometrico’ in Descartes and Leibniz -- The “More Geometrico” Pattern in Hypotheses from Descartes to Leibniz -- The Leibnizean Picture of Descartes -- IV -- Force and Inertia: Euler and Kant’s Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science -- Kant on the Foundations of Science -- Non-mechanistic Ideas in Physics and Philosophy: From Newton to Kant -- V -- V. V. Petrov’s Hypothetical Experiment and Electrical Experiments of the 18th Century -- The Ideal of Mathematization in B. Bolzano -- “Die schönste Leistung der allgemeinen Relativitäts- theorie”: The Genesis of the Tensor-Geometrical Conception of Gravitation.
    Abstract: These remarks preface two volumes consisting of the proceedings of the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. The conference was held under the auspices of the Union, The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science. The meetings took place in Montreal, Canada, 25--29 August 1980, with Concordia University as host institution. The program of the conference was arranged by a Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science consisting of Robert E. Butts (Canada), John Murdoch (U. S. A. ), Vladimir Kirsanov (U. S. S. R. ), and Paul Weingartner (Austria). The Local Arrangements Committee consisted of Stanley G. French, Chair (Concordia), Michel Paradis, treasurer (McGill), Franyois Duchesneau (Universite de Montreal), Robert Nadeau (Universite du Quebec a Montreal), and William Shea (McGill University). Both committees are indebted to Dr. G. R. Paterson, then President of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science, who shared his expertise in many ways. Dr. French and his staff worked diligently and efficiently on behalf of all participants. The city of Montreal was, as always, the subtle mixture of extravagance, charm, warmth and excitement that retains her status as the jewel of Canadian cities. The funding of major international conferences is always a problem.
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  • 146
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400971240
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 80
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 80
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Analytical Table of Contents -- Introduction: Some Questions for Philosophy of Technology -- Introduction: Some Questions for Philosophy of Technology -- I / Can Technological Development Be Regulated? -- Can Government Regulate Technology? -- Social Implications of Recent Technological Innovations -- Technology and Human Rights -- Technology Assessment, Facts and Values -- A Critique of Technological Determinism -- Techne and Politeia: The Technical Constitution of Society -- II / Technology Assessment -- Technoaxiology: Appropriate Norms for Technology Assessment -- Comment: What Is Alternative Technology? A Reply to Professor Stanley Carpenter -- The Prospects for Technology Assessment -- Technology Assessment and the Problem of Quantification -- Forecast, Value, and the Recent Phenomenon of Non-Acceptance: The Limits of a Philosophy of Technology Assessment -- III / Responsibilities Toward Nature -- The Viability of Environmental Ethics -- Notes on Extended Responsibility and Increased Technological Power -- What Sort of Technology Permits the Language of Nature? Conditions for Controlling Nature-Domination Constitutionally -- IV / Metaphysical and Historical Issues -- The Historical-Ontological Priority of Technology over Science -- The Origins of Modern Technology in Millenarianism -- The Religious and Political Origins of Modern Technology -- From the Phenomenon to the Event of Technology (A Dialectical Approach to Heidegger’s Phenomenology) -- Pragmatism, Transcendental Arguments, and the Technological -- V / Directions for Philosophy of Technology -- The Cultural Character of Technology -- The Import of Social, Political, and Anthropological Considerations in an Adequate Philosophy of Technology -- Philosophy of Technology: Problems of a Philosophical Discipline -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Only recently has the phenomenon of technology become an object of in­ terest for philosophers. The first attempts at a philosophy of technology date back scarcely a hundred years - a span of time extremely short when com­ pared with the antiquity of philosophical reflections on nature, science, and society. Over that hundred-year span, speculative, critical, and empiricist approaches of various sorts have been put forward. Nevertheless, even now there remains a broad gap between the importance of technology in the real world and the sparse number of philosophical works dedicated to the under­ standing of modern technology. As a result of the complex structure of modern technology, it can be dealt with in very different ways. These range from metaphysical exposition to efforts aimed at political consensus. Quite naturally, within such a broad range, certain national accents can be discovered-; they are shaped by a com­ mon language, accepted philosophical traditions, and concrete problems requiring consideration. Even so, the worldwide impact of technology, its penetration into all spheres of individual, social, and cultural life, together with the urgency of the problems raised in this context - all these demand a joint philosophical discussion that transcends the barriers of language and cultural differences. The papers printed here are intended to exemplify such an effort at culture-transcending philosophical discussion.
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  • 147
    ISBN: 9789400969957
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. The Lost Wanderers of Descartes and the Auxiliary Motive (On The Psychology of Decision) (1913) -- 2. On The Classification of Systems of Hypotheses (With Special Reference to Optics) (1916) -- 3. Ways of the Scientific World-Conception (1930) -- 4. Physicalism: The Philosophy of the Viennese Circle (1931) -- 5. Physicalism (1931) -- 6. Sociology in the Framework of Physicalism (1931) -- 7. Protocol Statements (1932) -- 8. Radical Physicalism and the ‘Real World’ (1934) -- 9. The Unity of Science as a Task (1935) -- 10. Pseudorationalism of Falsification (1935) -- 11. Individual Sciences, Unified Science, Pseudorationalism (1936) -- 12. An International Encyclopedia of Unified Science (1936) -- 13. Encyclopedia as ‘Model’ (1936) -- 14. Physicalism and the Investigation of Knowledge (1936) -- 15. Unified Science and Its Encyclopedia (1937) -- 16. The Concept of ‘Type’ in the Light of Modern Logic (1937) -- 17. The New Encyclopedia of Scientific Empiricism (1937) -- 18. The Departmentalization of Unified Science (1937) -- 19. Comments on the Papers by Black, Kokoszy?ska, Williams (1937) -- 20. The Social Sciences and Unified Science (1939) -- 21. Universal Jargon and Terminology (1941) -- 22. The Orchestration of the Sciences by the Encyclopedism of Logical Empiricism (1946) -- 23. Prediction and Induction (1946) -- 24. Bibliographies -- A. Bibliography of Works Cited -- B. Supplementary List of Works by Otto Neurath [See ‘List’, Which Is Chapter 12 of Empiricism and Sociology, 1973] -- C. Neurath in English -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The philosophical writings of Otto Neurath, and their central themes, have been described many times, by Carnap in his authobiographical essay, by Ayer and Morris and Kraft decades ago, by Haller and Hegselmann and Nemeth and others in recent years. How extraordinary Neurath's insights were, even when they perhaps were more to be seen as conjectures, aperfus, philosophical hypotheses, tools to be taken up and used in the practical workshop of life; and how prescient he was. A few examples may be helpful: (1) Neurath's 1912 lecture on the conceptual critique of the idea of a pleasure maximum [ON 50] substantially anticipates the development of aspects of analytical ethics in mid-century. (2) Neurath's 1915 paper on alternative hypotheses, and systems of hypotheses, within the science of physical optics [ON 81] gives a lucid account of the historically-developed clashing theories of light, their un­ realized further possibilities, and the implied contingencies of theory survival in science, all within his framework that antedates not only the quite similar work of Kuhn so many years later but also of the Vienna Circle too. (3) Neurath's subsequent paper of 1916 investigates the inadequacies of various attempts to classify systems of hypotheses [ON 82, and this volume], and sets forth a pioneering conception of the metatheoretical task of scientific philosophy.
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  • 148
    ISBN: 9789400970106
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Monographs 2
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences - Monographs, Continued As Sociology of the Sciences Library 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Social history.
    Abstract: 1. The Social Construction of Science -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. The Theoretical Perspective Developed in this Book -- 2. What is Science? -- 2.1. The Need for Precise Definitions -- 2.2. Structure and Meaning in the Analysis of Science -- 2.3. Science and Its Sub-Universes of Meaning -- 2.4. Science as a System of Theoretical Production -- 2.5. Social Control in Science -- 2.6. Research -- 2.7. Types of Research: Basic Research vs. Practice Oriented Research -- 2.8. The Negotiation of Meaning in Science -- 2.9. Summary -- 3. Science and Professionalism -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Science and Professionalism -- 3.3. The Role of Autonomy in Science -- 3.4. Scientific Autonomy and Politics -- 3.5. The Inertia of Contemporary Science -- 3.6. The Professional Orientational Reference Group -- 3.7. The Context of Legitimation vs. the Context of Research -- 3.8. Professionalism and the Articulation of Beliefs in an Era of Resource Scarcity -- 4. Scientists Have Goals -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. The ‘Common-Sense’ Notion of Goals in Scientific Research -- 4.3. The Institutional Context of Goal Direction in the Physical Sciences -- 4.4. The Political Receptivity of Scientific Fields -- 4.5. What is a Goal? -- 4.6. What Are the Goals of Science? An Australian Case Study -- 5. Cognitive and Social Dimensions in the Analysis of Science -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Cognitive and Social Institutionalisation -- 5.3. The Cognitive Field of a Scientist -- 5.4. Cognitive Structures in the Context of Research -- 5.5. Operationalising Social and Cognitive Concepts -- 5.6. Some Methodological Observations About My Own Research -- 6. Research and Its Legitimation: Two Cognitively Oriented Case Studies -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Some Methodological Details -- 6.3. Case Study 1: The Selective Surfaces Research Group (SSG) -- 6.4. Case Study 2: The Dopamine/Octopamine Research Group (DOG) -- 6.5. Comparing the Two Case Studies -- 7. General Conclusions -- 7.1. Suggestions for Future Work -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book concerns the institutionalisation of the physical sciences. The book breaks with the established tradition in the history, philosophy and sociology of sciences by attempting to capture both the cognitive and social dimensions of institutionalisation in one unified analysis. This unifica­ tion has been achieved through a treatment of research as goal directed social action - a theme which has been developed both theoretically and empirically. The analysis presented is therefore unique in its breadth of focus and shows how the traditional concerns of sociology with generalised macro-structures of meaning and action can be related to the lifeworlds of individual scientists. The sociology of the sciences is still today a relative newcomer to the field of sciences studies which has traditionally been dominated by the history and philosophy of the sciences. I hope that this book reflects the excitement I experienced in being able to respond to the debates and concepts which erupted in that particularly fertile period follOwing the publication of Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962 - a period from which a cogni­ tively oriented sociology of the sciences was to emerge as a serious challenger to orthodoxies in the history, philosophy and sociology of sciences.
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  • 149
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970830
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 28
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: Two Kinds of Fideism -- Skepticism, Classical and Modern -- Skepticism and Fideism -- 2: Conformist Fideism — I -- Erasmus, Montaigne, and Bayle -- Skepticism and Faith -- 3: Conformist Fideism — II -- The Coherence of Pyrrhonism -- Belief and Will -- The Pyrrhonist Stance -- The Clash with Reason -- Summary -- 4: Evangelical Fideism — I -- Pascal -- Kierkegaard -- 5: Evangelical Fideism — II -- The Rejection of Proof -- The Hiddenness of God -- Faith, Reason, and the Heart -- 6: Skepticism, Parity, and Religion — The Case of Hume -- Skepticism and Naturalism in Hume’s Philosophy -- Skepticism and Religion -- Hume and the Parity Argument -- 7: Fideism and Some Recent Arguments -- Evangelical Fideism — A Recapitulation -- Two Recent Versions of the Parity Argument -- Conformist Fideism and Contemporary Philosophy -- 8: The Nature of Faith.
    Abstract: This book is an exercise in philosophical criticism. What I criticize are some variations on a recurrent theme in religious thought: the theme that faith and reason are so disparate that faith is not undermined, but strengthened, if we judge that reason can give it no support. The common name for this view is Fideism. Those representatives of it that I have chosen to discuss do more, however, than insist on keeping faith free of the alleged contaminations of philosophical argument. They consider the case for Fideism to be made even stronger if one judges that reason cannot give us truth or assurance outside the sphere of faith any more than within it. In other words, they sustain their Fideism by an appeal to Skepticism. I call them, therefore, Skeptical Fideists. Skeptical Fideism is not a mere historical curiosity. Richard Popkin has shown us how wide its impact in the formative period of modern philosophy has been; and its impact on modern theological and apologetic reasoning has been immense. In my view, anyone who wishes to assess many of the assump­ tions current in the theologies of our time has to take account of it; I think, therefore, that there is a topical value in examining the figures whose views I discuss here - Erasmus, Montaigne, Bayle, and more importantly, Pascal and Kierkegaard.
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  • 150
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970274
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: of Epistemology I -- I. Cognition and Communication -- 1. Cognition -- 2. Knowledge -- 3. Communication -- II. Perceiving and Thinking -- 4. Perceiving -- 5. Conceiving -- 6. Inferring -- III. Exploring and Theorizing -- 7. Exploring -- 8. Conjecturing -- 9. Systematizing -- Appendices -- 1. The Power of Mathematics in Theory Construction: A Simple Model of Evolution -- 2. The Prose Identifying the Variables -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In this Introduction we shall state the business of both descriptive and normative epistemology, and shall locate them in the map oflearning. This must be done because epistemology has been pronounced dead, and methodology nonexisting; and because, when acknowledged at all, they are often misplaced. 1. DESCRIPTIVE EPISTEMOLOGY The following problems are typical of classical epistemology: (i) What can we know? (ii) How do we know? (iii) What, if anything, does the subject contribute to his knowledge? (iv) What is truth? (v) How can we recognize truth? (vi) What is probable knowledge as opposed to certain knowledge? (vii) Is there a priori knowledge, and if so of what? (viii) How are knowledge and action related? (ix) How are knowledge and language related? (x) What is the status of concepts and propositions? In some guise or other all of these problems are still with us. To be sure, if construed as a demand for an inventory of knowledge the first problem is not a philosophical one any more than the question 'What is there?'. But it is a genuine philosophical problem if construed thus: 'What kinds of object are knowable-and which ones are not?' However, it is doubtful that philosophy can offer a correct answer to this problem without the help of science and technology. For example, only these disciplines can tell us whether man can know not only phenomena (appearances) but also noumena (things in themselves or self-existing objects).
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  • 151
    ISBN: 9789400970663
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (504p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 164
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Mathematical logic. ; Computational linguistics.
    Abstract: to Volume I -- I.1. Elementary Predicate Logic -- I.2. Systems of Deduction -- I.3. Alternatives to Standard First-order Semantics -- I.4. Higher-order Logic -- I.5. Predicative Logics -- I.6. Algorithms and Decision Problems: A Crash Course in Recursion Theory -- Name Index -- Table of Contents to Volumes II, III, and IV.
    Abstract: The aim of the first volume of the present Handbook of Philosophical Logic is essentially two-fold: First of all, the chapters in this volume should provide a concise overview of the main parts of classical logic. Second, these chapters are intended to present all the relevant background material necessary for the understanding of the contributions which are to follow in the next three volumes. We have thought it to be of importance that the connections between classical logic and its 'extensions' (covered in Volume 11) as well as its most important 'alternatives' (covered in Volume Ill) be brought out clearly from the start. The first chapter presents a clear and detailed picture of the range of what is generally taken to be the standard logical framework, namely, predicate (or first-order quantificational) logic. On the one hand, this chapter surveys both propositionai logic and first-order predicate logic and, on the other hand, presents the main metalogical results obtained for them. Chapter 1. 1 also contains a discussion of the limits of first-order logic, i. e. it presents an answer to the question: Why has predicate logic played such a formidable role in the formalization of mathematics and in the many areas of philo­ sophical and linguistic applications? Chapter 1. 1 is prerequisite for just about all the other chapters in the entire Handbook, while the other chapters in Volume I provide more detailed discussions of material developed or hinted at in the first chapter.
