Abstract: Can you always tell the difference between anticlines and synclines, themselves. You can often tell whether you're dealing with joints and faults, unconformities and disconformities, concretions sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic rocks, and that's usually all and conglomerates, bedding and cleavage, strike and dip, you need in order to recognise structures and sort out their apparent dip and true dip? If your answer to all that is a firm yes, orientation. Details in the rocks themselves may enable you to then stop reading right now. If not . . . distinguish, say, a limestone from a sandstone or a granite from a This book offers entertainment and challenge, satisfaction and basalt, but you'll be surprised how often you can decipher the enlightenment, to anyone who knows a bit of geology but hasn't essentials of a story without needing to know just what the rocks had much chance to study rocks in outcrop. The entertainment are. and challenge come from looking at the pictures and trying the An outcrop can be interesting without being spectacular. The questions. The satisfaction comes from the answers you get right, superficially dull roadside cutting, for instance, generally repays a the enlightenment from finding out where you went wrong. second look

Abstract: System of units -- The Dictionary A-Z -- Appendices -- 1. Fundamental physical constants -- 2. Standardization committees and conferences -- 3. Tables of weights and measures -- 4. Conversion tables -- 5. Conversion factors for SI and CGS units -- References.

Abstract: and by the Librarians and Staffs ofthe University and the Public Libraries at Southampton. Finally, we wish to thank Mrs H. G. Jerrard and Miss A. J. Tutte for typing the manuscript. Department of Physics H. G. JERRARD University of Southampton D. B. McNEILL 1963 Preface to the fifth edition Since the publication of the fourth edition in 1980 advances in technology have led to more precise values of the fundamental physical constants and a movement towards definitions of the fundamental units of mass, length and time based on atomic parameters. More precise definitions of some other units such as the candela have been approved by the international committees. These changes, together with the definitions of several new units have been included in this edition, the text of which has been revised and which now contains over 850 units and dimensionless numbers. The authors wish to thank all those who have helped in this latest compilation by suggestion and kindly criticism and Margaret Wainwright who has had the difficult and tedious task of typing, retyping and copying the fragmented parts that arise from a text revision. At the time of going to press we believe this book to provide the most complete and up-to-date information of its kind available.

Abstract: 1 Role and function of seaports in the trading pattern of a nation -- Scope of book. -- Function of seaports. -- Factors determining the shipowner’s/shipper’s choice of port. -- Future trends in international trade. -- 2 Economics of international trade -- Function of international trade. -- Survey of international trade. -- Commodity trades. -- Flow of manufactured goods. -- Multinational companies. -- Major trading areas of the world. -- Preferential trading groups. -- 3 Economics of port design and layout -- Influence of cost, construction and safety factors. -- Factors determining berth layout. -- Types of berth. -- Port facilities. -- 4 Cargo-handling equipment -- Factors determining type of cargo-handling equipment. -- Conventional break-bulk handling. -- Types of general cargo-handling equipment. -- Unitized cargo-handling systems. -- LASH (lighter aboard ship). -- Roll-on/roll-off (Ro/Ro) vessels. -- Bulk handling systems for raw materials. -- 5 Container-handling equipment -- Palletization — fork lift trucks. -- Containerization. -- Range of container-handling equipment. -- Container lifters and movers. -- Back-up systems. -- Container cranes. -- Stowage within the container. -- 6 Free ports/free trade zones -- Features of free ports/free trade zones. -- Advantages of free ports/free trade zones. -- 7 Port investment criteria -- Economics of new and second-hand port equipment. -- Methods of finance. -- Factors determining port investment criteria. -- 8 Port traffic control -- Port operations and communications centre. -- Port traffic management. -- Ship turn-round time in port. -- Processing the consignment through the port. -- Port operational planning. -- 9 Port tariffs -- Theory of port tariffs. -- Factors influencing the level of port tariffs. -- Market pricing. -- Port tariffs. -- Customs entry charges. -- Miscellaneous charges. -- Port authority rates and charges policies. -- 10 Finance of international trade -- Export and import prices. -- Payments on ‘open account’. -- Bills of exchange. -- Documentary credits and allied documents. -- Transferable credits. -- Back-to-back credits. -- Revolving credits. -- Red clause credits. -- Acceptance credits. -- Factoring. -- Bank finance for exports. -- Less common forms of trade. -- Changing methods of payment. -- 11 Port management structure and dock labour -- Size and scope of the port authority. -- Port authority organization. -- Dock labour. -- 12 Budgetary control and marketing -- Revenue, expenditure and investment budgets. -- Marketing. -- Market analysis. -- Market structure. -- Market share. -- Market research. -- Media plan. -- Computerization. -- 13 Role of British and international port and cargo-handling organizations -- British Ports Association (BPA). -- International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH). -- International Cargo Handling Co-ordination Association (ICHCA). -- International Labour Organization (ILO). -- International Maritime Organization (IMO). -- National Association of Port Employers (NAPE). -- The future. -- Appendix A -- Further recommended textbook reading. -- Appendix B -- Addresses of organizations and institutes engaged in the fields of seaports and international trade. -- Appendix C -- Major ports of the world and their location. -- Appendix D -- Seaport and international trade terms and abbreviations.

Abstract: Since the publication of my books Elements of Shipping and more recently Economics of Shipping Practice and Management, both selling in over 130 countries, I have received numerous requests both from home and abroad for a companion volume on seaports. This book has been written to provide a practical, overall under­ standing of the elements of port operation and management of a competitive,~profitable port authority. It reflects the author's many years of experience in port and ship management, international trade and education. It deals in simple language with the role and function of seaports in a trading pattern, port investment criteria, port tariffs, free ports and free trade zones, port traffic control, budgetary control and marketing, port management structure and dock labour, computerization, cargo-handling equipment, the eco­ nomics of port design, the role of port cargo-handling organiza­ tions, the economics of international trade, finance of international trade, and many other aspects of this extensive subject. The import­ ance of complete professionalism in all areas of port practice as a means of providing the viable, high quality service required to sustain and expand international trade cannot be overemphasized. This book will help towards establishing that professionalism. The material assembled here is intended not only for students preparing for seaport examinations, but also for persons employed in port authorities. In short, it is an aide-memoire to those engaged in the industry throughout the world and may be regarded as 'the porr executive's handbook'.

Abstract: I: Data Requirements -- 1. Multiaxial Data Requirements for Structural Integrity Assessments in Creep -- II: Biaxial Testing -- 2. The Application of Torsional and Double Shear Tests -- 3. Requirements for Thin-walled Torsion Testing -- 4. A Tension-Torsion Testing Technique -- 5. A Biaxial Tension-Torsion, Constant Stress, Creep Testing Machine -- 6. Torsion Testing in an Inert Atmosphere -- 7. Biaxial Testing Using Cruciform Specimens -- 8. Effects of Overloads and Creep on the Yield Surface of a Nickel-based Superalloy -- III: Triaxial Testing -- 9. An Overview on Studies of Stress State Effects During Creep of Circumferentially Notched Bars -- 10. Practical Aspects of Testing Circumferential Notch Specimens at High Temperature -- 11. Creep Tests on Axisymmetric Notched Bars: Global Displacement Measurements and Metallographic Determination of Local Strain and Damage -- 12. Computer Modelling of Creep Damage in Components with Variable Metallurgical Structure -- 13. Multiaxial Creep Testing Using Uniaxially Loaded Specimens with a Superimposed Hydrostatic Pressure -- Editors’ Note: Creep Rupture Testing under Triaxial Tension -- IV: Pressurised Tubes and Components -- 14. Stress State Distributions in Thick-walled Pressurised Tubes under Creep Loading -- 15. Potential for Standardisation of Techniques for Creep Testing of Internally Pressurised Tubular Components -- 16. Experiments on Multiaxial Creep Above 800°C -- 17. Some Experiences in the Creep Testing of Piping Elbows -- 18. Creep Rupture Testing of Tubular Model Components -- 19. Full Size Component Testing under Creep Conditions.

Abstract: The design and assessment of modern high temperature plant demands an understanding of the creep and rupture behaviour of materials under multi axial stress states. Examples include thread roots in steam turbine casing bolts, branch connections in nuclear pressure vessels and blade root fixings in gas or steam turbine rotors. At one extreme the simple notch weakening/notch strengthening characterization of the material by circumferentially vee-notched uniaxial rupture tests, as specified in many national standards, may be sufficient. These were originally intended to model thread roots and their conservatism is such that they frequently are considered adequate for design purposes. At the other extreme full size or model component tests may be employed to determine the safety margins built into design codes. This latter approach is most commonly used for internally pressurized components, particularly where welds are involved. However, such tests are extremely expensive and the use of modern stress analysis techniques combined with a detailed knowledge of multiaxial properties offers a more economic alternative. Design codes, by their nature, must ensure conservatism and are based on a material's minimum specified properties. In the case of high temperature components the extension of life beyond the nominal design figure, say from 100000 to 200000 h, offers very significant economic benefits. However, this may require a more detailed understanding of the multiaxial behaviour of a specific material than was available at the design stage.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Isolation and culture -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Choice of starting material -- 2.3 Enzymes and osmotica -- 2.4 Isolation methods -- 2.5 Purification of isolated protoplasts -- 2.6 Protoplast viability and plating density -- 2.7 Methods for protoplast culture -- 2.8 Cell wall regeneration -- 2.9 Division and growth -- 2.10 Isolation of subprotoplasts -- 2.11 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Regeneration of plants -- 3.1 History of plant regeneration studies -- 3.2 Organogenesis -- 3.3 Embryogenesis -- 3.4 Handling of regenerated plantlets -- 3.5 Genetic stability of regenerated plantlets -- References -- 4 Protoplast fusion -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods to induce fusion -- 4.3 Selection of fusion hybrids -- 4.4 Which plants to hybridize -- 4.5 Cybrid formation -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Protoplasts as physiological tools -- 5.1 Studies on DNA, RNA and protein synthesis -- 5.2 Protoplasts for isolation of cell components -- 5.3 Protoplasts for studies on cell wall regeneration -- References -- 6 Uptake of foreign materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Nuclei and subprotoplasts -- 6.3 Chloroplasts and mitochondria -- 6.4 Bacteria -- 6.5 Blue-green algae -- 6.6 Viruses -- 6.7 DNA -- 6.8 Non-biological materials -- References -- 7 Genetic engineering -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Induced tumours -- 7.3 The infective plasmid -- 7.4 Transformation of protoplasts -- 7.5 Which genes to engineer? -- References.

Abstract: Isolated plant protoplasts are 'naked' cells that have had their cell wall removed either by mechanical action or by enzymic digestion. As a result of wall removal the only barrier that exists between the cell protoplasm and the external environment is the plasma membrane. The removal of the cell wall has drastic osmotic consequences for the isolated cell. Rather like animal cells, the isolated protoplasts must be maintained in an osmotically balanced (isotonic) nutrient medium or they will burst. As will be seen later, the isolation of plant protoplasts is not a particularly new event; as early as the 1890s scientists were isolating protoplasts mechanically and studying effects such as protoplast streaming. What has brought protoplast technology to the forefront of plant biology is the potential application of these structures in non-traditional plant improvement methods. Extreme care must be exercised by the reader, however, in be­ lieving some of the claims that have been put forward for the use of protoplasts in improvement programmes. In the 20 years since the first experiments in routine enzyme isolation of large numbers of protoplasts no real improvement has been obtained in a commercial crop plant. This does not mean that improvement is impossible; it simply indicates that it may be a longer term objective than some people would like to admit.

Abstract: 1. Concepts of Tool Design -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Pass Geometry and Product Quality -- 1.3. Empirical and Theoretical Bases for Design -- 1.4. Design Concepts and Their Effects -- References -- 2. Longitudinal and Oblique Rolling -- 2.1. Longitudinal Rolling: Hollow Sections -- 2.2. Roll Groove Design: Sinking and Stretch-Reducing Mills -- 2.3. Longitudinal Rolling: Bar and Rod -- 2.4. The Pilger Process: Rotary Forging -- 2.5. The Push Bench Process -- 2.6. The Diescher Mill: Elongation by Oblique Rolling -- 2.7. Expanding by Oblique Rolling -- 2.8. The Assel Mill: Oblique Elongating by Three Stepped Rolls -- 2.9. Three-Roll Planetary Rolling -- 2.10. Rotary Piercing -- References -- 3. The Drawing of Metals -- 3.1. Developments in the Drawing of Metals -- 3.2. Developments in Drawing Lubricants -- 3.3. Development of Tool Materials -- 3.4. The Mechanical Design of Draw Tools -- 3.5. Theoretical Considerations -- 3.6. Unusual and Recent Developments in Drawing -- References -- 4. Extrusion -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Design of Tools for Hot Extrusion -- 4.3. Industrial Practice in Tool Design -- 4.4. Theoretical Approaches and Limitations -- 4.5. Future Developments -- 4.6. Conform -- 4.7. Cold Extrusion of Steel -- 4.8. Cold Extrusion of Non-Ferrous Components -- 4.9. Hydrostatic, HERF and Other Extrusion Techniques -- References -- 5. Forging -- 5.1. Forging Process Variables Affecting Die Design and Manufacture -- 5.2. Importance of Forging Geometry and Shape Complexity -- 5.3. Design of Finisher Dies -- 5.4. Design of Blocker Dies -- 5.5. Computer-Aided Methods for Designing Forging Dies -- 5.6. Metal Flow Simulation for Optimizing Die Design -- 5.7. Manufacturing of Forging Dies -- 5.8. Dies for Special Forging Techniques -- References -- 6. Friction and Tools -- 6.1. Influence of Friction in Metal-Working -- 6.2. The Mechanics of Asperity Deformation -- 6.3. The Origin of Friction Stresses -- 6.4. Lubrication -- 6.5. Measurement of Friction -- 6.6. Friction and Normal Stress Distributions in Various Metal-Forming Processes -- 6.6.1. Upsetting -- References -- 7. Selection of Tool Materials -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Required Properties of Metal-Forming Tooling -- 7.3. Steels -- 7.4. Near Net Shape Tooling -- 7.5. Cemented Carbide -- 7.6. Ceramic and Ultra Hard Tool Materials -- 7.7. Titanium Carbide: High-Speed Steels -- 7.8. Surface Treatments and Coatings on Tool Materials -- 7.9. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8. Computer Design -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Computer-Integrated Manufacturing -- 8.3. Computer-Aided Design: A Review -- 8.4. Computer-Aided Manufacture -- 8.5. Applications of Solid Modelling -- 8.6. Conclusion -- References.

