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  • 1
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    The Existential Coordinates of the Human Condition: Poetic - Epic - Tragic : The Literary Genre (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400963153
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 573 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Style.
    Abstract: Aesthetic Enjoyment and Poetic Sense. Poetic Sense: The Irreducible in Literature -- Movement in German Poems -- Why be a Poet? -- The Field of Poetic Constitution -- The Poet in the Poem: A Phenomenological Analysis of Anne Sexton’s ‘Briar Rose (Sleeping Beauty)’ -- Nature, Feeling, and Disclosure in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens -- “Fallings from us, Vanishings ...”: Composition and the Structure of Loss -- Poetic Thinking to Be -- From Helikon to Aetna: The Precinct of Poetry in Hesiod, Empedokles, Hölderlin, and Arnold -- What Can the Poem Do Today? The Self-Evaluation of Western Poets after 1945 -- Poetry as Essential Graphs -- The Shield and the Horizon: Homeric Ekphrasis and History -- The Myth of Man in the Hebraic Epic -- On Medieval Interpretation and Mythology -- The Epic Element in Japanese Literature -- A Long Day’s Journey into Night: The Historicity of Human Existence Unfolding in Virginia Woolf’s Fiction -- The Existential Sources of Rhetoric: A Comparison Between Traditional Epic and Modern Narrative -- Metaphor and the Flux of Human Experience -- The Literary Diary as a Witness of Man’s Historicity: Heinrich Böll, Karl Krolow, Günter Grass, and Peter Handke -- The French Nouveau Roman: The Ultimate Expression of Impressionism -- The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music: Claudel, Milhaud and the Oresteia -- Tragedy and the Completion of Freedom -- Hardy’s Jude: The Pursuit of the Ideal as Tragedy -- Values and German Tragedy 1770–1840 -- La Destinée de la tragédie dans la culture Islamique -- Toward a Theory of Contemporary Tragedy -- The Re-emergence of Tragedy in Late Medieval England: Sir Thomas Malory’s Morte Darthur -- Tragical, Comical, Historical -- The Denial of Tragedy: The Self-Reflexive Process of the Creative Activity and the French New Novel -- Tragic Closure and the Cornelian Wager -- Intuition in Britannicus -- Myth and Tragic Action in La Celestina and Romeo and Juliet -- Du désordre à l’ordre: le rôle de la violence dans Horace -- The Act of Writing as an Apprehension of the Enigma of Being-in-the-World -- The Truth of the Body: Merleau-Ponty on Perception, Language, and Literature -- Fiction and the Transposition of Presence -- The Structure of Allegory -- Literary Impressionism and Phenomenology: Affinities and Contrasts -- Phenomenology and Literary Impressionism: The Prismatic Sensibility -- Un modèle d’analyse dy texte dramatique -- The Problem of Reading, Phenomenologically or Otherwise -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6315-3
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  • 2
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    Analysis and Dialectic : Studies in the Logic of Foundation Problems (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576901
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXI, 464 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One: Science, Speculation, and Logic -- Two: The Philosophical Analysis of Mathematics -- Three: Ambiguity and Analysis -- Four: The Origin of Dialectical Ambiguity -- Five: Theoretical Reason -- Six: On The Supposed Primacy of the Practical -- Seven: Philosophical Dialectic -- Notes.
    Abstract: The present book was written some twenty years ago but it has not lost its topicality, for it contains an important re-assessment of the relations of two main­ streams of contemporary philosophy - the Analytical and the Dialectic. Adherents and critics of these traditions tend to assurnethat they are diametrically opposed, that their roots, concerns and approaches contradict each other, and that no reconciliation is possible. In contradistinction Russell derives both traditions from the common root of the dissatisfaction with the arguments against speculative philosophy. These according to the author leave a lacuna - certain elementsof our Weltanschaaung have been removed, but they cannot be removed without replacement lest we have an incomplete world view, so incomplete in fact that it cannot be viable. According to Russell part of this vacuum is taken up by the analytical tradition but this tradition is not capable of taking up the remainder of it. That portion of the vacant space is however taken up by the dialectical tradi­ tion, which in turn cannot itself handle the whole of the problem. Thus the two reactions to the demise of speculative philosophy appear to be complementary in at least this sense. But the author goes further, for according to hirn the analytical arguments themselves clearly point to the emergence of dialectical problems, and the dialectical problems themselves need some such background to arise.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7690-1
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  • 3
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    Handbook of Philosophical Logic : Volume II: Extensions of Classical Logic (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400962590
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (788p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 165
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: to Volume II -- II.1. Basic Modal Logic -- II.2.Basic Tense Logic -- II.3. Combinations of Tense and Modality -- II.4. Correspondence Theory -- II.5. Quantification in Modal Logic -- II.6. Philosophical Perspectives on Quantification in Tense and Modal Logic -- II.7. C. General Intensional Logic -- II.8.Conditional Logic -- II.9.Modal Logic and Self-reference -- II.10. Dynamic Logic -- II.11. Deontic Logic -- II.12. The Logic of Questions -- Name Index.
    Abstract: The chapters in the present volume go beyond 'classical' extensional logic with respect to one important factor: they all include among the semantic constituents representations of so-called 'possible worlds'. The inclusion of such 'indices' has turned out to be the semantic mainstay in dealing with a number of issues having to do with intensional features of natural and artificial languages. It is, of course, an open question whether 'possible world' semantics is in the final analysis the proper solution to the many problems and puzzles intensional constructions raise for the logical analysis of the many varieties of discourse. At present, there seem to be about as many opponents as proponents with regard to the usefulness of having the semantics of intensional languages based on possible world constructs. Some attempts to come to grips with intensional phenomena which are not couched in the possible world framework are discussed in Volume IV of the Handbook. Chapter 1 is an extensive survey of the main systems of (propositional) modal logic including the most important meta-mathematical results and the techniques used in establishing these. It introduces the basic terminology and semantic machinery applied in one way or another in many of the subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 discusses the most significant developments in (propositional) tense logic which can of course be regarded as a special kind of modal logic, where the possible world indices are simply (ordered) moments of time.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6259-0
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  • 4
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    Phenomenology of Life in a Dialogue Between Chinese and Occidental Philosophy (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400962620
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Spontaneity Of Life, Individualization, Beingness -- Harmony in Becoming: The Spontaneity of Life and Self-Individualization -- Toward a More Comprehensive Concept of life -- Confucian Methodology and Understanding the Human Person -- Heidegger’s Quest for the Essence of Man -- A Comparative Study of Lao-tzu and Husserl: A Methodological Approach -- II Human Faculties of Life -- Mind and Consciousness in Chinese Philosophy: A Historical Survey -- Transcendental Consciousness in Edmund Husserl’s Phenomenology -- Life-world and Reason in Husserl’s Philosophy of Life -- Consciousness and Body in the Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty: Some Remarks Concerning Flesh, Vision, and World in the Late Philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty -- Language, Consciousness, and Mind in Neo-Confucian Philosophy: The Crossbow Pellet -- Conscience and Life: The Role of Freedom in Heidegger’s Conception of Conscience -- III Life, Morality and Inwardness -- A Reevaluation of Confucius -- Conscience, Morality and Creativity -- Confucian Moral Metaphysics and Heidegger’s Fundamental Ontology -- The Concept of Tao: A Hermeneutical Perspective -- Phenomenology in T’ien-t’ai and Hua-yen Buddhism -- Chinese Buddhism as an Existential Phenomenology -- A Critical Reflection on the Methods of Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, and the Idea of Contextualization in Religious and Theological Studies -- IV The Locus of Art In Life -- The Tenets of Roman Ingarden’s Aesthetics in a Philosophical Perspective -- The Literary Work and Its Concretization in Roman Ingarden’s Aesthetics -- The Writer as Shaman -- A Glimpse of the Fundamental Nature of Japanese Art -- A Phenomenological Perspective of Theodore Roethke’s Poetry -- Virginia Woolf’s Theory of Reception -- The Aesthetic Interpretation of life in The Tale of Genji -- Index Of Names.
    Abstract: To introduce this collection of research studies, which stem from the pro­ grams conducted by The World Phenomenology Institute, we need say a few words about our aims and work. This will bring to light the significance of the present volume. The phenomenological philosophy is an unprejudiced study of experience in its entire range: experience being understood as yielding objects. Experi­ ence, moreover, is approached in a specific way, such a way that it legitima­ tizes itself naturally in immediate evidence. As such it offers a unique ground for philosophical inquiry. Its basic condition, however, is to legitimize its validity. In this way it allows a dialogue to unfold among various philosophies of different methodologies and persuasions, so that their basic assumptions and conceptions may be investigated in an objective fashion. That is, instead of comparing concepts, we may go below their differences to seek together what they are meant to grasp. We may in this way come to the things them­ selves, which are the common objective of all philosophy, or what the great Chinese philosopher Wang Yang Ming called "the investigation of things". It is in this spirit that the Institute's programs include a "cross-cultural" dialogue meant to bring about a profound communication among philosophers in their deepest concerns. Rising above artificial cultural confinements, such dialogues bring scholars, thinkers and human beings together toward a truly human community of minds. Our Institute unfolds one consistent academic program.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6262-0
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  • 5
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    Epistemic Analysis : A Coherence Theory of Knowledge (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576970
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 203 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 173
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Linguistic Preliminaries -- II Actives and Passives -- III Reference -- IV Coherence -- V Hypostasis -- VI Knowledge -- VII Knowing How -- VIIII Various Uses -- IX Conditions -- X A Position to Know -- XI Analysis -- XII Skepticism -- XIII A Safe Position -- XIV Demons, Angels and Miracles -- XV Risk and Gravity -- Kreb’s Epilogue -- Notes.