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  • 152
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400966819
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Holocaust Studies Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Civil procedure. ; Cultural property. ; History.
    Abstract: I Ethics and the Holocaust -- 1 The Value of Life: Jewish Ethics and the Holocaust -- II The Allies and the Holocaust -- 2 The Horthy Offer. A Missed Opportunity for Rescuing Jews in 1944 -- 3 The Struggle for an Allied Jewish Fighting Force During World War -- III The Holocaust: Selected Areas -- 4 The Japanese Ideology of Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust -- 5 The Holocaust in Norway -- IV Reactions to the Holocaust -- 6 In History’s “Memory Hole”: The Soviet Treatment of the Holocaust -- 7 Confronting Genocide: The Depiction of the Persecution of the Jews and the Holocaust in West German History Textbooks -- V Crime and Punishment -- 8 Ernst Kaltenbrunner and the Final Solution -- 9 Attitudes Toward the Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals in the United States -- Contributing Authors.
    Abstract: This book is the second in a series of studies published under the auspices of the Institute for Holocaust Studies of the Graduate School and U niver­ sity Center of The City University of New York. Like the first book, it is an outgrowth of the lectures and special studies sponsored by the institute during the 1981-82 and 1982-83 academic years. This volume is divided into five parts. Part I, Ethics and the Holocaust, contains a pioneering investigation of one of the most neglected areas in Holocaust studies. Francine Klagsbrun, a well-known writer and popular lecturer, provides an erudite overview of the value of life in Jewish thought and tradition. With full understanding of the talmudic scholars' position on Jewish ethics and using concrete examples of the life-and­ death dilemmas that confronted many Jews in their concentration camp experiences, Klagsbrun provides dramatic evidence of the triumph of moral and ethical principles over the forces of evil during the Holocaust, this darkest period in Jewish history. The next two chapters, grouped under the heading The Allies and the Holocaust, deal with the failure of the Western Allies to respond to the desperate needs of the persecuted Jews of Europe during the Second World War. The first is by Professor Bela Vago, an authority on the Holocaust and East Central European history at the University of Haifa.
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  • 153
    ISBN: 9789400966871
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (271p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Holocaust Studies Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Civil procedure. ; Political science. ; History.
    Abstract: I Introductory Essay -- The Jews of Transylvania: A Historical Overview -- The Post-World War I Era -- Northern Transylvania under Hungarian Rule -- The German Occupation and the Final Solution -- The Ghettoization in Northern Transylvania: An Overview -- Notes -- II Judgment of the People’s Tribunal of Cluj (Kolozsvár); 31 May 1946, Judgment Number 8 -- The Nagyvárad Ghetto -- The Ghetto of Szatmárnémeti -- The Ghetto of Kolozsvár -- The Ghettos in the Székely Land -- The Ghetto of Marosvâsârhely -- The Ghetto of Szászrégen -- The Ghetto of Sepsiszentgyörgy -- The Ghetto of Máramarossziget -- The Ghetto of Szilágysomlyó -- The Ghetto of Dés -- The Beszterce Ghetto -- The Sentences -- Notes -- III Appendixes -- 1. Reference List of Selected Geographic Name Changes -- 2. Number of Jews Deported from the Major Entrainment Centers in Northern Transylvania by Transport and Date of Entrainment; -- 3. Law No. 312 of the Romanian Ministry of Justice, dated 21 April 1945 -- 4. Statement of Laszlo Endre of 17 December, 1945 -- 5. Statement of Laszlo Baky of 18 December, 1945 -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: During the dark years of the Holocaust, many of the millions of labor and concentration camp victims were sustained in their struggle for survival by the hope that their tormentors would not escape retribution. This expectation was reinforced by the warnings issued by the statesmen of the anti-Axis coalition and the declarations of the United States, Great Britain, and the USSR. Shortly after the cessation of hostilities, war crimes trials were indeed initiated in all parts of liberated Europe. Many of the accused were indicted, among other things, for crimes committed against Jews. People's tribunals for the prosecution of war crimes and crimes against humanity were also estab­ lished in Romania, a country that extricated itself from the Axis Alliance on 23 August 1944. The Romanian people's tribunals were set up and operated under the provi­ sions of Law No. 312, issued by the Ministry ofJustice on 21 April 1945. One ofthese tribunals was established in Cluj (Kolozsvar) and entrusted primarily with the prosecution of those involved in the violation of the rights of people living in Northern Transylvania, the part of the province that was transferred to Hungary under the terms of the Second Vienna Award (August 1940) and which remained under Hungarian rule from early September 1940 until its liberation by Soviet-Romanian forces in the fall of 1944. The crimes committed against the citizens of Northern Transylvania both within and outside the province were the subject of two major trials.
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  • 154
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400971332
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 22
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introduction: from Rutherford to Hahn -- The Nuclear Electron Hypothesis -- The Evolution of Matter: Nuclear Physics, Cosmic Rays, and Robert Millikan’s Research Program -- The Discovery of Fission and a Nuclear Physics Paradigm -- Internal and External Conditions for the Discovery of Fission by the Berlin Team -- Otto Hahn, Science, and Social Responsibility -- The Politics of British Science in the Munich Era -- Why Hahn’s Radiothorium Surprised Rutherford in Montreal -- The Discovery of Uranium Z by Otto Hahn: The First Example of Nuclear Isomerism -- Nuclear Physics in Candada in the 1930s.
    Abstract: and less as the emanation unden\'ent radioactive decay, and it became motion­ less after about 30 seconds. Since this process was occurring very rapidly, Hahn and Sackur marked the position of the pointer on a scale with pencil marks. As a timing device they used a metronome that beat out intervals of approximately 1. 3 seconds. This simple method enabled them to determine that the half-life of the emanations of actinium and emanium were the same. Although Giesel's measurements had been more precise than Debierne's, the name of actinium was retained since Debierne had made the discovery first. Hahn now returned to his sample of barium chloride. He soon conjectured that the radium-enriched preparations must harbor another radioactive sub­ stance. The liquids resulting from fractional crystallization, which were sup­ posed to contain radium only, produced two kinds of emanation. One was the long-lived emanation of radium, the other had a short life similar to the emanation produced by thorium. Hahn tried to separate this substance by adding some iron to the solutions that should have been free of radium, but to no avail. Later the reason for his failure became apparent. The element that emitted the thorium emanation was constantly replenished by the ele­ ment believed to be radium. Hahn succeeded in enriching a preparation until it was more than 100,000 times as intensive in its radiation as the same quantity of thorium.
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  • 155
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401576727
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 182 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 3
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Why Philosophy of Science? -- Knowledge and Power in the Sciences -- Facts and Values in Science Studies -- No History Without Health -- Science Policy Studies: Retrospect and Prospect -- Social Science: Education as Social Persuasion -- History and Philosophy of Science in the Pedagogical Process -- Science Teaching or Science Preaching? Critical Reflections on School Science -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: Only in fairly recent years has History and Philosophy of Science been recognized - though not always under that name - as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour. Previously, in the Australasian region as elsewhere, those few individuals working within this broad area of inquiry found their base, both intellectually and socially, where they could. In fact, the institutionali­ zation of History and Philosophy of Science began comparatively early in Australia. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne immediately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appointments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and '60s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia, and in New Zealand.
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  • 156
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401714587
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 270 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 71
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 71
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Ideology and Objectivity -- Toward a Logic of Historical Constitution -- Beyond Causality in the Social Sciences: Reciprocity as a Model of Non-exploitative Social Relations -- Empiricism and the Philosophy of Science, or, n Dogmas of Empiricism -- Realism and the Supposed Poverty of Sociological Theories -- The Role and Status of the Rationality Principle in the Social Sciences -- Marxian Paradigms versus Microeconomic Structures -- Paradise not Surrendered: Jewish Reactions to Copernicus and the Growth of Modern Science -- The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man -- Technologies as Forms of Life -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The last decades have seen major reformations in the philosophy and history of science. What has been called 'post-positivist' philosophy of science has introduced radically new concerns with historical, social, and valuative components of scientific thought in the natural sciences, and has raised up the demons of relativism, subjectivism and sociologism to haunt the once­ calm precincts of objectivity and realism. Though these disturbances intruded upon what had seemed to be the logically well-ordered domain of the philoso­ phy of the natural sciences, they were no news to the social sciences. There, the messy business of human action, volition, decision, the considerations of practical purposes and social values, the role of ideology and the problem of rationality, had long conspired to defeat logical-reconstructionist programs. The attempt to tarne the social sciences to the harness of a strict hypothetico­ deductive model of explanation failed. Within the social sciences, phenome­ nological, Marxist, hermeneuticist, action-theoretical approaches vied in attempting to capture the distinctiveness of human phenomena. In fact, the philosophy of the natural sciences, even in its 'hard' forms, has itself become infected with the increasing reflection upon the role of such social-scientific categories, in the attempt to understand the nature of the scientific enterprise.
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  • 157
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970328
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Psychiatry ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Essay -- From Husserl’s Formulation of the Soul—Body Issue to a New Differentiation of Human Faculties -- I The Problem of Embodiment at the Heart of Phenomenology -- The Singularity and Plurality of the Viewpoint in Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology -- Das Problem der Leiblichkeit in der phänomenologischen Bewegung -- Seele und Leib in der kategorialen und in der originären Perspektive -- L’oeil de la chair -- II The Recurrent Question of Dualism -- Husserl and the Problem of Dualism -- “Seeing” and “Touching”, or, Overcoming the Soul—Body Dualism -- The Relativity of the Soul and the Absolute State of the Pure Ego -- The Significance of the Transcendental Ego for the Problem of Body and Soul in Husserlian Phenomenology -- Body—Soul—Consciousness Integration -- III The Soul—Body Territory -- Natural Man and His Soul -- Finitude as Clue to Embodiment -- Topoï of the Body and the Soul in Husserlian Phenomenology -- Husserls Sicht des Leib-Seele Problems -- The Ego-Body Subject and the Stream of Experience in Husserl -- Lived Experience of One’s Body within One’s Own Experience -- IV Soul and Body in Phenomenological Psychiatry -- Living Body, Flesh, and Everyday Body: A Clinical-Noematic Report -- The Experience of Sexual Leib in the Toxico-maniac: Phenomenological Premises -- Kinesthesias and Horizons In Psychosis -- Self-acceptance: The Way of Living with One’s Body in Obesity and Mental Anorexia -- V The Place of the Spirit within the Soul—Body Issue -- Body, Spirit and Ego in Husserl’s Ideas II -- Die Bedeutung des Gewissens für eine leibhafte Verwirklichung von Sittlichkeit -- Value Ethics and Experience -- The Significance of Death for the Experience of Body and World in Human Existence -- La transfiguration du corps dans la phénoménologie de la religion -- VI The Horizon of Nature and Being -- Merleau-Ponty’s Conception of Nature -- Merleau-Ponty’s Ontology Of the Wild Being -- Imagination and the Soul—Body Problem in Arabic Philosophy -- VII Husserl and the History of Philosophy -- Monism in Spinoza’s and Husserl’s Thought -- Husserl’s Berkeley -- Annex -- The Opening Address of the Salzburg Conference -- Index of Names.
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  • 158
    ISBN: 9789400969667
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 157
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Absolute versus Relative Space and Time -- Three Steps Towards Absolutism -- Reply to Mackie -- Absoluteness and Conspiracy -- Time And Causal Connectibility -- Prospects for a Causal Theory of Space-Time -- Verificationism and Theories of Space-Time -- Temporal and Causal Asymmetry -- Temporal and Causal Asymmetry -- Temporal and Causal Asymmetry -- Causality And Quantum Mechanics -- How the Measurement Problem Is an Artifact of the Mathematics -- Measurement, Unitarity, and Laws -- Causality, Relativity, and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox -- Nonlocality and Peaceful Coexistence -- Quantum Logic and Ensembles -- Notes On Contributors -- Index Of Names.
    Abstract: The Royal Institute of Philosophy has been sponsoring conferences in alter­ nate years since 1969. These have from the start been intended to be of interest to persons who are not philosophers by profession. They have mainly focused on interdisciplinary areas such as the philosophies of psychology, education and the social sciences. The volumes arising from these conferences have included discussions between philosophers and distinguished practitioners of other disciplines relevant to the chosen topic. Beginning with the 1979 conference on 'Law, Morality and Rights' and the 1981 conference on 'Space, Time and Causality' these volumes are now constituted as a series. It is hoped that this series will contribute to advancing philosophical understanding at the frontiers of philosophy and areas of interest to non-philosophers. It is hoped that it will do so by writing which reduces technicalities as much as the subject-matter permits. In this way the series is intended to demonstrate that philosophy can be clear and worthwhile in itself and at the same time relevant to the interests of lay people.
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  • 159
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400965812
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (458p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 158
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Mathematics ; Science Philosophy ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Probabilities. ; System theory. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical physics.
    Abstract: 1. Introductory Remarks -- 2. Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics, I (1957) -- 3. Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics, II (1957) -- 4. Brandeis Lectures (1963) -- 5. Gibbs vs Boltzmann Entropies (1965) -- 6. Delaware Lecture (1967) -- 7. Prior Probabilities (1968) -- 8. The Well-Posed Problem (1973) -- 9. Confidence Intervals vs Bayesian Intervals (1976) -- 10. Where Do We Stand on Maximum Entropy? (1978) -- 11. Concentration of Distributions at Entropy Maxima (1979) -- 12. Marginalization and Prior Probabilities (1980) -- 13. What is the Question? (1981) -- 14. The Minimum Entropy Production Principle (1980) -- Supplementary Bibliography.
    Abstract: The first six chapters of this volume present the author's 'predictive' or information theoretic' approach to statistical mechanics, in which the basic probability distributions over microstates are obtained as distributions of maximum entropy (Le. , as distributions that are most non-committal with regard to missing information among all those satisfying the macroscopically given constraints). There is then no need to make additional assumptions of ergodicity or metric transitivity; the theory proceeds entirely by inference from macroscopic measurements and the underlying dynamical assumptions. Moreover, the method of maximizing the entropy is completely general and applies, in particular, to irreversible processes as well as to reversible ones. The next three chapters provide a broader framework - at once Bayesian and objective - for maximum entropy inference. The basic principles of inference, including the usual axioms of probability, are seen to rest on nothing more than requirements of consistency, above all, the requirement that in two problems where we have the same information we must assign the same probabilities. Thus, statistical mechanics is viewed as a branch of a general theory of inference, and the latter as an extension of the ordinary logic of consistency. Those who are familiar with the literature of statistics and statistical mechanics will recognize in both of these steps a genuine 'scientific revolution' - a complete reversal of earlier conceptions - and one of no small significance.
