Abstract: 1 The structure of wood -- 1.1 The cell wall -- 1.2 Cell wall pitting -- 1.3 Wall sculpturing -- 1.4 Trabeculae -- 1.5 Cell inclusions -- 2 The structure of softwoods -- 2.1 Growth increments -- 2.2 Tracheids and tracheid pitting -- 2.3 Tracheid wall thickenings -- 2.4 Rays -- 2.5 Axial parenchyma -- 2.6 Strand tracheids -- 2.7 Resin canals -- 2.8 Compression wood -- 3 The structure of palmwood -- 4 The structure of hardwoods -- 4.1 Growth increments -- 4.2 Vessel perforations -- 4.3 Vessel pitting -- 4.4 Vascular and vasicentric tracheids -- 4.5 Fibres -- 4.6 Axial parenchyma -- 4.7 Rays -- 4.8 Gums and gum ducts -- 4.9 Tyloses -- 4.10 Included phloem -- 4.11 Storeyed wood -- 4.12 Tension wood -- References.

Abstract: Nine years ago saw the publication of the first version of Three-dimensional Structure of Wood: A scanning electron microscope study [95]. This book contained 59 scanning electron micrographs and a modest text outlining the basic structure of wood_ When we wrote it in 1970, the scanning electron microscope was still something of a novelty (the first commercially produced SEM only coming on the market in 1965) and its use as an instrument in serious wood research was still treated by many with a good deal of suspicion. Such suspicions were not without foundation for indeed the first Three-dimensional Structure of Wood was put together from a somewhat paltry collection of a few hundred scanning electron micrographs of wood taken over a two year period. The last decade has seen some remarkable developments in the general understanding of the structure of wood. Our personal collection of scanning electron micrographs has grown from a few hundred to some 16 000. Techniques for specimen preparation [46, 47], particularly in the areas of dehydration [36] and coating have greatly improved. Most significant however, has been the new depth of understanding of wood ultrastructure that has become almost universal. By combining the use of the light, transmission and scanning electron microscopes, scientists in many widely separated parts of the world have now added a vast amount of information to our understanding of such aspects of wood structure as perforation plate development, tylose formation, the formation of reaction wood, septate fibres ultrastructure, etc.

Abstract: Alien Acquisition of Real Property: A Practitioner’s Perspective -- Austria -- Belgium -- Denmark -- England -- Federal Republic of Germany -- France -- Israel -- The Netherlands -- Spain -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- United States -- The European Community -- Index to Major Topics.

Abstract: The concept of the nation-state has as an essential element the control of territory, legal and political authority over the acquisition, ownership, use and disposition of land. The rapid increase during the 1970s in the pace of foreign 1 investment -with the acquisition of real property as a centerpiece-has stirred new concern for the ability and disability of aliens to invest in and acquire title 2 to the physical territory of a given state. With a variety of factors now stimulating 3 foreign investment in land, increased attention has been given in many countries to the role of the state in controlling, inhibiting or prohibiting investment in real property by aliens. English law long ago established that the alien would be subject to significant 4 disabilities in connection with the ownership of land. The imposition of similar 5 restrictions on aliens is found in the early law of most nation-states. Such disabilities have their roots in the feudal period, and it was not until the eighteenth century that the countries of Continental Europe abandoned the absolute 6 prohibition on succession to real property by aliens. The prohibition was replaced by a tax imposed on aliens who withdrew the property of the state of which the decedent was a citizen. Common Law rules restricting alien succession developed in the thirteenth century.

Abstract: The year 1978 marked the thirtieth anniversary of Professor C. J. Ham­ son's 'Summer course for foreign lawyers' and of his untiring efforts not only to introduce the civil lawyer to the mysteries of the Common law but also to bring closer together lawyers from both sides of the Channel. The same year saw the beginning of the 'Cambridge-Tilburg Law Lectures' wh ich developed indirectIy from the 'Summer course' and which seek to achieve similar aims by different methods. The idea of inviting two Cambridge scholars to assist their Dutch col­ leagues in the teaching of the Common law as a regular option for under­ graduate studies is novel and, to judge from first reactions, has so far been successful. The immediate objects are to achieve closer links be­ tween lawyer and Civillawyer; to encourage the further systematic teach­ ing of the Common law; and to produce aseries of lectures, two of which will be published annually in the hope that they may be of inter­ est to a wider public.

Abstract: 1 Lipids: what they are and how the biochemist deals with them -- 1.1 General introduction -- 1.2 Nomenclature and stereochemistry -- 1.3 Analytical techniques -- 1.4 Bibliography -- 2 Fatty acids -- 2.1 Structure and properties -- 2.2 The biochemistry of fatty acids -- 2.3 Summary -- 2.4 Bibliography -- 3 Neutral Lipids: glycerides, sterol esters, vitamin A esters, waxes -- 3.1 Glycerides -- 3.2 Sterol esters -- 3.3 Vitamin A esters (retinyl esters) -- 3.4 Waxes -- 3.5 Analytical techniques -- 3.6 Summary -- 3.7 Bibliography -- 4 Phospholipids -- 4.1 Classification of phospholipids -- 4.2 Structure and occurrence -- 4.3 Biosynthesis of phospholipids -- 4.4 Degradation of phospholipids -- 4.5 Analysis of phospholipids -- 4.6 Summary -- 4.7 Bibliography -- 5 Glycolipids and sulpholipids -- 5.1 Glycosyl ceramides -- 5.2 Glycosyl glycerides -- 5.3 Other glycolipids and sulpholipids -- 5.4 The analysis of glycolipid mixtures -- 5.5 Summary -- 5.6 Bibliography -- 6 Lipids as components of macromolecules -- 6.1 Physical and chemical properties of lipids -- 6.2 Physical and chemical properties of proteins -- 6.3 Association of lipids and proteins -- 6.4 Naturally-occurring lipoproteins — ‘soluble types’ -- 6.5 Naturally-occurring lipoproteins — ‘membrane types’ -- 6.6 Lipopolysaccharides and bacterial cell walls -- 6.7 Summary -- 6.8 Bibliography -- 7 Lipids in nutrition, health and disease -- 7.1 Introduction: the diverse roles of dietary lipids -- 7.2 Source and composition of dietary lipids -- 7.3 Different roles of minor lipids in food -- 7.4 The metabolism of lipids in relation to disease -- 7.5 Summary -- 7.6 Bibliography -- General index -- Supplementary index of diseases -- Supplementary index of species -- Supplementary index of tissues.