    Abstract: THIS ESSAY was begun a long time ago, in 1962, when I spent a year in Rome on a Guggenheim Fellowship. That twenty one years were required to complete it is owing both to the character of the theory presented and to my peculiar habits of mind. The theory presented is a coherence theory of knowledge: the con­ ception of coherence is here dominant and pervasive. But considera­ tions of coherence dictate an attention to details. The fact of the matter is that I get hung up on details: everything must fit, and if it does not, I do not want to proceed. A second difficulty was that all the epistemological issues seemed too clear. That may sound weird, but that's the way it is. I write philosophy to make things clear to myself. If, rightly or wrongly, I think I know the answer to a question, I can't bring myself to write it down. What happened, in this case, is that I finally became persuaded, in the course of lecturing on epistemology to under­ graduates, that not everything was as clear as it should be, that there were gaps in my presentation that were seriously in need of filling.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7697-0
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  • 6
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    Foundations: Logic, Language, and Mathematics (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401715928
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 282 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A Symmetric Approach to Axiomatizing Quantifiers and Modalities -- The Knowing Mathematician -- “Conservative” Kripke Closures -- Frege, Le?niewski, and Information Semantics on the Resolution of Antinomies -- De Finetti’s Probabilism -- Probability Functions and Their Assumption Sets — The Binary Case -- Logic and Reasoning -- Paradoxes -- Referential and Nonreferential Substitutional Quantifiers -- Foundations for Analysis and Proof Theory -- Chameleonic Languages -- Relational Model Systems: The Craft of Logic -- Realizability and Intuitionistic Logic.
    Abstract: The more traditional approaches to the history and philosophy of science and technology continue as well, and probably will continue as long as there are skillful practitioners such as Carl Hempel, Ernest Nagel, and th~ir students. Finally, there are still other approaches that address some of the technical problems arising when we try to provide an account of belief and of rational choice. - These include efforts to provide logical frameworks within which we can make sense of these notions. This series will attempt to bring together work from all of these approaches to the history and philosophy of science and technology in the belief that each has something to add to our understanding. The volumes of this series have emerged either from lectures given by authors while they served as honorary visiting professors at the City College of New York or from conferences sponsored by that institution. The City College Program in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology oversees and directs these lectures and conferences with the financial aid of the Association for Philosophy of Science, Psychotheraphy, and Ethics. MARTIN TAMNY RAPHAEL STERN PREFACE The papers in this collection stem largely from the conference 'Foun­ dations: Logic, Language, and Mathematics' held at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York on 14-15 November 1980.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1592-8
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  • 7
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    Ethics and Mental Retardation (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401714808
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 259 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 15
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Public health ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Examining the Rights Tradition -- Rights and Borderline Cases -- Applying Moral Theory to the Retarded -- Joseph Margolis, John Rawls, and the Mentally Retarded -- Do the Retarded Have a Right Not to Be Eaten? A Rejoinder to Joseph Margolis -- The Rights of the Retarded -- Rights, Justice and the Retarded -- Section II / Respect and Labeling -- Respect and the Retarded: Issues of Valuing and Labeling -- Person Ascriptions, Profound Disabilities and Our Self-Imposed Duties: A Reply to Loretta Kopelman -- The World Gained and the World Lost: Labeling the Mentally Retarded -- Labeling the Mentally Retarded: A Reply to Laurence B. McCullough -- Section III / Theology and Philosophy of Religion -- Must God Create the Best? -- Parenting, Bonding, and Valuing the Retarded -- Responsibility for the Retarded: Two Theological Views -- Philosophical and Theological Perspectives on the Value of the Retarded: Responses to William F. May and John C. Moskop -- Section IV / Law and Public Policy -- The Legal Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons in Twentieth Century America -- Examining Legal Restrictions on the Retarded -- Who Speaks for the Retarded? -- Commentary on David J. Rothman’s ‘Who Speaks for the Retarded?’ -- Dilemmas in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit -- Health Care, Needs and Rights of Retarded Persons -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: This volume offers a collection of writings on ethical issues regarding retarded persons. Because this important subject has been generally omitted from formal discussions of ethics, there is a great deal which needs to be addressed in a theoretical and critical way. Of course, many people have been very concerned with practical matters concerning the care of retarded persons such as what liberties, entitlements or advocacy they should have. Interestingly, because so much practical attention has been given to issues which are not discussed by ethical theorists, they offer a rare opportunity to evaluate ethical theories themselves. That is, certain theories which appear convincing on other subjects seem implausible when they are applied to reasoned and com­ pelling views we hold concerning retarded individuals. Our subject, then, has both practical and conceptual dimensions. More­ over, because it is one where pertinent information comes from many sources, contributors to this volume represent many fields, including philosophy, religion, history, law and medicine. We regret that it was not possible to include more points of view, like those of psychologists, sociologists, nurses and families. There is however, a good and longstanding literature on mental retardation from these perspectives.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1480-8
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  • 8
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    Is Science Progressive? (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401719780
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 272 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 177
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. The Nature of Science -- 2. How is Philosophy Possible as a Science? -- 3. Notes on Popper as Follower of Whewell and Peirce -- 4. The Evolution of Knowledge -- 5. Scientific Progress -- 6. The Growth of Theories: Comments on the Structuralist Approach -- 7. Truthlikeness, Realism, and Progressive Theory-Change -- 8. The Growth of Knowledge in Mathematics -- 9. Realism, Worldmaking, and the Social Sciences -- 10. Finalization, Applied Science, and Science Policy -- 11. Paradigms and Problem-Solving in Operations Research -- 12. Remarks on Technological Progress -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This collection brings together several essays which have been written between the years 197 5 and 1983. During that period I have been occupied with the attempt to find a satisfactory explicate for the notion of tnithlike­ ness or verisimilitude. The technical results of this search have partly appeared elsewhere, and I am also working on a systematic presentation of them in a companion volume to this book: Truthlikeness (forthcoming hopefully in 1985). The essays collected in this book are less formal and more philos­ ophical: they all explore various aspects of the idea that progress in science is associated with an increase in the truthlikeness of its results. Even though they do not exhaust the problem area of scientific change, together they constitute a step in the direction which I find most promising in the defence of critical scientific realism. * Chapter 1 appeared originally in Finnish as the opening article of a new journal Tiede 2000 (no. 1 I 1980) - a Finnish counterpart to journals such as Science and Scientific American. This explains its programmatic character. It tries to give a compact answer to the question 'What is science?', and serves therefore as an introduction to the problem area of the later chapters. Chapter 2 is a revised translation of my inaugural lecture for the chair of Theoretical Philosophy in the University of Helsinki on April 8, 1981. It appeared in Finnish inParnasso 31 (1981), pp.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1978-0
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  • 9
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    Philosophy and Life : Essays on John Wisdom (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400961845
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (360p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 17
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics. ; Philosophy, Ancient. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction: John Wisdom and the Breadth of Philosophy -- 2. What is there in Horse Racing? -- 3. Mr. Köllerstr#x00F6;m’s Dream: Enlightenment and Happiness -- 4. Wonders -- 5. Saints and Supererogation -- 6. Wisdom on Aesthetics: Superstructure and Substructure -- 7. The Art of Saying what can be Imagined -- 8. Our Knowledge of Other People -- 9. Psycho-Analysis and Philosophy -- 10. Discipline and Discipleship -- 11. The Scope of Reason: Wisdom, Kuhn and James -- 12. Generality and the Importance of the Particular Case -- 13. Universals: Logic and Metaphor -- 14. From Epistemology to Romance via Wisdom -- 15. Philosophy and Scepticism.