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  • 160
    ISBN: 9789401097314
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (500p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 78
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 78
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Critical Papers -- 1: Philosophy and the Analysis of Language -- 2: Mathematical Ideals and Metaphysical Concepts -- 3: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions -- 4: The Paradigm Concept -- 5: Meaning and Scientific Change -- 6: Notes Toward a Post-Positivistic Interpretation of Science, Part I -- II. Analyses of Issues -- 7: Space, Time, and Language -- 8: Interpretations of Science in America -- 9: Unity and Method in Contemporary Science -- 10: What Can the Theory of Knowledge Learn from the History of Knowledge? -- III. Toward a Systematic Philosophy of Science -- 11: The Character of Scientific Change -- 12: The Scope and Limits of Scientific Change -- 13: Scientific Theories and Their Domains -- 14: Remarks on the Concepts of Domain and Field -- 15: Alteration of Goals and Language in the Development of Science -- 16: The Concept of Observation in Science and Philosophy (Summary version) -- 17: Notes Toward a Post-Positivistic Interpretation of Science, Part II -- 18: Reason, Reference, and the Quest for Knowledge -- 19: Modern Science and the Philosophical Tradition -- List Of Publications -- Index Of Names -- Index Of Topics.
    Abstract: An impressive characteristic of Dudley Shapere's studies in the philosophy of the sciences has been his dogged reasonableness. He sorts things out, with logical care and mastery of the materials, and with an epistemological curiosity for the historical happenings which is both critical and respectful. Science changes, and the philosopher had better not link philosophical standards too tightly to either the latest orthodox or the provocative up­ start in scientific fashions; and yet, as critic, the philosopher must not only master the sciences but also explicate their meanings, not those of a cognitive never-never land. Neither dreamer nor pedant, Professor Shapere has been able to practice the modern empiricist's exercises with the sober and stimulat­ ing results shown in this volume: he sees that he can be faithful to philosoph­ ical analysis, engage in the boldest 'rational reconstruction' of theories and experimental measurements, and faithful too, empirically faithful we may say, to both the direct super-highways and the winding pathways of conceptual evolutions and metaphysical revolutions. Not least, Shapere listens! To Einstein and Calileo of course, but to the workings of the engineers and the scientific apprentices too, and to the various philosophers, now and of old, who have also worked to make sense of what has been learned and how that has happened and where we might go wrong.
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  • 161
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400966611
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Series in Social Welfare 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Mathematical Preliminaries -- Functions of Variables -- Matrices -- Matrix Algebra -- Some Matrices We Will Encounter -- Singularity of Matrices and Determinants -- Inverse of Matrices -- Problems -- 3 Multiple Regression I -- The Model in Matrix Terms -- Review of Analysis of Variance -- Two-Way Analysis of Variance -- The Analysis of Variance of Regression -- Interpretation of Regression Coefficients -- Residuals -- 4 Multiple Regression II -- Building a Regression Equation -- Coding of Categorical Variables for Regression Analysis -- and Partial Correlation-Statistical Control -- 5 More on Matrices -- Vectors -- Transformation of a Vector by a Matrix -- Projections -- Problems -- 6 Principal Components Analysis -- Two Variables, Three Cases -- Two Variables, n Cases -- Three Variables -- p Variables -- Scaling of Principal Components -- Reducing the Number of Principal Components -- Naming the Principal Components -- Example -- 7 Factor Analysis -- Points as Variables Instead of Individuals -- Subspaces -- The Decomposition of Variables -- The Correlation Matrix and Its Factors -- Extraction Methods -- Rotation -- Factor Scores -- Example -- 8 Multivariate Tests of Means -- Single-Sample Mean Test -- Two-Sample Mean Test -- Three or More Samples -- Example -- 9 Discriminant Analysis -- Geometric Representation -- Algebra of Discriminant Analysis -- The Discriminant Coefficients -- Significance Testing -- Classification -- 10 Other Multivariate Techniques -- Multivariate Multiple Regression -- Canonical Correlation -- Multivariate Analysis of Covariance -- 11 Repeated Measures Analysis -- Single-Group Designs -- N-Sample Case -- Appendixes -- A. The Greek Alphabet -- B. Random Variables, Expected Values, and Variance -- C. A Little Calculus -- D. A Little Trigonometry -- E. Still More on Matrices -- F. Logarithms -- G. Matrix Routines in SAS.
    Abstract: Research and evaluation in the human services usually involves a relatively large number of variables. We are interested in phenomena that have many aspects and many causes. The techniques needed to deal with many variables go beyond those of introductory statistics. Elementary procedures in statistics are limited in usefulness to situations in which we have two or three variables. When we have more than that, application of elementary techniques will often yield mis­ leading results. Why are elementary techniques inadequate when applied to many variables? Why, for example, should we not simply interpret a series of correlations of independent and dependent variables? The answer lies in the fact that these correlations are not independent pieces of information. The correlations of vari­ ables x and z with yare affected by the association of x with z. Hence, talk about the "effect" of x on y will be somewhat ambiguous, since we will be in­ cluding in that effect some of the effects of z. We would like to be able to sort out these effects. This is the problem of "estimation," that is, estimating the relationships or effects between variables, taking into account their relationships with other variables.
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  • 162
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970045
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: 1. An Approach to Language Acquisition -- 1.1. Language Acquisition Research and the Innateness Hypothesis -- 1.2. The Role of Experience -- 1.3. Hypothesis Formation and the Evaluation Metric -- 1.4. Implications for Language Acquisition Research -- Notes -- 2. Structural Restrictions on Pronominal Reference -- 2.1. The Domain of This Study -- 2.2. Structural Restrictions on Anaphora: A Brief History -- 2.3. Structural Restrictions on Anaphora: A Revision -- 2.4. Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Relevance of the BAR -- 2.5. Summary -- Notes -- 3. The Acquisition of Restrictions on Pronominal Reference -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. A Review of Some Previous Work on Children’s Acquisition of Restrictions on Pronominal Reference -- 3.3. The Backward Anaphora Restriction (BAR) and the Language Acquisition Process -- 3.4. Experiment 1: The Acquisition of the Structural Restrictions on Anaphora -- 3.5. Experiment 2: Anaphora in Sentences with Preposed Complements -- 3.6. Experiment 3: Reflexives -- 3.7. Experiment 4: Forward Anaphora -- 3.8. General Discussion -- Notes -- 4. Strategies and Contrastive Stress -- 4.1. Some Pragmatic Factors in Choosing Antecedents -- 4.2. Limitations on the Use of Contextual Information: Processing Principles -- 4.3. The Parallel Function Strategy -- 4.4. The Use of Contrastive Stress -- 4.5. Conclusion -- Notes -- 5. Parallel Function and Contrastive Stress in Child Language -- 5.1. Children’s Understanding of Contrastive Stress -- 5.2. Experiment on Contrastively Stressed Pronouns -- 5.3. Experiment on the Meaning of Parallel Function -- Notes -- 6. Some Conclusions.
    Abstract: Linguistic theory has seen a substantial shift in focus during the past decade. Whereas early research in generative grammar sought descriptive adequacy through the proliferation of transformational rules, recent efforts have concentrated on defining systems of principles that restrict the application of a greatly simplified sys­ tem of rules of grammar. These principles, because of their broad application within a particular language, and their appearance in a wide range of languages under investigation, are claimed to reflect innate cognitive structures often termed universal grammar. Accompanying this new, and very interesting research in linguis­ tic theory is an interest in certain aspects of the language acquisi­ tion process that relate to the theoretical claims. As new insights allow us to hypothesize both more specifically and more plausibly about linguistic universals, the actual facts about linguistic develop­ ment in young children become increasingly relevant as additional data on which to formulate and test new ideas. This book looks closely at a particular set of linguistic structures with respect to both linguistic theory and language development, exploring the relationship between the theoretical claims and the results of a series of language acquisition experiments. Although work of this sort is often called interdisciplinary, the issues addressed are clearly defined, although not all of them are answered. This book should be of particular interest to linguists, and to psychologists concerned with linguistic and cognitive development.
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  • 163
    ISBN: 9789400969896
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 19
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One / The ‘AUX’ Hypothesis -- Da and the Category AUX in Bulgarian -- Person-Subject Marking in AUX in Egyptian Arabic -- Two / Some Elusive Categories -- Polarized Auxiliaries -- Marking Constituents -- Government and the Search for AUXes: A Case Study in Cross-linguistic Category Identification -- On Two Types of Infinitival Complementation -- The Case of German Adjectives -- Transitive Adjectives: A Case of Categorial Reanalysis.
    Abstract: VIrtually all the papers in these volumes originated in presentations at the Fourth Groningen Round Table, held in July 1980. That conference, organ­ ized by the Institute for General linguistics of Groningen University was the fourth in an irregular series of meetings devoted to issues of topical interest to linguists. Its predecessor, the Third Round Table, was held in June 1976, and dealt with the semantics of natural language. A selection of the papers was published as Syntax and Semantics 10, Selections from the Third Groningen Round Table, ed. by F. Heny and H. Schnelle, Academic Press, 1979. This fourth meeting was more narrowly focussed. The original intention was to examine the hypothesis of Akrnajian, Steele and Wasow in their paper 'The Category AUX in Universal Grammar', Linguistic Inquiry 10, 1-64. Ultimately the topic was broadened considerably to encompass not only the syntax, semantics and morphology of auxiliaries and related elements, but to tackle the problem (implicit in the original work of Akmajian, Steele and Wasow) of justifying the selection of categories for the analysis of natural language. In the summer of 1979, a workshop and short, informal conference were held at the University of Salzburg, in preparation for the Round Table. These were organized in conjunction with the Summer Institute of the linguistic Society of America. The cooperation of the LSA and of the University of Salzburg, and in particular of the Director of that Institute, Professor Gaberell Drachman, is hereby gratefully acknowledged.
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  • 164
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970168
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Linguistic Calculation 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Computational linguistics
    Abstract: On the “Tell Me Truly” Approach to the Analysis of Interrogatives -- The Epistemic Meaning of Questions and Statements -- What Answers Can Be Given? -- On Some Aspects of Presuppositions of Questions -- The Syntax and Semantics of English Mood -- New Foundations for a Theory of Questions and Answers -- On Questions -- Varieties of Cooperative Responses in Question-Answer Systems -- Questions of Believing -- Relevance of Topic and Focus for Automatic Question Answering -- The Polytext System — A New Design for a Text Retrieval System.
    Abstract: In almost all principled accounts of questions questions are related to the corresponding answers. Zellig Harris (Harris 1978:1), for example, maintains that" ... all interrogative sentences can be derived, by means of the independently established transformations of the language, from sentences which assert that someone is asking about a disjunction of statements which are the relevant possible answers to that interroga­ tive." This amounts to the claim that a yes-no question such as Will John stay? is derived from I ask you whether John will stay and a wh­ question such as Who came is derived from something like I ask you whether A came or B came or ... or X came .. Though in generative grammar interrogatives are not derived from the corresponding declaratives, the semantic interpretation of questions is akin to the syntactic source of questions posited by Harris. Jerrold J.Katz and Paul M.Postal (Katz-Postal 1964:113-117) state a reading rule for Q, the interrogative constituent, which boils down to (1) in the case of yes-no questions and to (2) in the case of wh-questions. (1) Tell me which of the following is true: John will stay or John will not stay. (2) Tell me which of the following is true: A came or B came or ... or X came. Thus, the semantic interpretation of questions makes reference to the set of possible answers represented here by a disjunction of statements.
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  • 165
    ISBN: 9789400969698
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (508p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Anthropology ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I The Phenomenology of Man in Interdisciplinary Communication -- Inaugural Essay -- Can Fictional Narratives Be True? -- The Phenomenology of Man and of the Human Condition in Communication with the Human Sciences -- On the Impact of the Human Sciences on Our Conception of Man and Society -- The Question of the Unity of the Human Sciences Revisited -- ‘Cognition and Work’ -- Scheler’s Shadow on Us -- II Nature Retrieved -- Inaugural Essay -- Natural Spontaneity in the Translating Continuity of Beingness -- 1. Nature and the Expanding Self -- Transcendence and Evil -- Nature and Man in Edmund Husserl’s ‘Inner Historiography’ -- Man and Nature: Bearings, Resources -- The Relation between Man and World: A Transcendental-Anthropological Problem -- Les antitheses de la communication et leur influence sur l’etiologie des maladies -- 2. Nature, Life, World, Culture -- Life and Culture in the Analysis of the Relationship between Man and Nature -- La realisation du projet Husserlien de “monde naturel” selon Jan PatoSka -- Man-in-Nature as a Phenomenological Datum -- Nature and Man -- Humanity, Nature, and Respect for Law -- The Immersion in Transcendence of Man from Nature -- 3. Nature and Mimesis -- Le retrait de la metaphore -- Nature and Human Nature in Literary Contexts -- Creative Consciousness and the Natural World in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves -- Nature and Feeling: The Constitutive and the Subjective -- III Man, Nature and The Possible Worlds -- The Phenomenological Conception of the Possible Worlds and the Creative Function of Man -- Creativity and the Method of the Sciences: A Problematic Issue in Husserl’s Phenomenology -- Husserl and the Logic of Questions -- The Challenge of Philosophical Anthropology -- Back to Nature Itself! -- La connaissance du monde de l’art -- Annex Documents Illustrating the History of The World Phenomenology Institute and of Its Three International Societies: The International Husserl and Phenomenological Research Society, The International Society for Phenomenology and Literature, The International Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences, and of The Boston Forum for the Interdisciplinary Phenomenology of Man, during the first decade of their research work (1968–1978) -- Index of Names.
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  • 166
    ISBN: 9789400970809
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 77
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 77
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Authors’ Introduction -- I. Case Studies -- Summary of Contributions -- Agricultural Chemistry. The Origin and Structure of a Finalized Science -- Autonomization and Finalization: A Comparison of Fermentation Research and Fluid Mechanics -- Cancer Research. A Study of Praxis-Related Theoretical Developments in Chemistry, the Biosciences and Medicine -- II. Theoretical Considerations -- Summary of Contributions -- Finalization Revisited -- The Scientification of Technology -- Normative Finalization -- III. Prospects -- Summary of Contributions -- Science in a Crisis of Legitimation -- Towards a Social Science of Nature -- Introductory Note -- The Finalization Debate: A Reply to our Critics. With a Bibliography of the Finalization Discussion and Debate -- Bibliography of the Finalization Discussion and Debate -- I. The anti-finalization campaign and debate in the media -- III. Contributions to the academic finalization discussion and debate -- Notes on Authors -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: These essays on Finalization in Science - The Social Orientation of Scientific Progress comprise a remarkable, problematic and controversial book. The authors propose a thesis about the social direction of scientific research which was the occasion of a lively and often bitter debate in Germany from 1976 to 1982. Their provocative thesis, briefly, is this: that modern science converges, historically, to the development of a number of 'closed theories', i. e. stable and relatively completed sciences, no longer to be improved by small changes but only by major changes in an entire theoretical structure. Further: that at such a stage of 'mature theory', the formerly viable norm of intra-scientific autonomy may appropriately be replaced by the social direction' of further scientific research (within such a 'mature' field) for socially relevant or, we may bluntly say, 'task-oriented' purposes. This is nothing less than a theory for the planning and social directing of science, under certain specific conditions. Understandably, it raised the sharp objections that such an approach would subordinate scientific inquiry as a free and untrammeled search for truth to the dictates of social relevance and dominant interests, even possibly to dictation and control for particularistic social and political interests.