Abstract: In the preface to the Second edition, we made a prediction that many exciting developments would take place in the coming years that would change the face of a new edition. This has indeed been the case and the current edition reflects these new advances. Our picture of the structure of the fatty acid synthetase has changed dramatically, bringing a new concept in enzymology - the multicatalytic polypeptide chain. This new knowledge owes much to the exploitation of genetic mutants, the use of which is undoubtedly going to extend into many other areas of lipid biochemistry. An understanding of the control of lipid metabolism has also advanced considerably during the last decade and we have tried to reflect that here, although it will be some years before a truly integrated picture can be obtained. For this reason we have continued to deal with the control of particular aspects of lipid metabolism - fatty acids, triacylglycerols, lipoprotein- in the specific chapters but we can foresee the time when a chapter on the overall integration of lipid metabolism will be appropriate and feasible. As a particular example, the exciting new concepts of the control of cholesterol metabolism in specific tissues via the interaction of low density lipoproteins with cell surface receptors have been described in Chapter 6.

Abstract: One: Nuclear Technology -- 1. The History of Nuclear Energy -- 2. Government Regulation of Atomic Power -- 3. Fission Generation of Electricity -- 4. Ethical Problems Raised by Nuclear Technology -- Notes -- Two: Reactor Emissions and Equal Protection -- 1. The Controversy over Low-Level Radiation -- 2. Federal Radiation Standards -- 3. Ethical Problems of Radiation Policy -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes -- Three: Nuclear Wastes and the Argument from Ignorance -- 1. The Social and Economic Costs of Storing Radioactive Wastes -- 2. Philosophical Errors in Analyses of the Waste Problem -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes -- Four: Core Melt Catastrophe and Due Process -- 1. The Price-Anderson Act -- 2. Philosophical Difficulties in the Price-Anderson Act -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes -- Five: Nuclear Economics and the Problem of Externalities -- 1. The Problem of Externalities -- 2. Partially-Compensated Externalities of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- 3. The Consequences of the Failure To Compensate -- 4. The Consequences of Recognizing Amenity Rights -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- Six: Nuclear Safety and the Naturalistic Fallacy -- 1. The Naturalistic Fallacy -- 2. Commissions of the Fallacy in Government Studies of Nuclear Power -- 3. The Consequences to Public Policy -- 4. New Directions for Technology and Public Policy -- Notes -- Name Index.

Abstract: This book grew out of projects funded by the Kentucky Human­ ities Council in 1974 and. 1975 and by the Environmental Protec­ tion Agency in 1976 and 1977. As a result of the generosity of these two agencies, I was able to study the logical, methodological, and ethical assumptions inherent in the decision to utilize nuclear fission for generating electricity. Since both grants gave me the opportunity to survey public policy-making, I discovered that there were critical lacunae in allegedly comprehensive analyses of various energy technologies. Ever since this discovery, one of my goals has been to fill one of these gaps by writing a well-docu­ mented study of some neglected social and ethical questions regarding nuclear power. Although many assessments of atomic energy written by en­ vironmentalists are highly persuasive, they often also are overly emotive and question-begging. Sometimes they employ what seem to be correct ethical conclusions, but they do so largely in an in­ tuitive, rather than a closely-reasoned, manner. On the other hand, books and reports written by nuclear proponents, often Under government contract, almost always ignore the social and ethical aspects of energy decision-making; they focus instead only on a purely scientific assessment of fission generation of electricity. What the energy debate needs, I believe, are more studies which aim at ethical analysis and which avoid unsubstantiated assertions. I hope that these essays are steps in that direction.

Abstract: 1. Some Irrelevant Personalia -- 2. A Librarian by Accident -- 3. American, European and International Librarianship -- 4. Belgian Art Seminar -- 5. New Libraries in Old Places -- 6. Small Talk about Great Books -- 7. More Small Talk about Great Books -- 8. Of Men and Books -- 9. International Book Year and the World at Large -- 10. Recollections as IFLA President -- Name Index.

Abstract: IT ALL STARTED with the American Library Association (ALA) which wanted to celebrate its centenary in 1976 at its headquarters in Chicago. With five American librarians and non-librarians I was invited to give a centennial paper. I declined the flattering offer because I had left the profession and had no time to do any research. I added innocently, however, that I would be delighted to speak out of personal experience, for instance on the impor­ tance of American librarianship in my professional life. This pro­ posal was accepted; I delivered the lecture and my text was printed in Libraries and the Life cif the Mind. Before I had read my paper in Chicago I received a request from the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) to contribute with Recollections of a President to the fiftieth anniver­ sary volume of IFLA (1927-1977). For reasons with which I agreed IFLA did not publish my paper in full, such as it is given here as chapter 10. I am confident that no one will compare the two versions in order to try to find out \\That has been left out in the earlier printing. Two other papers have appeared in German Festschrifts, one for Kurt Koster from Frankfurt-aiM (chapter 7) and one for Gerhard Liebers from Munster (chapter 5) the former being focussed to accord with the interest of the recipient on medieval Dutch manuscripts, the latter, for similar reasons, on library buildings.