    Abstract: JOHN WISDOM AND THE BREADTH OF PHILOSOPHY hham Dhman 1. THE ESSAYS IN THIS VOLUME The essays following the two pieces by John Wisdom have all been written by philosophers who are former students or friends of Wisdom or who have a high regard for his work. Their contributions were all written with him in mind and to be discussed at a conference honouring his work. This conference was held in August 1983 at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which Wisdom has been a fellow since 1935. Wisdom is a master of discursive reasoning and one of his distinctive contributions in philosophy has been to examine its various forms and their interconnections, particularly the form it takes in philosophical inquiry and the way it advances our understanding there. His concern to bring out the links between all that is abstract in such reasoning and the concrete and particular is well known and represented in many of the essays in this volume. But Wisdom has also a deep appreciation of the kind of understanding that is advanced non-discursively. As he puts it in the first piece in this volume: However skilled a good critic 'I am sure that much of what makes "Hamlet" "Hamlet" will run between his fingers'. He has himself advanced our understanding on many questions in philosophy in this way, not simply by what he has said, but also by what he has suggested 'between the lines'.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6184-5
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  • 10
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    Methodology, Metaphysics and the History of Science : In Memory of Benjamin Nelson (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400963313
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 84
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 84
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Scientific Realism and Incommensurability: Some Criticisms of Kuhn and Feyerabend -- How To Be a Good Philosopher of Science: A Plea for Empiricism in Matters Methodological [Commentary on Burian] -- Feedback, Selection, and Function: A Reductionistic Account of Goal-Orientation -- Philosophy of Science 2001 -- The Dethroning of the Philosophy of Science: Ideological and Technical Functions of the Metasciences -- Comments on Jost Halfmann’s ‘Dethroning of the Philosophy of Science: Ideological and Technical Functions of the Metasciences’ -- Philosophy of Science and the Origin of Life -- Sociobiology, Anti-Sociobiology, Epistemology, and Human Nature -- Substance and Its Logical Significance -- Tracking Down the Misplaced Concreton in the Neurosciences -- Does Popper’s Conventionalism Contradict his Critical Rationalism? Objections against Popper in German Philosophy and Some Metacritical Remarks -- How to Explore the History of Ancient Mathematics? -- Nature on Trial: The Case of the Rooster that Laid an Egg -- Reflections on ‘Nature on Trial’ -- Toward the Vindication of Friedrich Engels -- Bibliography of the Writings of Benjamin Nelson -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This selection of papers that were presented (or nearly so!) to the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science during the seventies fairly re­ presents some of the most disturbing issues of scientific knowledge in these years. To the distant observer, it may seem that the defense of rational standards, objective reference, methodical self-correction, even the distin­ guishing of the foolish from the sensible and the truth-seeking from the ideological, has nearly collapsed. In fact, the defense may be seen to have shifted; the knowledge business came under scrutiny decades ago and, indeed, from the time of Francis Bacon and even far earlier, the practicality of the discovery of knowledge was either hailed or lamented. So the defense may be founded on the premise that science may yet be liberating. In that case, the analysis of philosophical issues expands to embrace issues of social interest and social function, of instrumentality and arbitrary perspective, of biological constraints (upon knowledge as well as upon the species-wide behavior of human beings in other relationships too), of distortions due to explanatory metaphors and imposed categories, and of radical comparisons among the perspectives of different civilizations. Some of our contributors are frankly programmatic, showing how problems must be formulated afresh, how evasions must be identified and omissions rectified, but they do not reach their own completion.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6331-3
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  • 11
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    The Transcendent Science : Kant’s Conception of Biological Methodology (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400961043
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Life sciences.
    Abstract: I: Teleological Phenomena -- 1. Teleology and reduction: Preliminaries -- 2. Purposiveness and designedness -- 3. Relative purposiveness -- 4. Internal purposiveness -- II: The Kantian Endeavor -- 1. The Critical methodology -- 2. The quest for unity and the Critique of Judgment -- 3. The Critique of Aesthetic Judgment and the Critique of Teleological Judgment -- III: Design in Nature -- 1. Is purposiveness designedness? -- 2. The empirical question -- 3. Two methodological objections -- IV: The Mechanism of Nature -- 1. Mechanism vs. vitalism, preformation vs. epigenesis -- 2. Reductionism in Kant -- 3. Kant’s anti-reductionism -- 4. The freedom of vital phenomena -- V: The Autonomy of Biology -- 1. Kant’s projectionism -- 2. Kant’s explanatory systematic unity -- 3. A natural dialectic -- 4. A noumenal question -- Appendix: Leibniz and the Second Analogy.
    Abstract: The most neglected sector of Kant's Critical Philosophy is his collec­ tion of remarks about biological phenomena in the second part of the Critique of Judgment, the Critique of Teleological Judgment. The reasons for this are numerous, but since in Kant, everything comes in threes, a three-fold collection will suffice. The Critique of Teleological Judgment itself is one reason. More than most of his writings, this segment of the Critical corpus suffers from what can most charitably be termed "mistakes of exposition. " In this part of the third Critique, it is commonplace to find sub-arguments in Kant's general position somewhere other than their logical niche. The result is that the general theme behind his remarks about living phenomena is obscured. This difficulty has done much to discourage even the most enthusiastic of Kant admirers from investing their time on this work. Secondly, in this century, until very recently, there has been little interest in philosophical questions about biology. Twenty-one out of thirty-one sections of the Critique of Teleological Judgment (sections #61 and 63-83) deal either directly or indirectly with issues of interest in the philosophy of biology. Finally, the Critique of Teleological Judgment has been placed among the last on that list "of writings thought to formulate Kant's Critical system. This is not merely because of its temporal position.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6104-3
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  • 12
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    Contemporary Marxism : Essays in Honor of J. M. Bocheński (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400962682
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (379p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 46
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- J. M. Boche?ski, the Teacher: A Personal Reminiscence -- The Critique of Marxist Philosophy: 1956–1981 -- II. Marx-Interpretation -- Karl Marx and Adam Smith: Critical Remarks About the Critique of Political Economy -- Marxism as History — A Theory and Its Consequences -- “All Powers to the Walking People.” Feuerbach as a Fourth-World Marxist -- III. Marxism And Methodology -- Philosophical Evaluations of Systems Theory -- Humanistic Interpretation and Historical Materialism: The Methodology of the Pozna? School -- Is the Planning of Science Possible? A Comparison of Western Philosophy of Science and Soviet Marxism -- IV. Soviet Marxism-Leninism -- The Present State of the Marxist-Leninist Core Belief in Revolution. What Remains of Basic Marxism? -- Soviet Philosophical Anthropology and the Foundations of the Human Sciences -- Technological Determinism and Revolutionary Class War in Marxist Thinking -- O. I. Džioev: A Soviet Critique of Structuralist Social Theory -- V. Marxism in Confrontation with Non-Marxist Thought -- Some Continental and Marxist Responses to Pragmatism -- Recent Soviet Evaluations of American Philosophy -- A. F. Losev and the Rebirth of Soviet Aesthetics After Stalin -- The Marxist Critique of Rawls -- Out From Under the Railroad Bridge: Sartre and the Soviets -- Doctoral Dissertations Directed by J. M. Boche?ski -- Bibliography of the Works by J. M. Boche?ski 1961–1980 -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6268-2
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  • 13
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    Theism (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400963009
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 30
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Does Suffering Serve Valuable Ends? -- 2 / The Cosmological Argument -- 3 / The Design Argument -- 4 / A Moral Argument -- 5 / A Modal Argument -- 6 / Is God’s Existence Logically Possible? -- 7 / Descartes’s Meditation V Argument -- 8 / Agnosticism -- 9 / God and Perceptual Skepticism -- Appendix / Two Arguments of St. Anselm -- Notes -- A Research Bibliography.
    Abstract: In this book, I discuss the question whether God exists, not as a Tillichian religious symbol, but as an actual person, albeit a person who is very different from you and me. My procedure is to examine arguments bdth for and against God's existence qua person and to assess their relative merits. I shall try to show that there is more evidence that God exists than that he does not. This position is, of course, rejected nowadays, even by most religious thinkers, who hold, for one reason or another, that evidence has nothing to do with religious belief, properly understood. My reply to these thinkers is simply to ask them to examine what follows. A useful companion to Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, and the Appendix of this book would be Alvin Plantinga's The Nature of Necessity.l Though I avoid technical terminology wherever possible, those chapters presuppose an elementary understanding of 'possible worlds' discourse; and a clear and concise explanation of that terminology can be found in Chapter IV of Plantinga's book. Also, I use 'logical' throughout to mean what Plantinga means by 'broadly logical' on page 2 of The Nature of Necessity.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6300-9
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  • 14
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    Reductionism and Cultural Being : A Philosophical Critique of Sociobiological Reductionism and Physicalist Scientific Unificationism (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400960954
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (392p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind. ; Self. ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 Statement of the argument: Philosophical orientation and the theoretical framework for critique -- 1 Introduction: The statement of the overall argument -- 2 Rebuttal of the methodological criticism of the argumentative structure of the work -- 2 Philosophico-methodological reductionism: The alleged case against Culturology -- 1 Introductory statement of the argument: Culturology and the idea of a philosophico-methodological reduction -- 2 Systematizing the critique -- 3 Monistic-Systemic Perspectivism and the “crisis of Sociology” -- 4 A response to the Ellis—Skinner critique of the fundamental assumption of Culturology -- 5 Conclusion: The state of the argument -- 3 Theoretical reductionism and physicalist scientific unificationism: The case against -- 1 Introductory statement of the argument -- 2 The Weltanschauung of Physicalist Scientific Unificationism -- 3 Systematizing the argument: Sociobiology and PSU -- 4 Culturology, sociobiology and theoretical reduction -- 5 Unification without reduction; Philosophy without physicalism -- 6 Conclusion: The state of the argument -- 4 Causal-explanatory reductionism I: A philosophico-biological critique of Sociobiology -- 1 Introductory state of the argument -- 2 The theoretical foundations of the neo-Darwinist synthesis and an explanation of the theoretical structure of sociobiology -- 3 Towards a critique of Sociobiology -- 4 Conclusion: The state of the argument -- 5 Causal-explanatory reductionism II: The metaphysics of the selfish gene -- 1 Introductory state of the argument -- 2 The nature of the gene: Mendelian genetics, quantitative genetics and molecular biology -- 3 Beyond neo-Darwinism: The search for a new science of life -- 4 Conclusion: The state of the argument -- 6 Causal-explanatory reductionism III: Neuroendocrinological reductionism and the rationality of the foundations of feminist social theory -- 1 Introductory state of the argument -- 2 Initial outline of the (NECER) positions -- 3 The conceptual and biological background -- 4 A critique of the positions -- 5 Scepticism about sex-related cognitive differences -- 6 General conclusion: The state of the argument -- 7 Causal-explanatory reductionism IV: Ecological Sociobiology and cultural materialism -- 1 Introductory statement of the argument -- 2 Central theoretical presuppositions of Emlen’s Ecological Sociobiology -- 3 A critique of Ecological Sociobiology -- 4 Harris’ cultural materialism: An exposition -- 5 The case against Cultural Materialism -- 6 Conclusion: The state of the argument -- 8 Reductionism and cultural being: Beings, agents, mentalities, persons and societies in the universe -- 1 Introductory state of the argument -- 2 Culturology and models of human nature -- 3 Culturology, innateness and the human essence -- 4 Culturology defined and defended: Beings, agents, mentalities, persons and societies in the universe -- 5 Conclusion: The state of the argument -- Conclusion: The state of the overall argument of the work -- Appendix 1: Sociobiology and ideology -- Appendix 2: A critique of Alexander Rosenberg’s Sociobiology and the preemption of social science -- Notes.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6095-4
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  • 15
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    Phenomenology in Practice and Theory (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401096126
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H.L. Van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 92
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 92
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: One: Epistemology and Ontology -- Structuring the Phenomenological Field: Reflections on a Daubert Manuscript -- Phenomenology and Relativism -- Memory and Phenomenological Method -- “Plato’s Cave”, Flatland and Phenomenology -- Time and Time-Consciousness -- Two: Social and Political Life -- “Left” and “Right” as Socio-Political Stances -- A Phenomenology of Coercion and Appeal -- Phenomenology as Psychic Technique of Non-Resistance -- The Self in Question -- Existential Phenomenology and Applied Philosophy -- Three: Aesthetic, Ethical, and Religious Values -- The Good and the Beautiful -- The Retributive Attitude and the Moral Life -- Kindness -- The Phenomenology of Symbol: Genesis I and II -- Epilogue: For the Third Generation of Phenomenologists Contributing to this Volume.