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  • 167
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400969087
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I. Caveats -- 1. Physicalism and Direct Realism -- 2. Adverbialism -- 3. Acts and Objects -- 4. Whither Direct Realism? -- II. The Sensory Scene -- 1. The Argument for Immediacy -- 2. The Argument from Infallibility -- 3. The Argument from Conceptual Frameworks -- 4. The Very Idea of Direct Realism -- III. Qualitative Appearing -- 1. The Sensum Theory -- 2. The Compound Thing Theory -- 3. The Multiple Inherence Theory -- 4. The Multiple Relation Theory -- 5. The Impasse: A Look Backward -- 6. The Multiple Relation Theory Revisited: Major Objections -- 7. Direct Realism and the Multiple Relation Theory Reconciled -- IV. Illusion -- 1. The Received Answers: Direct Realists Manqué -- 2. No Intrinsic Difference: Another Interpretation -- 3. Descriptive Neutrality and Direct Realism -- 4. Indeterminate Perceptual Objects: The Speckled Hen Example -- 5. The Phantom Limb Objection -- V. Time Lag -- 1. The Received Answers -- 2. A New Beginning -- 3. Obstacles and Objections -- 4. Common Sense and Causation -- 5. Microparticles: Causation’s Last Resort -- 6. Color Perception: A Counterexample -- VI. Phenomenalism -- 1. Classical Phenomenalism: Mill -- 2. Varieties of Phenomenalism: Hume -- 3. Phenomenalism and Logical Constructions: Russell -- 4. Phenomenalism: A Budget of Difficulties -- 5. The Anomaly of Phenomenalism.
    Abstract: or their surfaces can be translated without remainder into descriptions of ob­ jects that are neither material objects or surfaces of any material object. All of these claims have historically conspired to discredit Direct Realism. But Direct Realism can accommodate all of the premises of the three argu­ ments without admitting any of their conclusions. Inferential perceptual knowl­ edge assumes a kind of knowledge that is not inferential. Without this assump­ tion, we are given a vicious infinite regress. But this is compatible with the fact that any case of non-inferential knowledge has a material objeCt as its object. The fact ofinfallible perceptual awareness fails to discredit DireCt Realism for similar reasons. Infallibility is a characteristic, not of the objects which we perceive, but rather of the acts by which we perceive them. And this permits an object of such awareness to be either material or something other than material. It does not fol­ low from the fact of infallibility that the objects of awareness must be other than material objects. And, finally, the fact of translatability shows at most that we either can or must simultaneously perceive material objects and entities which are not material objects. It does not show that the perception of the one is the same as the perception of the other. The entire argument rests, as we shall learn, on an illicit assimilation of the notions of sameness and equivalence.
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  • 168
    ISBN: 9789400971271
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (340p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 36
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Evolutionary Epistemology — A Challenge to Science and Philosophy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Notion of the Innate — Immanuel Kant and Beyond -- 3. Patterns of Nature and the Nature of Cognition or, ‘Why the Eye is Attuned to the Sun’ -- 4. The Interdisciplinary Foundation of Evolutionary Epistemology -- 5. The Challenge to Science and Philosophy -- 6. Summary and Conclusion -- Notes -- Evolution and Evolutionary Knowledge — On the Correspondence Between Cognitive Order and Nature -- 1. Separate Approaches -- 2. Judgements and Prejudices -- 3. The Theory of Evolution -- 4. Epistemological Questions -- 5. Nature and Thinking -- 6. A System of Hypotheses -- 7. Natural and Cognitive Order 45 -- 8. The Kantian Apriori -- 9. Summary -- Notes -- A Short Introduction to the Biological Principles of Evolutionary Epistemology -- 1. Life as a Cognition Process -- 2. The “Hypotheses” of the Ratiomorphic Apparatus -- 3. Summary -- Notes -- Mesocosm and Objective Knowledge — On Problems Solved by Evolutionary Epistemology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Facts and Fits — What Evolutionary Epistemology Tries to Explain -- 3. Tenets and Traits — What Evolutionary Epistemology Does Assert -- 4. Caveats and Corrections — What Evolutionary Epistemology Does Not Assert -- 5. Mesocosm and Visualization -- 6. Projection and Reconstruction -- 7. Objectivity and Invariance -- 8. Mathematics and Reality -- 9. Causality and Energy Transfer -- 10. Mind and Evolution -- 11. Unfinished Tasks and Unsolved Problems -- Neurobiological Aspects of Intelligence -- The Evolution of Scientific Method -- 1. The Historical Background -- 2. Objective Scientific Knowledge as a Break with the Ratiomorphic Past: The “Third” Evolution -- 3. The Systematic Relationship of Empirical-Evolutionary Epistemology and Meta-Empirical or Pure “Transcendental” Epistemology -- 4. Information and Knowledge -- 5. Science as an Evolutionary Information System -- 6. The “Law of Three Stages” of the Evolution of Method -- Notes -- The Ethics of Science: Compatible with the Concept of Evolutionary Epistemology? -- 1. The Traditional Viewpoint -- 2. Values -- 3. Science -- 4. Motivation of Science -- 5. Scientific Communities -- 6. The Ethics of Science -- 7. Justification of the Code (Compatibility with Evolutionary Epistemology) -- 8. The Ethics of Science as a Partial Code of Conduct -- 9. Extention of the Ethics of Science to Society? -- 10. Homo investigans versus Homo politicus -- 11. Threats Bearing upon the Ethics of Science -- The Metaphysical Limits of Evolutionary Epistemology -- 1. Evolutionary Epistemology is a Philosophical Proposal -- 2. As a Philosophical Theory, Evolutionary Epistemology is a Variant of Naturalistic Realism -- 3. Evolutionary Epistemology and Causality -- 4. Difficulties with the Principle of “Fulguration” -- 5. By Its Claim to Truth, Evolutionary Epistemology Annuls Itself -- 6. Evolutionary Epistemology is Unable to Support Its Own Ethical Claims -- 7. Evolutionary Epistemology and Ethics -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Evolutionary Causality, Theory of Games, and Evolution of Intelligence -- 1. A Model for Evolutionary Causality -- 2. The Equivalence of the Theory of Evolution and Dynamic Games -- 3. Evolutionary Epistemology, Memory, and Intelligence -- References -- Evolutionary Epistemology — A New Copernican Revolution? -- Notes -- Appendix. The Logical Basis of Evolutionary Epistemology -- 1. The Limits of the Analytical Approach -- 2. The Logical Structure of the Evolutionary Approach to Epistemological Questions -- 3. Consistency Proof for Riedl’s Probability Hypothesis -- 4. The Problem of Theoretical Terms in Evolutionary Perspective -- Notes -- Index Of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The present volume brings together current interdisciplinary research which adds up to an evolutionary theory of human knowledge, Le. evolutionary epistemology. It comprises ten papers, dealing with the basic concepts, approaches and data in evolutionary epistemology and discussing some of their most important consequences. Because I am convinced that criticism, if not confused with mere polemics, is apt to stimulate the maturation of a scientific or philosophical theory, I invited Reinhard Low to present his critical view of evolutionary epistemology and to indicate some limits of our evolutionary conceptions. The main purpose of this book is to meet the urgent need of both science and philosophy for a comprehensive up-to-date approach to the problem of knowledge, going beyond the traditional disciplinary boundaries of scientific and philosophical thought. Evolutionary epistemology has emerged as a naturalistic and science-oriented view of knowledge taking cognizance of, and compatible with, results of biological, psychological, anthropological and linguistic inquiries concerning the structure and development of man's cognitive apparatus. Thus, evolutionary epistemology serves as a frame­ work for many contemporary discussions of the age-old problem of human knowledge.
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  • 169
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970694
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 168
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Signs and Signalling -- I.1. Lewis on Signalling Systems -- I.2. Signs and Meaning -- I.3. Sign Systems and the Possibility of Deceit -- I.4. Generalization of Rules of Information -- I.5. ISS’s and Lewis Indicative Signalling Systems -- I.6. Conventions of Truthfulness and Trust v. Rules of Information -- II: A Formal Language -- II.1. LC: its Syntax and the General Form of its Semantics -- II.2. Action Modalities -- II.3. Normative Modalities -- II.4. The Belief Modality -- II.5. Mutual Belief -- II.6. The Modality Va -- II.7. Deontic Modalities -- II.8. Knowledge that p -- II.9. On the Alleged Circularity of Possible-World Semantics -- III: Some Features of Communication Situations -- III.1. Truthfulness and Trust -- III.2. Moore’s Paradox of Saying and Disbelieving -- III.3. Informing and Asserting -- III.4. Trust of Type No-Deceit, Communicators’ Intentions and “Saying One Thing and Meaning Another” -- III.5. Non-Deceiving Performances and the Implementation of Rules of Information -- IV: Non-Indicatives -- IV.1. Non-Indicatives and Truth Conditions -- IV.2. Performatives -- IV.3. Sketch for a Logic of Imperative Inference -- IV.4. Other Types of Non-Indicatives -- IV.5. Non-Indicative Usage of Indicatives -- V: Intention-Dependent Evidence -- V.1. Bennett’s Defence of the Gricean Theory -- V.2. The Modality Shall and the Analysis of Signalling -- VI: The Double Bind -- VI.1. General Features of a Double-Bind Situation -- VI.2. The Illustration from Clinical Data — a Formal Description -- VI.3. Bateson’s Theory of Communication -- VI.4. The Double Bind and Levels of Communication -- Concluding Remarks -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This essay contains material which will hopefully be of interest not only to philosophers, but also to those social scientists whose research concerns the analysis of communication, verbal or non-verbal. Although most of the topics taken up here are central to issues in the philosophy of language, they are, in my opinion, indistinguishable from topics in descriptive social psychology. The essay aims to provide a conceptual framework within which various key aspects of communication can be described, and it presents a formal language, using techniques from modern modal logic, in which such descriptions can themselves be formulated. It is my hope that this framework, or parts of it, might also turn out to be of value in future empirical work. There are, therefore, essentially two sides to this essay: the development of a framework of concepts, and the construction of a formal language rich enough to express the elements of which that framework is composed. The first of these two takes its point of departure in the statement quoted from Lewis (1972) on the page preceding this introduction. The distinction drawn there by Lewis is accepted as a working hypothesis, and in one sense this essay may be seen as an attempt to explore some of the consequences of that hypothesis.
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  • 170
    ISBN: 9789401098472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 22
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Game-Theoretical Semantics: Insights and Prospects -- 2 / Semantical Games and Transcendental Arguments -- 3 / Semantical Games, Subgames, and Functional Interpretations -- 4 / Any Problems — No Problems -- 5 / Temporal Discourse and Semantical Games -- 6 / Definite Descriptions in Game-Theoretical Semantics -- 7 / “Is”, Semantical Games, and Semantical Relativity -- 8 / Semantical Games and Aristotelian Categories -- 9 / On the Any-Thesis and the Methodology of Linguistics -- 10 / Theories of Truth and Learnable Languages -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Since the first chapter of this book presents an intro­ duction to the present state of game-theoretical semantics (GTS), there is no point in giving a briefer survey here. Instead, it may be helpful to indicate what this volume attempts to do. The first chapter gives a short intro­ duction to GTS and a survey of what is has accomplished. Chapter 2 puts the enterprise of GTS into new philo­ sophical perspective by relating its basic ideas to Kant's phi losophy of mathematics, space, and time. Chapters 3-6 are samples of GTS's accomplishments in understanding different kinds of semantical phenomena, mostly in natural languages. Beyond presenting results, some of these chapters also have other aims. Chapter 3 relates GTS to an interesting line of logical and foundational studies - the so-called functional interpretations - while chapter 4 leads to certain important methodological theses. Chapter 7 marks an application of GTS in a more philo­ sophical direction by criticizing the Frege-Russell thesis that words like "is" are multiply ambiguous. This leads in turn to a criticism of recent logical languages (logical notation), which since Frege have been based on the ambi­ guity thesis, and also to certain methodological sug­ gestions. In chapter 8, GTS is shown to have important implications for our understanding of Aristotle's doctrine of categories, while chapter 9 continues my earlier criticism of Chomsky's generative approach to linguistic theorizing.
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  • 171
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970359
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences a Yearbook 7
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Law—History.
    Abstract: I The Natural Sciences -- On the Relation of Physical Science to History in Late Nineteenth-Century Germany -- Re-Reading the Past from the End of Physics: Maxwell’s Equations in Retrospect -- A Founder Myth in the History of Sciences? — The Lavoisier Case -- Redefinitions of a Discipline: Histories of Geology and Geological History -- The Role of Medical History in the History of Medicine in Germany -- II The Social Sciences -- On Merton’s “History” and “Systematics” of Sociological Theory -- The Self-Presentation of a Discipline: History of Psychology in the United States between Pedagogy and Scholarship -- The Uses of History for the Shaping of a Field: Observations on German Psychology -- Cultural Anthropology and the Paradigm-Concept: A Brief History of their Recent Convergence -- III The Humanities -- On the Relation of Disciplinary Development and Historical Self-Presentation — the Case of Classical Philology since the End of the Eighteenth Century -- Epilogue -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Edward Gibbon's allegation at the beginning of his Essay on the Study of Literature (1764) that the history of empires is that of the miseries of humankind whereas the history of the sciences is that of their splendour and happiness has for a long time been accepted by professional scientists and by historians of science alike. For its practitioner, the history of a discipline displayed above all the always difficult but fmally rewarding approach to a truth which was incorporated in the discipline in its actual fonn. Looking back, it was only too easy to distinguish those who erred and heretics in the field from the few forerunners of true science. On the one hand, the traditional history of science was told as a story of hero and hero worship, on the other hand it was, paradoxically enough, the constant attempt to remind the scientist whom he should better forget. It is not surprising at all therefore that the traditional history of science was a field of only minor interest for the practitioner of a distinct scientific diSCipline or specialty and at the same time a hardly challenging task for the professional historian. Nietzsche had already described the historian of science as someone who arrives late after harvest-time: it is somebody who is only a tolerated guest at the thanksgiving dinner of the scientific community .