Abstract: Although the problem of tool design - involving both the selection of suitable geometry and material- has exercised the attention of metal­ forming engineers for as long as this industrial activity has existed, the approach to its solution has been generally that of the 'trial and error' variety. It is only relatively recently that the continuing expansion of the bulk metal-forming industry, combined with an increase in the degree of sophistication required of its products and processes, has focussed attention on the problem of optimisation of tool design. This, in turn, produced a considerable expansion of theoretical and practical investi­ gations of the existing methods, techniques r,nd concepts, and helped to systematise our thinking and ideas in this area of engineering activity. In the virtual absence, so far, of a single, encyclopaedic, but sufficien­ tly deep, summation of the state of the art, a group of engineers and materials scientists felt that an opportune moment had arrived to try and produce, concisely, answers to many tool designers' dilemmas. This book attempts to set, in perspective, the existing - and proven - concepts of design, to show their respective advantages and weaknesses and to indicate how they should be applied to the individual main forming processes of rolling, drawing, extrusion and forging.

Abstract: 1. My Major Concern -- 2. Why I Waited So Long -- 3. New Challenges from Today’s Human Situation -- 4. New Dimensions of Human Existence -- 5. First Responses to the New Challenges -- 6. Minimum and Optimum Meanings for Human Existence -- 7 The Steppingstones: A Preview -- I New Ontic Dimensions of the Self -- 1. On the I-Am-Me Experience in Childhood and Adolescence -- 2. A Phenomenological Approach to the Ego -- 3. On the Motility of the Ego -- 4. Initiating: A Phenomenological Analysis -- 5. Putting Ourselves into the Place of Others: Toward a Phenomenology of Imaginary Self-Transposal -- II New Ethical Dimensions -- 6. ‘Accident of Birth’: A Non-Utilitarian Motif in Mill’s Philosophy -- 7. A Defense of Human Equality -- 8. Equality in Existentialism -- 9. Human Dignity: A Challenge to Contemporary Philosophy -- 10. Ethics for Fellows in the Fate of Existence -- 11. Good Fortune Obligates: Albert Schweitzer’s Second Ethical Principle -- 12. Why Compensate the Naturally Handicapped? -- III Applications Problems of the Nuclear Age -- 13. Is there a Human Right to One’s Native Soil? -- 14. Toward Global Solidarity -- 15. The Nuclear Powers are Forfeiting their Claim to Civil Obedience -- IV Phenomenological Foundations -- 16. Unfairness and Fairness: A Phenomenological Analysis -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Abstract: In releasing the text of this volume, originally set aside as a collec­ tion for possible posthumous publication, during my lifetime, I am acting in a sense as my own executor: I want to save my heirs and literary executors the decision whether these pieces should be print­ ed or reprinted in the present context, a decision which I wanted to postpone to the last possible moment. As to the reasons why I changed my mind I can refer to the Introduction. Here I merely want to make some acknowledgments, first to the copyright holders for the reprinted pieces and then to some personal friends who had an important influence on the premature birth of this brainchild. The copyright holders to whom I am indebted for·the permis­ sion to reprint here, in the original or in slightly amended form, the articles listed are, with their names in alphabetical order: Ablex Publishing Company: 'Putting Ourselves into the Place of Others' Atherton Press: 'Equality in Existentialism' and 'Human Dignity: A Challenge to Contemporary Philosophy' Friends Journal: 'Is There a Human Right to One's Native Soil?' Gordon Breach: 'Human Dignity: A Challenge to Contemporary Philosophy?' Humanities Press: 'Ethics for Fellows in the Fate of Existence' Journal of the History of Ideas: 'Accident of Birth: A Non-utili­ tarian Motif in Mill's Philosophy' Philosophical Review: 'A Defense of Human Equality' Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry: 'On the I-am­ me Experience in Childhood and Adolescence' The Monist: 'A Phenomenological Approach to the Ego'.

Abstract: Table of Content -- Action Theory as a Resource for Decision Theory -- Voluntary Exertion of the Body: A Volitional Account -- Intrinsic Intentionality -- An Action-Plan Interpretation of Purposive Explanations of Actions -- Formal Logic and Practical Reasoning -- Leading a Rational Life -- Announcements.

Abstract: Most of the papers in this collection are contributions to action theory intended to be of some relevance to one or another concern of decision theory, particularly to its application to concrete human behavior. Some of the papers touch only indirectly on problems of interest to decision theorists, but taken together they should be of use to both decision theorists and philosophers of action. Robert Audi's paper indicates how a number of questions in action theory might bear on problems in decision theory, and it suggests how some action-theoretic results may help in the construction or interpretation of theories of decision, both normative and empirical. Carl Ginet's essay lays foundations for the conception of action. His volitional framework roots actions internally and conceives them as irreducibly connected with intentionality. Hugh McCann's essay is also foundational, but stresses intention more than volition and lays some of the groundwork for assessing the rationality of intention and intentional action. In William Alston's paper, the notion of a plan as underlying (intentional) action is central, and we are given both a con­ ception of the structure of intentional action and a set of implicit goals and beliefs - those whose content is represented in the plan - which form an indispensable part of the basis on which the rationality of the action is to be judged.

Abstract: I Introduction -- 1 The Management of Agricultural and Natural Resource Systems -- II The Methods of Dynamic Programming -- 2 Introduction to Dynamic Programming -- 3 Stochastic and Infinite-Stage Dynamic Programming -- 4 Extensions to the Basic Formulation -- III Dynamic Programming Applications to Agriculture -- 5 Scheduling, Replacement and Inventory Management -- 6 Crop Management -- 7 Livestock Management -- IV Dynamic Programming Applications to Natural Resources -- 8 Land Management -- 9 Forestry Management -- 10 Fisheries Management -- V Conclusion -- 11 The Scope for Dynamic Programming Applied to Resource Management -- Appendices -- A1 Coding Sheets for Entering Data Using DPD -- A2 Program Listings -- A2.1 Listing of DPD -- A2.2 Listing of FDP -- A2.3 Listing of IDP -- A2.4 Listing of DIM -- Author Index.

Abstract: Humans interact with and are part of the mysterious processes of nature. Inevitably they have to discover how to manage the environment for their long-term survival and benefit. To do this successfully means learning something about the dynamics of natural processes, and then using the knowledge to work with the forces of nature for some desired outcome. These are intriguing and challenging tasks. This book describes a technique which has much to offer in attempting to achieve the latter task. A knowledge of dynamic programming is useful for anyone interested in the optimal management of agricultural and natural resources for two reasons. First, resource management problems are often problems of dynamic optimization. The dynamic programming approach offers insights into the economics of dynamic optimization which can be explained much more simply than can other approaches. Conditions for the optimal management of a resource can be derived using the logic of dynamic programming, taking as a starting point the usual economic definition of the value of a resource which is optimally managed through time. This is set out in Chapter I for a general resource problem with the minimum of mathematics. The results are related to the discrete maximum principle of control theory. In subsequent chapters dynamic programming arguments are used to derive optimality conditions for particular resources.

Abstract: Session I The European Joint Colloborative Project -- Assessment, Architecture and Performance of Industrial Programmable Electronic Systems, with Particular Reference to Robotic Safety -- Presentation of Objectives 1 and 2 of the Joint Collaborative Project on Programmable Electronic Systems: Collection and Data Banking of Information -- Analysis of Accidents and Disturbances Involving Industrial Robots -- Collection and Assessment of Current Standards and Guidelines for Programmable Electronic Systems: CEC Collaborative Project, Objective 3 -- The Inadequacies of Research into Programmable Electronic Systems in Industrial Robots -- Guideline Framework for the Assessment of Programmable Electronic Systems -- Case Study Using the Guidelines Framework -- Session II Programmable Electronic Systems In Nuclear Applications -- Use of Programmable Electronic Systems in Indian Nuclear Power Plants -- Failsafe Operation of a Programmable Electronic System in a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Refuelling System -- Software Safety Using Fault Tree Analysis Technique -- Programmable Controller Fault Tree Models for use in Nuclear Power Plant Risk Assessments -- The Integrated Protection System: High Integrity Design as a Response to Safety Issues -- Session III Industrial Applications Of Programmable Electronic Systems -- Enhancing System Reliability by Improving Component Reliability -- Improving the Safety of Programmable Electronic Systems -- Session IV Assessment Methodologies -- PASS II — Program for Analysing Sequential Circuits -- Experience with Computer Assessment -- Safety Assessment Methods for New AGR Fuel Route Control Systems -- Session V Software For Programmable Electronic Systems -- Guidelines for the Synthesis of Software for Distributed Processors -- Experiences with the Diverse Redundancy in Programmable Electronic Systems -- Session VI Experience With Emc, Signature Analysis, Fault Simulation And Safety Of Machine Tools -- Effects of Electromagnetic Interferences on Programmable Electronic Systems -- Improving the Safety Level of Programmable Electronic Systems by Applying the Concept of Signature Analysis -- The Physical Simulation of Fault: A Tool for the Evaluation of Programmable Controller’s Behaviour on Internal Failure -- Safety with Numerically Controlled Machine Tools -- Session VII National And Industrial Guidelines For Programmable Electronic Systems -- Requirements for Microcomputer Systems in Safety Relevant Application — State of the Art in the Federal Republic of Germany -- Use of Microprocessors in Safety Critical Applications — Guidelines for the Nordic Factory Inspectorates -- Standardisation for Computer Safety — The Current Situation in Germany -- Harmonisation of Safety Standards for Programmable Electronic Systems -- Guidance on the Use of Programmable Electronic Systems in Safety Related Applications.

Abstract: The use of programmable electronic systems (PES) in industry has grown considerably with the availability of microcomputers. These systems offer many benefits to the designer and user in providing more comprehensive control of industrial processes, enviroments, machine tools and in robot installations. As confidence grows with the application of PES, users and manufacturers are considering incorporating safety functions within the requirements and functions of the PES. This book represents the proceedings of the Programmable Electronic Systems Safety Symposium (PES-3) held in Guernsey, Channel Islands, May 28th - 30th 1986, which presented the guidance available to users, designers and safety assessors of programmable electronic systems. This guidance is applicable for many real and potential risk and safety situations in a wide variety of industries ranging from nuclear power plants and industrial robotics, to machine tools and chemical process controllers. The original impetus to hold the Symposium came from a two year collaborative project partially funded by the Commission of the European Communities under the 1979-83 Informatics Initiative. The sponsors of the Symposium studied the assessment, architecture and performance of industrial programmable electronic systems, with particular reference to robotics. The group of papers in the first session give the first public report of the results of this project. The session was Chaired by H Fangmeyer from the Commission's Joint Research Centre at Ispra, Italy, who was the Commission's Project Manager throughout the collaboration.

Abstract: 1 Random Signals -- 1.0 Introduction -- 1.1 Characterization and Classification -- 1.2 Correlation and Covariance Functions -- 1.3 Gaussian Processes and Wiener Processes -- 1.4 Poisson Process -- 1.5 Mean Square Calculus -- 1.6 Markov Process -- 1.7 Renewal Process -- 1.8 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- 2 Stationary Random Signals -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Linear Systems with Random Signal Input -- 2.3 Cross Covariance and Coherence -- 2.4 Narrowband Noise Process -- 2.5 Orthogonal Expansion and Sampling -- 2.6 Ergodicity and Entropy -- 2.7 Zero Crossing Detectors -- 2.8 Nonlinear Systems -- 2.9 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- 3 Estimation, Optimization, and Detection -- 3.0 Introduction -- 3.1 Sampling Distribution -- 3.2 Estimation of Parameter: Point Estimation -- 3.3 Estimation Criteria -- 3.4 Maximum Likelihood Estimation -- 3.5 Linear Mean Square Estimation -- 3.6 Method of Least Squares: Regression Models -- 3.7 Interval Estimation: Confidence Interval -- 3.8 Cramer-Rao Inequality -- 3.9 Estimation in Colored Noise -- 3.10 Optimum Linear Filters -- 3.11 Signal Detection -- 3.12 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- 4 Spectral Analysis -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1 The Periodogram Approach -- 4.2 Spectral Windows -- 4.3 Autoregressive Method -- 4.4 The Maximum Entropy Method -- 4.5 Maximum Likelihood Estimator -- 4.6 Pisarenko and Prony Methods -- 4.7 Adaptive Lattices Method -- 4.8 Cross Spectral Estimation -- 4.9 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- 5 Prediction, Filtering, and Identification -- 5.0 Introduction -- 5.1 State Space Representation -- 5.2 The Innovation Process -- 5.3 Linear Prediction and Kalman Filtering -- 5.4 Smoothing -- 5.5 Extended Kalman Filtering -- 5.6 System Identification -- 5.7 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- Appendix 1. Linear Systems Analysis -- Appendix 2. Probability -- Appendix 3. Stochastic Integrals -- Appendix 4. Hilbert Space.

Abstract: The techniques used for the extraction of information from received or ob­ served signals are applicable in many diverse areas such as radar, sonar, communications, geophysics, remote sensing, acoustics, meteorology, med­ ical imaging systems, and electronics warfare. The received signal is usually disturbed by thermal, electrical, atmospheric, channel, or intentional inter­ ferences. The received signal cannot be predicted deterministically, so that statistical methods are needed to describe the signal. In general, therefore, any received signal is analyzed as a random signal or process. The purpose of this book is to provide an elementary introduction to random signal analysis, estimation, filtering, and identification. The emphasis of the book is on the computational aspects as well as presentation of com­ mon analytical tools for systems involving random signals. The book covers random processes, stationary signals, spectral analysis, estimation, optimiz­ ation, detection, spectrum estimation, prediction, filtering, and identification. The book is addressed to practicing engineers and scientists. It can be used as a text for courses in the areas of random processes, estimation theory, and system identification by undergraduates and graduate students in engineer­ ing and science with some background in probability and linear algebra. Part of the book has been used by the author while teaching at State University of New York at Buffalo and California State University at Long Beach. Some of the algorithms presented in this book have been successfully applied to industrial projects.