    Abstract: by Wolfe Mays It is a great pleasure and honour to write this preface. I first became ac­ quainted with Herbert Spiegelberg's work some twenty years ago, when in 1960 I reviewed The Phenomenological Movement! for Philosophical Books, one of the few journals in Britain that reviewed this book, which Herbert has jok­ ingly referred to as "the monster". I was at that time already interested in Con­ tinental thought, and in particular phenomenology. I had attended a course on phenomenology given by Rene Schaerer at Geneva when I was working there in 1955-6. I had also been partly instrumental in getting Merleau-Ponty to come to Manchester in 1958. During his visit he gave a seminar in English on politics and a lecture in French on "Wittgenstein and Language" in which he attacked Wittgenstein's views on language in the Tractatus. He was apparently unaware of the Philosophical Investigations. But it was not until I came to review Herbert's book that I appreciated the ramifications of the movement: its diverse strands of thought, and the manifold personalities involved in it. For example, Herbert mentions one Aurel Kolnai who had written on the "Phenomenology of Disgust'!, and which had appeared in Vol. 10 of Husserl's Jahrbuch. It was only after I had been acquainted for some time with Kolnai then in England, that I realised that 2 Herbert had written about him in the Movement. The Movement itself contains a wealth of learning.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9612-6
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  • 16
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    Leśniewski’s Systems : Ontology and Mereology (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400960893
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Mathematics. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Ontology without Axioms -- Le?niewski’s Analysis of Russell’s Paradox -- Logic and Existence -- Le?niewski’s Calculus of Names -- On Le?niewski’s Ontology -- Ontology: Lesniewski’s Logical Language -- On Le?niewski’s Elementary Ontology -- Studies in Le?niewski’s Mereology -- On the Definition of Mereological Class -- Consistency of Le?niewski’s Mereology -- The Dependence of a Mereological Axiom -- Relation of Le?niewski’s Mereology to Boolean Algebra -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6089-3
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  • 17
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    Theory of Legal Science : Proceedings of the Conference on Legal Theory and Philosopy of Science Lund, Sweden, December 11-14, 1983 (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400964815
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (688p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 176
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Science Philosophy ; Ethics ; Law—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1: Theory of Science and Theory of Law -- Synopsis -- Recent Trends in the Philosophy of Science -- Legal Dogmatics as a Scientific Paradigm -- Paradigms in Legal Dogmatics Towards a Theory of Change and Progress in Legal Science -- Pragmatic Metatheory for Legal Science -- On Making Implicit Methodologies Explicit -- 2: Ontology and Epistomology in Legal Science -- Synopsis -- Ought, Reasons, Motivation, and the Unity of the Social Sciences: The Meta-theory of the Ought-Is Problem -- Legal Data. An Essay about the Ontology of Law -- Pluralis Juris -- Changes of Paradigm in the Law -- Legal Norms: a Transformational Approach -- Epistemology and Validity in Law -- Is Law a System of Enactments? -- The Concept of “Fact” in the Physical Sciences and in Law -- 3: Objectivity and Rationality of Legal Justification -- Synopsis -- Objectivity in the Social Sciences -- Objectivity and Rationality in Lawyer’s Reasoning -- Coherence in Legal Justification -- Paradigms of Justifying Legal Decisions -- Monism, Pluralism, Relativism and Right Answers in the Law -- Discovery and Justification in Science and Law -- Reasons and Causes in Connection with Judicial Decisions -- 4: Technical Rationality in the Law -- Synopsis -- Legal Rationality Among Different Types of Rationality -- Paradigms of Legal Research; Empirical Science and Legal Dogmatics -- Goal Reasons in Common Law Cases — Are They Predictive? -- Teleological Construction of Statutes -- Reason, Law and History -- The Rule of Law in Legal Reasoning -- 5: Some Special Topics Concerning Rationality and Legitimacy in the Law -- Synopsis -- An Ubiquitous Paralogism in Legal Thinking -- Power of Tolerance — On the Legitimacy of a Legal System -- Sir Edward Coke’s Legal Conservatism -- Popper’s Criterion of Refutability in the Legal Context -- 6: Criticism and Developments in Particular Areas of the Law: Property, Contracts, and Torts -- Synopsis -- Theory Choice and Contract Law -- Trends in Legal Science Relating to Contracts and Torts -- The Economics of Trade Laws -- 7: Interdisciplinary Bridges between Legal Research and Other Sciences -- Synopsis -- On Bridging the So-Called Gap Between Normative Legal Dogmatics and Empirical-Theoretical Social Science -- Towards an Interdisciplinary Theory of Law -- Legal Science and Hermeneutic Point of View -- Legal Theory and Social Science -- Integration Between Legal Research and Social Science -- 8: Analysis of Legal Norms and Juristic Propositions -- Synopsis -- Karl Olivecrona’s Theory of Legal Rules as Independent Imperatives -- Norms of Competence in Scandinavian Jurisprudence -- A Tentative Analysis of Two Juristic Sentences -- 9: Logical and Preference-Theoretical Structures in the Law -- Synopsis -- Automated Analysis of Legislation -- Rights and Practical Possibilities -- Requirements, Urgency, and Worth -- The Property Right of Sweden Today — Or a Requiem over an Outdated Way of Argueing -- List of Participants -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6481-5
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  • 18
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    Zweistromland : Kleinere Schriften zu Glauben und Denken (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400960657
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 884 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Franz Rosenzweig Der Mensch und Sein Werk, Gesammelte Schriften III 3
    Series Statement: Franz Rosenzweig Gesammelte Schriften, Der Mensch und Sein Werk 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Zur Philosophie -- Das älteste Systemprogramm des deutschen Idealismus -- Vorwort zu „Hegel und der Staat“ -- Bücher über Hegel -- Paralipomena -- „Urzelle“ des Stern der Erlösung -- Das neue Denken -- Zum Werk Hermann Cohens -- Über den Vortrag Hermann Cohens „Das Verhältnis Spinozas zum Judentum“ -- „Deutschtum und Judentum“ -- in die Akademieausgabe der Jüdischen Schriften Hermann Cohens -- Über Hermann Cohens „Religion der Vernunft“ -- Hermann Cohens Nachlaßwerk -- Vertauschte Fronten -- Ein Gedenkblatt -- Zur Politik -- Die Sachverständigen -- Monarchie, Republik und Entwicklung -- Die Reichsverfassung in Krieg und Frieden -- Neuorientierung -- „Realpolitik“ -- Vox Dei? -- Cannä und Gorlice -- Das Kriegsziel -- Nordwest und Südost -- Die neue Levante -- Globus -- Zur Kultur -- Volksschule und Reichsschule -- Hic et ubique -- „Kämpfer“ -- Der Konzertsaal auf der Schallplatte -- Lessings Nathan -- Zu Lessings Denkstil -- Vorspruch zu einer Mendelssohnfeier -- Zum jüdischen Lernen -- Zeit ists -- Die Wissenschaft und das Leben -- Bildung und kein Ende -- Neues Lernen -- Eine Lücke im Bildungswesen der Gemeinde -- Das Freie Jüdische Lehrhaus -- Zur jüdischen Geschichte -- Das Wesen des Judentums -- Geist und Epochen der jüdischen Geschichte -- Jüdische Geschichte im Rahmen der Weltgeschichte -- Der Jude im Staat -- Liberalismus und Zionismus -- Der jüdische Mensch -- Zu Glauben und Denken -- Grundriß des jüdischen Wissens -- Glauben und Wissen -- Anleitung zum jüdischen Denken -- Die Wissenschaft von Gott -- Die Wissenschaft vom Menschen -- Die Wissenschaft von der Welt -- Aus dem Dialog mit Partnern -- Der Denker -- Ein Rabbinerbuch -- Apologetisches Denken -- Atheistische Theologie -- Die Bauleute -- Zu einer Stelle aus Martin Bubers Dissertation -- Martin Buber -- Zur hebräischen Sprache und Bibel -- Vom Geist der hebräischen Sprache -- Neuhebräisch? -- Zur Encyclopaedia Judaica -- Die Bibelkritik -- Die Schrift und Luther -- Unmittelbare Einwirkung der hebräischen Bibel auf Goethes Sprache -- Die Schrift und das Wort -- Zu einer Übersetzung und einer Rezension -- Die Bibel auf Deutsch -- „Der Ewige“ -- Das Formgeheimnis der biblischen Erzählungen -- Die Einheit der Bibel -- Weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung der Bibel -- Bemerkungen -- Hinweise auf Bibel- und Talmudstellen -- Personenregister.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6065-7
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  • 19
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    D.M. Armstrong (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400962804
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 4
    Series Statement: Profiles 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Armstrong’s Theory of Perception -- Armstrong’s Causal Theory of Mind -- Armstrong on Belief -- Armstrong’s Theory of Knowing -- Armstrong on Universals and Particulars -- Armstrong on Determinable and Substantival Universals -- Laws of Nature: The Empiricist Challenge -- Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of D. M. Armstrong -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathe­ maticians, students, teachers, publishers, etc.) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already out­ standing personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of pillJosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profes­ sion. PROFILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will sum­ marize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of Significant con­ tribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant historical and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, re­ ferences to significant reviews and discussions will also be included.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6280-4