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  • 172
    ISBN: 9789400969605
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (287p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 21
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Table of Contents: Volume II -- The New Dualism: “Res Philosophica” and “Res Historica” -- I -- Hippocrates and the School of Cos. Between Myth and Skepticism -- The Historical Hippocrates and the Origins of Scientific Medicine. Comments on Joly -- II -- What’s in a Word? Coming to Terms in the Darwinian Revolution -- Comments on Beatty -- Reply to Hull -- III -- The Politics of Truth: A Social Interpretation of Scientific Knowledge, with an Application to the Case of Sociobiology -- IV -- Anatomy of the Self in Psychoanalytic Theory -- The Unity of the Self -- Psychoanalysis, Personal Identity, and Scientific Method -- V -- Themes in British Psychiatry, J. C. Prichard (1785–1848) to Henry Maudsley (1835–1918) -- Comments on Bynum -- Name Index.
    Abstract: These remarks preface two volumes consisting of the proceedings of the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. The conference was held under the auspices of the Union, The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science. The meetings took place in Montreal, Canada, 25-29 August 1980, with Concordia University as host institution. The program of the conference was arranged by a Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science consisting of Robert E. Butts (Canada), John Murdoch (U. S. A. ), Vladimir Kirsanov (U. S. S. R. ), and Paul Weingartner (Austria). The Local Arrangements Committee consisted of Stanley G. French, Chair (Concordia), Michel Paradis, treasurer (McGill), Fran~ois Duchesneau (Universite de Montreal), Robert Nadeau (Universite du Quebec it Montreal), and William Shea (McGill University). Both committees are indebted to Dr. G. R. Paterson, then President of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science, who shared his expertise in many ways. Dr. French and his staff worked diligently and efficiently on behalf of all participants. The city of Montreal was, as always, the subtle mixture of extravagance, charm, warmth and excitement that retains her status as the jewel of Canadian cities. The funding of major international conferences is always a problem.
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  • 173
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400969865
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 2
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Influence of Darwinism on English Literature and Literary Ideas -- Evolution and Educational Theory in the Nineteenth Century -- Darwin and the Descent of Women -- Darwinism and Feminism: The ‘Woman Question’ in the Life and Work of Olive Schreiner and Charlotte Perkins Gilman -- Darwin and Philosophy Today -- Darwinism and Language -- Evolutionism and Arch(a)eology -- Heinrich Schenker’s Epistemology and Philosophy of Music: An Essay on the Relations Between Evolutionary Theory and Music Theory -- Evolution: The Whitworth Gun in Huxley’s War for the Liberation of Science from Theology -- Evolutionism Transformed: Positivists and Materialists in the Sociätä d’ Anthropologic de Paris from Second Empire to Third Republic -- Notes on Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Only in fairly recent years has History and Philosophy of Science been recognized - though not always under that name - as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour. Previously, in the Australasian region as elsewhere, those few individuals working within this broad area of inquiry found their base, both intellectually and socially, where they could. In fact, the institutionalization of History and Philosophy of Science began compara­ tively early in Australia. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne immediately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appointments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and '60s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia, and in New Zealand. "Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science" aims to provide a distinctive publication outlet for Australian and New Zealand scholars working in the general area of history, philosophy and social studies of science. Each volume will comprise a group of essays on a connected theme, edited by an Australian or a New Zealander with special expertise in that particular area. The series should, however, prove of more than merely local interest. Papers will address general issues; parochial topics will be avoided.
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  • 174
    ISBN: 9789400969469
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 22
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 22
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    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Preliminary Remarks -- 2. Marsilius of Inghen’s life and Works -- 3. Marsilius’ Teachings -- 4. Conspectus of the Manuscripts, Incunabula and Post-Incunabula -- 5. The Establishment of the Present Edition -- 6. Title of the Treatises -- II. Text and Translation -- List of Signs -- Apparatus Criticus -- III. Notes to the Text -- 1. Notes to the Suppositiones -- 2. Notes to the Ampliationes -- 3. Notes to the Appellationes -- 4. Notes to the Restrictiones and Alienationes -- IV. Appendices -- 10.1007/978-94-009-6946-9_13 -- 10.1007/978-94-009-6946-9_14 -- 10.1007/978-94-009-6946-9_15 -- 10.1007/978-94-009-6946-9_16 -- Indexes to the Latin Text -- Indexes to the Introduction, Notes, And Appendices -- Index of Manuscripts.
    Abstract: occurred in the textbooks of medieval logicians. Hubien (1975,1977) did the same in recent articles and other modern logicians with interest in the history of their field of knowledge, or students of the history of logic with knowledge of modern achievements in this field, could be mentioned. For example, Trentman (1977:41) in his recent edition of Vincent Ferrer's Tractatus de Suppositionibus, 'Treatise on suppositions', elucidates Ferrer's theory of natural supposition with the aid of modern logic and points out that in some respects, for example, in the theory of irltensionality, modern theories have been developed with little more success. In the Middle Ages, semantics and logic were entirely interwoven. For, in the opinion of medieval philosophers, thought is enacted in language. This very same language consists of meaningful entities and those entities form propositions that may be used as premisses in argument. In their opinion, language and thought were both related to reality in a natural way (cf. De Rijk, 1977:233). This is also evident from Marsilius' works (cf., e.g., p. 54, n. 11-23). The semantical presuppositions oT the propositions that may be used in arguments, are analysed. This, indeed, is one of the contributions to logic by medieval logicians (cf. Moody, 1975:385).
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  • 175
    ISBN: 9789400970243
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 33
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 33
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction to Complex Systems -- 1.1 Finite Complex Systems -- 1.2 Some Concepts of Complexity -- 1.3 Fundamental Issues of Complexity -- 1.4 Multi-level System and Control -- 1.5 Design and Algebraic Systems -- 1.6 Models Using Catastrophe Theory -- 1.7 Aspects of FCS Modelling -- 1.8 Computer Models and Man Machine Interaction -- Note -- References -- 2* Mathematics of Machines, Semigroups and Complexity -- 2.1 Finite State Machines -- 2.2 Definitions and Bounds of Complexity -- 2.3 Machines and Semigroups -- 2.4 The Krohn-Rhodes Prime Decomposition Theorem for Finite Semigroups and Machines -- 2.5 An Application of the Prime Decomposition Theorem — Some Results on Combinatorial Semigroups -- 2.6 Calculating the Complexity of a Transformation Semigroup -- 2.7 The Generalized Model -- References -- 3 Complexity and Dynamics -- 3.1 Introduction and Motivation -- 3.2 Competitive Processes and Dynamical Systems -- 3.3 Description of a Dynamic System -- 3.4 Axioms of Complexity -- 3.5 Evolution Complexity -- 3.6 Dynamic Systems of Resource Depletion -- 3.7 Complexity in Thom’s Program -- 3.8 Policy Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 4 Structural Characteristics in Economic Models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Preliminary Considerations -- 4.3 Decomposable Systems -- 4.4 Systems Modelling and Complexity -- 4.5 Structure of the Model -- 4.6 The Model’s Basic Set of Relationships -- 4.7 Evaluation of Complexity -- 4.8 Discussion -- 4.9 Comparison with some Studies on the Economics of Organization -- Note -- References -- 5 Complexity, Bounded Rationality and Problem-Solving -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Bounded Rationality -- 5.3 Problem Solving -- 5.4 An Overview of Algorithmic Complexity and Problem-Solving -- 5.5 A Case in Heuristics: General Problem-Solving (GPS) -- 5.6 Planning -- 5.7 Conclusions -- Appendix: Problem-Solving for Energy Technology Assessment -- Notes -- References -- 6 Complexity and Decision Rules -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background and Motivation -- 6.3 Choice Processes and Complexity -- 6.4 An Example of a Decision or Search Rule -- 6.5 A Social Choice Machine -- 6.6 Complexity of Decision Rules -- 6.7 A Construction of Compatible Decision Rules -- 6.8 Summary and Extension -- Notes -- References -- 7 Complexity and Organizational Decision-Making -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Organizational Structures and Performance -- 7.3 Organizations and Environments -- 7.4 A Real-time Organization -- 7.5 Information Technology -- 7.6 Costs of Information Processing -- 7.7 A Simple Machine Model of Organizational Design -- 7.8 Organizational Malfunctioning and Design -- 7.9 The Case of Line Organization -- 7.10 The Parallel Processing Line -- 7.11 The Case of Staff Organization -- 7.12 The Staff Acting as an Input Filter -- 7.13 Optimization Problem of the Staff Design -- 7.14 The Alternately Processing Staff -- 7.15 The Parallel Processing Staff -- 7.16 Some Practical Aspects of Organizational Design -- Notes -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In this book I develop a theory of complexity for economics and manage­ ment sciences. This book is addressed to the mathematically or analytically oriented economist, psychologist or management scientist. It could also be of interest to engineers, computer scientists, biologists, physicists and ecologists who have a constant desire to go beyond the bounds of their respective disciplines. The unifying theme is: we live in a complex world, but how can we cope with complexity? If the book has made the reader curious, and if he looks at modelling, problem recognition and problem solving within his field of competence in a more "complex" way, it will have achieved its goal. The starting point is the recognition that complexity is a well-defined concept in mathematics (e.g. in topological dynamics), computer science, information theory and artificial intelligence. But it is a rather diffuse concept in other fields, sometimes it has only descriptive value or even worse, it is only used in a colloquial sense. The systematic investigation of complexity phenomena has reached a mature status within computer science. Indices of computer size, capacity and performance root ultimately in John von Neumann's paradigmatic model of a machine, though other 1 roots point to McCulloch and Pitts, not to forget Alan Turing. Offsprings of this development include: -complexity of formal systems and recursiveness; -cellular automata and the theory of self-reproducing machines; -theory of program or computational complexity; -theory of sequential machines; -problem solving, cognitive science, pattern recognition and decision processes.
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  • 176
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400968721
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 203 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Publications of the Netherlands Interuniversity Demographic Institute (N.I.D.I.) and the Population and Family Study Centre (C.B.G.S.) 9
    Series Statement: Publications of the Netherlands Interuniversity Demographic Institute (NIDI) and the Population and Family Study Centre (CBGS) 9
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1. Background -- 2. Summary of the study design -- 2. Major Theme of the Study: Degree of Individuation -- 3. Statement of the Problem, Theoretical Framework Hypotheses, and Research Methodology -- 1. Statement of the problem -- 2. Theoretical framework, hypotheses and concepts -- 3. Research design -- 4. Sampling and data-collection procedures -- 5. Questionnaire development and scale-construction -- 4. Cohabitation: A Comparative Descriptive Analysis with Marriage in the Netherlands and in the United States — A Test of Hypotheses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The U.S. and Dutch sampling communities: a comparison -- 3. Some social-economic characteristics of cohabitants in comparison with marrieds -- 4. Some dyadic relationship characteristics of cohabitants in comparison with marrieds -- 5. Dyadic commitment of cohabitants in comparison with marrieds -- 6. The attitudes of cohabitants and marrieds towards marriage -- 7. Balance of power between cohabiting and married partners -- 8. Degree of individuation of cohabitants in comparison with marrieds -- 9. Summary -- 5. An Exploratory Analysis of the Differences in Degree of Individuation between Cohabiting and Matching Married Couples -- 1. Explanation of the analytical method -- 2. Discussion of the variables that influence “Individuation Difference” -- 3. Ranking of the predictors of “Individuation Differences” -- 4. Conclusion -- 6. Reflections -- References -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- Appendix C.
    Abstract: 1. BACKGROUND In the last ten years there has been much popular discus­ sion and also a great scholarly interest in the so-called "alternative lifestyles" (1). ESgecially, since the late 1J60's, a diversity of lifestyles other than the nuclear family began to emerge, according to demographic changes in household compositions during the past decade (US Bureau of Census, 1979; Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 1930). One lifestyle, non-marital cohabitation, has increased most dra­ matically during the ~ast ten years and is the subject of this study. The term cohabitation will be used exclusively throughout the remainder of this study to refer to hetero­ sexual couples who are living together without being married legally. Despite its recent rapid increase, one should not overlook the fact that cohabitation, in comparison with legal marriage, remains an alternative practiced by a minority of the couples at any ?oint in time. For the Netherlands, it is estimated that 7 percent of all couples are living together unmarried, and 93 percent are married (Straver, 1981). This cohabitation rate is about twice as low when compared to rates in countries like Sweden and Denmark where they are 16 percent (the highest rate in Europe) and 13 percent (Trost, 1979), but still about twice as high when compared to the 3 percent estimate for the United States (Macklin, 1980).
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  • 177
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400968394
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 102
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 102
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Science—History. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Scottish Beginnings -- 2. London Beginnings -- 3. The First Trip Abroad -- 1. Paris and its Scientific Society, 1817 -- 2. Switzerland -- 3. Italy -- 4. The Return -- 4. In the Mainstream of London Science -- 1. Scientific Training in the 1820s -- 2. Mary Somerville’s Apprenticeship -- 3. The First Experimental Paper -- 4. Brougham’s Commission -- 5. The Mechanism of the Heavens -- 1. The Atmosphere of 1830 -- 2. Creation and Publication -- 3. Reception -- 6. The Second Stay Abroad -- 1. Paris, 1832 -- 2. Mary Somerville and French Science, 1832–33 -- 3. Foreign Visitors, English Correspondence -- 7. On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences -- 1. The Physical Sciences, 1830–33 -- 2. The Final Revision -- 3. Publication and Review -- 4. New Honours and a New Edition -- 5. Mary Somerville and a Few Scientific Women -- 8. The Civil List and Mary Somerville -- 9. ‘The Comet’, an Experiment and a Third Edition -- 10. The Last London Years -- 1. A New Pattern of Existence, 1836 -- 2. The Fourth Edition of the Connexion of the Sciences -- 3. A Scientific Intermediary -- 11. Outside the Mainstream of Science -- 1. Italy, 1838–40 -- 2. And After . . . -- A Guide to Notes and Citations -- Notes.
    Abstract: Among the myriad of changes that took place in Great Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century, many of particular significance to the historian of science and to the social historian are discernible in that small segment of British society drawn together by a shared interest in natural phenomena and with sufficient leisure or opportunity to investigate and ponder them. This group, which never numbered more than a mere handful in comparison to the whole population, may rightly be characterized as 'scientific'. They and their successors came to occupy an increasingly important place in the intellectual, educational, and developing economic life of the nation. Well before the arrival of mid-century, natural philosophers and inventors were generally hailed as a source of national pride and of national prestige. Scientific society is a feature of nineteenth-century British life, the best being found in London, in the universities, in Edinburgh and Glasgow, and in a few scattered provincial centres.
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  • 178
    ISBN: 9789401167574
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: I. Conducting Evaluation—The Sourcebook -- 1. Focusing the Evaluation -- 2. Designing Evaluation -- 3. Collecting Information -- 4. Analyzing Information -- 5. Reporting Information -- 6. Managing Evaluation -- 7. Evaluating Evaluation (Meta-Evaluation).
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  • 179
    ISBN: 9789400966673
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Design Manual 3
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: Getting Started -- Products -- 1: Outline of Evaluation Questions -- 2: Outline of Evaluation Questions -- 3: Information Collection Plan -- 4: Analysis and Interpretation Plan -- 5: Report Plan -- 6: Management Plan -- 7: Plan to Evaluate the Evaluation -- Appendices -- A: Selecting What (an Object) to Evaluate -- B: An Example of an Evaluation Design -- C: Extra Worksheets.