Abstract: 1 Fundamentals of the Finite Element Method -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The concept of discretization -- 1.3 Steps in the finite element method -- References -- 2 Finite Element Analysis in Heat Conduction -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Review of basic formulations -- 2.3 Finite element formulation of transient heat conduction in solids -- 2.4 Transient heat conduction in axisymmetric solids -- 2.5 Computation of the thermal conductivity matrix -- 2.6 Computation of the heat capacitance matrix -- 2.7 Computation of thermal force matrix -- 2.8 Transient heat conduction in the time domain -- 2.9 Boundary conditions 45 2.10 Solution procedures for axisymmetric structures -- References -- 3 Thermoelastic-Plastic Stress Analysis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanical behavior of materials -- 3.3 Review of basic formulations in linear elasticity theory -- 3.4 Basic formulations in nonlinear elasticity -- 3.5 Elements of plasticity theory -- 3.6 Strain hardening -- 3.7 Plastic potential (yield) function -- 3.8 Prandtl-Reuss relation -- 3.9 Derivation of plastic stress-strain relations -- 3.10 Constitutive equations for thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis -- 3.11 Derivation of the [Cep] matrix -- 3.12 Determination of material stiffness (H’) -- 3.13 Thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis with kinematic hardening rule -- 3.14 Finite element formulation of thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis -- 3.15 Finite element formulation for the base TEPSAC code -- 3.16 Solution procedure for the base TEPSA code -- References -- 4 Creep Deformation of Solids by Finite Element Analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Theoretical background -- 4.3 Constitutive equations for thermoelastic-plastic creep stress analysis -- 4.4 Finite element formulation of thermoelastic-plastic creep stress analysis -- 4.5 Integration schemes -- 4.6 Solution algorithm -- 4.7 Code verification -- 4.8 Closing remarks -- References -- 5 Elastic-Plastic stress analysis with Fourier Series -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Element equation for elastic axisymmetric solids subject to nonaxisymmetric loadings -- 5.3 Stiffness matrix for elastic solids subject to nonaxisymmetric loadings -- 5.4 Elastic-plastic stress analysis of axisymmetric solids subject to nonaxisymmetric loadings -- 5.5 Derivation of element equation -- 5.6 Mode mixing stiffness equations -- 5.7 Circumferential integration scheme -- 5.8 Numerical example -- 5.9 Discussion of the numerical example -- 5.10 Summary -- References -- 6 Elastodynamic stress analysis with Thermal Effects -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Theoretical background -- 6.3 Hamilton’s variational principle -- 6.4 Finite element formulation -- 6.5 Direct time integration scheme -- 6.6 Solution algorithm -- 6.7 Numerical illustration -- References -- 7 Thermofracture Mechanics -- 1: Review of fracture mechanics concept -- 2: Thermoelastic-plastic fracture analysis page -- 3: Thermoelastic-plastic creep fracture analysis -- References -- 8 Thermoelastic-Plastic Stress Analysis By Finite Strain Theory -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinate systems -- 8.3 Green and Almansi strain tensors -- 8.4 Lagrangian and Kirchhoff stress tensors -- 8.5 Equilibrium in the large -- 8.6 Equilibrium in the small -- 8.7 The boundary conditions -- 8.8 The constitutive equation -- 8.9 Equations of equilibrium by the principle of virtual work -- 8.10 Finite element formulation -- 8.11 Stiffness matrix [K2] -- 8.12 Stiffness matrix [K3] -- 8.13 Constitutive equations for thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis -- 8.14 The finite element formulation -- 8.15 The computer program -- 8.16 Numerical examples -- References -- 9 Coupled Thermoelastic-Plastic Stress Analysis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The energy balance concept -- 9.3 Derivation of the coupled heat conduction equation -- 9.4 Coupled thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis -- 9.5 Finite element formulation -- 9.6 The y matrix -- 9.7 The thermal moduli matrix ? -- 9.8 The internal dissipation factor -- 9.9 Computation algorithm -- 9.10 Numerical illustration -- 9.11 Concluding remarks -- References -- 10 Application of Thermomechanical Analyses in Industry -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Thermal analysis involving phase change -- 10.3 Thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis -- 10.4 Thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis by TEPSAC code -- 10.5 Simulation of thermomechanical behavior of nuclear reactor fuel elements -- References -- Appendix 1 Area coordinate system for triangular simplex elements -- Appendix 2 Numerical illustration on the implementation of thermal boundary conditions -- Appendix 3 Integrands of the mode-mixing stiffness matrix -- Appendix 4 User’s guide for TEPSAC -- Appendix 5 Listing of TEPSAC code -- Author Index.

Abstract: The rapid advances in the nuclear and aerospace technologies in the past two decades compounded with the increasing demands for high performance, energy-efficient power plant components and engines have made reliable thermal stress analysis a critical factor in the design and operation of such equipment. Recently, and as experienced by the author, the need for sophis­ ticated analyses has been extended to the energy resource industry such as in-situ coal gasification and in-situ oil recovery from oil sands and shales. The analyses in the above applications are of a multidisciplinary nature, and some involve the additional complexity of multiphase and phase change phenomena. These extremely complicated factors preclude the use of classical methods, and numerical techniques such as the finite element method appear to be the most viable alternative solution. The development of this technique so far appears to have concentrated in two extremes; one being overly concerned with the accuracy of results and tending to place all effort in the implementation of special purpose element concepts and computational algorithms, the other being for commercial purposes with the ability of solving a wide range of engineering problems. However, to be versatile, users require substantial training and experience in order to use these codes effectively. Above all, no provision for any modifi­ cation of these codes by users is possible, as all these codes are proprietary and access to the code is limited only to the owners.

Abstract: Section 1: Introduction and Summary -- Section 2: General Topics (the Opening Session) -- Section 3: Sociocultural Aspects of Biogas Technology -- Section 4: Economic Aspects -- Section 5: Institutional and Financial Infrastructure -- Section 6: Regional Programs, Networks, and Aid Agencies -- Section 7: Technical Aspects -- Section 8: Country Programs and Projects -- Author Index.

Abstract: The International Conference on the State of the Art on Biogas Technology, Transfer and Diffusion was held in Cairo, Egypt, from 17 to 24 November 1984. The Conference was organized by the Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASR T), the Egyptian National Research Centre (NRC), the Bioenergy Systems and Technology project (BST) of the US Agency for International Development (US/AID) Office of Energy, and the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). A number of international organizations and agencies co-sponsored the Conference. More than 100 participants from 40 countries attended. The purpose of the Conference was to assess the viability of biogas technology (BGT) and propose future courses of action for exploiting BGT prospects to the fullest extent. The Conference emphasized a balanced coverage of technical, environ­ mental, social, economic and organizational aspects relevant to biogas systems design, operation and diffusion. It was organized to incorporate experiences that are pertinent, for the most part, to developing countries. In addition to the wide spectrum of presentations and country programs, structured and non-structured discussions among the participants were strongly encouraged in thematic sessions at round-table discussions, and through personal contacts during poster sessions and field trips. It was clear from the enthusiastic response of most participants that the Conference, in large measure, succeeded in fulfilling its mission. Although draft papers were distributed to all participants, it was felt that the results obtained were worthy of organized and refined documentation. And this is precisely what this book intends to do.

Abstract: One Introduction -- 1 Wildlife conservation evaluation: attributes, criteria and values -- 2 Assessing representativeness -- 3 Ecological succession and the evaluation of non-climax communities -- Two Approaches in different geographical areas -- 4 Evaluation of tropical land for wildlife conservation potential -- 5 Evaluation methods in the United States -- 6 Selection of important areas for wildlife conservation in Great Britain: the Nature Conservancy Council’s approach -- 7 Wildlife conservation evaluation in the Netherlands: a controversial issue in a small country -- 8 Evaluation at the local scale: a region in Scotland -- Three Specific habitats and groups of organisms -- 9 Forest and woodland evaluation -- 10 Evaluating the wildlife of agricultural environments: an aid to conservation -- 11 Ornithological evaluation for wildlife conservation -- 12 Assessments using invertebrates: posing the problem -- Four General principles -- 13 Conservation evaluation in practice -- 14 Design of nature reserves -- References -- Author index.

Abstract: In the mid 1970s two events led me to get to know the Yorkshire Dales better than I had previously. Since 1964 I had been to the Malham Tarn Field Centre with groups of students, first from the University of Edinburgh and then from the University of York, and my family very much enjoyed the summer days we spent amid this magnificent hill scenery. In 1976, the British Ecological Society and the National Trust jointly worked on a survey of the biological interest of the National Trust properties of the Kent, East Anglian and Yorkshire Regions. Malham Tarn itself, and the surrounding farms, formed one of the twenty properties of the Yorkshire Region. I spent the bank holiday, that commemorated the Queen's Silver Jubilee, at Malham, looking fairly closely at the National Trust's landholding there. Miss Sarah Priest, who also looked at the National Trust properties, and I produced a report in late 1977, attempting both to describe and to evaluate the nature resources of the National Trust in Yorkshire. In the following year, 1978, the Nature Conservancy Council wanted to survey the whole of the upland area that was known as the Malhaml Arncliffe SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest). A contract to look at such an exciting area, considering where boundaries should go, and looking to see if there were important areas of habitat that should be brought within the SSSI, was a superb practical antidote to an office in the University.

Abstract: 1 PST 1: Injection Moulding and its Materials -- 2 Optimizing Injection Moulding Conditions -- 3 Some Examples of Polymer Selection -- 4 Plastics Gears -- 5 Acetal Clips for Roof Tiles -- 6 Acetal Spring for Selector Switch -- 7 PST 2: Foam Cored Mouldings -- 8 Structural Foam Trolley Base -- 9 Washing Machine Tank in Glass-coupled Polypropylene Structural Foam -- 10 Sandwich Moulded TV Screen Frame -- 11 PST 3: Polyurethanes -- 12 Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding (RRIM) -- 13 Polyurethane Shoe Soles -- 14 Printed Gaskets in Hydraulic Control Equipment -- 15 PST 4: Glass-reinforced Plastics (GRP) -- 16 GRP-Clad Lorry Cab -- 17 High Speed Train Cab -- 18 DMC Vehicle Headlamps -- 19 ‘Fiberlam’ Aircraft Flooring -- 20 PST 5: Rubbers -- 21 Rubber-Steel Conveyor Belt -- 22 The Blow Moulding Process -- 23 The Acitainer Blow Moulded Acid Container -- 24 Chemical Effluent Pipe in HDPE -- 25 Failure of a Polypropylene Vessel -- 26 Heat Shrinkable Terminations for Power Cables.

Abstract: This book is derived from a recent project sponsored by the Polymer Engineering Directorate of the SERC and carried out at the University of Lancaster under the joint auspices of the Departments of Chemistry and Engineering. The project set out to provide a novel type of teaching material for introducing polymers and their uses to students, especially of engineering. Case studies of real examples of polymers at work are used, so the student or teacher can start with a successful and well-designed product and work backwards to its origins in the market, in design and material selection and in the manufacturing process. The philosophy is that such an approach captures interest right at the start by means of a real example and then retains it because of the relevance of the technical explanation. This after all is what most of us do habitually; we turn to examples to make our point. The hope is that subject matter with a somewhat notorious reputation among engineers, such as aspects of polymer chemistry and the non-linear behaviour of polymers under mechanical loading will be fairly painlessly absorbed through the context of the examples. Each study becomes a separate chapter in the book. The original studies, and hence the present chapters, vary in length because different topics demanded different approaches. No attempt has been made to alter this, or to adopt a standardized format because to have done so would have interfered with the vitality of the original work.

Abstract: 1. Liner Service and Tramp Shipping -- 2. Tramp Shipping -- 3. The Management of Tramp Shipping -- 4. Chartering and Tramp Ship Operation -- 5. Organization of a Liner-Service Company -- 6. Terminal Management -- 7. Terminal Operation -- 8. The Stevedore Contract -- 9. Procurement of Vessel Stores and Supplies -- 10. Containerization: The Beginning -- 11. The Ramifications of Containerization -- 12. The Ocean Bill of Lading -- 13. How Freight Rates Are Made -- 14. The Traffic Study -- 15. Steamship Conferences -- 16. The Logic of Steamship Scheduling -- 17. Scheduling and Bunkering -- 18. Planning for a New Ship -- 19. Passenger Cruises -- 20. Industrial and Special Carriers -- 21. Tanker Management -- 22. The American Shipping Subsidy System -- 23. The Business of Shipping -- Notes -- About the Author.