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  • 20
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    Dialectical Theory of Meaning (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400962569
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (436p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 81
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 81
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: One / Epistemological Foundations of the Dialectical Theory of Meaning -- I. General Logical Problems of Constructing a Theory of Meaning -- II. Categories of Objective Reality -- III. Symbols -- IV. Objective Experience -- V. Concepts and Other Categories of Thought -- Two / Analysis of Meaning -- VI. Meaning as a Complex of Relationships -- VII. Mental Meaning -- VIII. Objective Meaning -- IX. Linguistic Meaning -- X. Practical Meaning -- Three / Meaning and Communication -- XI. The Genesis of Signs and Meaning -- XII. General Definition of Meaning: The Interrelationships of the Individual Dimensions of Meaning -- XIII. Conditions of Effective Communication -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This prize monograph was a pioneering work among Marxist philosophers, East and West, twenty-five years ago. To our mind, the work would have been received with respect and pleasure by philosophers of many viewpoints if it had been known abroad then. Now, revised for this English-language editiJn by our dear and honored colleague Mihailo Markovic, it is still admirable, still the insightful and stimulating accomplishment of a pioneering philosophical and scientific mind, still resonating to the three themes of technical mastery, humane purpose, political critique. Markovic has always worked with the scientific and the humanist disci­ plines inseparably, a faithful as well as a creative man oflate twentieth century thOUght. Reasoning is to be studied as any other object of investigation would be: empirically, theoretically, psychologically, historically, imaginatively. But the entry is often through the study of meaning, in language and in life. In his splendid guide into the work before us, his Introduction, Markovic shows his remarkable ability as the teacher, motivating, clarifying, sketching the whole, illuminating the detail, Critically situating the problem within a practical understanding of the tool oflanguage.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6256-9
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  • 21
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    Rationality in Science and Politics (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400962545
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 79
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 79
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Creativity and Criticism in Science and Politics -- The Social Base of Scientific Theory and Practice -- Transcendental Realism and Rational Heuristics: Critical Rationalism and the Problem of Method -- How to Accept Fallible Test Statements? Popper’s Criticist Solution -- Logical Strength and Demarcation -- Xenophanes: A Forerunner of Critical Rationalism? -- The Social Roots of Modern Egalitarianism -- Explication and Implications of the Placebo Concept -- Analytic and Synthetic Philosophy -- Ethical Problems in Science Communication -- A Philosophical Conception of Finality in Biology -- The Justification of Scientific Progress -- Against Induction: One of Many Arguments -- The Problem of Ideology and Critical Rationalism -- Poincaré versus Le Roy on Incommensurability -- On Early Forms of Critical Rationalism -- Gerard Radnitzky: From Positivism, via Critical Theory, to Critical Rationalism -- Notes on Contributors -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This remarkable collection of essays, diverse but united by the theme of critical reasoning, testifies to the attention and respect paid by the authors to the philosophical career of Gerard Radnitzky. We, too, greet Professor Radnitzky for his decades of intellectual labor devoted to the establishment of rational analysis of human problems. Not least of his concerns has been to understand what it is to be rational, to disentangle the apparently rational and the genuine, to separate dogma from justified belief, to cherish imagination while seeking its test. If Radnitzky has long been known for his careful elaboration of the spectrum of modem approaches to epistemology, those who have gathered to celebrate his work in this volume will also be widely known for their own writings on this matter of critical methodology. Their signposts (or are they warning lights?) will be familiar to thoughtful philosophers and scientists, and they appear as queries as we read these papers: the rational heuristic and the irrational heuristic? accepting the fallible? differing societies but one rational cognitive practice? accepting evidence which is placebogenic? choosing among the incommensurables? what remains of the logic of demarcation? purpose in nature? progress of science? rationality in politics? a humane reasonableness and a critical rationalism? Gunnar Andersson sets the focus well for the reader. We need not choose between dogmatism and relativism, he argues. And then he tells the political lesson: we might avoid both anarchy and despotism.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6254-5
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  • 22
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    Franz Rosenzweig Sprachdenken : Arbeitspapiere zur Verdeutschung der Schrift (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400960831
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (396p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Franz Rosenzweig Der Mensch und Sein Werk, Gesammelte Schriften IV 4-2
    Series Statement: Franz Rosenzweig Gesammelte Schriften, Der Mensch und Sein Werk 4-2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Germanic languages ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Aus Franz Rosenzweigs Arbeitspapieren zur Verdeutschung der Schrift -- Im Anfang -- Namen -- Er Rief -- In der Wüste -- Reden -- Jehoschua -- Richter -- Schmuel -- Könige -- Jeschajahu -- Register der Bibelstellen -- Register der hebräischen Worte -- Namenverzeichnis -- Verweise auf die für die Bibelübersetzung relevanten Briefe -- und Tagebuchstellen von Franz Rosenzweig -- Bibliographie der Werke Franz Rosenzweigs -- General Register.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6083-1
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  • 23
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    Sociobiology: Sense or Nonsense? (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400964389
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- Notes to Chapter 1 -- 2. The Biological Background -- 2.1. Sociobiology as Biology -- 2.2. Principles of Genetics -- 2.3. Population Genetics -- 2.4. Selection as Preserver of the Status Quo -- 2.5. The Level of Selection -- 2.6. The Theory of Evolution -- 2.7. Sociobiology as part of Evolutionary Theory -- Notes to Chapter 2 -- 3. The Sociobiology of Animals -- 3.1. Aggression: The Ethological Viewpoint -- 3.2. What is Animal Aggression Really Like? -- 3.3. Evolutionary Stable Strategies -- 3.4. Strengths and Limitations of the Game-theoretic Approach -- 3.5. Sex and Sexual Selection -- 3.6. Parental Investment -- 3.7. Female Reproductive Strategies -- 3.8. Parenthood -- 3.9. Altruism -- 3.10. Kin Selection -- 3.11. Parental Manipulation -- 3.12. Reciprocal Altruism -- Notes to Chapter 3 -- 4. Human Sociobiology -- 4.1. Aggression -- 4.2. Sex -- 4.3. Parenthood -- 4.4. Kin Selection -- 4.5. Parental Manipulation -- 4.6. Reciprocal Altruism -- 4.7. A General Model for Human Altruism -- Notes to Chapter 4 -- 5. Normative Criticisms -- 5.1. Sociobiology as Reactionary -- 5.2. Does Sociobiology Support Virulent Capitalism? -- 5.3. Why Sahlins’ Criticisms About Ideology Fail -- 5.4. Sociobiological Explanations of Homosexuality -- 5.5. Is Sociobiology Sexist? The Minor Charges -- 5.6. Is Sociobiology Sexist? The Major Charge -- Notes to Chapter 5 -- 6. Epistemological Criticisms -- 6.1. The Problem of Reification -- 6.2. Sociobiology as Mystical Nonsense -- 6.3. Natural Selection as Social Exploitation -- 6.4. Is Sociobiology Unfalsifiable? General Considerations -- 6.5. Is Sociobiology Unfalsifiable? Particular Considerations -- 6.6. Is Human Sociobiology False? The Rise and Fall of Islam -- 6.7. Is Human Sociobiology False? The Problem of Daughters -- 6.8. Conclusion -- Notes to Chapter 6 -- 7. The Positive Evidence -- 7.1. The Direct Evidence: Problems with Testing -- 7.2. Successes and Reservations -- 7.3. The Question of Intelligence -- 7.4. The Causes Behind Intelligence -- 7.5. The Weight of the Direct Evidence for Human Sociobiology -- 7.6. The Argument from Analogy -- 7.7. Human Aggression -- 7.8. The Indirect Evidence for Animal Sociobiology -- 7.9. The Indirect Evidence for Human Sociobiology -- 7.10. The Plausibility of Cultural Causes over Biological Causes -- 7.11. Does Culture Leave a Place for Human Sociobiology? -- 7.12. A Biological-Cultural Compromise -- 7.13. Conclusion -- Notes to Chapter 7 -- 8. Sociobiology and the Social Sciences -- 8.1. Theory Change: Replacement and Reduction -- 8.2. The Replacement of Anthropology -- 8.3. Primitive War as Analysed through a Biological-Anthropological Compromise -- 8.4. Biologically Sympathetic Anthropology -- 8.5. The Formal Relationship between a Corrected Anthropology and Biology -- 8.6. Psychology: The Problem of Learning -- 8.7. Psychoanalytic Theory and the Explanation of Homosexuality -- 8.8. Economics -- 8.9. Sociology -- 8.10. Conclusion -- Notes to Chapter 8 -- 9. Sociobiology and Ethics -- 9.1. Why are we Ethical? -- 9.2. Evolutionary Ethics -- 9.3. Wilson’s Attack on Intuitionism -- 9.4. Wilson’s Moral Relativism -- 9.5. Can Evolution be Directed? -- 9.6. Sociobiology and the Direction of Evolution -- 9.7 Conclusion -- Afterword -- Name Index.