Abstract: 1 Sufficiency -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Factorization criterion -- 1.3 Distribution of statistics conditional on a sufficient statistic -- 1.4 Joint sufficiency -- 1.5 Minimal sufficiency -- 2 Unbiased point estimators -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rao-Blackwell theorem -- 2.3 The role of sufficient statistics -- 2.4 Completeness -- 2.5 Joint completeness -- 2.6 Sufficiency, completeness and independence -- 2.7 Minimum-variance bounds -- 2.8 Computation of a minimum-variance bound -- 2.9 Minimum attainable variance -- 2.10 Mean square error -- 2.11 Two parameters -- 3 Elementary decision theory and Bayesian methods -- 3.1 Comments on classical techniques -- 3.2 Loss functions -- 3.3 Decision theory -- 3.4 Bayes decisions -- 3.5 Using data -- 3.6 Computing posterior distributions -- 3.7 Conjugate distributions -- 3.8 Distribution of the next observation -- 3.9 More than one parameter -- 3.10 Decision functions -- 3.11 Bayes estimators -- 3.12 Admissibility -- 4 Methods of estimation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Maximum likelihood estimation -- 4.3 Locating the maximum likelihood estimator -- 4.4 Estimation of a function of a parameter -- 4.5 Truncation and censoring -- 4.6 Estimation of several parameters -- 4.7 Approximation techniques -- 4.8 Large-sample properties -- 4.9 Method of least squares -- 4.10 Normal equations -- 4.11 Solution of the normal equations (non-singular case) -- 4.12 Use of matrices -- 4.13 Best unbiased linear estimation -- 4.14 Co variance matrix -- 4.15 Relaxation of assumptions -- 5 Hypothesis testing I -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Statistical hypothesis -- 5.3 Simple null hypothesis against simple alternative -- 5.4 Applications of the Neyman-Pearson theorem -- 5.5 Uniformly most powerful tests for a single parameter -- 5.6 Most powerful randomized tests -- 5.7 Hypothesis testing as a decision process -- 5.8 Minimax and Bayes tests -- 6 Hypothesis testing II -- 6.1 Two-sided tests for a single parameter -- 6.2 Neyman-Pearson theorem extension (nonrandomized version) -- 6.3 Regular exponential family of distributions -- 6.4 Uniformly most powerful unbiased test of ? = ?0 against ? ? ?0 -- 6.5 Nuisance parameters -- 6.6 Similar tests -- 6.7 Composite hypotheses-several parameters -- 6.8 Likelihood ratio tests -- 6.9 Bayes methods -- 6.10 Loss function for one-sided hypotheses -- 6.11 Testing ? = ?0 against ? ? ?0 -- 7 Interval estimation -- 7.1 One parameter, Bayesian confidence intervals -- 7.2 Two parameters, Bayesian confidence regions -- 7.3 Confidence intervals (classical) -- 7.4 Most selective limits -- 7.5 Relationship to best tests -- 7.6 Unbiased confidence intervals -- 7.7 Nuisance parameters -- 7.8 Discrete distributions -- 7.9 Relationship between classical and Bayesian intervals -- 7.10 Large-sample confidence intervals -- Appendix 1 Functions of random variables -- A 1.1 Introduction -- A 1.2 Transformations: discrete distributions -- A1.3 Continuous distributions -- A 1.4 The order statistics -- Appendix 2 The regular exponential family of distributions -- A2.1 Single parameter -- A2.2 Several parameters -- A2.3 The regular exponential family of bivariate distributions -- Further exercises -- Brief solutions to further exercises -- Further reading -- Author index.

Abstract: This book covers those basic topics which usually form the core of intermediate courses in statistical theory; it is largely about estima­ tion and hypothesis testing. It is intended for undergraduates following courses in statistics but is also suitable preparatory read­ ing for some postgraduate courses. It is assumed that the reader has completed an introductory course which covered probability, random variables, moments and the sampling distributions. The level of mathematics required does not go beyond first year calculus. In case the reader has not acquired much facility in handling matrices, the results in least squares estimation are first obtained directly and then given an (optional) matrix formulation. If techniques for changing from one set of variables to another have not been met, then the appendix on these topics should be studied first. The same appendix contains essential discussion of the order statistics which are frequently used for illustrative purposes. Introductory courses usually include the elements of hypothesis testing and of point and interval estimation though the treatment must perforce become rather thin since at that stage it is difficult to provide adequate justifications for some procedures-plausible though they may seem. This text discusses these important topics in considerable detail, starting from scratch. The level is nowhere advanced and proofs of asymptotic results are omitted. Methods deriving from the Bayesian point of view are gradually introduced and alternate with the more usual techniques.