    Abstract: Please glance over the questions that follow and read the answers to those that are of interest. Q: What does this manual do? A: This manual guides the user through designing an evaluation. A: Who can use it? A: Anyone interested or involved in evaluating professional trammg or inservice education programs. The primary users will be staff members who are doing their own program evaluation-maybe for the first time. (Experienced evaluators or other professional educators can find useful guides and worksheets in it.) Q: If I work through this manual, what will I accomplish? A: You will develop one or more evaluation designs, and perhaps you'll also use the designs to evaluate something to make it better or to document its current value. Q: What is an evaluation design? A: An evaluation design is a conceptual and procedural map for getting important information about training efforts to people who can use it, as shown in the graphic below.
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  • 180
    ISBN: 9789401176309
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: I. Conducting Evaluation—The Sourcebook -- 1. Focusing the Evaluation -- 2. Designing Evaluation -- 3. Collecting Information -- 4. Analyzing Information -- 5. Reporting Information -- 6. Managing Evaluation -- 7. Evaluating Evaluation (Meta-Evaluation) -- II. Applications—The Casebook -- The Local School Case Examples -- The State Agency Case Examples -- The College and University Case Examples.
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  • 181
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401569323
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 219 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 21
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: I: Syntax and Model-Theoretic Semantics -- II: A Fragment of English -- III: Quantifier Storage -- IV: Storage and wh-Phenomena -- V: wh-Phenomena and the Theory of Grammar -- VI: Presupposition and Quantification -- VII: Gender Agreement -- Notes -- Answers to Selected Exercises -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The format of this book is unusual, especially for a book about linguistics. The book is meant primarily as a research monograph aimed at linguists who have some background in formal semantics, e. g. Montague Grammar. However, I have two other audiences in mind. Linguists who have little or no experience of formal semantics, but who have worked through a basic mathematics for linguists course (e. g. using Wall, 1972, or Partee, 1978), should, perhaps with the help of a sympathetic Montague gramma­ rian, be able to discover enough of how I have adapted some of the basic ideas in formal semantics to make the developments that I undertake in the rest of the book accessible. Logicians and computer scientists who know about model theoretic semantics and formal systems should be able to glean enough from Chapters I and II about linguistic concerns and techniques to be able to read the remainder of the book, again possibly with the help of a sympathetic Montague grammarian. However, readers should beware. Chapter II is not meant as a general introduction either to formal semantics or to linguistics and while much of the presentation there is going over ground that is already well covered in the literature, the particular formulation and the emphases are very much oriented to the developments to be undertaken later in the book.
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  • 182
    ISBN: 9789400969759
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (604p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Ethics ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Essay -- The Moral Sense: A Discourse on the Phenomenological Foundation of the Social World and of Ethics -- I Phenomenology in an Interdisciplinary Communication with the Human Sciences: Questions of the Method -- A. The Phenomenological Challenge in Sociology -- Phenomenological Methods in Sociological Research -- On the Meaning of ‘Adequacy’ in the Sociology of Alfred Schutz -- Contribution to the Debate: On the Phenomenological Challenge in Sociology -- Twentieth-century Realism and the Autonomy of the Human Sciences: The Case of George Santayana -- Method in Integrative Transformism -- Methodological Neutrality in Pragmatism and Phenomenology -- Contribution to the Debate: Heidegger on Rhetoric -- B. Human Being, World, Cognition -- The Problem of Reality as Seen from the Viewpoint of Existential Phenomenology -- Heidegger’s Transcendental-Phenomenological “Justification” of Science -- Contribution to the Debate: Heidegger’s Theory of Authentic Discourse -- A Descriptive Science of the Pretheoretical World: A Husserlian Theme in Its Historical Context -- Darwin’s Phenomenological Embarrassment and Freud’s Solution -- Contribution to the Debate: Phenomenology and Empiricism -- The Relationship of Theory and Emancipation in Husserl and Habermas -- Contribution to the Debate: Professor Wallulis on Theory and Emancipation -- C. Some Issues for Phenomenology in Epistemology and Philosophy of Religion -- The Reductions and Existence: Bases for Epistemology -- Intersubjectivity and Accessibility -- Once More into the Lion’s Mouth: Another Look at van der Leeuw’s Phenomenology of Religion -- II The Foundations of Morality and the Human Sciences -- A. Foundations of Morality and Nature -- Aground on the Ground of Values: Friedrich Nietzsche -- Man as the Focal Point of Human Science -- On Biologicized Ethics: A Critique of the Biological Approach to the Human Sciences -- B. Foundations of Morality and the Life-World -- The Foundations of Morality and the Human Sciences -- Value and Ideology -- Schutz’s Thesis and the Moral Basis for Humanistic Sociology -- The Moral Crisis of Explanation in the Social Sciences -- C. Science and Morality -- Medicine and the Moral Basis of the Human Sciences -- Heidegger’s Existential Conception of Science -- Philosophy and Psychology Confronted with the Need for a Moral Significance of Life -- Contribution to the Debate: Scientific Psychology and Moral Philosophy in the Knowledge of Human Nature: Two Lines of Research -- Contribution to the Debate: Some Remarks on the Role of Psychology in Man’s Ethical World View -- Emotion and the Good in Moral Development -- The Genesis of Moral Judgment -- D. Morality: From Life-Experience to Moral Concepts -- Surrender to Morality as the Morality of Surrender -- The Socio-philosophical Conception of Kurt H. Wolff -- On Purpose, Obligation, and Transcendental Semantics -- III Phenomenology and the Human Sciences in a Common Approach to “Human Rights” -- Le Primat du théorique à l’égard du normatif chez Husserl -- La Intersubjetividad absoluta en Husserl y el ideal de una sociedad racional -- On Some Contributions of Existential Phenomenology to Sociology of Law: Formalism and Historicism -- Rights, Responsibilities, and Existentialist Ethics -- Elementos para una teoria de la transubjetividad – A la fenomenología de los derechos humanos -- The Person, Basis for Human Rights -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The essays in this volume constitute a portion of the research program being carried out by the International Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences. Established as an affiliate society of the World Institute for Ad­ vanced Phenomenological Research and Learning in 1976, in Arezzo, Italy, by the president of the Institute, Dr Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, this particular society is devoted to an exploration of the relevance of phenomenological methods and insights for an understanding of the origins and goals of the specialised human sciences. The essays printed in the first part of the book were originally presented at the Second Congress of this society held at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 12-14 July 1979. The second part of the volume consists of selected essays from the third convention (the Eleventh International Congress of Phenomenology of the World Phenomen­ ology Institute) held in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1981. With the third part of this book we pass into the "Human Rights" issue as treated by the World Phenomenology Institute at the Interamerican Philosophy Congress held in Tallahassee, Florida, also in 1981. The volume opens with a mono­ graph by Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka on the foundations of ethics in the moral practice within the life-world and the social world shown as clearly distinct. The main ideas of this work had been presented by Tymieniecka as lead lectures to the three conferences giving them a tight research-project con­ sistency.
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  • 183
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401180481
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Ecology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Conditions for life -- 1.1 Radiant energy -- 1.2 The atmosphere -- 2 Radiation coupling -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Plant responses to light -- 3 Coupling through boundary layers -- 3.1 Electrical analogues -- 3.2 Coupling through resistance chains -- 3.3 Physiologically-influenced resistances -- 3.4 Micrometeorological stomatal resistance -- 4 Heat and water exchange at plant surfaces -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Energy balance -- 4.3 Calculations -- 5 Field observations -- 5.1 Structure of vegetation -- 5.2 Vegetation height -- 5.3 Leaf survival and design -- Appendix 1 Specific heats -- Appendix 2 Physical constants -- Appendix 3 Thermocouple data -- Appendix 5 Saturated vapour pressure and black body radiation -- Appendix 6 Useful formulae -- Appendix 7 Symbols and abbreviations -- Appendix 8 Units -- Appendix 9 Metric multiples and submultiples -- References.
    Abstract: In this small book I have tried to confine myself to the absolute necessities in a field which requires a knowledge of both biology and physics. It is meant as a primer for biological undergraduates. I hope it will lead some of them to further, more advanced, study. It has not been easy to present the subject in so few pages, and I am aware of many omissions. I hope readers will agree that it is best to concentrate on a small number of topics, which together constitute an essay on plant-atmosphere relationships. Advanced students will be able to take the subject further if they look up some of the references. Text books that I particularly recommend are those by Monteith [38] and Campbell [lOO]. If the reader intends to carry out research investigations he should also consult Fritschen and Lloyd [105] for an introduction to instrumentation in environmental biophysics.
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  • 184
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400969490
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (408p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 27
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: I: On the Necessity of Socialism -- A. The Marxian Method -- 1. The Marxian Methodology — An Outline of the Idealizational Interpretation -- 2. To Surpass Marx with the Aid of His Methodology -- B. The Marxian Ambiguity. A Proposal for a Non-Marxian Theory of Socio-Economic Formation -- 3. The Ambiguity of Marxian Historical Materialism -- 4. The Marxian Ambiguity: An Attempt at a Solution. A Non-Marxian Theory of Socio-Economic Formation (Model I) -- 5. The Peculiarity of Slavery: The Development through Luxury (Model II) -- 6. The Peculiarity of Feudalism: The Double Cycle (Models III–IV) -- 7. The Peculiarity of Capitalism: An Attempt to Pose the Problem -- C. The Limitations of Marx’s Discoveries. The Generalization of Historical Materialism -- 8. The Basic Limitation of Marxian Historical Materialism -- 9. An Attempt at a Marxist Theory of Power -- 10. Generalized Historical Materialism: Some Main Notions -- D. The Fundamental Mistake of Marx and the Theory of Socialist Evolution -- 11. Preamble -- 12. The People’s Struggle and the Supra-Class Struggle. The Role of the Political Momentum in the Motion of Socio-Economic Formation (Model IP) -- 13. The Peculiarity of Capitalism: The Necessity for the Disappearance of the Working Class Struggle Leads to Socialism (Model VP) -- 14. Conclusion. The Problem of Part II -- II: On the Necessity of Socialism in Russia. Towards the Materialist Reinterpretation of the Marxist Image of Russia’s History -- 15. Introduction. Socialism in Russia: Modern Dogmas -- 16. The Totalitarian Anomaly: The Breakdown of the Double Cycle in Russian Feudalism (13th–16th Centuries) -- 17. Property and Power in Russian Feudalism -- 18. Tsarist Russia Was the Best Developed Capitalist Country -- 19. The February Revolution Was a Totalitarian Revolution -- 20. Totalitarian Society in Russia: March-October 1917 -- 21. The October Revolution Was Not a Social Revolution at All. It Was instead the Result of Anti-Totalitarian People’s Movements -- 22. Conclusion: The Myth of the Communists -- References -- Index of Authors Cited.
    Abstract: THE VOICE OF THE PEOPLE: THE POLISH ROAD FROM SOCIALISM ON 1. The history of all hitherto existing societies is a history of class struggle - not only that between the exploited and the exploiters, but also that between the ruled and the rulers. And in modern times, there is in some societies a struggle between those who are exploited and oppressed at the same time and those who at the same time exploit and oppress. 2. The struggle between the owners and the direct producers results from the fact that the former exploit the latter, that is, they take from their labour more than they give back. It is possible since only they, the exploiters, have a monopoly of the disposal over the m~ans of production, and the major part of society must provide them with their labour force. Increasing exploitation finally leads to the revolution of the masses -and the owners are forced to make concessions in order to avoid re-occurrences.
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  • 185
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400972575
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 26
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: One: The Ethics of Respect for Persons -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Empirical Choice -- 1.3. Rational Choice -- 1.4. Rational Empirical Choice -- 1.5. Considered Choice -- 1.6. Unencumbered Choice -- Two: The Nature of a Limits Thesis -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Defining a Protected Sphere -- 2.3. Enforcing Morality versus Preventing Harm -- 2.4. Positive Morality versus Critical Morality -- 2.5. Which Critical Morality Should be Enforced? -- 2.6. Which Specific Kinds of Conduct Are Immoral? -- 2.7. Procedural Matters and Democracy -- 2.8. Conclusions -- Three: The Harm Principle -- 3.1. Harm and Interests -- 3.2. A Respect-for-Persons Conception of Harm -- Four: Legal Paternalism -- 4.1. The Principle of Paternalism -- 4.2. Paternalism and Law -- Five: The Welfare Principle -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. The Basis of Positive Rights -- 5.3. The Plausibility of Positive Rights -- 5.4. Positive Rights and Individual Action -- 5.5. Positive Rights, the State, and Collective Action -- Six: The Principle of Community -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Laissez-Faire versus Collective Control -- 6.3. The Scope of Collective Control -- Seven: The Principle of Necessary Means -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. The Principle of Necessary Means -- 7.3. Some Uses of the Principle -- Eight: Exclusionary Principles -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. The Principle of Free Speech -- 8.3. The Generalized Exclusionary Principle -- Nine: Punishment -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Punishment and Respect for Persons -- 9.3. General Justifying Aim -- 9.4. Distribution -- 9.5. Severity -- Ten: Evaluating Legislation -- 10.1. The Principles of Legal Coercion -- 10.2. Taxation and the Provision of Public Goods -- 10.3. Victimless Crimes and the Enforcement of Popular Morality: Pornography -- 10.4. The Problem of Offensive Conduct -- 10.5. Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Are all of the commonly accepted aims of the use of law justifiable? Which kinds of behavior are justifiably prohibited, which kinds justifiably required? What uses of law are not defensible? How can the legitimacy or the ille­ gitimacy of various uses of law be explained or accounted for? These are questions the answering of which involves one in many issues of moral principle, for the answers require that one adopt positions - even if only implicitly - on further questions of what kinds of actions or policies are morally or ethically acceptable. The present work, aimed at questions of these kinds, is thus a study in the ethical evaluation of major uses of legal coercion. It is an attempt to provide a framework within which many questions about the proper uses of law may be fruitfully discussed. The framework, if successful, can be used by anyone asking questions about the defensibility of particular or general uses of law, whether from the perspective of someone considering whether to bring about some new legal provision, from the perspective of someone concerned to evaluate an eXisting provision, or from that of someone concerned more abstractly with questions about the appropriate substance of an ideal legal system. In addressing these and associated issues, I shall be exploring the extent to which an ethics based on respect for persons and their autonomy can handle satisfactorily the problems arising here.