Abstract: T HIS VOL U M E has been written to describe the business side of a commercial enterprise whose field is the entire civilized world. Historically, the theory and knowledge of shipping management, as distinguished from the practical skills of seaman­ ship, have been transmitted from one generation to the next by word of mouth. Little has been put on paper, primarily because the finest exponents of the art of steamship management have been too busy with their day-to-day concerns to do so. The "working level" personnel often are superbly competent, but rarely qualify as liter­ ary craftsmen. It has been my aim, in preparing this analysis of the principles of the "business" of commercial shipping, to describe that which trans­ pires in the various divisions of a shipowning and operating organi­ zation. Insofar as possible, the procedures followed in the offices have been described and explained, as well as the underlying prin­ ciples of management by which their decisions are reached. In the process of learning the principles and practices that are set forth in these pages, I have spent ajoy-filled lifetime in associa­ tion with ships. It has been my good fortune to work in large and small American steamship offices, to operate a major cargo termi­ nal, to participate in establishing and putting into effect the policies of a world-girdling American steamship organization, and to teach young men these principles learned from experience as well as from precept.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 The structure of the nucleic acids -- 2.1 Monomeric components -- 2.1.1 Pyrimidine bases -- 2.1.2 Purine bases -- 2.1.3 Pentose and deoxypentose sugars -- 2.1.4 Nucleosides -- 2.1.5 Nucleotides -- 2.2 The primary structure of the nucleic acids -- 2.3 Shorthand notation -- 2.4 Base composition analysis of DNA -- 2.5 Molecular weight of DNA -- 2.6 The secondary structure of DNA -- 2.6.1 The basic structures -- 2.6.2 Variations on the B-form of DNA -- 2.6.3 Z-DNA -- 2.6.4 The dynamic structure of DNA -- 2.7 Denaturation and renaturation -- 2.7.1 DNA denaturation: the helix-coil transition -- 2.7.2 The renaturation of DNA: C0t value analysis -- 2.7.3 The buoyant density of DNA -- 2.8 Supercoils, cruciforms and triple-stranded structures -- 2.9 The secondary and tertiary structure of RNA -- 2.10 Chemical reactions of bases, nucleotides and polynucleotides -- 2.10.1 Reactions of ribose and deoxyribose -- 2.10.2 Reactions of the bases -- 2.10.3 Phosphodiester bond cleavage -- 2.10.4 Photochemistry -- References -- 3 Chromosome organization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Eukaryote DNA -- 3.2.1 The eukaryote cell cycle -- 3.2.2 Eukaryote chromosomes -- 3.2.3 The allocation of specific genes to specific chromosomes -- 3.2.4 Haploid DNA content (C value) -- 3.2.5 Gene frequency -- 3.2.6 Eukaryote gene structure -- 3.3 Chromatin structure -- 3.3.1 Histones and non-histone proteins -- 3.3.2 The nucleosome -- 3.3.3 Nucleosome phasing -- 3.3.4 Higher orders of chromatin structure -- 3.3.5 Loops, matrix and the chromosome scaffold -- 3.3.6 Lampbrush chromosomes -- 3.3.7 Polytene chromosomes -- 3.4 Extranuclear DNA -- 3.4.1 Mitochondrial DNA -- 3.4.2 Chloroplast DNA -- 3.4.3 Kinetoplast DNA -- 3.5 Bacteria -- 3.5.1 The bacterial chromosome -- 3.5.2 The bacterial division cycle -- 3.5.3 Bacterial transformation -- 3.6 Viruses -- 3.6.1 Structure -- 3.6.2 Virus classification -- 3.6.3 Life cycle -- 3.6.4 The Hershey-Chase experiment -- 3.6.5 Virus mutants -- 3.6.6 Virus nucleic acids -- 3.6.7 The information content of viral nucleic acids -- 3.6.8 Lysogeny and transduction -- 3.6.9 Tumour viruses and animal cell transformation -- 3.6.10 Viroids -- 3.6.11 Prions -- 3.7 Plasmids and transposons 77 -- References -- 4 Degradation and modification of nucleic acids -- 4.1 Introduction and classification of nucleases -- 4.2 Non-specific nucleases -- 4.2.1 Non-specific endonucleases -- 4.2.2 Non-specific exonucleases -- 4.3 Ribonucleases (RNases) -- 4.3.1 Endonucleases which form 3?-phosphate groups -- 4.3.2 Endonucleases which form 5?-phosphate groups -- 4.3.3 RNA exonucleases -- 4.3.4 Ribonucleases which act on RNA:DNA hybrids (RNase H) -- 4.3.5 Double-stranded RNA-specific ribonucleases -- 4.3.6 Ribonuclease inhibitors -- 4.4 Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) -- 4.5 Deoxy ribonucleases (DNases) -- 4.5.1 Endonucleases -- 4.5.2 Exonucleases -- 4.5.3 Restriction endonucleases -- 4.6 Nucleic acid methylation -- 4.6.1 DNA methylation -- 4.6.2 RNA methylation and other RNA nucleotide modifications -- 4.7 Nucleic acid kinases and phosphatases -- 4.7.1 Bacteriophage polynucleotide kinase -- 4.7.2 Eukaryotic DNA and RNA kinases -- 4.8 Base exchange in RNA and DNA -- References -- 5 The metabolism of nucleotides -- 5.1 Anabolic pathways -- 5.2 The biosynthesis of the purines -- 5.3 Preformed purines as precursors -- 5.4 The biosynthesis of the pyrimidines -- 5.5 The biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides and its control -- 5.6 The biosynthesis of thymine derivatives -- 5.7 Aminopterin in selective media -- 5.8 Formation of nucleoside triphosphates -- 5.9 General aspects of catabolism -- 5.10 Purine catabolism -- 5.11 Pyrimidine catabolism -- References -- 6 Replication of DNA -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Semiconservative replication -- 6.3 The replication fork -- 6.3.1 Discontinuous synthesis -- 6.3.2 Okazaki pieces -- 6.3.3 Direction of chain growth -- 6.3.4 Initiation of Okazaki pieces -- 6.3.5 Continuous synthesis -- 6.4 Enzymes of DNA synthesis -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 DNA polymerases -- 6.4.3 DNA ligases -- 6.4.4 Helix-destabilizing proteins (HD) or single-stranded DNA- binding proteins (ssb) -- 6.4.5 DNA unwinding proteins or DNA helicases (DNA-dependent ATPases) -- 6.4.6 Topoisomerases -- 6.5 Fidelity of replication -- 6.6 In vitro systems for studying DNA replication -- 6.6.1 dna mutants -- 6.6.2 Permeable cells -- 6.6.3 Cell lysates -- 6.6.4 Soluble extracts -- 6.6.5 Reconstruction experiments -- 6.7 Molecular biology of the replication fork -- 6.7.1 Lagging-strand synthesis -- 6.7.2 Leading-strand synthesis -- 6.7.3 RF replication -- 6.8 Initiation of replication-general -- 6.8.1 Methods of locating the origin and direction of replication -- 6.8.2 Replicons -- 6.8.3 Rate of replication -- 6.8.4 Origin strategies -- 6.8.5 Positive or negative control of initiation -- 6.9 Initiation of replication-specific examples -- 6.9.1 Small single-stranded phage -- 6.9.2 Double-stranded phage -- 6.9.3 Plasmids -- 6.9.4 Bacteria -- 6.9.5 Mitochondria -- 6.9.6 Double-stranded cyclic DNA viruses (SV40 and polyoma) -- 6.9.7 Adenoviruses -- 6.9.8 Yeast -- 6.9.9 Higher eukaryotes -- 6.9.10 Retroviruses -- 6.10 Termination of replication -- 6.10.1 Cyclic chromosomes -- 6.10.2 Small linear chromosomes -- 6.10.3 Telomeres -- 6.11 Replication complexes -- 6.12 Chromatin replication -- References -- 7 Repair, recombination and DNA rearrangement -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Mutations and mutagens -- 7.2.1 Base and nucleoside analogues -- 7.2.2 Alkylating agents -- 7.2.3 Intercalating agents -- 7.2.4 The effects of ionizing radiation -- 7.2.5 Ultraviolet radiation -- 7.3 Repair mechanisms -- 7.3.1 Reversal of damage -- 7.3.2 Excision repair -- 7.3.3 Mismatch repair -- 7.3.4 Post-replication repair -- 7.4 Recombination -- 7.4.1 E. coli rec system and single-strand invasion -- 7.4.2 Reciprocal recombination between duplex DNA molecules -- 7.4.3 Site-specific recombination -- 7.5 Gene amplification -- 7.5.1 Developmental amplification -- 7.5.2 Amplification by chemical selection -- 7.5.3 Mechanism of amplification -- 7.6 Gene duplication and pseudogenes -- 7.6.1 Multiple related copies of eukaryotic genes -- 7.6.2 Mechanism of tandem gene duplication -- 7.6.3 Pseudogenes -- 7.6.4 Concerted evolution of duplicated genes -- 7.7 Transposition of DNA -- 7.7.1 Transposable elements -- 7.7.2 Transposition in prokaryotes -- 7.7.3 Transposition in eukaryotes -- 7.8 Gene conversion -- 7.8.1 Yeast mating-type locus -- 7.8.2 Variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes in trypanosomes -- 7.9 Gene rearrangements -- 7.9.1 Immunoglobulin genes -- 7.9.2 T-cell receptor genes -- 7.9.3 Other gene rearrangements -- 7.10 Chromosomal translocations -- References -- 8 RNA biosynthesis -- 8.1 DNA-dependent RNA polymerases -- 8.1.1 Bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase -- 8.1.2 Eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases -- 8.2 Prokaryotic RNA synthesis -- 8.2.1 Prokaryotic initiation of transcription -- 8.2.2 Elongation of RNA transcripts -- 8.2.3 Termination of transcription in prokaryotes -- 8.3 Eukaryotic RNA synthesis -- 8.3.1 Initiation by RNA polymerase II -- 8.3.2 Initiation by RNA polymerase III -- 8.3.3 Initiation by RNA polymerase I -- 8.3.4 Eukaryotic termination -- 8.3.5 Transcription of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes -- 8.4 RNA polymerases and RNA synthesis in DNA viruses -- 8.5 The replication of RNA viruses by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Replicase) -- 8.5.1 RNA bacteriophage -- 8.5.2 Eukaryotic RNA viruses -- References -- 9 The arrangement of genes, their transcription and processing -- 9.1 Transcription and processing of prokaryotic and bacteriophage mRNA -- 9.2 The organization of eukaryotic protein-encoding genes -- 9.2.1 Genes are often discontinuous -- 9.2.2 Gene families and gene clustering -- 9.3 Transcription and processing of eukaryotic pre-messenger RNA -- 9.3.1 The nature of gene transcripts -- 9.3.2 Caps and 5?-leader sequences of eukaryotic mRNA -- 9.3.3 Poly adenylate tails, 3? -processing and 3? -non-coding sequences of eukaryotic mRNAs -- 9.3.4 Removal of intron transcripts from pre-mRNA -- 9.4 The arrangement of rRNA genes, their transcription and processing -- 9.4.1 The prokaryotic rRNA genes and their processing -- 9.4.2 The rRNA genes of eukaryotes -- 9.4.3 The transcription and processing of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA -- 9.5 The arrangement and expression of tRNA genes -- 9.5.1 tRNA genes -- 9.5.2 The processing of tRNA -- 9.6 The arrangement and expression of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes -- 9.6.1 Protein-encoding genes of mitochondria and chloroplasts -- 9.6.2 Mitochondrial and chloroplast rDNA -- 9.6.3 Mitochondrial and chloroplast tRNA genes -- 9.6.4 The introns of mitochondrial genes and their splicing -- 9.7 A postscript on splicing -- References -- 10 Control of transcription and mRNA processing -- 10.1 The regulation of prokaryotic RNA chain initiation -- 10.1.1 Induction of the lac operon - a negative control system -- ...

Abstract: When the first edition of this book was published in 1950, it set out to present an elementary outline of the state of knowledge of nucleic acid biochemistry at that time and it was the first monograph on the subject to appear since Levene's book on Nucleic Acids in 1931. The fact that a tenth edition is required after thirty five years and that virtually nothing of the original book has been retained is some measure of the speed with which knowledge has advanced in this field. As a result of this vast increase in information it becomes increasingly difficult to fulfil the aims of providing an introduction to nucleic acid biochemistry and satisfying the requirements of advanced undergraduates and postgraduates in biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology. We have attempted to achieve these aims by con­ centrating on those basic aspects not normally covered in the general biochemistry textbooks and by providing copious references so that details of methodology can readily be retrieved by those requiring further information. The first seven editions emerged from the pen of J. N. Davidson who died in September 1972 shortly after completing the seventh edition. The subsequent editions have been produced by various colleagues who have tried to retain something of the character and structure of the earlier editions while at the same time introducing new ideas and concepts and eliminating some of the more out -dated material.

Abstract: 1: CAD — What is it All About? -- Concepts and descriptions -- The design process -- The origins of CAD -- Automated drafting: creating a model -- Representations and simulations -- Analytical programs: simulating performance -- Summary: CAD defined -- 2: CAM — An Introduction -- Design and manufacture: two processes or one? -- Numerical control: the basis of CAM -- Computer-assisted part programming -- Direct numerical control -- Computer numerical control -- The future of numerical control -- Flexible manufacturing systems -- Computer-integrated manufacturing -- Group technology -- Summary: from CAD/CAM to CADAM -- 3: The Elements of a CAD System -- From mainframe to mini -- Enter the micro — distributing ‘intelligence’ -- Memory and storage devices -- Machine communicates with man: the graphics display -- Stroke-writing display systems -- Raster display systems -- Man communicates with machine: menus and input arrangements -- Light pen input -- Cursor steering input devices -- Graphics tablet input -- Choosing an input system -- Plotters and other hard copy devices -- 4: Principal Types of CAD System -- Two-dimensional modellers -- Wire-frame modellers -- Surface modellers -- Solid modelling I: boundary representation -- Solid modelling II: constructive solid geometry -- Summary: making a choice of modelling system -- 5: The Software — What CAD Can Do -- Basic drafting -- Macros -- Parametrics -- Graphic conventions -- ‘Drafting’ with primitive solids -- Transformations -- Taking things apart — sectioning -- Putting things together — segmentation and assembly -- Moving things about — simulated operations -- Automatic dimensioning -- Testing things — analytical programs -- 6: A Look Ahead -- Towards standardization? -- Horses for courses: tailor-made CAD -- Extending CAM — computer-aided everything -- Building-in more knowledge — expert systems -- Trends (and limitations) in hardware development -- New roles for CAD -- Near relations: computer graphics and simulators -- 7: Justifying CAD/CAM -- The fallacy of productivity -- Not-so-simple arithmetic -- Saving waste — consistency of information -- Saving time — availability of information -- Saving trouble — analysis of information -- Doing what could not be done before -- 8: Identifying the Needs of a Company -- Who should conduct the feasibility study? -- Geometrical information — the vital commodity -- Where does the information originate? -- How is information stored, communicated and used? -- The place of CAD/CAM in the information structure -- Setting identifiable goals -- 9: Choosing a System and Persuading the Company to Buy It -- ‘Turnkey’ systems -- Assembled systems -- Sources of information -- The politics of CAD -- Making a shortlist -- Benchmarking -- The ‘best’ system? -- Ready, get set... -- 10: Buying and Installing a System -- Implementation: the role of the CAD manager -- Planning the installation: physical factors -- Planning the installation: psychological and organizational factors -- Selling CAD to the users -- Training -- The first six months -- Appendix I: Glossary of terms and acronyms used in CAD/CAM -- Appendix II: Checklist for potential purchasers of CAD systems -- Appendix III: Suppliers of turnkey CAD systems in the UK and USA -- Select bibliography.