Abstract: 1 Preliminaries -- 1.1 General introductory and historical remarks -- 1.2 Sets, families and graphs -- 1.3 Vector spaces; linear and affine independence -- Exercises -- 2 Independence spaces -- 2.1 Axioms and some basic theorems -- 2.2 Some induced structures -- 2.3 Submodular functions -- 2.4 Sums of independence structures -- Exercises -- 3 Graphic spaces -- 3.1 The cycle and cutset structures of a graph -- 3.2 Connections with vector spaces -- 3.3 Applications of independence theory to graphs -- Exercises -- 4 Transversal spaces -- 4.1 Hall’s theorem and its generalization -- 4.2 The partial transversals of a family of sets -- 4.3 Duals of transversal structures -- 4.4 Extensions of Hall’s theorem -- 4.5 Applications -- Exercises -- 5 Appendix on representability -- 5.1 Representability in general -- 5.2 Linear representability -- 5.3 Induced structures -- 5.4 Linear representability over specified fields -- 5.5 Some spaces which are not linearly representable -- Exercises -- Hints and solutions to the exercises -- Further reading.

Abstract: Combinatorics may very loosely be described as that branch of mathematics which is concerned with the problems of arranging objects in accordance with various imposed constraints. It covers a wide range of ideas and because of its fundamental nature it has applications throughout mathematics. Among the well-established areas of combinatorics may now be included the studies of graphs and networks, block designs, games, transversals, and enumeration problem s concerning permutations and combinations, from which the subject earned its title, as weil as the theory of independence spaces (or matroids). Along this broad front,various central themes link together the very diverse ideas. The theme which we introduce in this book is that of the abstract concept of independence. Here the reason for the abstraction is to unify; and, as we sh all see, this unification pays off handsomely with applications and illuminating sidelights in a wide variety of combinatorial situations. The study of combinatorics in general, and independence theory in particular, accounts for a considerable amount of space in the mathematical journais. For the most part, however, the books on abstract independence so far written are at an advanced level, ·whereas the purpose of our short book is to provide an elementary in­ troduction to the subject.

Abstract: 1 Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors -- 2 Glycine, GABA and Benzodiazepine Receptors -- 3 Substance P Receptors -- 4 Enkephalin and Endorphin Receptors -- 5 Other Peptide Receptors.

Abstract: Since the discovery that neuronal transmission can be chemically mediated, a large number of compounds have been found in the mammalian central nervous system which appear to function as neurotransmitter agents. Recently, electrophysiological and biochemical methods have been developed which have enabled neuroscientists to classify better the myriad of neurotransmitter receptor sites in brain and to study their properties in finer detail. As a result of these investigations, a significant number of new discoveries have been made about the mechanisms involved in neurotransmitter receptor interactions, the role neurotransmitters play in the actions of pharmacological agents and in the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders. The present two volume text was compiled to summarize the information relating to the physiological, biochemical, pharmacological and functional characteristics of neurotransmitter receptor sites. While emphasis is placed on neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian central nervous system, the characteristics of these receptors in other species, both vertebrate and invertebrate, are also discussed where appropriate. While these books cover the major classes of putative neurotransmitters - amino acids, peptides and biogenic amines - and are therefore broad in scope, each is discussed in a concise fashion to highlight the major points of historical and contemporary interest. In addition to outlining data, each chapter addresses current theories relating to the various aspects of receptor properties and function in an attempt to reveal the directions of future research and as a stimulus for other workers in the field.

Abstract: 1 Alkanes -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. CH3 stretching frequencies -- 1.3. CH2 stretching frequencies -- 1.4. The symmetric methyl deformation frequency -- 1.5. The CH2 deformation frequency -- 1.6. Skeletal vibrations -- 2 Alkenes and Vibrations of C=N and N=N Links -- 2.1. The C=C stretching frequency -- 2.2. C=C Frequencies in open chains -- 2.3. CH stretching vibrations of olefines -- 2.4. The C=N stretching frequency -- 2.5. The N=N stretching frequency -- 3 X=Y=Z Systems and Triple Bonds -- 3.1. Introduction, multiple bond systems -- 3.2. Isothiocyanates -- 3.3. Thiocyanates -- 3.4. Isocyanates -- 3.5. Azides -- 3.6. Carbodi-imides -- 3.7. Diazo compounds -- 3.8. Alienes -- 3.9. Factors controlling the stretching frequencies of triple bonds -- 3.10. Isonitriles -- 3.11. Alkynes -- 4 Unassociated XH Vibrations -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Changes in XH stretching frequencies following alterations in the X Element -- 4.3. Changes in XH stretching frequencies with alterations in the Substituents at X -- 4.4. vOH stretching frequencies -- 4.5. vNH stretching frequencies -- 4.6. Silicon and germanium hydrides -- 4.7. Hydrides of other elements -- 5 Carbonyl Frequencies -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Mass effects -- 5.3. Frequency interaction effects -- 5.4. The effects of changes in bond angles, and in the strengths of the adjacent bonds -- 5.5. Chemical effects -- 5.6. Field effects in carbonyl compounds -- 5.7. The effects of changes of phase or of Association -- 5.8. Carbonyl frequencies in specific classes of compound -- 5.9. The carbonyl deformation frequency -- 6 X=Y Bonds Other than Carbonyl. vS=O, N=O, P=O, P=S, C=S and C=Se Vibrations -- 6.1. The sulphoxide group -- 6.2. The XN=O bond -- 6.3. The P=O stretching frequency -- 6.4. The P=S vibration -- 6.5. The P=Se vibration -- 6.6. The C=S vibration -- 6.7. The C=Se vibration -- 7 Stretching Vibrations of XO2 Systems, RSO2, RNO2, RCO2 -- 7.1. The SO2 stretching vibrations -- 7.2. The X-NO2 stretching vibrations -- 7.3. The ionized carboxyl group CO2- -- 8 Associated XH Frequencies, The Hydrogen Bond -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. OH…X systems -- 8.3. NH…X hydrogen bonds -- 8.4. Hydrogen bonding in thiols -- 8.5. CH…X hydrogen bonds -- 8.6. Hydrogen bonds of inorganic acids.