    Abstract: In June 1975, the distinguished Harvard entomologist Edward O. Wilson published a truly huge book entitled, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. In this book, drawing on both fact and theory, Wilson tried to present a com­ prehensive overview of the rapidly growing subject of 'sociobiology', the study of the biological nature and foundations of animal behaviour, more precisely animal social behaviour. Although, as the title rather implies, Wilson was more surveying and synthesising than developing new material, he com­ pensated by giving the most thorough and inclusive treatment possible, beginning in the animal world with the most simple of forms, and progressing via insects, lower invertebrates, mammals and primates, right up to and in­ cluding our own species, Homo sapiens. Initial reaction to the book was very favourable, but before the year was out it came under withering attack from a group of radical scientists in the Boston area, who styled themselves 'The Science for the People Sociobiology Study Group'. Criticism, of course, is what every academic gets (and needs!); but, for two reasons, this attack was particularly unpleasant. First, not only were Wilson's ideas attacked, but he himself was smeared by being linked with the most reactionary of political thinkers, including the Nazis.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6438-9
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  • 24
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    Reduction in Science : Structure, Examples, Philosophical Problems (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400964549
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (453p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 175
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: May We Identify Reduction and Explanation of Theories ? -- Restriction and Embedding -- Anomalies of Reduction -- Ontological Reduction in the Natural Sciences -- Explanation of Theories and the Problem of Progress in Physics -- Reduction, Interpretation and Invariance -- Reduction and Evolution — Arguments and Examples -- Limiting Case Correspondence between Physical Theories -- Contact Structures, Predifferentiability and Approximation -- Tangent Embedding — A Special Kind of Approximate Reduction -- A Logical Investigation of the Phlogiston Case -- Utilistic Reduction in Sociology: The Case of Collective Goods -- Intertheory Relations in Growth Economics: Sraffa and Wicksell -- Possible Approaches to Reduction in Economic Theory -- Why Language ? -- On the Comparison of Classical and Special Relativistic Space-Time -- Space-Time Geometries for One-Dimensional Space -- Quantum Theory as a Factualization of Classical Theory -- Classical and Non Classical Limiting Cases of Quantum Logic -- Bell’s Inequalities and the Reduction of Statistical Theories -- Name Index.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6454-9
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  • 25
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    Intentionality, Sense and the Mind (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401719056
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 203 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H. L. van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres d’Archives-Husserl 94
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 94
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Intentionality, Mentalism, and the Problem of Objective Reference -- Sense, Reference and Semantical Frameworks -- Intentionality, Relations and Objects I: The Relational Theory -- Intentionality, Relations and Objects II: The Irreducibility Theory -- Sense and the Psychological -- Intentionality: The Vehicle of Objective Reference.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1905-6
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  • 26
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    A Theory of Social Action (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400963177
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (548p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 171
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1: Philosophy and the Theory of Social Action -- I Scientific Realism and the Social Sciences -- II Theorizing about Social Action -- 2: Individualism and Concept Formation in the Social Sciences -- I Holistic Social Concepts -- II Conceptual Individualism -- III We-Intentions and Social Motivation -- 3: Theories of Action -- I Views of Human Action -- II Mental Cause Theory -- III Agency Theory -- IV Hermeneutic Theory -- V Arguments for and against Causal Theories of Action -- 4: The Purposive-Causal Theory of Human Action -- I The Fundamental Elements of the Purposive-Causal Theory of Action -- II The Structure of Single-Agent Action -- 5: The Structure of Social Action -- I The General Nature of Social Action -- II Simple Social Actions -- III Complex Social Actions -- IV The Acting of Social Collectives -- V Group Interests Revisited -- 6: Action Generation -- I Action Generation and the By-Relation -- II Action Generation and the Theory of Automata -- III Social Actions, Grammars, and Social Conduct Plans -- 7: Practical Inference and Social Action -- I Loop Beliefs and Practical Inference -- II Mutual Beliefs -- III The Replicative Justification of Social Beliefs -- IV Social Action and Practical Inference -- V Mixed Interest Games and Practical Inference -- VI Social Rules and the Scope of Social Action -- 8: Norms, Rules, and Social Structures -- I Social Norms -- II Social Rules -- III Similarity and Roles -- IV Social Structures -- 9: Social Interaction and Control -- I Acting in Social Relation -- II Overt Social Interaction -- III Covert Social Interaction -- 10: A Pragmatic Theory of Explanation -- I Explaining as Communicative Action -- II Emphasis -- III Understanding and Presuppositions -- 11: Proximate Explanation of Social Action -- I Explanation and Social Action -- II Teleological Explanation -- III Purposive-Causal Explanation -- IV Reason-Explanation -- V Explaining the Style of Action -- VI Understanding Action -- 12: Dynamic Explanation of Social Action -- I Explanation and Other-Regarding Utilities -- II Expected Utilities, Motives, and the Explanation of Social Action -- III The Nature of Dynamic Action Explanations -- 13: Functional and Invisible Hand Explanation of Social Action -- I Action-Functions and Functional Explanations -- II Invisible Hand Explanations of Social Action -- 14: Explanatory Individualism and Explanation of Social Laws -- I Explanatory Individualism -- II Explanation of Social Laws -- Notes -- Name index -- Index of Symbols, Definitions, and Theses.
    Abstract: It is somewhat surprising to find out how little serious theorizing there is in philosophy (and in social psychology as well as sociology) on the nature of social actions or joint act. hons in the sense of actions performed together by several agents. Actions performed by single agents have been extensively discussed both in philosophy and in psycho~ogy. There is, ac­ cordingly, a booming field called action theory in philosophy but it has so far strongly concentrated on actions performed by single agents only. We of course should not forget game theory, a discipline that systematically studies the strategic interac­ tion between several rational agents. Yet this important theory, besides being restricted to strongly rational acting, fails to study properly several central problems related to the concep­ tual nature of social action. Thus, it does not adequately clarify and classify the various types of joint action (except perhaps from the point of view of the agents' utilities). This book presents a systematic theory of social action. Because of its reliance on so-called purposive causation and generation it is called the purposive-causal theory. This work also discusses several problems related to the topic of social action, for instance that of how to create from this perspective the most central concepts needed by social psychology and soci­ ology. While quite a lot of ground is covered in the book, many important questions have been left unanswered and many others unasked as well.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6317-7
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  • 27
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    The Status of Morality (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400963061
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 31
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: One: A Brentanist Theory of Moral Judgments -- 1.1. The Theory -- 1.2. Grounds for Preferring the Brentanist Theory to the Standard Non-Cognitivist Theories -- 1.3. Grounds for Preferring the Brentanist Theory to the Standard Cognitivist Theories -- 1.4. Answers to Some Objections to the Brentanist Theory -- Two: The Ideal Observer Theory and Moral Objectivism -- 2.1. An Argument for Accepting the Ideal Observer Theory as a Standard for Determining the Correctness of Moral Judgments -- 2.2. Firth’s Version of the Ideal Observer Theory -- 2.3. My Characterization of the Ideal Observer -- 2.4 Three Versions of the Ideal Observer Theory and Their Implications for the Objectivity of Moral Judgments -- 2.5. Sermonette on the Importance of Empathy -- 2.6. Intuitionism and the Ideal Observer Theory -- Three: Relativism and Nihilism -- 3.1 Some Different Meanings of the Term ‘Ethical Relativism’ -- 3.2. The Definition of ‘Meta-Ethical Relativism’ -- 3.3. Some Necessary Conditions of One’s Accepting a Moral Judgment or a Moral Principle -- 3.4. Meta-Ethical Relativism and Nihilism -- 3.5. A Non-Nihilistic Version of Meta-Ethical Relativism -- 3.6. Conclusion -- Four: The Wages of Relativism -- 4.1. What Sorts of Attitudes and Commitments Presuppose a Belief in the Objectivity of Normative Judgments? -- 4.2. Causal or Psychological Connections Between Meta-Ethical Views and Attitudes and First-Order Normative Standards -- Appendix I: Nietzsche on the Genealogy of Morals -- 1.1. Nietzsche’s Claims Concerning the Genealogy of Morals -- 1.2. What Are Nietzsche’s Genetic Claims Intended to Show? -- Appendix II: Normative Relativism and Nihilism -- Appendix III: Hare’s Version of the Ideal Observer Theory -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: My interest in the issues considered here arose out of my great frustration in trying to attack the all-pervasive relativism of my students in introductory ethics courses at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. I am grateful to my students for forcing me to take moral relativism and skepticism seriously and for compelling me to argue for my own dogmatically maintained version of moral objectivism. The result is before the reader. The conclusions reached here (which can be described either as a minimal objectivism or as a moderate verson of relativism) are considerably weaker than those that I had expected and would have liked to have defended. I have arrived at these views kicking and screaming and have resisted them to the best of my ability. The arguments of this book are directed at those who deny that moral judgments can ever be correct (in any sense that is opposed to mistaken) and who also deny that we are ever rationally com­ pelled to accept one moral judgment as opposed to another. I have sought to take their views seriously and to fight them on their own grounds without making use of any assumptions that they would be unwilling to grant. My conclusion is that, while it is possible to refute the kind of extreme irrationalism that one often encounters, it is impossible to defend the kind of objectivist meta-ethical views that most of us want to hold, without begging the question against the non-objectivist.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6306-1
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  • 28
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    Philosophy and Science in Phenomenological Perspective (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400961135
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H.L. van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 95
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: The Intentional Approach to Ontology -- The Question of the Rationality of Social Interaction -- Time-consciousness and Historical Consciousness -- The Aesthetic Object as “Die Sache selbst” -- The Implications of Merleau-Ponty’s Thought for the Practice of Psychotherapy -- The Hidden Dialectic in Edmund Husserl’s Phenomenology -- Time Structure in Social Communality -- Hegel’s Image of Phenomenology -- Phenomenology and the Phenomenon of Technology -- Piaget and Freud: Two Approaches to the Unconscious -- Husserl, Frege and the Overcoming of Psychologism -- Phenomenological Reduction and the Sciences -- Variations of the Transcendentalism -- The Identities of the Things Themselves -- Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology and History -- Marvin Farber’s Contribution to the Phenomenological Movement: An International Perspective -- Contributors -- Index of subjects -- Index of names.