Abstract: Little more than a decade ago computer-aided design and manufacture (CAD/CAM) was a very esoteric field indeed, not one that was of much practical concern to a manager or industrialist unless his business was on the scale of, say, a major automobile manufacturer or in a field of high technology such as aerospace. Like so much else, this situation was revo­ lutionized by the invention of the silicon chip, the arrival of the micro­ processor and the dramatic fall in the cost of computer hardware. Today, CAD/CAM has spread down the market, and down the price scale, to the point at which it is both a feasible and an affordable technology for a wide range of small-and medium-sized companies in areas as various as architec­ ture and general engineering, plastic moulding and consumer electronics. But the explosion - there is no other word for it - in the variety and capabilities of CAD/CAM systems, and their spectacular climb to the top of the hi-tech hit parade, has placed the potential purchaser and user of the new technology in a difficult position. On the one hand he is assured, not least by the manufacturers of CAD/CAM equipment, that a failure to invest in it will leave his company stranded in the industrial Stone Age.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objectives and reasons for the approach taken -- 1.2 Mineral deposit or mine? -- 1.3 A genetic model as the basis for exploration -- 1.4 The scientific study of mineral deposits -- References -- 2 Magmatic Deposits -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Chromite deposits -- 2.3 Nickel sulphide deposits -- 2.4 Kimberlites -- 2.5 Concluding statement -- References -- 3 Magmatic Hydrothermal Deposits -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Porphyry copper deposits -- 3.3 Exploration for porphyry copper deposits -- 3.4 Porphyry molybdenum deposits -- 3.5 Exploration for porphyry molybdenum deposits -- 3.6 Porphyry gold deposits -- 3.7 Porphyry tin deposits -- 3.8 Volcanic-associated massive sulphide deposits -- 3.9 Exploration for volcanogenic sulphide deposits -- 3.10 Concluding statement -- References -- 4 Hydrothermal Vein Deposits -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Classification of hydrothermal vein deposits -- 4.3 Classification of hydrothermal gold deposits -- 4.4 Hydrothermal gold deposits in Archaean terrain -- 4.5 Exploration for gold in Archaean terrain -- 4.6 Concluding statement -- References -- 5 Placers and Palaeo-Placers -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Placer deposits -- 5.3 Eluvial (residual), colluvial and fluvial (alluvial) deposits -- 5.4 Beach sand deposits -- 5.5 Marine placers -- 5.6 Palaeo-placer deposits -- 5.7 Concluding statement -- References -- 6 Sediment-Hosted Copper-Lead-Zinc Deposits -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sediment-hosted copper deposits -- 6.3 Syngenetic and diagenetic lead-zinc deposits in shales and carbonates (sedimentary-exhalative deposits) -- 6.4 Epigenetic carbonate-hosted lead-zinc deposits (Mississippi Valley-type) -- 6.5 Exploration for Mississippi Valley-type deposits -- 6.6 Concluding statement -- References -- 7 Ore Deposits Formed by Weathering -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Bauxite deposits -- 7.3 Lateritic nickcl deposits -- 7.4 Kaolin deposits -- 7.5 Supergene manganese deposits -- 7.6 Supergene sulphide enrichment -- 7.7 Concluding statement -- References -- 8 Iron Ores of Sedimentary Affiliation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Classification of iron ores -- 8.3 General characteristics of iron-formation -- 8.4 Genesis of iron-formation -- 8.5 Enriched haematitc ore deposits -- 8.6 The Hamersley Basin — an example of banded iron-formation and associated enrichment ores -- 8.7 Exploration -- 8.8 Evaluation -- 8.9 Concluding statement -- References -- 9 Uranium Ores of Sedimentary Affiliation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Geochemistry of uranium in the secondary environment -- 9.3 Unconformity-type uranium deposits of the Northern Territory, Australia and Northern Saskatchewan, Canada -- 9.4 Sandstone-hosted uranium deposits of the western USA -- 9.5 Concluding statement -- References -- 10 Ores Formed by Metamorphism -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Skarns -- 10.3 Skarn deposits -- 10.4 Classification of skarn deposits -- 10.5 Genesis of skarn deposits -- 10.6 Exploration for skarns -- 10.7 Concluding statement -- References -- 11 The Design and Implementation of Exploration Programmes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Who undertakes exploration? -- 11.3 Factors affecting exploration programmes -- 11.4 The exploration programme -- 11.5 Concluding statement -- References -- Mineral list.

Abstract: Why another book about Ore Deposits? There are a number of factors which motivated us to write this text and which may provide an answer to this question. Firstly our colleagues are predominantly mining engineers and minerals processing technologists, which provides us with a different perspective of ore deposits from many academic geologists. Secondly we have found that most existing texts are either highly theoretical or merely descriptive: we have attempted to examine the practical implications of the geological setting and genetic models of particular ore deposit types. We have written the text primarily for undergraduates who are taking options in Economic Geology towards the end of a Degree Course in Geology. However, we hope that the text will also prove valuable to geologists working in the mining industry. The text is to a large extent based on a review of the existing literature up to the end of 1984. However, we have visited most of the mining districts cited in the text and have also corresponded extensively with geologists to extend our knowledge beyond the published literature. Nonetheless writing a text-book on Ore Deposits is a demanding task and it is inevitable that sins of both omission and commission have been committed. We would therefore welcome comments from readers which can be incorporated in future editions. RICHARD EDW ARDS KEITH ATKINSON Cmnhome School (~n\1illcs April 1985 Glossary Adit A horizontal, or near horizontal, passage from the surface into a mme.

Abstract: 1 Historical background and introduction -- 2 The administration of the Act -- 3 Medicinal products and other articles -- 4 The licensing system -- 5 Licences and certificates relating to products -- 6 Licences for activities -- 7 Controls over the sale and distribution of medicines -- 8 Wholesale sales -- 9 Retail sale of medicines for human use -- 10 Dispensing medicines -- 11 Sales, supplies and administration by exempted users -- 12 Herbal remedies -- 13 Homoeopathy and similar systems of medicine -- 14 Medicinal products for administration to animals -- 15 Medicated animal feeding stuffs -- 16 The packaging and labelling of medicines -- 17 The quality of medicinal products reaching the consumer -- 18 Promotion of sales of medicinal products -- 19 Advertisements and representations directed to practitioners -- 20 Advertisements directed to the public -- 21 Pharmacies -- Appendix 1: Definitions of words and phrases used in the Act and subordinate legislation -- Appendix 2: Recommended warning and advisory labels for dispensed medicines -- Appendix 3: Code of ethics of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain -- Appendix 3B: Guide to good dispensing practice -- Appendix 3C: Guide to the self-assessment of professional practice activites -- Appendix 4: NHS limited list.

Abstract: The Medicines Act 1968 together with its delegated legislation comprehensively controls the manufacture, packaging, labelling, distribution and promotion of medicines for both human and animal use in the United Kingdom. It also controls the import and export of such medicines. It replaced a patchwork of controls which evolved over a century. Since its enactment, more than 150 items of delegated legislation (orders and regulations) have been made under its provisions and about 130 are still operative. The sheer physical bulk of this mass of material causes difficulty, not only in comprehension but also in finding the detail so often required. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that some pieces of legislation have been amended several times. My principal aim is to provide a reference book which contains all of the provisions of the Act and its various orders, regulations as amended to date. The material is arranged to facilitate the search for detail. In order to assist the reader in finding his way through this maze, Chaper 1 consists of a survey of the situation which existed before the Act came into being, together with a synopsis of the present controls. This should enable the reader to appreciate the changes which have occurred and how the system works.

Abstract: 1: Introduction -- What is an automated manufacturing system? -- Why is production planning and control important? -- 2: Automated Manufacturing Systems and Production Planning and Control -- Factors affecting production planning and control -- Conclusion -- 3: Traditional Production Planning and Control -- Planning hierarchy -- Master production scheduling (MPS): medium term -- Materials requirements planning (MRP) -- Job shop scheduling: short term -- Conclusion -- 4: Production Planning and Control Structure for Automated Manufacturing Systems -- Advanced factory management system -- Automated manufacturing research facility -- Comparison of AFMS and AMRF -- Conclusion -- 5: Factory Level Control -- Financial systems -- Computer aided design -- Process planning -- Master production scheduling I -- Materials requirements planning -- Data output to shop level -- Conclusion -- 6: Shop Level Control -- Master production scheduling II -- On-line scheduling -- Specific data requirements -- Mailbox approaches -- Conclusion -- 7: Cell Level Control -- CCS classification -- What is a cell? -- CCS operational modes -- Conclusion -- 8: Equipment Level Control -- What is meant by equipment? -- Equipment level control structure -- Conclusion -- 9: Conclusion and Future Trends -- Overall production planning and control functions -- Future trends -- Conclusion -- Appendix I: Master Production Scheduling II -- References.

Abstract: Master production scheduling II 60 On-line scheduling 65 Specific data requirements 69 Mailbox approaches 70 Conclusion 72 Chapter 7: Cell Level Control 75 Introduction 75 CCS classification 77 What is a cell? 78 CCS operational modes 80 Conclusion 86 Chapter 8: Equipment Level Control 89 Introduction 89 What is meant by equipment? 90 Equipment level control structure 92 Conclusion 94 Chapter 9: Conclusion and Future Trends 95 Overall production planning and control functions 98 Future trends 100 Conclusion 102 Appendix I: Master Production Scheduling II 103 References 107 Index 109 Preface This book is intended as an introduction to production planning and control of automated manufacturing systems. As such, it links together two diverse fields of interest: in the area of production planning and control there is a large body of work completed in analytical models, computer structures and overall systems; equally, for the hardware and detailed control aspects of the equipment used (for example, NC machines, robots, etc), comprehensive studies have also been completed. To cover each area fully would result in a work of several volumes. Instead, this book stresses the important elements of both areas that are vital to effective production planning and control of the whole automated manufacturing system.

Abstract: In October, 1985, discussions were held in Santiago in regard to the possibility of organizing a minerals industry conference in Chile in November, 1986, under the auspices of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy and in association with other bodies and organizations. I, in turn, was asked to chair the Organizing Committee and at our first meeting in London in November, 1985, we realized how little time we had if we were to meet the date proposed. In the event, thanks to considerable support from the Organizing Committee and others, coupled with the very good response from authors, we were able to put together a programme on a variety of topics, with some particular emphasis on operations in South America, and with special reference to Chile, that we regard as attractive. This is the first conference to have been organized by the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy in Chile, but it is intended that it should initiate a series to be held in Latin American countries. Chile has a long and healthy mining tradition and it is fitting, therefore, that it should have been chosen for the first such conference.

Abstract: One -- 1/Four Stages of Reflection -- 2/Defending Common Sense -- 3/Descriptive Metaphysics -- 4/Conceptual Reform -- Two -- 5/Metaphysics Out of Logic -- 6/Inside the Revolution -- 7/A Passage to America -- 8/Recent Philosophy of Language -- Three -- 9/Values in General -- 10/Ethical Theory -- 11/Applied Ethics -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Name Index.

Abstract: Over the past several decades serious work in philosophy has become almost wholly inaccessible to people who do not specialize in the subject. To be sure, the writings of Aristotle and Kant were never easy reading, and even relatively untechnical philosophers like Mill or Santayana de­ mand careful study if we are really to understand them. But during the last generation or two the situation has steadily become worse for readers who may want to know what philosophers of their own time are doing. And this is true even though many writers have been learning to avoid the unnecessary jargon that disfigures so much of traditional philosophy. No matter how direct the English style of recent philosophers may be, their methodic purposes and argument style will re­ main obscure to anyone who has not gone to considerable trouble to be introduced to them. Then too, the closeness of their analysis and the con­ sequent narrowness of many of the issues pursued make it hard to catch onto the argument without some familiarity with slightly earlier discus­ sions from which those issues emerged. All of this helps to account for the rather common but false belief that professional philosophy is now only a collection of technical exercises that could hardly be of interest to anyone but the philosophers themselves.

Abstract: 1. Acoustical Fundamentals for the Recording Engineer -- 2. Microphones -- 3. Basic Stereophonic Imaging Techniques -- 4. Audio Transmission Systems -- 5. Monitor Loudspeakers and the Monitoring Environment -- 6. Signal Processing Devices and Applications -- 7. Classical Recording Production Techniques -- 8. Popular Record Production Techniques -- 9. Analog Magnetic Recording -- 10. Analog Disc Recording and Reproduction -- 11. Digital Recording -- 12. The Low-Cost Studio: An Overview.

Abstract: The Handbook of Recording Engineering is a logical outgrowth of the first two editions of Sound Recording. The ten years since the first edition have seen no slackening in the development of recording technology, and they have wit­ nessed an almost phenomenal growth in the teaching of recording and audio engineering at all academic levels. The earlier editions of Sound Recording have been widely used as texts at all educational levels, and it is the author's intent in the Handbook of Recording Engineering to produce a book which is even more suited to these purposes. At the same time, the book has been organized as a true handbook, which presents of reference material in easily accessible form. a broad array The organization of the book is unique in that it progresses as the signal transmission chain itself does-from the recording venue on through the micro­ phone, transmission channel, and finally to the listening environment. The first six chapters thus form a logical sequence, and the author recommends that in­ structors using the Handbook follow them accordingly. Chapter One presents a discussion of acoustical fundamentals, including an introduction to some basic psychoacoustical considerations having to do with performance spaces. Chapter Two covers the basic operating principles of mi­ crophones, while Chapter Three extends the discussion of microphones to cover the entire range of stereophonic imaging phenomena.

Abstract: 1. Physiology of Haemopoiesis -- 2. Mechanisms and Limitations of Fish Acid-Base Regulation -- 3. Physiological Investigations of Marlin -- 4. Fish Cardiology: Structural, Haemodynamic, Electromechanical and Metabolic Aspects -- 5. Control of Gill Blood Flow -- 6. Exercise -- 7. Gastro-intestinal Peptides in Fish -- 8. Gastro-intestinal Physiology: Rates of Food Processing in Fish -- 9. Filtration in the Perfused Hagfish Glomerulus -- 10. Physiological Methods in Fish Toxicology: Laboratory and Field Studies -- 11. Toxicity Testing Procedures.