Abstract: Introduction: The Role of Dutch in Recent Phonological Issues -- Structure Conditions for Initial Position in Standard Dutch -- Word Frequency and Lexical Diffusion in Dialect Borrowing and Phonological Change -- Brabantic Sandhi and the Abstractness Debate -- Morpheme Boundaries and Syllable Boundaries: A Case for Natural Phonology -- The Stress Pattern of Dutch Simplex Words: A First Approximation -- On Vowel Reduction in Dutch -- Dutch Diminutives over easy -- Past Participle Prefix ge- Deletion and the Role of Stress in Dutch Complex Verbs -- Boundaries, Wordclasses, and the Accentuation of Derived Words in Dutch -- Inflectional Aspects of Adjectives in the Dialects of Dutch-speaking Belgium -- Some Theoretical Implications of Stem Alternations in Dutch Diminutives and Plurals -- Egg, Onion, Ouch! On the Representation of Dutch Diphthongs -- The Looking Glass War: On the Role of Hypercorrection in Phonological Change.

Abstract: 1 The essential metals and their evolution -- 1.1 The major metals -- 1.2 The minor metals -- 1.3 Metals and early biochemical evolution -- 2 The non-redox roles of metals ions -- 2.1 Active sites of the non-redox metals -- 2.2 Regulatory and trigger roles of metal ions -- 3 Electron transfer and redox reactions -- 3.1 Metals as redox catalysts -- 3.2 Electron carrier proteins -- 3.3 Some enzymes containing molybdenum, cobalt and iron -- 3.4 Electron transfer in respiration and photosynthesis -- 4 Dealing with oxygen -- 4.1 The activation and toxicity of oxygen -- 4.2 Oxygen carriers -- 4.3 Superoxide dismutases -- 4.4 Oxidases -- 4.5 Oxygenases -- 4.6 Hydroperoxidases -- 4.7 Some oxygen-activating groups -- 5 Metal metabolism -- 5.1 Microbial ion carriers -- 5.2 The major metals -- 5.3 The minor metals -- Suggestions for further reading.

Abstract: In this book we present a largely biochemical look at the metals of life and their functions, which we hope will be of interest to chemists and biologists as well as biochemists. The field of 'inorganic bio­ chemistry' is one of rapid change. Recent developments in our know­ ledge of the activity of calcium, and of the iron-sulphur proteins, are two examples, and increasing attention is being paid to non-metals as well [3]. For reasons of space, we shall restrict ourselves to the normal biological activities of metals. We must ignore, on the one hand, the gross physiological effects of metal deficiency or toxicity, and on the other, the many model studies which have been stimulated by the unusual properties of metals in biological systems. Usually the synthesis of model metal compounds follows rather than anticipates the dis­ covery of novel biological configurations. However, such studies give us a firm basis for an understanding of the biological systems, and sometimes answer questions that cannot be tackled any other way (for instance, what is the net charge on an iron-sulphur cluster?). As a result, we can refer to new and interesting information on the metals oflife at a chemical level. We gratefully acknowledge the help of Professor P. Banks and Dr D. Fenton who have read and criticized the manuscript, though any errors or misconceptions remain our own responsibility. We thank Mr P. Elliot for preparing Fig. 5.2.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Topics for further reading -- 2 Motility in prokaryotic organisms -- 2.1 Elements involved in motility -- 2.2 Molecular structure of the bacterial flagellum -- 2.3 Regulation of synthesis and assembly of the bacterial flagellum -- 2.4 The function of bacterial flagella -- 2.5 Patterns of bacterial movements -- 2.6 Regulation of bacterial movement -- Topics for further reading -- 3 The motility system of eukaryotic cells -- 3.1 Microtubules -- 3.2 Molecular components of micro tubular structures -- 3.3 Microtubule assembly and its control -- 3.4 How microtubules can generate movement -- 3.5 The problem of intermediate filaments -- 3.6 Microfilaments -- 3.7 Molecular components of microfilaments -- 3.8 Microfilament assembly and its control -- 3.9 How microfilaments generate movement -- 3.10 Sliding control in microfilaments -- 3.11 Microtubules, microfilaments and cell membranes -- Topics for further reading -- 4 The movement of eukaryotic cells -- 4.1 Ciliary and flagellar movement -- 4.2 Amoeboid movement -- Topics for further reading -- References.

Abstract: Philosophers through the ages have made the astute observation that life, in its many aspects, appears to be continuously moving. All things in the universe, from the cosmic to the atomic level, exhibit some form of movement. Getting down to earth, the capacity to move is also an essential feature of the biological world. Movement was in fact synonymous with life at the time that Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the first simple microscope (seventeenth century). Using his primitive instrument he observed micro-organisms. which he called 'animalcules', swimming through a drop of water, and therefore he proclaimed that they 'seem to be alive'. We now know that movement in this form is not a prerequisite for life. although it is a crucial aspect in many living organisms. Realizing the general importance of motility in the biological world, this book will try to focus on the motility at a cellular level. Motility at a cellular level can take one of several forms: movement of components within the cell itself or movement of the cell as a whole (cell locomotion).