    Abstract: The articles included in this volume originate from contributions to the International Conference on Philosophy and Science in Phenomenologi­ cal Perspecllve, held in Buffalo in March 1982. The occasion had been to honor the late Professor Marvin Farber, a long time distinguished member of the Department of Philosophy, State University of New York at Buffalo. and the Founding Editor of the journal, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Many of the papers were subsequently rewritten, expanded or other­ wise edited to be published in the series Phaenomenoiogica. The articles lIy Professor Frings and Professor Rotenstreich had not been presented at the conference, although they were originally invited papers. We regret that not all papers submitted to the conference, including com­ ments, could be accommodated in this volume. Nonetheless, our sincere gratitude is due to all participants who have made the conference a memorable and worthy event. nt of Philosophy, State University of New York at The Departme Buffalo, as the sponsor of the conference, wishes to acknowledge the grants from the Conferences in the Disciplines Program, Conversations in the Disciplines Program, and the International Studies of the State University of New York at Buffalo, as well as for a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. The International Phenomenological Society, with Professor Roderick Chisholm succeeding Marvin Farber as its president, co-sponsored the conference.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6113-5
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  • 29
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    Analytical Philosophy in Comparative Perspective : Exploratory Essays in Current Theories and Classical Indian Theories of Meaning and Reference (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400964990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 178
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Analytical Philosophy in Comparative Perspective: An Introduction -- We Are All Children of God -- The Syncategorematic Treatment of Predicates -- The Paradox of Naming -- Substance and Kind: Reflections on the New Theory of Reference -- The Easy Examination Paradox -- Models for Actions -- Some Problems Concerning Meaning -- Abstraction, Analysis and Universals: The Navya-Ny?ya Theory -- Psychologism in Indian Logical Theory -- A Speech-Act Model for Understanding Navya-Ny?ya Epistemology -- Some Epistemologically Misleading Expressions: “Inference”, and “Anum?na”, “Perception” and “Pratyaksa” -- The Pr?bh?kara Mim?ms? Theory of Related Designation -- Plato’s Indian Barbers -- Proper Names: Contemporary Philosophy and the Ny?ya -- Awareness and Meaning in Navya-Ny?ya.
    Abstract: We are grateful to the authors who wrote papers specially for this volume and kindly gave their permission for printing them together. None of these papers appeared anywhere before. Our special thanks are due to the first six authors who kindly responded to our request and agreed to join this new venture which we are calling 'comparative perspective' in ana­ lytical philosophy. In the introductory essay certain salient points from each paper have been noted only to show how 'com­ parative perspective' may add to, and be integrated with, mod­ ern philosophical discussion in the analytic tradition. Need­ less to say, any mistake, possible mis-attribution or misrepresentation of the views of the original authors of the papers (appearing in the said introductory essay) is entirely the responsibility of the author of that essay. The author apologizes if there has been such unintentional misrepresenta­ tion and insists that the readers should depend upon the orig­ inal papers themselves for their own understanding. For typo­ graphical problems it has not always been possible to use the symbols originally used by the authors, but care has been taken to use the proper substitute for each of them. Bimal K. Matilal ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: AN INTRODUCTION 1. The aim of this volume is to extend the horizon of philosophi­ cal analysis as it is practiced today.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6499-0
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  • 30
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    Faraday to Einstein: Constructing Meaning in Scientific Theories (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400961876
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 196 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Science and Philosophy 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. The Philosophical Situation: A Critical Appraisal -- 1: The ‘standard’ account of meaning -- 2: ‘Meaning variance’ and ‘incommensurability’ -- II. The Scientific Situation: An Historical Analysis -- 3: Faraday’s ‘lines of force’ -- 4: Maxwell’s ‘Newtonian aether-field’ -- 5: Lorentz’ ‘non-Newtonian aether-field’ -- 6: Einstein’s ‘field’ -- III. The Making of Meaning: A Proposal -- 7: Meaning in scientific practice.
    Abstract: Einstein often expressed the sentiment that "the eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility," and that science is the means through which we comprehend it. However, nearly every­ one - including scientists - agrees that the concepts of modem physics are quite incomprehensible: They are both unintelligible to the educated lay-person and to the scientific community itself, where there is much dispute over the interpretation of even (and especially) the most basic concepts. There is, of course, almost universal agreement that modem science quite adequately accounts for and predicts events, i. e. , that its calculations work better than those of classical physics; yet the concepts of science are supposed to be descriptive of 'the world' as well - they should enable us to comprehend it. So, it is asked, and needs tobe"asked: Has modem physics failed in an important respect? It failed with me as a physics student. I came to physics, as with most naIve students, out of a desire to know what the world is really like; in particular, to understand Einstein's conception of it. I thought I had grasped the concepts in classical mechanics, but with electrodynamics confusion set in and only increased with relativity and quantum mechanics. At that point I began even to doubt whether I had really understood the basic concepts of classical mechanics.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6187-6
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  • 31
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    Time: Its Structure and Role in Physical Theories (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400965225
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 179
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical physics.
    Abstract: I. Physical time and the problem of its structure -- I.1 Introduction -- I.2 The order structure of time -- I.3 The topological structure of time -- I.4 The metrical structure of time -- I.5 Conclusion -- Notes -- II. The geometrical nature of physical time: parameter time and coordinate time -- II.1 Introduction -- II.2 Parameter and coordinate -- II.3 Parameter and coordinate time in Newtonian physics -- II.4 Parameter and coordinate time in Einsteinian physics -- II.5 The geometrical nature of time in quantum mechanics -- II.6 Translation of the space and time into the spacetime formalism and vice versa -- II.7 The geometrical nature of time and dynamics -- II.8 Parameter versus coordinate time in the study of time; some philosophical issues -- Notes -- III. Time asymmetry -- III.1 Arrow of time: time asymmetry and time flow -- III.2 Time asymmetry -- III.3 (Ir)reversibility and the time reversal operator T* -- III.4 Time asymmetry and temporal orientability -- Notes -- IV. Thermodynamical time asymmetry and the second law of phenomenological thermodynamics -- IV. 1 Introduction -- IV. 2 The mechanical program -- IV. 3 The thermodynamical program -- IV. 4 Discussion -- Notes -- Epilogue -- Name index.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6522-5
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  • 32
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    Change and Progress in Modern Science : Papers related to and arising from the Fourth International Conference on History and Philosophy of Science, Blacksburg, Virginia, November 1982 (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400965256
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (408p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 27
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Reflections on Change -- I. Historical Dimensions -- The Mechanical Philosophy and Its Problems: Mechanical Explanations, Impenetrability, and Perpetual Motion -- Ghosts in the World Machine: A Taxonomy of Leibnizian Forces -- The Notion of Experimental Physics in Early Eighteenth-Century France -- Some Pragmatic Aspects of the Methodology of Johann Heinrich Lambert -- Classical Wage Theory and the Causal Complications of Explaining Distribution -- Genetic Epistemology in the Context of Evolutionary Epistemology -- II. Conceptual Considerations -- Truthlikeness, Realism, and Progressive Theory-Change -- In Praise of Cumulative Progress -- Kuhn’s Critique of Methodology -- Scientific Discovery and Theory-Confirmation -- Meaning, Acceptance, and Dialectics -- Extraterrestrial Science.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6525-6
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  • 33
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    Philosophical Analysis in Latin America (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400963757
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 172
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Philosophical Analysis in Argentina -- I. Philosophical Analysis in Argentina -- Normative Knowledge and Truth -- Legal Principles and Legal Positivism -- Logic and the Hypothetical-Deductive Method -- The Limits of the Enforcement of Morality Through the Criminal Law -- On the Inconsistency of Meinong’s Ontology -- Meaning, Force and Explicit Performatives -- II. Philosophical Analysis in Mexico -- II. Philosophical Analysis in Mexico -- Existential Quantifiers and Guiding Principles in Physical Theories -- (Simple) Qualities and Resemblance -- Theory of Descriptions, Meaning and Presupposition -- Ethics and the Language of Morality -- The Private Language Argument -- III. Philosophical Analysis in Brazil -- III. Philosophical Analysis in Brazil -- Philosophy, Common Sense, and Science -- Decidability and Cognitive Significance in Carnap -- Natural Conjectures -- IV. Philosophical Analysis in Other Latin American Countries -- IV. Philosophical Analysis in Other Latin American Countries -- Popper’s Solution to the Problem of Induction -- On the Concept of Reason -- Appendix: Latin Americans Residing in the United States and Canada / Jorge J. E. Gracia -- Biographical Notes -- Index of Proper Names.