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  • 186
    ISBN: 9789400971486
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Historical Inquiries and Perspectives -- Evolution of the Patient-Physician Relationship: Antiquity Through the Renaissance -- The Legacy of Modern Anglo-American Medical Ethics: Correcting Some Misperceptions -- American Medical Ethics and the Physician-Patient Relationship -- Section II / Models of the Patient-Physician Relationship -- Veatch, May, and Models: A Critical Review and a New View -- The Case for Contract in Medical Ethics -- A Rejoinder -- Legal Models of the Patient-Physician Relation -- The Common Law as a model of the Patient-Physician Relationship: A Response to Professor Brody -- Jewish Religious Law as a Model of the Patient-Physician Relationship: A Comment on Professor Brody’s Essay -- Response to Franck and White -- Section III / Conceptual and Theoretical Analyses -- The Healing Relationship: The Architectonics of Clinical Medicine -- The Psychiatric Patient-Physician Relationship -- The Physician as Stranger: The Ethics of the Anonymous Patient-Physician Relationship -- The Internal Morality of Medicine: An Essential Dimension of the Patient-Physician Relationship -- Scope of the Therapeutic Relationship -- Section IV / Morality in the Patient-Physician Relationship -- The Physician-Patient Relationship in a Secular, Pluralist Society -- The Therapeutic Relationship: Is Moral Conduct a Necessary Condition? -- A Theological Context for the Relationship Between Patient and Physician -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: The encounter between patient and physician may be characterized as the focus of medicine. As such, the patient-physician relationship, or more accurately the conduct of patients and physicians, has been the subject of considerable comment, inquiry, and debate throughout the centuries. The issues and concerns discussed, apart from those more specifically related to medical theory and therapy, range from matters of etiquette to profound questions of philosophical and moral interest. This discourse is impressive with respect both to its duration and content. Contemporary scholars and laypeople have made their contribution to these long-standing discussions. In addition, they have actively addressed those distinctively modern issues that have arisen as a result of increased medical knowledge, improved technology, and changing cultural and moral expectation. The concept of the patient-physician rela­ tionship that supposedly provides a framework for the conduct of patients and physicians seemingly has taken on a life of its own, inviolable, and subject to norms particular to it. The essays in this volume elucidate the nature of the patient-physician relationship, its character, and moral norms appropriate to it. The purpose of the collection is to enhance our understanding of that context, which many consider to be the focus of the entire medical enterprise. The con­ tributors have not engaged in apologetics, polemics, homiletics, or em­ piricism.
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  • 187
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400969322
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (472p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contemporary philosophy / La philosophie contemporaine, A new survey/Chroniques nouvelles 4
    Series Statement: Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: Contents/Table des matières -- G. Fløistad, Preface -- Personal identity and the concept of a person -- Recent work on the relation of mind and brain -- Philosophy of perception -- Spinoza’s philosophy of mind -- Hegel’s philosophy of mind -- Kierkegaard’s philosophy of mind -- The significance of Freud for modern philosophy of mind -- Brentano’s philosophy of mind -- Husserl’s philosophy of mind -- Heidegger’s philosophy of mind -- Wittgensttin’s philosophy of mind -- Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy of mind -- American pragmatism -- Pragmatism in Apel and Habermas -- Wilfrid Sellars’ philosophy of mind -- Abbreviations used by some contributors -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
    Abstract: This publication is a continuation of two earlier series of chroni­ cles, Philosophy in the Mid-Century (Firenze 1958/59) and Con­ temporary Philosophy (Firenze 1968), edited by Raymond Kli­ bansky. Like the other series, these chronicles provide a survey of important trends in contemporary philosophical discussion from 1966 to 1980. The need for such surveys has, I believe, increased rather than decreased over the last years. The philosophical scene appears, for various reasons, more complex than ever before. The continuing process of specialization in most branches, the emergence of new schools of thought, particularly in philosophical logic and the philosophy of language, the convergence of interest (though not necessarily of opinion) of different traditions upon certain prob­ lems, and the increasing attention being paid to the history of philosophy in discussions of contemporary problems are the most important contributory factors. Surveys of the present kind are a valuable source of knowledge of this complexity and may as such be an assistance in renewing the understanding of one's own phi­ losophical problems. The surveys, it is to be hoped, may also help to strengthen the Socratic element of modem philosophy, the dialogue or Kommunikationsgemeinscha/t. • So far, four volumes have been· prepared for the new series. The present chronicles in the Philosophy of Mind (Vol. 4) follow upon chronicles in the Philosophy of Language and Philosophical Logic (Vol. 1) and chronicles in the Philosophy 0/ Science (Vol. 2) and chronicles in the Philosophy 0/ Action (Vol. 4).
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  • 188
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400966727
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Sciences, An International Series 2
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Studies 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Engineering. ; Life sciences. ; Criminology. ; Humanities. ; Science. ; Mathematics.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- I Criminal Behavior -- 2 Delinquency in Two Birth Cohorts -- 3 Offending from 10 to 25 Years of Age -- 4 Genetic Influence in Criminal Behavior: Evidence from an Adoption Cohort -- 5 Social Class and Crime: Genetics and Environment -- 6 School and Family Origins of Delinquency: Comparisons by Sex -- 7 A Psychosocial Approach to Recidivism -- 8 Testing a General Theory of Deviant Behavior in Longitudinal Perspective -- 9 Delinquency among Metropolitan Boys: A Progress Report -- 10 Hyperactive Boys and Their Brothers at 21: Predictors of Aggressive and Antisocial Outcome -- II Violence and Psychopathy -- 11 Criminal Violence in a Birth Cohort -- 12 Criminal History of the Male Psychopath: Some Preliminary Data -- 13 Testosterone in the Development of Aggressive Antisocial Behavior in Adolescents -- 14 Violent Crime in a Birth Cohort: Copenhagen 1953–1977 -- 15 A Longitudinal Study of Aggression and Antisocial Behavior -- 16 Aggression and Criminality in a Longitudinal Perspective -- 17 Linear Causal Modeling of Adaptation and Criminal History in Sexual Offenses -- III Noncriminal Aggressive Behavior -- 18 Early Life Experiences that Relate to Later Aggression by Women -- 19 Familial Characteristics of Adolescents Vulnerable to Subsequent Antisocial Disorders -- Author Index -- Contributing Authors.
    Abstract: Katherine Teilmann Van Dusen and Sarnoff A. Mednick This introduction delineates what we consider to be three of the most important impediments to the advance of knowledge in the field of criminology. The most fundamental need is for more studies of the nature and progress of criminal and delinquent careers. The second need is for more prospective, longitudinal studies of the etiology of crime and delinquency. The third need concerns the lack of interdisciplinary research toward a more integrated understanding of delinquent and criminal behavior. Criminal and Delinquent Careers The birth cohort study by Wolfgang, Figlio and Sellin (1972) was heralded by many (Farrington, 1973; Erickson, 1973; Weis, 1974) as a landmark which allowed researchers to study the course of delinquency without the usual sampling biases that plagued other, cross-sectional research. For the first time, we could get a reasonable picture of when delinquency usually starts, what proportion of the population engages in delinquency, what types of delinquencies they engage in, what proportion continue, and so on. Cross sectional studies do not permit the investigation of careers because cross 1 PROSPECTIVE STUDIES OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 2 sectional sampling includes only portions of careers for many of the individuals sampled. This is just one of the many problems that restricted researchers' ability to study the nature of criminal careers.
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  • 189
    ISBN: 9789400969513
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in the History of Modern Science 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Biology Philosophy ; History ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: Vital Materialism -- 2: The Concrete Formulation of the Program: From Vital Materialism to Developmental Morphology -- 3: Teleomechanism and the Cell Theory -- 4: The Functional Morphologists -- 5: Worlds in Collision -- 6: Teleomechanism and Darwin’s Theory -- Epilogue -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Teleological thinking has been steadfastly resisted by modern biology. And yet, in nearly every area of research biologists are hard pressed to find language that does not impute purposiveness to living forms. The life of the individual organism, if not life itself, seems to make use of a variety of strate gems in achieving its purposes. But in an age when physical models dominate our imagination and when physics itself has become accustomed to uncertainty relations and complementarity, biologists have learned to live with a kind of schizophrenic language, employing terms like 'selfish genes' and 'survival machines' to describe the behavior of organisms as if they were somehow purposive yet all the while intending that they are highly complicated mechanisms. The present study treats a period in the history of the life sciences when the imputation of purposiveness to biological organization was not regarded an embarrassment but rather an accepted fact, and when the principal goal was to reap the benefits of mechanistic explanations by finding a. means of in­ corporating them within the guidelines of a teleological fmmework. Whereas the history of German biology in the early nineteenth century is usually dismissed as an unfortunate era dominated by arid speculation, the present study aims to reverse that judgment by showing that a consistent, workable program of research was elaborated by a well-connected group of German biologists and that it was based squarely on the unification of teleological and mechanistic models of explanation.
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  • 190
    ISBN: 9789400970779
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212p) , digital
    Edition: 1
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 27
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Ethics ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Introduction -- III / Practical Reasoning, Action, and Weakness of Will -- III/ The Dilemma of Obligability -- IV/ Was Free Will a Pseudo-Problem? -- V/ The Fly in the Flypaper -- VI/ Oughts and Cans -- VII/ Unprincipled Morality -- VIII/ Beyond Intuitionism — A Step -- IX/ “To Forgive All…” -- X/ “With God All is Permitted” -- Notes.
    Abstract: "He [Francis Bacon] writes of science like a Lord Chan cellor" - William Harvey "Don't say: 'There must be something common . . . ' - but look and see" Ludwig Wittgenstein In the history of western moral philosophy since Plato, there has been a pervasive tendency for the moral theorist to wri~e, in effect, like a scientist, Le. to seek completely general prin­ ciples of right conduct. Of late, moreover, there has been an attempt to set forth a theory underlying the general principles, not of right conduct, admittedly, but of justice. To be sure, we are sometimes warned that the principles (which must exist?) may be too complex to be formulated. Also they may not exist prior to action - nonetheless, we are told, they serve as guides to conduct! One inight argue that Baconian inductivism provides one basis for skepticism with respect to a number of familiar epistemological problems. Thus, the skeptic argues, a certain conclusion - say, the existence of another's pain - is not justified on the basis of (behavioral) evidence either deductively or inductively, and hence it is not justified at all. Similarly, I should claim, by establishing an unattainable standard, the search for exceptionless principles may become a source of moral skepticism. After all, when con­ fronted with a supposed principle designed to justify a particular ix x PREFACE action, one can generally imagine a counter-example to the prin­ ciple without excessive difficulty.
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  • 191
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401715904
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 494 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 37
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 37
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Opening Address -- Paradoxes and Their Solutions -- Behavior Under Uncertainty and Its Implications for Policy -- Frequency, Probability and Chance -- Utility Analysis from the Point of View of Model Building -- On Second Order Probabilities and the Notion of Epistemic Risk -- Expected Utility Theory Does Not Apply to All Rational Men -- Sure-Thing Doubts -- The Pre-Outcome Period and the Utility of Gambling -- Empirical Demonst:ation that Expected Utility Decision Analysis is Not Operational -- Risk Attitude Hypotheses of Utility Theory -- Probabilistic Forecasts: Some Results and Speculations -- The Supra-Additivity of Subjective Probability -- A Decision Analysis Model When the Substitution Principle is Not Acceptable -- Generalized Expected Utility Analysis and the Nature of Observed Violations of the Independence Axiom -- Use of Subjective Probabilities in Game Theory -- Bargaining and Rationality: A Discussion of Zeuthen’as Principle and Some Other Decision Rules -- Hotelling Utility Functions -- Cardinal Utility and Decision Making Under Uncertainty -- Decision Making with an Uncertain Utility Function -- Welfare Losses Arising from Increased Public Information, and/or the Opening of New Securities Markets: Examples of the General Theory of the Second Best -- Decision Making in Dynamic Environments -- The Economics of Organizational Design -- Indifference Spanning Analysis -- Evaluation of Oil Spill Combat Plans by Means of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis -- Name Index.
    Abstract: In this volume we present some o~ the papers that were delivered at FUR-82 - the First International Con~erence on Foundations o~ Utility and Risk Theory in Oslo, June 1982. The purpose o~ the con~erence was to provide a ~orum within which scientists could report on interesting applications o~ modern decision theory and exchange ideas about controversial issues in the ~oundations o~ the theory o~ choice under un­ certainty. With that purpose in mind we have selected a mixture of applied and theoretical papers that we hope will appeal to a wide spectrum o~ readers ~rom graduate students in social science departments and business schools to people involved in making hardheaded decisions in business and government. In an introductory article Ole Hagen gives an overview o~ various paradoxes in utility and risk theory and discusses these in the light o~ scientific methodology. He concludes the article by calling ~or joint efforts to provide decision makers with warkable theories. Kenneth Arrow takes up the same issue on a broad basis in his paper where he discusses the implications o~ behavior under uncertainty for policy. In the theoretical papers the reader will ~ind attempts at de~initive Statements of the meaning o~ old concepts and suggestions for the adoption o~ new concepts. For instance, Maurice Allais discusses four di~ferent interpretations o~ the axioms o~ probability and explains the need ~or an empirical characterization o~ the concept of chance.
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  • 192
    ISBN: 9789401576789
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 284 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Monographs 3
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences - Monographs, Continued As Sociology of the Sciences Library 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: The Identification of Positivism -- 1. Introduction -- II: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Natural Sciences -- 2. The Antipositivism of Critical Rationalism -- 3. The Antipositivism of Critical Theory -- 4. The Antipositivism of Scientific Realism -- 5. Discussion: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Natural Sciences -- III: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences -- 6. The Antipositivism of Critical Rationalism -- 7. The Antipositivism of Critical Theory -- 8. The Antipositivism of Scientific Realism -- 9. Discussion: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences -- IV: Positivism, Antipositivism and Ideology -- 10. Positivism, Antipositivism and Ideology -- 11. The Concept of Ideology in Critical Rationalism -- 12. The Concept of Ideology in Critical Theory -- 13. The Concept of Ideology in Scientific Realism -- 14. Discussion: Positivism, Antipositivism and Ideology -- Notes.
    Abstract: The sciences are too important to be left exclusively to scientists, and indeed they have not been. The structure of scientific knowledge, the role of the sciences in society, the appropriate social contexts for the pursuit of scientific inquiry, have long been matters for reflection and debate about the sciences carried on both within academe and outside it. Even within the universities this reflection has not been the property of any single discipline. Philosophy might have been first in the field, but history and the social sciences have also entered the fray. For the latter, new problems came to the fore, since reflection on the sciences is, in the case of the social sciences, necessarily also reflection on themselves as sciences. Reflection on the natural sciences and self-reflection by the social sciences came to be dominated in the 1960s by the term 'positivism'. At the time when this word had been invented, the sciences were flourishing; their social and material environment had become increasingly favourable to scientific progress, and the sciences were pointing the way to an optimistic future. In the later twentieth century, however, 'positivism' came to be a word used more frequently by those less sure of nineteenth century certainties. In both sociology and philosophy, 'positivism' was now something to be rejected, and, symbolizing the collapse of an earlier consensus, it became itself the shibboleth of a new dissensus, as different groups of reflective thinkers, in rejecting 'positivism', rejected something different, and often rejected each other.