Abstract: 1. NATURE AND PROPERTIES -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Nomenclature and structure -- 1.3 Isolation and purification -- 1.4 Physical properties -- 1.5 Chemical properties -- 1.6 Addendum -- 1.7 References -- 2. BIOSYNTHESIS OF CAROTENOIDS -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General pathway to lycopene -- 2.3 Further reactions of lycopene -- 2.4 Insertion of oxygen into carotenoids -- 2.5 Acetylenic, allenic and refrocarotenoids -- 2.6 C30 carotenoids -- 2.7 References -- 3. FUNCTIONS OF CAROTENOIDS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Photosynthesis -- 3.3 Photoprotection -- 3.4 The xanthophyll cycle -- 3.5 Phototropism -- 3.6 Phototaxis -- 3.7 Sporangiophore formation -- 3.8 References -- 4. CAROTENOIDS IN SEED-BEARING PLANTS-PHOTOSYNTHETIC TISSUES -- 4.1 Qualitative distribution -- 4.2 Quantitative distribution -- 4.3 Localization -- 4.4 Etiolated seedlings -- 4.5 Mutants -- 4.6 Synthesis in germinating seedlings -- 4.7 Effect of environment on synthesis in leaves -- 4.8 Biosynthesis -- 4.9 Regulation of synthesis -- 4.10 Metabolism -- 4.11 Plant tissue cultures -- 4.12 Parasitic and saprophytic plants -- 4.13 Aquatic higher plants -- 4.14 References -- 5. CAROTENOIDS IN HIGHER PLANTS -- 5.1 Reproductive tissues -- 5.2 Roots -- 5.3 References -- 6. MOSSES, LIVERWORTS AND SPORE-BEARING VASCULAR PLANTS -- 6.1 Bryophyta - mosses and liverworts -- 6.2 Tracophyta - spore-bearing vascular plants -- 6.3 Function -- 6.4 References -- 7. ALGAE -- 7.1 Nature and distribution -- 7.2 General factors controlling synthesis -- 7.3 Carotenoids, algal taxonomy and evolution -- 7.4 References -- 8. FUNGI -- 8.1 Distribution -- 8.2 General factors controlling synthesis -- 8.3 Function in reproduction -- 8.4 References -- 9. NON-PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Distribution -- 9.3 Localization of carotenoids -- 9.4 Factors controlling synthesis -- 9.5 Biosynthesis of C30 carotenoids -- 9.6 Biosynthesis of C45 and C50 carotenoids -- 9.7 Formation of carotenoid glucoside esters -- 9.8 References -- 10. PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA -- 10.1 Distribution -- 10.2 Localization of carotenoids -- 10.3 General factors controlling synthesis -- 10.4 Biosynthesis -- 10.5 References -- 11. BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF CAROTENOIDS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Fresh water deposits -- 11.3 Ocean deposits -- 11.4 References.

Abstract: The carotenoids are not only amongst the most widespread of the naturally occurring groups of pigments, but probably also have the most varied functions; witness their known roles in photokinetic responses of plants, in phototropic responses of fish and as vitamin A precursors in mammals and birds. Pigments with such wide distribution and such diverse functions are obviously of great interest to biological scientists with very different specializa­ tions, especially as it is unlikely that the study of the functions of carotenoids is anywhere near complete. The primary aim of the present work is to discuss the distribution, bio­ genesis and function of the carotenoids throughout the plant and animal kingdoms in such a way that, because of, rather than in spite of its bio­ chemical bias, it will be of value to workers interested in all the biological aspects of these pigments. The biochemical approach is considered the most effective because, generally speaking, most progress in the study of carotenoids in living material has been achieved using biochemical techniques, be they applied by zoologists, botanists, entomologists, microbiologists or other specialists; what is even more important is that a consideration of the present position makes it certain that further fundamental progress will also be made along biochemical lines.

Abstract: Ecological Concepts and Their Relevance to Human Nutrition -- Man’s Demand for Energy -- World Production of Organic Matter -- Secondary Production in the Oceans -- Secondary Production from Land -- Amino Acids: Production by Plants and the Requirements of Man -- The Nitrogen Economy of Marine and Land Environments -- Man’s Impact on Environmental Systems -- Man and the Major Mineral Elements -- Uptake of Some Major Mineral Elements by Plants -- Trace Mineral Elements, Mammalian Requirements and Man’s Presumptive Needs -- Trace Elements in Soils and Plants -- Trace Elements in the Marine Environment -- Support Energy from Fossil Fuels -- Radioactive Materials -- Radioactive Materials—the Aquatic Environment -- Pesticides and Other Man-made Chemicals and the Food Chain -- Implications of the Intensification of Agriculture for Ecological Problems -- Implications for Human Health and Nutrition and the Research That Needs to be Done -- List of Participants.

Abstract: The purpose of the third symposium organised by the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and Crop Husbandry _of the Rank Prize Funds was to explore in some depth the complex processes whereby organic and inorganic materials reach man's diet, paying particular attenti.

Abstract: 1 Music and Sound and the Young Baby -- 2 The First Step to Musical Learning -- 3 The Second Step -- 4 The Third Step -- 5 The Fourth Step -- 6 The Fifth Step -- 7 And so to Literacy.

Abstract: 1 Occurrence, Distribution and Historical Perspective -- 2 Seaweed as Animal Fodder, Manure and for Energy -- 3 Sea Vegetables (Algae as Food for Man) -- 4 Laver or ‘Nori’ Industry and Carragheen or Irish Moss -- 5 Agar-agar -- 6 Algin and Alginates -- 7 Minor Uses of Algae and their Products -- 8 Mariculture of Seaweeds -- 9 Looking for Seaweeds — the World’s Supplies -- Author Index -- Plant Index.