Abstract: Fishes are very successful vertebrates and have adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions, from the deep ocean to the smallest brook or pond. The physiological background to these environmental adaptations is, obviously, far from clear, and provides fish physiologists with many challenges. The number of extant fish species has been estimated to be in excess of 20000, and only relatively few of these have been subject to physiological studies. Yet among these animals can be found many physiological systems different from those of the land-dwelling vertebrates, and also systems similar to those of the 'higher' vertebrates but at a different level of phylogenetic development. Apart from the rapidly increasing interest in basic fish physi­ ology, the last few years have seen a dramatic increase in applied research, aimed primarily in two directions: fish culture and envi­ ronmental toxicology. Physiological research is of vital importance in both these fields, and basic fish physiology is a necessary base for the applied research. This book is intended for a wide readership among senior undergraduate, postgraduate and research students, as well as uni­ versity teachers and researchers in zoology, physiology, aqua­ culture and biology generally. The book focuses on five major areas of basic and applied research: haemopoiesis, acid-base regu­ lation, circulation, gastro-intestinal functions and physiological toxicology. The chapters will serve as introductions to these fields, as well as up-to-date reviews of the most recent advances in the research areas.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What are numerical methods? -- 1.2 Numerical methods versus numerical analysis -- 1.3 Why use numerical methods? -- 1.4 Approximate equations and approximate solutions -- 1.5 The use of numerical methods -- 1.6 Errors -- 1.7 Non-dimensional equations -- 1.8 The use of computers -- 2 The solution of equations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Location of initial estimates -- 2.3 Interval halving -- 2.4 Simple iteration -- 2.5 Convergence -- 2.6 Aitken’s extrapolation -- 2.7 Damped simple iteration -- 2.8 Newton-Raphson method -- 2.9 Extended Newton’s method -- 2.10 Other iterative methods -- 2.11 Polynomial equations -- 2.12 Bairstow’s method 56 Worked examples 58 Problems -- 3 Simultaneous equations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Elimination methods -- 3.3 Gaussian elimination -- 3.4 Extensions to the basic algorithm -- 3.5 Operation count for the basic algorithm -- 3.6 Tridiagonal systems -- 3.7 Extensions to the Thomas algorithm -- 3.8 Iterative methods for linear systems -- 3.9 Matrix inversion -- 3.10 The method of least squares -- 3.11 The method of differential correction -- 3.12 Simple iteration for non-linear systems -- 3.13 Newton’s method for non-linear systems -- Worked examples -- Problems -- 4 Interpolation, differentiation and integration -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Finite difference operators -- 4.3 Difference tables -- 4.4 Interpolation -- 4.5 Newton’s forward formula -- 4.6 Newton’s backward formula -- 4.7 Stirling’s central difference formula -- 4.8 Numerical differentiation -- 4.9 Truncation errors -- 4.10 Summary of differentiation formulae -- 4.11 Differentiation at non-tabular points: maxima and minima -- 4.12 Numerical integration -- 4.13 Error estimation -- 4.14 Integration using backward differences -- 4.15 Summary of integration formulae -- 4.16 Reducing the truncation error 146 Worked examples 149 Problems -- 5 Ordinary differential equations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Euler’s method -- 5.3 Solution using Taylor’s series -- 5.4 The modified Euler method -- 5.5 Predictor-corrector methods -- 5.6 Milne’s method, Adams’ method, and Hamming’s method -- 5.7 Starting procedure for predictor-corrector methods -- 5.8 Estimation of error of predictor-corrector methods -- 5.9 Runge-Kutta methods -- 5.10 Runge-Kutta-Merson method -- 5.11 Application to higher-order equations and to systems -- 5.12 Two-point boundary value problems -- 5.13 Non-linear two-point boundary value problems 198 Worked examples 199 Problems -- 6 Partial differential equations I — elliptic equations -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The approximation of elliptic equations -- 6.3 Boundary conditions -- 6.4 Non-dimensional equations again -- 6.5 Method of solution -- 6.6 The accuracy of the solution -- 6.7 Use of Richardson’s extrapolation -- 6.8 Other boundary conditions -- 6.9 Relaxation by hand-calculation -- 6.10 Non-rectangular solution regions -- 6.11 Higher-order equations 238 Problems -- 7 Partial differential equations II — parabolic equations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The conduction equation -- 7.3 Non-dimensional equations yet again -- 7.4 Notation -- 7.5 An explicit method -- 7.6 Consistency -- 7.7 The Dufort-Frankel method -- 7.8 Convergence -- 7.9 Stability -- 7.10 An unstable finite difference approximation -- 7.11 Richardson’s extrapolation 261 Worked examples 262 Problems -- 8 Integral methods for the solution of boundary value problems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Integral methods -- 8.3 Implementation of integral methods 271 Worked examples 278 Problems -- Suggestions for further reading.

Abstract: This book is designed for an introductory course in numerical methods for students of engineering and science at universities and colleges of advanced education. It is an outgrowth of a course of lectures and tutorials (problem­ solving sessions) which the author has given for a number of years at the University of New South Wales and elsewhere. The course is normally taught at the rate of 1i hours per week throughout an academic year (28 weeks). It has occasionally been given at double this rate over half the year, but it was found that students had insufficient time to absorb the material and experiment with the methods. The material presented here is rather more than has been taught in anyone year, although all of it has been taught at some time. The book is concerned with the application of numerical methods to the solution of equations - algebraic, transcendental and differential - which will be encountered by students during their training and their careers. The theoretical foundation for the methods is not rigorously covered. Engineers and applied scientists (but not, of course, mathematicians) are more con­ cerned with using methods than with proving that they can be used. However, they 'must be satisfied that the methods are fit to be used, and it is hoped that students will perform sufficient numerical experiments to con­ vince themselves of this without the need for more than the minimum of theory which is presented here.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The State of the Alliance -- 3. The Strategic Realities of the Atlantic Alliance — A United States View -- 4. The Strategic Realities of the Atlantic Alliance — A European View -- 5. The Economic Realities of the Alliance -- 6. A New Approach to European Security -- 7. Europe’s Technological Self-Assertion -- 8. The Political Realities of the Transatlantic Relationship -- 9. A Realistic Look at Arms Control -- 10. The Speakers.

Abstract: In May 1985 the Netherlands Atlantic Commission organized its Second International Round Table Conference in the Ridderzaal at the Binnenhof in The Hague. The Conference was attended by 52 direct participants from the United States of America, the United Kingdom, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and The Netherlands. Amongst these were prominent representatives of politics, science, media and peace groups. Under the chairmanship ofMr. Piet Dankert, former President of the European Parliament and former Vice Chairman of the Netherlands Atlantic Commission, and in the presence of 200 observers, the participants discussed the most topical themes of the European security debate. The themes of discussion were each introduced by an outstanding member of the international political scene. The verbatim texts and subsequent discussions have been edited and printed according to the order of the Conference. The editors have furthermore added for the sake of completeness a discourse by Ambassador Maynard Glitman, US negotiator in Geneva on Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces, on the principles and prospects of the US negotiating position. This discourse was held during the annual Study Conference of the Netherlands Atlantic Commission at October 11th, 1985. The Atlantic Commission wishes to express its gratitude to the Algemene Loterij Nederland and the European Cultural Foundation for providing funds for its second international Round Table Conference.

Abstract: 1 Basic Principles of Electron Spin Resonance -- 2 Basic Instrumentation of Electron Spin Resonance -- 3 Nuclear Hyperfine Interaction -- 4 Analysis of Electron Spin Resonance Spectra of Systems in the Liquid Phase -- 5 Interpretation of Hyperfine Splittings in ?-type Organic Radicals -- 6 Mechanism of Hyperfine Splittings in Conjugated Systems -- 7 Anisotropic Interactions in Oriented Systems with S = 1/2 -- 8 Interpretation of the ESR Spectra of Systems in the Solid State -- 9 Time-dependent Phenomena -- 10 Energy-level Splitting in Zero Magnetic Field; The Triplet State -- 11 Transition-metal Ions. I. -- 12 Transition-metal Ions. II. Electron Resonance in the Gas Phase -- 13. Double-resonance Techniques -- 14. Biological Applications of Electron Spin Resonance -- Appendix A. Mathematical Operations -- A-1 Complex Numbers -- A-2 Operator Algebra -- A-2a Properties of Operators -- A-2b Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions -- A-3 Determinants -- A-4 Vectors: Scalar, Vector, and Outer Products -- A-5 Matrices -- A-5a Addition and Subtraction of Matrices -- A-5b Multiplication of Matrices -- A-5c Special Matrices and Matrix Properties -- A-5d Dirac Notation for Wave Functions and Matrix Elements -- A-5e Diagonalization of Matrices -- A-6 Tensors -- A-7 Perturbation Theory -- A-8 Euler Angles -- Problems -- Appendix B. Quantum Mechanics of Angular Momentum -- B-1 Introduction -- B-2 Angular-momentum Operators -- B-3 The Commutation Relations for the Angular-momentum Operators -- B-6 Angular-momentum Matrices -- B-7 Addition of Angular Momenta -- B-8 Summary -- Problems -- C-1 The Hamiltonian for the Hydrogen Atom -- C-2 The Spin Eigenfunctions and the Energy Matrix for the Hydrogen Atom -- C-3 Exact Solution of the Determinant of the Energy Matrix (Secular Determinant) -- C-4 Selection Rules for High-field Magnetic-dipole Transitions in the Hydrogen Atom -- C-5 The Transition Frequencies in Constant Magnetic Field with a Varying Microwave Frequency -- C-6 The Resonant Magnetic Fields at Constant Microwave Frequency -- C-7 Calculation of the Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom by Perturbation Theory -- C-8 Wave Functions and Allowed Transitions for the Hydrogen Atom at Low Magnetic Fields -- Problems -- Appendix D. Experimental Methods; Spectrometer Performance -- D-1 Sensitivity -- D-2 Factors Affecting Sensitivity and Resolution -- D-2a Modulation Amplitude -- D-2b Modulation Frequency -- D-2c Microwave Power Level -- D-2d The Concentration of Paramagnetic Centers -- D-2e Temperature -- D-2g Microwave Frequency -- D-2h Signal Averaging -- D-3 Absolute Intensity Measurements -- Problems -- Table of Symbols -- Name Index.

Abstract: In the twenty-five years since its discovery by Zavoiskii, the technique of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has provided detailed struc­ tural information on a variety of paramagnetic organic and inorganic sys­ tems. It is doubtful that even much later than 1945 any chemist would have been so bold as to predict the great diversity of systems which have proved amenable to study by ESR spectroscopy. In this book we have attempted to provide numerous examples of actual ESR spectra to illus­ trate the wide scope of application. No attempt has been made to present a comprehensive coverage of the literature in any field, but references to reviews and key articles are given throughout the book. This introductory textbook had its origin in lecture notes prepared for an American Chemical Society short course on electron spin resonance. The present version is the result of extensive revision and expansion of the original notes. Experience with such courses has convinced us that there are large numbers of chemists, physicists, and biologists who have a strong interest in electron spin resonance. The mathematical training of most of the short-course students is limited to calculus. Their contact with theories of molecular structure is largely limited to that obtained in an elementary physical chemistry course. It is to an audience of such background that this book is directed.

Abstract: 1 Standard enthalpies of formation derived from experimental data -- 1.1 Data tables -- 1.2 Processing of experimental data -- 2 Prediction of standard enthalpies of formation -- 2.1 Component enthalpies -- 2.2 Determination of values for component enthalpies -- 2.3 Summary -- 2.4 Uncertainties on values for component enthalpies -- 2.5 Comparison of calculated and experimental values -- 3 Group interactions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Derivation of values for group interactions -- 4 Interpretation of group interactions: prediction of unknown values for component enthalpies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Alkanes -- 4.3 Alkenes and alkynes -- 4.4 Monofunctional compounds -- 4.5 Polyfunctional compounds -- 4.6 Summary -- 5 Future developments -- 5.1 Experimental data files -- 5.2 Parametric schemes -- 5.3 Software development -- Table 1.2 Experimental thermochemical data -- Table 1.3 Standard enthalpies of formation for inorganic compounds -- References -- Name index -- Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number Index.

Abstract: The purpose of the material in this book is to enable users of thermochemical data to predict values for standard enthalpies ofreactions involving organic compounds ranging in complex­ ity from simple alkanes to biologically important compounds such as amino acids. Chapter 1 contains tables of values for standard enthalpies of formation derived from experimental data for approximately 3000 organic compounds of the elements C, H, 0, N, S and halogens; Chapters 2 to 4 describe a simple scheme for predicting unknown values of standard enthalpies of formation. Data presented in the book are stored in a data base at the University of Sussex and with associated software provides a simple but efficient method for dealing with thermochemical problems in organic chemistry. The experimental data used in the computer calculation of the values for standard enthal­ pies of formation are clearly indicated in Table 1.2. Where alternative values for a given standard enthalpy of formation may be derived, from independent measurements, we have clearly indicated those which are regarded by the assessors as definitive and which are therefore used to derive the value for the compound concerned. We do not, however, give reasons for the assessors choice nor are details given of experimental techniques. The literature search for suitable references was discontinued in 1983 to allow development of the predictive scheme and the computer techniques for handling the data.

Abstract: 1 An introduction to the problem of accuracy -- 1.1 Setting the scene -- 1.2 Some preliminary concepts -- 1.3 The accuracy of enzymes -- 1.4 The role of kinetics in accuracy -- 1.5 Molecular accuracy in evolution -- 1.6 Accuracy in other information systems -- References -- 2 Errors and the integrity of genetic information transfer -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Theory -- 2.3 Experimental observations on protein errors and error feedback -- 2.4 Errors in the control of transcription and in the timing of cell cycle events -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 The specificity of enzyme—substrate interactions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Kinetics and thermodynamics -- 3.3 Rates of reaction and accuracy -- 3.4 Discrimination through binding -- 3.5 Molecular mechanisms -- 3.6 Molecular fit -- References -- 4 The charging of tRNA -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The basic problem in amino acid selection -- 4.3 The basic kinetic equations of specificity -- 4.4 The discovery of editing during amino acid selection -- 4.5 The editing reaction pathway: hydrolysis of mischarged tRNA versus hydrolysis of misactivated amino acid -- 4.6 The double-sieve editing mechanism -- 4.7 The economics of editing -- 4.8 The relative importance of the pre-transfer and post- transfer pathways -- 4.9 Chemical reaction mechanisms of editing -- 4.10 Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases not requiring editing mechanisms -- References -- 5 The accuracy of mRNA-tRNA recognition -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 How specific is the process of translation? -- 5.3 Decoding of the third codon base -- 5.4 Tuning the codon-anticodon interaction -- 5.5 Concluding remarks -- References -- 6 The secret life of the ribosome -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Missense error frequencies -- 6.3 Bioenergetics of translation -- 6.4 Translation in vitro -- 6.5 Curious consequences of proofreading -- 6.6 Error coupling -- 6.7 Suppression of frameshift mutations -- 6.8 Modalities of error coupling -- 6.9 Concluding remarks -- References -- 7 The accuracy of RNA synthesis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Accuracy during RNA polymerization -- 7.3 Accuracy during initiation of RNA synthesis -- 7.4 Accuracy during termination of RNA synthesis -- 7.5 Accuracy during mRNA splicing -- 7.6 Accuracy during maturation of the 3? terminus of an mRNA -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- 8 DNA replication fidelity and base mispairing mutagenesis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Km discrimination model -- 8.3 Evidence in support of a Km discrimination model for fidelity -- 8.4 Further predictive potential of the Km model -- 8.5 Concluding remarks -- References -- 9 Stability and change through DNA repair -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Types of DNA damage and cellular responses -- 9.3 Removal repair -- 9.4 Recombinational repair -- 9.5 Replicative repair and induced mutagenesis -- 9.6 DNA damage and epigenetic change -- 9.7 Evolution of indirect mutagenesis -- 9.8 DNA repair effects in multicellular organisms -- References -- 10 Kinetic and probabilistic thinking in accuracy -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Hidden principles behind the kinetic formalism -- 10.3 The sequestration effect -- 10.4 Kinetic modulation -- 10.5 Kinetic amplification -- 10.6 Recipes for calculation -- 10.7 Outlook -- References -- 11 Kinetic costs of accuracy in translation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Kinetic proofreading revisited -- 11.3 Displacements in enzymic selections -- 11.4 Displacements in kinetic proofreading -- 11.5 Kinetic proofreading in translation -- 11.6 Efficiency of biochemical pathways -- 11.7 Low cost translations -- 11.8 Optimal accuracy in translation -- 11.9 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Selection for optimal accuracy and the evolution of ageing -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Evolution of accuracy in primitive organisms -- 12.3 Evolution of translational accuracy -- 12.4 The maintenance of the integrity of DNA -- 12.5 Balancing the costs and benefits of accuracy -- 12.6 Optimal accuracy of translation in reproductive and somatic cells -- 12.7 Evolution of ageing and longevity -- 12.8 Predictions and conclusions -- References -- 13 Diversity and accuracy in molecular evolution: sketches past, present and future -- 13.1 Sketch I -- 13.2 Sketch II -- 13.3 Sketch III -- 13.4 Sketch IV -- 13.5 Sketch V -- 13.6 Sketch VI -- 13.7 Sketch VII -- 13.7 Sketch VIII -- References.