    Abstract: Historians of Latin American philosophy have paid relatively little attention to the development of philosophical analysis in Latin America. There are two reasons for this neglect: First, they have been primarily concerned with the forma tive period of philosophical development, in particular with the so called "founders" of La ti n American philosophy. And second. philosophical analysis did not become a noticeable philosophical trend in Latin America until recent years. True. a nunber of Latin American philosophers took notice of Moore. Russell. the members of the Vienna Circle and other important figures in the analytic movement qui te early. But these were isolated instances that lacked the sustained effort and broad base indispensible to make a serious impact in the development of Latin American philosophy. That has changed now. There are not only good numbers of philosophers who work within the analytic tradition, but also some journals and institutes dedicated to the analytic mode of philosophizing. It is. therefore. most appropriate to publish a collection of articles which would introduce the reader of philosophy to the most representative analytic material produced so far in Latin America. Indeed. it is not only appropriate. but also necessary. since most of the published analytic literature to date is scattered in various journals, sometimes of difficult access. Moreover, not all that has been published is representative of the best already produced and of the potential that the movement has in Latin America.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6375-7
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  • 34
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    Investigations into the Origin of Language and Consciousness (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400962361
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 44
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 44
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: First Investigation -- The Indicative Gesture as the Original Form of Consciousness -- Second Investigation -- Syncretic Language -- Third Investigation -- Marxism and Psychoanalysis — The Origins of the Oedipal Crisis -- Notes -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Tran Duc Thao, a wise and learned scientist and an eminent Marxist philoso­ pher, begins this treatise on the origins of language and consciousness with a question: "One of the principal difficulties of the problem of the origin of consciousness is the exact determination of its beginnings. Precisely where must one draw the line between the sensori-motor psychism of animals and the conscious psychism that we see developing in man?" And then he cites Karl Marx's famous passage about 'the bee and the architect' from Capital: ... what distinguishes the worst architect from the best of bees is this, that the architect raises his structure in the imagination before he erects it in reality. At the end of every labor process, we get a result that already existed in the imagination of the laborer at its commencement. (Capital, Vol. I, p. 178, tr. Moore and Aveling) Thao follows this immediately with a second question: "But is this the most elementary form of consciousness?" Thus the conundrum concerning the origins of consciousness is posed as a circle: if human consciousness pre­ supposes representation (of the external reality, of mental awareness, of actions, of what it may), and if this consciousness emerges first with the activity of production using tools, and if the production of tools itself pre­ supposes representation - that is, with an image of what is to be produced in the mind of the producer - then the conditions for the origins of human.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6236-1
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  • 35
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    Hegel and the Sciences (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400962330
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 64
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 64
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introductory Remarks to the Symposium on Hegel and the Sciences -- The Scholar, the Liberal Ideal, and the Philosophy of Science -- I. The Sciences -- Conceptual Analysis and Scientific Theory in Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature (with Special Reference to Hegel’s Optics) -- A Comment on Buchdahl’s Paper -- The Chemical System of Substances, Forces and Processes in Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature and the Science of His Time -- Hegel and the Celestial Mechanics of Newton and Einstein -- The Hegelian Treatment of Biology and Life -- More Comments on the Place of the Organic in Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature -- Hegel and the Organic View of Nature -- Hegel’s Philosophical Understanding of Illness -- On Hegel’s Significance for the Social Sciences -- Hegel’s Conception of Psychology -- II. Philosophy and Methodology of Science -- The Dialectical Structure of Scientific Thinking -- Is the Progress of Science Dialectical? -- Some ‘Moments’ of Hegel’s Relation to the Sciences -- Hegel’s ‘Deduction of the Concept of Science’ -- Theory and Praxis and the Beginning of Science -- The First American Interpretation of Hegel in J. B. Stallo’s Philosophy of Science -- III. Dialectics and Logic -- Hegel’s Logic from a Logical Point of View -- The Dynamics of Hegelian Dialectics, and Non-Linearity in the Sciences -- Mathematical Dialectics, Scientific Logic and the Psychoanalysis of Thinking [Comment on Kosok and Gauthier] -- Comments on Kosok’s Interpretation of Hegel’s Logic -- Bibliographical Note -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: To the scientists and philosophers of our time, Hegel has been either a ne­ glected or a provocative thinker, a source of irrelevant dark metaphysics or of complex but insightful analysis. His influence upon the work of natural scientists has seemed minimal, in the main; and his stimulus to the nascent sciences of society and to psychology has seemed to be as often an obstacle as an encouragement. Nevertheless his philosophical analysis of knowledge and the knowing process, of concepts and their evolutionary formation, of rationality in its forms and histories, of the stages of empirical awareness and human practice, all set within his endless inquiries into cultural formations from the entire sweep of human experience, must, we believe, be confronted by anyone who wants to understand the scientific consciousness. Indeed, we may wish to situate the changing theories of nature, and of humankind in nature, within a philosophical account of men and women as social practi­ tioners and as sensing, thinking, feeling centers of privacy; and then we will see the work of Hegel as a major effort to mediate between the purest of epistemological investigations and the most practical of the political and the religious. This book, long delayed to our deep regret, derives from a Symposium on Hegel and the Sciences which was sponsored jointly by the Hegel Society of America and the Boston University Center for Philosophy and History of Science a decade ago.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6233-0
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  • 36
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    Health, Disease, and Causal Explanations in Medicine (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400962835
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Anthropology ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / On the Concepts of Health and Disease -- An Equilibrium Model of Health -- Comments on Pörn’s ‘An Equilibrium Model of Health’ -- On the Circle of Health -- Comments on Nordenfelt’s ‘On the Circle of Health’ -- Clinical Problems and the Concept of Disease -- Comments on Engelhardt’s ‘Clinical Problems and the Concept of Disease’ -- Health and Disease from the Point of View of the Clinical Laboratory -- Section II / On Definition and Classification in Medicine -- A Critique of Essentialism in Medicine -- Comments on Jensen’s ‘A Critique of Essentialism in Medicine’ -- Psychiatric Classification: The Status of So-Called “Diagnostic Criteria” -- Comments on Malmgren’s ‘Psychiatric Classification: The Status of So-Called “Diagnostic Criteria”’ -- Section III / On Causal Thinking in Medicine -- A. Causal Analysis -- Criteria of Causal Association in Epidemiology -- Comments on Ahlbom’s ‘Criteria of Causal Association in Epidemiology’ -- About Causation in Medicine: Some Shortcomings of a Probabilistic Account of Causal Explanations -- B. Causal Selection -- Models of Causation in Epidemiology -- On the Selection of Causes of Death: An Analysis of WHO’s Rules for Selection of the Underlying Cause of Death -- Disease from a Historical and Social Point of View: Some Remarks Based on the Needs of Preventive Medicine -- Comments on Larsen’s ‘Disease from a Historical and Social Point of View’ -- The Causal Basis of the Current Disease Classification -- Comments on Wulff’s ‘The Causal Basis of the Current Disease Classification’ -- What is a Genetic Disease? On the Relative Importance of Causes -- Comments on Hesslow’s ‘What is a Genetic Disease?’ -- C. Causal Explanation -- A Pragmatic Concept of Causal Explanation -- Comments on Sadegh-zadeh’s ‘A Pragmatic Concept of Causal Explanation’ -- D. Other Topics on Causality -- Holistic Medicine as a Method of Causal Explanation, Treatment, and Prevention in Clinical Work: Obstacle or Opportunity for Development? -- Causes, Effects, and Side Effects: Choosing Between the Better and the Best -- Notes on the Philosophy of Medicine in Scandinavia -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: On May 13-15, 1982, some 50 scientists and scholars - physicians, philos­ ophers and social scientists - convened at Hasselby Castle in Stockholm for the first Nordic Symposium on the Philosophy of Medicine. The topics for the symposium included (1) the concepts of health and disease, (2) classification in medicine, and (3) causality and causal explanations in medicine. The majority of the participants were Scandinavian but the symposium was also able to welcome four distinguished guests from other parts of the world, Professors Stuart F. Spicker and H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., U.S.A., Dr Anne M. Fagot, France, and Dr Werner Morbach, West Germany. The latter represented Professor Kazem Sadegh-zadeh, who unfortunately was prevented from attending. One of the main purposes of this symposium was to bring together people in Scandinavia who at present work within the field of Philosophy of Medi­ cine. This group is still relatively small but is growing rapidly, and the scholarly activity has recently been notable. This fact is clearly demonstrated by the presentation of 'Philosophy of Medicine in Scandinavia' in the Appendix of this volume.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6283-5
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  • 37
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    Der Mensch und Sein Werk 1.Band Jehuda Halevi Fünfundneunzig Hymnen und Gedichte Deutsch und Hebräisch : Der sechzig Hymnen und Gedichte dritte Ausgabe (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400960749
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Franz Rosenzweig: Gesammelte Schriften 4-1
    Series Statement: Franz Rosenzweig Gesammelte Schriften, Der Mensch und Sein Werk 4-1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Religion (General) ; Germanic languages ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Religion.
    Abstract: Vorwort -- Vorwort -- Die 95 Hymnen und Gedichte -- Gott -- Seele -- Volk -- Zion -- Verzeichnis der in den Anmerkungen angeführten Bibelstellen -- Namensverzeichnis.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6074-9
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