Abstract: The 1939-45 war forced the Allied countries to seek alternative sources of raw materials and, as in the First World War, attention was paid by all belligerents to the marine algae or seaweeds. These occur in considerable quantities in various parts of the world, and attempts to make use of this cheap and readily accessible, though not so readily harvestable, raw material have been made almost from time immemorial. Much of the work on the economic utilization of seaweeds has been published only in scientific journals and has never been collected within the compass of a single book. Tressler's work on The Marine Products of Commerce contains three useful chapters on this subject, whilst Sauvageau's book, Les utilisations des Algues Marines, is a mine of valuable information, especially as regards the use of seaweeds in France. Both these volumes are, however, somewhat out of date, Tressler's being published in 1923 and Sauvageau's in 1920. Furthermore there is no book wholly on this subject in the English language, and so the present volume has been undertaken in order to fill this gap. The opportunity has also been taken to incorporate the results of researches carried out since 1920. In certain aspects of the subject it will be found that considerable advances have been made, and in the present volume particular reference to such advances will be found in the chapters on agar and alginic acid.

Abstract: Preface -- I. Introduction -- II. Preliminary Survey -- III. Consideration of some previous works on Minangkabau and Negri Sembilan -- IV. Theory -- V. Minangkabau Social Organisation -- VI. Minangkabau Political Organisation -- VII. Modern trends in Minangkabau -- VIII. Negri Sembilan Social Organisation -- IX. Negri Sembilan Political Organisation -- X. Modern trends in Negri Sembilan -- XI. Comparison -- XII. Summary, and some wider implications -- Map 1. Minangkabau and Negri Sembilan -- Map 2. Minangkabau and its surroundings -- Map 3. Negri Sembilan and its surroundings -- Map 4. Minangkabau -- Map 5. Negri Sembilan -- Map 6. The distribution of the two adat in Minangkabau -- XIII. Supplementary notes (1980 edition) -- Errata.

Abstract: As soon as one has to decide on a system of transliteration for the languages spoken in Minangkabau and Negri Sembilan, one is faced by peculiar difficulties. In the first place, one has the choice between adopting the Dutch system, the Indonesian (which is derived from it), the British or a scientifically satisfactory one. Then, should one spell the Minangkabau words according to their pronunciation, or in their Malaicised form, as the Minangkahau themselves do, ,at least when writing in Arabic characters? Further there is the difficulty that we do not really know what the language of Negri Sembilan is like ; from the scattered data one gets the impression that it should rather be considered a form of Minangkabau than a form of Malay, but European writers on this State have diligently "corrected" the native words and expressions, giving them, as much as possible, a Malay appearance. After some hesitation we adopted the following principles of trans­ literation : A. We shall spell the Minangkabau words in accordance with their pronunciation, as is customary when Minangkabau texts are published in their Romanised form. B. Negri Sembilan words will be given in their Malay form, al­ though there is reason to suppose that in the actual spoken language these words may differ quite considerably from the way they have been rendered here. C. For both the Sumatran and the Peninsular words we shall follow the official spelling of the Indonesian Republic.

Abstract: The First Step -- The Second Step -- The Third Step -- The Fourth Step -- The Fifth Step -- ‘And so to Literacy’.

Abstract: The evidence grows daily that much learning failure results from undetected early childhood hearing problems (Gordon 1977). This is because the child is deprived of the state of acute hearing sensitivity normally present at birth which makes it possible to recognize the loudness levels and duration of each individual sound. This is how a child learns the signifi­ cance of the slightest variations in the quality of each sound as he collects information from the environment through all his senses, and the meaning of these changes is experienced and understood. As a result of normal sensory experience and reaction with the environment the multisensory systems are used and developed. Similarly, the growth of the brain is stimulated to make possible the storage of infor­ mation and to produce the biochemical state necessary to transmit and relate the sensory information so collected and stored (Monckeberg and Prescott, 1975). If the loudness level of sound is reduced so too is its impact. In this form a baby's normal 'startle response' to a sound, which includes the flickering open of the eyes, is rarely experienced. This response of the eyes is a seeking out of a sound source. The visual localizing of sound sources, leading to the antiCipation of their spatial position, arises from the ability to hear the fine changes of pitch and loudness levels involved in movement.

Abstract: I Solar Cell Arrays -- 1 Array Systems -- 2 Array Analysis -- 3 Array Design -- II Array Building Blocks -- 4 Solar Cells -- 5 Optical Elements -- 6 Electrical Elements -- 7 Mechanical Elements -- III Support Data -- 8 Fabrication and Test -- 9 Environments and Their Effects -- 10 Material Properties -- Appendices -- Appendix A Mathematics -- Appendix B Insolance Tables -- Appendix C Physical Constants -- Appendix D Conversion Factors and Formulas -- Appendix E 1 MeV Fluence Tables.

Abstract: 1 The First New Society -- 2 Public Authority and Social Structure -- 3 Pathways to Satisfaction -- 4 The “Ordinary” Civil Servant: Soft Activist -- 5 Managing Politics and Politicians -- 6 Images of Society and Power -- 7 Sweden Compared -- 8 No Place to Hide: Political Skill and the Social Psychology of Consensus -- 9 Postscript: On the Politics of Accommodation -- Appendix A: Sample Selection -- Notes.