Abstract: Molecular biology proceeds at unremitting pace to unfold new secrets of the living world. Biology, long regarded as an inexact companion to physics and chemistry, has undergone transformation. Now, chemical and physical principles are tools in understanding highly complex biomolecular processes, whose origin lies in a history of chance, constraint and natural selection. The accuracy of these processes, often remarkably high, is crucial to their self­ perpetuation, both individually and collectively, as ingredients of the organism as a whole. In this book are presented thirteen chapters which deal with various facets of the accuracy problem. Subjects covered include: the specificity of enzymes; the fidelity of synthesis of proteins; the replication and repair of DNA: general schemes for the enhancement of biological accuracy; selection for an optimal balance between the costs and benefits of accuracy; and the possible relevance of molecular mistakes to the process of ageing. The viewpoints are distinct, yet complementary, and the book as a whole offers to researchers and students the first comprehensive account of this growing field.

Abstract: Division 5: Controls over Sale, Supply and Administration of Medicines -- III Further Provisions Relating to Dealings with Medicinal Products -- The Medicines (Administration of Radioactive Substances) Regulations 1978 -- The Medicines (Bal Jivan Chamcho Probition) (No.2) Order 1977 -- The Medicines (Prohibition of Non-medicinal Antimicrobial Substances) Order 1977 -- The Medicines (Chloroform Prohibition) Order 1979 as amended -- The Medicines (Phenacetin Prohibition) Order 1979 -- The Medicines (Stilbenes and Thyrostatic Substances Prohibition) Order 1982 -- Divison 6: Controls over Sale, Supply and Administration of Veterinary Products -- The Medicines (Restriction on the Administration of Veterinary Medicinal Products) Regulations 1983 -- The Medicines (Veterinary Drugs) (General Sale List) Order 1984 -- The Medicines (Veterinary Drugs) (Prescription Only) Order 1985 -- The Medicines (Exemptions from Restrictions on the Retail Sale or Supply of Veterinary Drugs) Order 1984 as amended -- Division 7: Quality of Medicines and Medicated Animal Feeding Stuffs -- VIII British Pharmacopoeia and other Publications -- II Certificate of Analysis or Examination of Animal Feeding Stuff (1) -- Division 8 Pharmacies -- IV Pharmacies.

Abstract: The Medicines Act 1968 together with its delegated legislation comprehensively controls the manufacture, packaging, labelling, distribution and promotion of medicines for both human and animal use in the United Kingdom. It also controls the import and export of such medicines. It replaced a patchwork of controls which evolved over a century. Since its enactment, more than 150 items of delegated legislation (orders and regulations) have been made under its provisions and about 130 are still operative. The sheer physical bulk of this mass of material causes difficulty, not only in comprehension but also in finding the detail so often required. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that some pieces of legislation have been amended several times. My principal aim is to provide a reference book which contains all of the provisions of the Act and its various orders, regulations as amended to date. The material is arranged to facilitate the search for detail. In order to assist the reader in finding his way through this maze, Chaper 1 consists of a survey of the situation which existed before the Act came into being, together with a synopsis of the present controls. This should enable the reader to appreciate the changes which have occurred and how the system works.

Abstract: 1: Introduction -- Definitions of ‘robot’ and ‘robotics’ -- Other definitions in robotics -- Connections between robotics and some related subjects -- Bibliographic notes -- 2: Geometric configurations for robots -- The distinction between arms and vehicles -- Structural elements of manipulators -- Degrees of freedom and number of joints -- Types of joint -- Construction of joints -- Parallel linkages -- Constrained linkages -- Distributed manipulators -- Robot transporters and workpiece positioners -- Arm configuations -- Tension structures -- Wrists -- End effectors (grippers, tools and hands) -- Bibliographic notes -- 3: Operation, programming and control of industrial robots -- Types of industrial robot and their methods of operation -- Methods of teaching and programming -- Types of controller and program memory -- Analysis and control -- Programming languages for industrial robots -- Bibliographic notes -- 4: Actuators for robots -- Pneumatic actuation -- Hydraulic actuation -- Hydrostatic circuits -- Electric actuation -- Mechanical transmission methods -- Bibliographic notes -- 5: Sensing for robots -- Joint angle -- Joint angular velocity -- Rectilinear position -- Force and torque -- Proximity sensing and range measurement -- Touch sensing -- Vision -- Types of computer vision -- Non-visual sensing in welding and other processes -- Bibliographic notes -- 6: Performance specifications of industrial robots -- Geometric configuration; number of axes -- Positioning accuracy and repeatability -- Angular accuracy and repeatability -- Speed -- Speed and acceleration accuracy -- Spatial specifications: working volume, swept area, reach -- Payload (maximum load capacity) -- Control-related specifications -- Vibration -- Miscellaneous specifications -- Bibliographic notes -- 7: Applications of industrial robots -- Machine loading -- Pallet loading and unloading -- Investment casting -- Spot welding -- Arc welding -- Spraying (paint, enamel, epoxy resin and other coatings) -- Fettling (grinding, chiselling); polishing -- Cutting -- Inspection -- Training and education; hobby robots -- Robots in assembly -- New applications for industrial robots -- Integration of industrial robots into the workplace -- Bibliographic notes -- 8: Teleoperated arms -- Methods of control -- Special characteristics of teleoperators -- Applications of teleoperators -- Computer assisted teleoperation -- Bibliographic notes -- 9: Mobile robots -- Land surface robots -- Legged robots -- Robot submersibles -- Robots in air and space -- Bibliographic notes -- 10: Automated guided vehicles -- Automated guided vehicle technology -- Bibliographic notes -- 11: Robotics and artificial intelligence -- Vision -- Voice communication -- Planning -- Modelling -- Adaptive control -- Error monitoring and recovery -- Autonomy and intelligence in robots -- Expert systems in robotics -- Bibliographic notes -- 12: Economic and social aspects of robotics -- Reasons for installing robots -- Economic costs and benefits of installing industrial robots -- Acceptability of industrial robots by the workforce -- Employment -- Other social issues of robotics -- Bibliographic notes -- References and Bibliography.

Abstract: Methods of contro1151 Mechanical master-slave telemanipulators 151 Powered telemanipulators 152 Servo control of unilateral telemanipulators 152 Bilateral servo manipulators 155 Special characteristics of teleoperators 158 Design criteria for teleoperators 159 Vehicles and transporters 160 Applications of teleoperators 161 Remote handling of radioactive materials 161 Remote handling of explosive and toxic materials 161 Telemanipulation of heavy objects 163 Underwater teleoperation 163 Teleoperation in space and planetary exploration 164 Telemanipulators for the disabled 164 Computer assisted teleoperation 166 Bibliographic notes 170 Chapter 9: Mobile robots 171 Introduction 171 Land surface robots 171 Arrangements of wheels and tracks 171 Unusual wheel and track arrangements 172 Navigation for land vehicles 174 Teleoperation 174 Dead reckoning 175 Inertial navigation 175 Tracking from a fixed base; beacons 175 Satellite navigation 175 Map matching 175 Wall following 176 Route planning 176 Control and communication 176 Sensors for mobile robots 177 Body orientation and angular rates 1 77 Body position, speed and acceleration 177 Terrain scanning 178 Types and applications of mobile robots 179 Education and research 179 Remote handling 183 Military mobile robots 183 Fire-fighting and rescue 187 Construction 188 Mining 188 Planetary exploration 188 Legged robots 188 Comparison of legs and wheels 189 Leg number and arrangement 189 Leg number 189 Leg disposition 190 Relative leg length 190 Leg construction 190 Control 191 Climbing robots 195 Robot submersibles 196 Uses of submersible robots 199 Robots in air and space 201 Space 202 Bibliographic notes 204 Chapter 10: Automated guided vehicles 205.

Abstract: 1 Manufacturing Engineering: Definition and Purpose -- 2 Fundamentals of Supervising -- 3 Work Simplification -- 4 Manufacturing Engineering Methods -- 5 Manufacturing Standards for Setting Labor Costs -- 6 Standard Manufacturing Process -- 7 Soldering -- 8 Mechanical Assembly -- 9 Plastic-Coated Electronic Equipment -- 10 Adhesive Bonding -- 11 Rework and Repair -- 12 Printed Circuit Processing and Assembly -- 13 Safety -- 14 Reference Tables -- 15 Terminology.

Abstract: One: Sets -- Two: Mappings -- Three: Equivalence relations -- Four: The integers -- Five: Permutations -- Six: Cardinals and the natural numbers.

Abstract: IT, as it is often said, mathematics is the queen of science then algebra is surely the jewel in her crown. In the course of its vast development over the last half-century, algebra has emerged as the subject in which one can observe pure mathe­ matical reasoning at its best. Its elegance is matched only by the ever-increasing number of its applications to an extraordinarily wide range of topics in areas other than 'pure' mathematics. Here our objective is to present, in the form of a series of five concise volumes, the fundamentals of the subject. Broadly speaking, we have covered in all the now traditional syllabus that is found in first and second year university courses, as well as some third year material. Further study would be at the level of 'honours options'. The reasoning that lies behind this modular presentation is simple, namely to allow the student (be he a mathematician or not) to read the subject in a way that is more appropriate to the length, content, and extent, of the various courses he has to take. Although we have taken great pains to include a wide selec­ tion of illustrative examples, we have not included any exer­ cises. For a suitable companion collection of worked examples, we would refer the reader to our series Algebra through practice (Cambridge University Press), the first five books of which are appropriate to the material covered here.

Abstract: 1: Thermodynamics -- Thermodynamics and Engineering Needs -- Statistics of Surface Contact Distributions -- Polymer Melt and Glass: Thermodynamic and Dynamic Aspects -- A Fresh Look at Solutions of Polymer Mixtures -- Polymer-Polymer Interactions and Phase Diagrams of Compatible Polyblends by Gas-Chromatography -- Application of the Mean-Field Lattice-Gas Model to Partially-Miscible Polymer Systems -- Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Mixtures of Statistical Copolymers -- Characterization of Industrial Polymers and Polymer Mixtures by Turbidimetric Measurements at the Lower Critical Solution Temperature -- II: Characterization/Solution Behaviour -- Characterization of Copolymers: Chromatographic Cross-Fractionation Analysis of Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymers -- CPF: A New Method for Large Scale Fractionation -- Flow Birefringence of Associations of Polymers in Solution -- Theoretical Calculation of Diffusion Coefficient and Viscosity of Star Polymers in Solution -- A Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Investigation of Precipitation Polymerization in Liquid Vinyl Chloride -- III: Blends -- The Role of Specific Interactions in Polymer Miscibility -- Relation of Interdiffusion and Self-Diffusion in Polymer Mixtures -- Crystallization and Melting Studies on Poly(ethylene oxide)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Mixtures -- Specific Intermolecular Interactions in Polymer Blends -- Thermal and Morphological Analysis of Poly(?-caprolactam)—Poly(etherester) Mixtures -- Isochrone Viscoelastic Functions via Activation Energy of Flow: Charge Transfer Compatibilized Polyblends -- Modification of Thermosetting Resins by Thermoplastics -- The Toughness Behavior of Emulsion ABS: Effect of Rubber Concentration and Acrylonitrile Content on the Deformation Modes -- IV: Networks -- Thermodynamics of Casein Gels and the Universality of Network Theories -- Crosslinking Theory Applied to Industrially Important Polymers -- Reversible and Irreversible Deformation of Van der Waals Networks -- Photopolymerization of Diacrylates -- Simulation Model for Densely Cross-Linked Networks Formed by Chain-Reactions -- Nonlinear Viscoelasticity of EPDM Networks -- Some Comments on the Thermodynamics of Swelling -- Thermoreversible Gelation of Vinyl Polymers -- Static and Dynamic Lightscattering of Thermoreversible Gelling iota-Carrageenan -- Effects of Poly(acrylamide) on the Solution and Gel Properties of Water-Gelatin System -- Compatibility and Viscoelasticity of Mixed Biopolymer Gels -- Halato-Telechelic Polymers as Models of Ion-Containing Polymers and Thermoreversible Polymer Networks -- Ion-Containing Networks: Structural Modifications Induced by Lithium Ions -- Ion-Containing Networks: Recent Results Concerning Transport Properties -- V: Diffusion/Barrier Properties -- Diffusion of Gases and Liquids in Glassy and Semi-Crystalline Polymers -- Transport Regulated Electrochemical Reactions in Polyimide Films -- Processing of Barrier Film by Coextrusion -- VI: Chain Dynamics -- Single-Chain Dynamics in Polymer Characterization -- Non-Ideal Statistics and Polymer Dynamics -- Computation and Display of Polymer Chain Behaviour -- Deuteron-NMR Studies of Molecular Motions in Solid Polymers -- A Two-Dimensional NMR Study of Very Slow Molecular Motions in Polymers -- Transitions and Mobile Phases by NMR Normal Alkanes and Polyethylene -- Morphology and Chain Dynamics of Polymers as Reflected from Polymer-Dye Interactions -- Emission Spectroscopy and the Molecular Mobility of Polyepoxide Networks -- Mobility of Sidegroups in Polydimethylsiloxane -- Glass Transitions in Unsymmetrically Substituted Siloxanes -- VII: Processing/Rheology -- From Molecular Models to the Solution of Flow Problems -- Transient-Network Theories: New Developments and Applications -- Rheological Properties of a LDPE Melt in Transient Uniaxial Elongational Flow, Described with a Special Type of Constitutive Equation -- Physical Background of Mould Filling With and Without Crystallization -- On the Mathematical Modelling of the Injection Moulding Process -- Mixing Processes in Polymer Processing -- Blending of Incompatible Polymers -- Polymer Reactions During Melt-Processing -- Assessing Rubber Processing Aids Effectiveness -- Plastics Processing -- VIII: Structure and Morphology -- Some Facets of Order in Crystalline Polymers as Revealed by Polyethylene -- Investigation of the Crystallization Process of Polymers by Means of Neutron Scattering -- Lamellar Organization in Polymer Spherulites -- Considerations on the Crystallization with Chain Folding in Polymers -- Chain Mobility in Phase Transformations of Inorganic Polymers -- Ultra-Drawing of High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Cast from Solution. IV. Effect of Annealing/Re-crystallization -- Microhardness of Semicrystalline Polymers -- Model Calculations for WAXS Profiles from the Polymer Crystalline Particle Size Distribution -- Infrared Spectroscopy on PET Yarns -- Interaction Between Crystallization and Orientation -- Neutron Scattering of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) -- The Similarity Between Cellulose and Aramid Fibres -- Crystalline Order in Nylon 4,6 -- Pulsed EPR Study of the Trapping Process of Radicals in Polyethylene -- Analysis of Filled Rubbers Using SAXS -- SAXS Studies of Semi-Crystalline Polymer Blends Using Synchrotron Radiation -- Ultra-Drawing of Polypropylene -- Spinning of Fibers from Cellulose Solutions in Amine Oxides -- IX: New Developments -- Future Trends in Polymer Chemistry -- Recent Investigations of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks -- Polymers with Metal-like Conductivity: Structure, Properties and Applications -- The Mechanical Properties of Polypyrrole Plates -- High Modulus Flexible Polymers -- Radiation Treatment of Polymers -- High Precision Replication of Laservision Video Discs Using UV-Curable Coatings -- Fast Curing Low-Modulus Coatings for High-Strength Optical Fibres -- Replication of High Precision Aspherical Lenses Using UV-Curable Coatings.