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  • 193
    ISBN: 9789400970557
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 76
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 76
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind ; Psychiatry ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Geometry and Semantics: An Examination of Putnam’s Philosophy of Geometry -- The Epistemological Status of Recent Developments in Psychoanalytic Theory -- The Theory of Your Dreams -- Valuation and Objectivity in Science -- Simultaneity and Conventionality -- The Demise of the Demarcation Problem -- Grünbaum on Determinism and the Moral Life -- The Unpredictability of Future Science -- Freud’s Early Theories of Hysteria -- Clinical Trials: The Validation of Theory and Therapy -- Reflections on the Philosophy of Bohr, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger -- Zeno’s Paradox of Measure -- Special Relativity from Measuring Rods -- Causality and Spacetime Structure in Relativity -- Calibration: A Frequency Justification for Personal Probability -- Bibliography of Adolf Grünbaum -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: To celebrate Adolf Griinbaum's sixtieth birthday by offering him this bouquet of essays written for this purpose was the happy task of an autonomous Editorial Committee: Wesley C. Salmon, Nicholas Rescher, Larry Laudan, Carl G. Hempel, and Robert S. Cohen. To present the book within the Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science was altogether fitting and natural, for Griinbaum has' been friend and supporter of philosophy of science at Boston University for twenty-five years, and unofficial godfather to the Boston Colloquium. To regret that we could not include contributions from all his well-wishers, critical admirers and admiring critics, is only to regret that we did not have an encyclopedic space at the committee's disposal. But we, and all involved in this book, speak for all the others in the philo­ sophical, scientific, and personal worlds of Adolf Griinbaum in greeting him on May 15, 1983, with our wishes for his health, his scholarship, his happiness. Our gratitude is due to Carolyn Fawcett for her care and accuracy in editing this book, and for the preparation of the Index; and to Elizabeth McMunn for her help again and again, especially in preparation of the Bibliography of the Published Writings of Adolf Griinbaum; and to Thelma Griinbaum for encouraging, planning, and cheering. Boston University R.S.C. Center for the Philosophy and History of Science M.W.W.
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  • 194
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400971783
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 82
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 82
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Particles or Events? -- Commentary on ‘Particles or Events?’ -- Time Symmetry and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics -- Is Physical Space Unique or Optional? -- Theory Reduction: A Question of Fact or or a Question of Value? -- Cosmology and Verifiability -- Galileo and the Phenomena: On Making the Evidence Visible -- Quantum Theory of Measurement: A Non-Quantum Mechanical Approach -- Protophysics of Time and the Principle of Relativity -- Commentary on ‘Protophysics of Time and the Principle of Relativity’ -- Temporality and the Structure of Physics as Human Endeavor -- Commentary on ‘Temporality and the Structure of Physics as Human Endeavor’ -- The Unity of Nature -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: These essays on the conceptual understanding of modern physics strike directly at some of the principal difficulties faced by contemporary philos­ ophers of physical science. Moreover, they reverberate to earlier and classical struggles with those difficulties. Each of these essays may be seen as both a commentary on our predecessors and an original analytic interpretation. They come from work of the past decade, most from meetings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, and they demonstrate again how problematic the fundamentals of our understanding of nature still are. The themes will seem to be familiar but the variations are not only ingenious but also stimulating, in some ways counterpoint. And so once again we are confronted with issues of space and time, irreversibility and measurement, matter and process, hypothetical reality and verifiability, explanation and reduction, phenomenal base and sophisticated theory, unified science and the unity of nature, and the limits of conventionalism. We are grateful for the cooperation of our contributors, and in particular for the agreement of George Ellis and C. F. von Weizsiicker to allow us to use previously published papers.
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  • 195
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970373
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 75
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 75
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I. The Problem of Forms and the Philosophy of the Sciences -- The Possibility of Science and the Fact of Science -- Perception and Science -- Linguistic Expression and Scientific Forms -- Coordination and Subordination of Forms -- A ‘Ptolemaic’ Revolution -- II. Language as a Vehicle of Information -- Rhetoric and Contents -- Epistemology, Genetic Psychology and Axiomatization -- Critique of the Notion of ‘Grouping’ as a Form of Logical Thought -- Ordinary Language and Formalized Language -- Pure Informational Language -- Semantics and Syntax -- III. Scientific Languages and Formalisms -- The ‘Mixed’ Language of Science -- The Formation of the Language of Chemistry -- Reversal of the Relations between Oral Language and Writing -- Multi-Dimensionality and Spatiality of Signs -- Semantic Polyvalence -- IV. The Découpage of Phenomena -- The Myth and the Concept -- Experienced Meanings and Scientific Objects -- Organized Practice, the Cultural Environment of the Concept -- An Example of Structural Objectivation: the ‘Wager’ -- Two Apparently Opposed Movements: ‘Formalist’ Découpage and ‘Operational’ Découpage -- The Saussurian Reduction -- The Phonological Découpage -- Hierarchy of Phonological Structures -- Dynamics of Linguistic Structures -- ‘Language Engineering’ -- The Theory of Queues -- Theories of Learning [apprentissage] as Dynamic Games -- V. Quality and Quantity -- Quality of the Object and Quality of the lived Experience [vécu] -- Difference and Similarity -- Qualitative Responses and Information -- Probability of Response, and Division into Latent Classes -- Scaling Structure -- Search for a Metric -- The Interpretation of ‘Principal Components.’ Return to Structural Organization -- The General Theme of Linear Structures -- Disorder and Order -- Qassifications -- Linear Structures, Vectorial Spaces -- The Random Schemata -- Conclusion: Dialectic of Quality and Axiomatization -- VI. Structuring and Axiomatizing -- ‘Energetic’ Models and ‘Cybernetic’ Models -- Causality in the Models -- Meanings and Functions of Axiomatization in Mathematics -- Axiomatization in the Natural Sciences -- Axiomatization in the Sciences of Man -- The Evaluative Structure of Random Situations -- The Definition of a Norm of Decision -- Conclusions: Consciousness and Concept -- VII. The Understanding of the Individual -- The Clinical Situation and Structures in Psychoanalysis -- Diachronic and Synchronic: Personalities as Informational Systems -- Practice as Art and the Individual -- Individual and Alienation -- History as a Clinical Undertaking without Practice -- History and the Present -- Individual and Field -- Conclusions -- Postface to the English Edition (1982) -- Notes -- Bibliography of Works Cited -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: system reflected in Saussure's linguistic theory, and so influential in the great progress linguistic theory has made in this century. Indeed, Granger sees linguistic theory as expressing a paradigm for scientific theorizing, which research in other social sciences should adopt. But 'structuralism' as a method in science does not, in Granger's view, begin with Saussure and the linguists. It is nothing less than the strategy of all the sciences, both natural and social, since their beginnings. Now, 'structuralism' is a 'trendy' term no less in Anglophone methodology than in Francophone philosophy. But Granger's employment of the term is not to be assimilated to this trend, nor to the fashionable excesses for which this expression has been a watch­ word (he explicitly separates himself from this movement in the preface to the second edition). The exact nature of what Granger calls 'structuralist' methods is the subject of a large part of this work, and I will not dwell on it much further in this introduction. Suffice it to say that Granger's demand for structuralist description is nothing less than the recognition that the successful pursuit of science requires that its terms and predicates pick out what we may call 'natural kinds'; that is, describe classes of items that bear uniform nomolog­ ical relations to one another. A science whose descriptive terms do not meet this condition will never produce any laws that reflect such nomological connections.
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  • 196
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400969803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 160
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Theory, Data, and Explanation -- 2. The Origins of the Theory -- I. Elementary Object Theory -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- 5. An Auxiliary Hypothesis -- II. Applications of the Elementary Theory -- 1. Modelling Plato’s Forms -- 2. Modelling the Round Square, etc. -- 3. The Problem of Existence 50 Appendix -- III. The Modal Theory of Abstract Objects (With Propositions) -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- IV. The Applications of the Modal Theory -- 1. Truth -- 2. Modelling Possible Worlds -- 3. Modelling Leibniz’s Monads -- 4. Modelling Stories and Native Characters -- 5. Modality and Descriptions -- V. The Typed Theory of Abstract Objects -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- VI. Applications of the Typed Theory -- 1. Modelling Frege’s Senses (I) -- 2. Modelling Frege’s Senses (II) -- 3. Modelling Impossible and Fictional Relations -- 4. Modelling Mathematical Myths and Entities -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- A. Modelling the Theory Itself -- B. Modelling Notions -- Notes.
    Abstract: In this book, I attempt to lay the axiomatic foundations of metaphysics by developing and applying a (formal) theory of abstract objects. The cornerstones include a principle which presents precise conditions under which there are abstract objects and a principle which says when apparently distinct such objects are in fact identical. The principles are constructed out of a basic set of primitive notions, which are identified at the end of the Introduction, just before the theorizing begins. The main reason for producing a theory which defines a logical space of abstract objects is that it may have a great deal of explanatory power. It is hoped that the data explained by means of the theory will be of interest to pure and applied metaphysicians, logicians and linguists, and pure and applied epistemologists. The ideas upon which the theory is based are not essentially new. They can be traced back to Alexius Meinong and his student, Ernst Mally, the two most influential members of a school of philosophers and psychologists working in Graz in the early part of the twentieth century. They investigated psychological, abstract and non-existent objects - a realm of objects which weren't being taken seriously by Anglo-American philoso­ phers in the Russell tradition. I first took the views of Meinong and Mally seriously in a course on metaphysics taught by Terence Parsons at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst in the Fall of 1978. Parsons had developed an axiomatic version of Meinong's naive theory of objects.
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  • 197
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400957534
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 208 p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Engineering Description of Rocks -- 1.1 Rock testing -- 1.2 Uniaxial or unconfined strength -- 1.3 Empirical field and laboratory tests -- 1.4 Porosity and permeability -- 1.5 Discontinuous rock -- 2 Stress and Strain -- 2.1 Stress at a point -- 2.2 Pore pressure and effective stress -- 2.3 Strain at a point -- 2.4 Representation of stress and strain -- 2.5 Relation between stress and strain -- 2.6 Geostatic stresses -- 2.7 Measurement of in situ stress -- 3 Rock Deformation -- 3.1 Rock tests in compression -- 3.2 Rock deformation in compression -- 3.3 Mechanics of microfracture -- 3.4 Rock macrofracture -- 3.5 The complete rock deformation curve -- 4 Rock Strength and Yield -- 4.1 Rock strength criteria -- 4.2 Yield criteria -- 4.3 The critical state concept -- 4.4 Triaxial testing -- 4.5 Axial and volumetric strain data -- 4.6 The Hvorslev surface in rocks -- 5 Time Dependency -- 5.1 Creep strain -- 5.2 Phenomenological models of creep -- 5.3 Time-dependent deformation -- 5.4 Time-dependent strength reduction -- 5.5 Cyclic loading -- 5.6 Rapid loading -- 6 Discontinuities in Rock Masses -- 6.1 Discontinuity measurement -- 6.2 Discontinuity orientation data -- 6.3 Shear resistance of a rock containing a discontinuity -- 6.4 Shear resistance of a discontinuity -- 6.5 A critical state model for rock discontinuity strength -- 6.6 Measurement of discontinuity shear resistance -- 7 Behaviour of Rock Masses -- 7.1 Discontinuity frequency -- 7.2 Rock mass classification systems -- 7.3 Rock mass strength criterion -- 7.4 The relevance of rock mass strength -- References -- Author Index.
    Abstract: The first edition of this book was received more kindly than it deserved by some, and with some scepticism by others. It set out to present a simple, concise and reasonably comprehensive introduction to some of the theoretical and empirical criteria which may be used to define rock as a structural material. The objectives - reinforced by the change in title - remain the same, but the approach has been changed considerably and only one or two sections have been retained from the first edition. The particular aim in this edition is to provide a description of the mechanical behaviour of rocks, based firmly upon experimental data, which can be used to explain how rocks deform, fracture and yield, and to show how this knowledge can be used in design. The major emphasis is on the behaviour of rocks as materials, although in the later chapters the behaviour of discontinuities in rocks, and the way in which this can affect the behaviour of rock masses, is considered. If this edition is an improvement on the first edition it reflects the debt lowe to numerous people who have attempted to explain the rudiments of the subject to me. I should like to thank Peter Attewell and Roy Scott in particular. I should also like to thank Tony Price and Mike Gilbert whose work at Newcastle I have used shamelessly.
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  • 198
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401714686
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 273 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Law ; International economics ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law. ; International economic relations.
    Abstract: Prolegomena to the Identification of Custom in International Law -- Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims -- Statutory Controls on Standard Terms employed in an International Context: Is the Cure worse than the Disease? -- Towards a System of Equitable Standards in the New Dutch Civil Code -- International Law and Subnational Intergovernmental Law: Some Relationships -- Internationalism above Freedom of Contract -- Arbitration Clauses / some comparative observations -- International Issues on Collective Agreements of Seafarers -- Seamen’s Strike and Supporting Boycotts: Recent Case Developments Abroad -- The Nationality of Ships in Yugoslav Law with Reference to Present International Developments -- Subsequent Choice of Law and Compromissory Agreement (Vaststellingsovereenkomst) -- Quod Licet Iovi... The Precarious Relationship between the Court of Justice of the European Communities and Arbitration -- Dr. Erades, Chairman of Two International Arbitral Tribunals -- Soft Law -- The Forum Actoris and International Law -- On “Giving a Hand” in Swedish Law of Civil Procedure: Recent developments in the Law on Handräckning -- Executive and Judiciary in Foreign Affairs: Recognition of Foreign Lawmaking Entities -- Bibliography Judge Erades.
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  • 199
    ISBN: 9789401576802
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 231 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 73
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 73
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Introduction: Methodology, Ideology, and Scientific Revolutions -- 2 / Epistemic Structuralism: The Limit to Radical Alternatives to Traditional Epistemology -- 3 / Problems of Structure and Growth: Towards an Interactive Model of The Growth of Scientific Knowledge -- 4 / Consequences and Alternative Methodologies -- 5 / The Nature of Methodological Variance: From Commensurable Canons to Incommensurable Strategies -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Professor Pandit, working among the admirable group of philosophers at the University of Delhi, has written a fundamental criticism and a constructive re-interpretation of all that has been preserved as serious epistemological and methodological reflections on the sciences in modern Western philosoph- from the times of Galileo, Newton, Descartes and Leibniz to those of Russell and Wittgenstein, Carnap and Popper, and, we need hardly add, onward to the troubling relativisms and reconstructions of historical epistemologies in the works of Hanson, Kuhn, Lakatos and Feyerabend. His themes are intrigu­ ing, set forth as they are with masterly case studies of physics and the life sciences, and within an original conceptual framework for philosophical analysis of the processes, functions, and structures of scientific knowing. Pandit's contributions deserve thoughtful examination. For our part, we wish to point to some among them: (1) an interactive articulation of subjective and objective factors of both problems and theories in the course of scientific development; (2) a striking contrast between the explanatory power of a scientific theory and its 'resolving power', i. e.
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    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften GmbH | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783322886682
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (259 pages)
    Series Statement: Beiträge Zur Sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung Ser. v.41
    DDC: 303.483
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Techniksoziologie ; Gesellschaft ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Sozialer Wandel ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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