Abstract: 'Integration of Fundamental Polymer Science and Technology' is a theme that admits of countless variations. It is admirably exemplified by the scientific work of R. Koningsveld and C. G. Vonk, in whose honour this meeting was organized. The interplay between 'pure' and 'applied' is of course not confined to any particular subdiscipline of chemistry or physics (witness the name IUPAC and IUPAP) but is perhaps rarely so intimate and inevitable as in the macromolecular area. The historical sequence may vary: when the first synthetic dye was prepared by Perkin, considerable knowledge of the molecular structure was also at hand; but polymeric materials, both natural and synthetic, had achieved a fair practical technology long before their macromolecular character was appreciated or established. Such historical records have sometimes led to differences of opinion as to whether the pure or the applied arm should deserve the first place of honour. The Harvard physiologist Henderson, as quoted in Walter Moore's Physical Chemistry, averred that 'Science owes more to the steam engine than the steam engine owes to Science'. On the other hand, few would dispute the proposition that nuclear power production could scarcely have preceded the laboratory observations of Hahn and Strassmann on uranium fission. Whatever history may suggest, an effective and continuous working relationship must recognize the essential contributions, if not always the completely smooth meshing, of both extremes.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Magnetotransduction -- 1.2 Discussion Boundaries -- 1.3 Model -- 1.4 Audience -- 1.5 Theme -- I: Environments Experienced by Moving Electric Charges -- 2. Basic Laws and Definitions -- 3. Chemical Effects -- 4. Magnetic Hysteresis -- 5. Thermal Effects -- 6. Mechanical Effects -- 7. Magnetic Measurements -- 8. Magnetic Resonance -- 9. Radiant Energy -- II: The Effects of Magnetic Field Changes on MovingCharged Particles -- 10. Moving Conductor -- 11. Electromagnetic Induction -- 12. Reflected Impedance -- 13. Reluctance Variations -- 14. Composite Targets -- 15. Motor Phenomena -- III: Magnetons Moving Under Tight Constraints As in a Solid or Liquid -- 16. Magnetostriction -- 17. Galvanomagnetic Effects -- 18. Magneton Order Effects -- 19. Hysteretic Effects -- 20. Size Effects -- 21. Strong Magnetic Field Effects -- IV: Magnetons Moving Under Loose Constraints As in a Vacuum or Gas -- 22. Ionic Currents -- 23. Magnetron Effects in Gas -- V: Magnetons Moving in Environments with a Very Low Energy Content -- 24. Chemical Environment -- 25. Flux Quantization -- 26. Tunneling -- Glossary of Terms.

Abstract: The general theory of magnetism and the vast range of individual phe­ nomena it embraces have already been examined in many volumes. Spe­ cialists hardly need help in charting their way through the maze of pub­ lished information. At the same time, a nonspecialist might easily be discouraged by this abundance. Most texts are restricted in their coverage, and their concepts may well appear to be disorganized when the uninitiated attempt to consider them in their totality. Since the subject is already thoroughly researched with very little new information added year by year, this is hardly a satisfactory state of affairs. By now, it should be possible for anyone with even a minimum of technical competence to feel com­ pletely at home with all of the basic magnetic principles. The present volume addresses this issue by stressing simplicity-sim­ plicity of order and simplicity of range as well as simplicity of detail. It proposes a pattern of logical classification based on the electronic con­ sequences that result whenever any form of matter interacts with any kind of energy. An attempt has been made to present each phenomenon of interest in its most visually graphic form while reducing the verbal de­ scription to the minimum needed to back up the illustrations. This might be called a Life magazine type of approach, in which each point is prin­ cipally supported by a picture. The illustrations make use of two (perhaps unique) conventions.

Abstract: High Performance Polymers — Natural and Synthetic -- Engineering Plastics: The Concept that Launched an Industry -- Engineering Thermoplastics -- Polyamides -- The History and Development of Nylon-66 -- History and Development of Nylon 6 -- The History of Development of Nylons 11 and 12 -- Polyesters -- History — Aromatic Polycarbonates -- The History of Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Molding Resins -- Injection Moldable PET -- History of Polyarylates -- Acetals -- The History of Acetal Homopolymer -- Acetal Copolymer, A Historical Perspective -- Styrenics -- A Path to ABS Thermoplastics -- Styrene-Maleic Anhydride-Vinyl Monomer Terpolymers and Blends -- Sulfur-Containing Polymers -- History of Polyphenylene Sulfide -- The Development of Polysulfone and Other Polyarylethers -- Polysulfone — Early Market Development Activities -- Discovery and Development of the “Victrex” Polyarylethersulphones -- Polyaryletherketone -- Discovery and Development of the “Victrex” Polyaryletherketone PEEK -- Polyetherimides -- Discovery and Development of Polyetherimides -- Blends and Alloys -- Discovery and Commercialization of Noryl® Resins -- Xenoy® and Noryl® GTX Engineering Thermoplastic Blends -- History and Development of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks -- Liquid Crystalline Polymers -- Industrial Development of Thermotropic Polyesters -- Early Work on Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers Having a Rigid-Flexible Regularly Alternating Structure in the Main Chain -- Fluoroplastics -- The History of Polytetrafluoroethylene: Discovery and Development -- Polytetrafluoroethylene: History of its Development and Some Recent Advances -- Development of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers -- Development of Kynar Polyvinylidene Fluoride -- Thermosets -- History and Development of Epoxy Resins -- Cyanate Esters — High Performance Resins -- Polyimides -- UV/EB Curing Technology: A Short History -- Fibers -- Carbon Fibers, from Light Bulbs to Outer Space -- History and Development of Polybenzimidazoles -- High Performance Elastomers -- High Performance Elastomers -- History of Silicone Elastomers -- Advances in Fluoroelastomers -- PEBAX® Polyether Block Amide — A New Family of Engineering Thermoplastic Elastomers -- Engineering Polyester Elastomers and the Future for TPE’s -- High Barrier Packaging Materials -- PET — A Global Perspective -- Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymers -- Indices -- Author Index -- Company Index.

Abstract: According to Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe's (1740-1832) Mineralogy and Geology, "The history of science is science." A sesquicentennial later, one may state that the history of high performance polymers is the science of these important engineering polymers. Many of the inventors of these superior materials of construction have stood on the thresholds of the new and have recounted their experiences (trials, tribulations and satisfactions) in the symposium and in their chapters in this book. Those who have not accepted the historical approach in the past, should now recognize the value of the historical viewpoint for studying new developments, such as general purpose polymers and, to a greater degree, the high performance polymers. To put polymer science into its proper perspective, its worth recalling that historically, the ages of civilization have been named according to the materials that dominated that period. First there was the Stone Age eventually followed by the Tin, Bronze, Iron and Steel Ages. Today many historians consider us living in the Age of Synthetics: Polymers, Fibers, Plastics, Elastomers, Films, Coatings, Adhesives, etc. It is also interesting to note that in the early 1980's, Lord Todd, then President of the Royal Society of Chemistry was asked what has been chemistry's biggest contribution to society. He felt that despite all the marvelous medical advances, chemistry's biggest contribution was the development of polymeri­ zation. Man's knowledge of polymer science is so new that Professor Herman F.

Abstract: 1 History and Growth of Fruit Processing -- 2 Harvesting, Handling, and Holding Fruit -- 3 Fruit Washing, Peeling, and Preparation for Processing -- 4 Seasonal Suitability of Fruits for Processing -- 5 Factors Affecting Microflora in Processed Fruits -- 6 Canning of Fruits -- 7 Freezing Fruits -- 8 Dehydration of Fruits -- 9 Brining Cherries and Other Fruits -- 10 Other Products and Processes -- 11 Flavor and Color of Fruits as Affected by Processing -- 12 Composition and Nutritive Value of Raw and Processed Fruits -- 13 Grades and Standards for Raw and Processed Fruits -- 14 Storage Life of Canned, Frozen, Dehydrated, and Preserved Fruits -- 15 Plant Sanitation and Waste Disposal -- 16 Fruit Consumption Trends and Prospects.

Abstract: • use of fewer additives containing sodium, spices, artificial colors and flavors, and "energy" • continued use of fruits in cereals, salads, cakes, pies, and other com­ binations, as a source of minerals, vitamins, fiber, and natural flavors and colors An important recent innovation is low-moisture processing, in which fruit, with no added sugar, preservative, or carrier, is converted into convenient dehydrated forms. Development of this technology has been stimulated by high transportation rates, improvements in technology, and revolutionary new packages. In addition to raisins, prunes, and dehy­ drated apples, pears, peaches, and apricots, bananas are available in flakes, slices, and granules; pineapple and other tropical fruits also are available in new forms. Another low-moisture product is apple fiber sol­ ids, consisting of cell wall material (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin) and apple sugars. Low-moisture forms of other fruits are becom­ mg more common. Commercial Fruit Processing is a companion volume to Commercial Vegetable Processing, also edited by B. S. Luh and J. G. Woodroof; both are being updated and revised simultaneously. Grateful acknowledgments and thanks go to contributors who wrote in their own area of expertise on commercial fruit processing. Credit also goes to more than a dozen commercial companies and individuals who supplied photographs, charts, tables, and data from commercial opera­ tions. Thanks also to Ann Autry who typed, corrected, and edited the manu­ script; and to Naomi C. Woodroof, my wife, for assisting in research.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Purpose and Objectives -- 1.2 Developments and Trends in Space Communications -- 1.3 Frequency Allocations and Regulatory Aspects -- References -- 2 Fundamentals of Radiowave Propagation -- 2.1 Transmission Principles -- 2.2 Antenna Gain and Free Space Attenuation -- 2.3 Polarization -- 2.4 Radiowave Frequency and Space Communications -- 2.5 Radiowave Propagation Mechanisms -- 2.6 Major Radiowave Propagation Factors in Space Communications -- References -- 3 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases -- 3.1 Oxygen and Water Vapor Attenuation 25 -- 3.2 Total Slant Path Atmospheric Attenuation -- 3.3 Summary of Atmospheric Attenuation Procedure -- References -- 4 Hydrometeor Attenuation on Satellite Paths -- 4.1 Classical Development for Rain Attenuation -- 4.2 Rain Attenuation Measurements -- 4.3 Cloud and Fog Attenuation -- References -- 5 Rain Attenuation Prediction Methods -- 5.1 Rice Holmberg Rain Model -- 5.2 Dutton-Dougherty Attenution Prediction -- 5.3 Lin Rain Attenuation Model -- 5.4 Crane Global Rain Attenuation Model -- 5.5 CCIR Rain Attenuation Model -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- 6 Depolarization on Satellite Paths -- 6.1 Depolarization Caused By Rain -- 6.2 Ice Depolarization -- 6.3 Multipath Depolarization -- References -- 7 Radio Noise in Satellite Communications -- 7.1 Noise From Atmospheric Gases -- 7.2 Noise From Clouds -- 7.3 Noise From Rain -- 7.4 Noise From Surface Emissions -- 7.5 Noise From Extra-terrestrial Sources -- References -- 8 Scintillation, Bandwidth Coherence, and Other Propagation Factors -- 8.1 Scintillation -- 8.2 Bandwidth Coherence -- 8.3 Antenna Gain Degradation and Angle of Arrival Effects -- References -- 9 Propagation Effects on Communications Satellite Link Performance -- 9.1 Communications System Parameters -- 9.2 Link Performance in the Presence of Propagation Effects -- References -- 10 Restoration Techniques for Overcoming Severe Attenuation -- 10.1 Site Diversity -- 10.2 Power Control -- 10.3 Orbital Diversity -- 10.4 Spot Beams -- 10.5 Signal Processing Restoration Techniques -- 10.6 Summary -- References -- Appendix A Elevation Angle Dependence for Slant Path Communications Links -- Appendix B Interpolation Procedure for Atmospheric Attenuation Coefficients -- Appendix D Crane Global Rain Attenuation Model Calculation Procedure -- Appendix E CCIR Rain Attenuation Model Calculation Procedure -- Appendix F CCIR Tropospheric Scintillation Model Procedure.

Abstract: Radiowave Propagation in Communications was written with two basic objec­ tives: (l) to present an up-to-date review of the major radiowave propagation phenomena which hinder reliable space communications, and (2) to describe how these propagation phenomena affect the design and performance of satellite communications systems. Earth-orbiting satellites are employed extensively for the relay of information in a vast array of telecommunications, meteorological, government, and sci­ entific applications. Satellite systems rely on the transmission of radiowaves to and from the satellite and are dependent on the propagation characteristics of the transmission path, primarily the earth's atmosphere. Radiowave propagation thus plays a very important part in the design and ultimate performance of space communications systems. This book presents, for the first time, the meshing in a single publication of the fundamentals of radiowave propagation factors with a discussion of the practical consequences of these factors on satellite communications systems. Two major subfie1ds are involved in this book. Radiowave propagation, which is basically applied electromagnetic theory, provides the theory and an­ alytical tools for the first several chapters. Later chapters then apply propagation effects to the field of electrical engineering involved with satellite communi­ cations. The material progresses from the essential aspects of radiowave prop­ agation to the application of practical methods and techniques in the design and performance of satellite communications systems.