Abstract: Several years ago, freshly returned from a year in Stockholm but deeply en­ meshed in the American Malaise of the late 1960's, I sketched out an image of Swedish policy-making that defined a generalized policy-making role and sought to relate that role to both citizen attitudes and the elite political culture 1 in Sweden. Although that sketch seems to have been taken seriously by other foreigners, I think it is fair to say that the principal reaction of my Swedish friends and colleagues was amusement. When I later (1970-71) returned for another year in Stockholm, I found myself being introduced at parties as the man who had written ''that marvelously out-of-date sketch of how Swedish politics used to work-hah, hah. " Or, I would be referred to as the American who, like Marquis Childs some years earlier, "believed our propaganda. " By 1970-71, of course, the Swedish political environment had become more boisterous than it had been in 1967-68. Indeed, during the course of that year my amused colleagues found themselves enmeshed in a strike action against the government that was part of an emotional series of such actions that some observers thought would bring most public services to a halt. If my earlier portrait had been influenced (too much, they thought) by the American Malaise in which I was implicated, so must their later reaction to my portrait have been influenced (too much, I thought) by the Swedish Turmoil of 1970 and 1971.

Abstract: One -- I. Basic Concepts and Characteristics -- II. Performing a R?Ga (1): Dhrupada -- III. Performing a R?Ga (2): Khay?L -- IV. R?ga Delineation -- V. Poetry, Melody and Rhythm -- VI. The Essence of R?ga and the Problem of Rasa -- Two -- VII. Music and its Larger Social Environment -- VIII. The Rise and fall of the Ghar?N? System -- IX. Training and Creativity -- X. The Role of the Great Musicians -- XI. A Survey of Changes in North Indian Music -- Conclusion -- Chronology -- Bibliography and Discography -- Music Examples.

Abstract: AIM In spite of a reasonably extensive literature in English' and Indian vernaculars, there are extremely few books on Indian music that can be considered of a scientific standard. I found, when I took up an interest in Indian music in 1967, that even protracted reading of the studies in English was not conducive to an understanding of the principles of performance. Most of my study and research have been devoted to the gradual refinement of this very understanding. In the course of time it also became obvious that different scholars and different musicians held divergent views on many basic concepts of Indian music. Therefore, one of my tasks was to assess the degree of variability in Indian music. As a corollary I wanted to know how this variability could manifest itself as change in a relatively short and well-documented period. It is often assumed that traditional cultures, as e. g. in India, are rather inert and that the art forms hardly ever change. This study proves the contrary: Indian music has a strong vitality. If we examine the different treatises through the centuries this vitality would appear to be a basic characteristic. I felt that at least an effort to discover the roots of such change would be valuable as a contribution to the study of art history and possibly to the sociology of culture.

Abstract: 1 Ultrastructure of bacterial envelopes -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Gram-positive cell wall -- 1.3 The Gram-negative cell wall -- 1.4 Membrane morphology -- 1.5 Internal membranes -- 1.6 Specialized membrane systems -- References -- 2 Isolation of walls and membranes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Isolation of walls and membranes from Gram-positive species -- 2.3 Separation of the components of the wall from Gram-negative species -- 2.4 Preparation of specialized intracytoplasmic membranes -- References -- 3 Membrane structure and composition in micro-organisms -- 3.1 General ideas of membrane structure -- 3.2 Some physical properties of membranes -- 3.3 Composition of microbial membranes -- 3.4 Proteins in membranes -- References -- 4 Membrane functions -- 4.1 Active components and functions of bacterial cell walls -- 4.2 Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane -- 4.3 Components of the electron transport chain -- 4.4 The coupling of energy flow to phosphorylation -- 4.5 Isolation and properties of Mg2+-Ca2+ ATPase -- 4.6 Vesiculation of membranes -- 4.7 Transport of metabolites and ions -- 4.8 Binding proteins -- 4.9 Mesosomal membrane -- 4.10 Outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria -- References -- 5 Membranes of bacteria lacking peptidoglycan -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mycoplasmas -- 5.3 Extreme halophiles -- 5.4 Bacterial L-forms -- References -- 6 Structure of peptidoglycan -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Modification of the basic peptidoglycan structure -- 6.3 Three-dimensional structure of peptidoglycans -- 6.4 Cell walls of prokaryotes without peptidoglycan -- References -- 7 Additional polymers in bacterial walls -- 7.1 Gram-positive bacteria -- 7.2 Gram-negative bacteria -- References -- 8 Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Synthesis of nucleotide sugar precursors -- 8.3 The lipid cycle -- 8.4 Formation of cross-bridge peptides -- 8.5 Polymerization of disaccharide-peptide units -- 8.6 Transpeptidation: The formation of cross-links -- 8.7 D-Alanine carboxypeptidases -- References -- 9 Antibiotics affecting bacterial wall synthesis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Phosphonomycin (Fosfomycin) -- 9.3 Antibiotics inhibiting D-alanine metabolism in peptidoglycan biosynthesis: cycloserine, O-carbamoyl-D-serine, alaphosphin (L-alanyl-L-1-aminoethyl phosphonic acid) and the haloalanines -- 9.4 Bacitracin -- 9.5 Tunicamycin -- 9.6 The vancomycin group of antibiotics: vancomycin, ristocetins, ristomycins, actinoidin -- 9.7 ?-Lactam antibiotics: the penicillins and cephalosporins -- 9.8 Antibiotics inhibiting biosynthesis of wall polymers but whose site of action is not yet established -- References -- 10 Biosynthesis of other bacterial wall components -- 10.1 Biosynthesis of teichoic acids -- 10.2 Biosynthesis of other components of the Gram-positive bacterial wall -- 10.3 Biosynthesis of the lipopolysaccharides -- 10.4 Iipoprotein from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria -- References -- 11 The bacterial autolysins -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Bond specificity and distribution of bacterial autolysins -- 11.3 Purification and properties of the autolytic enzymes -- 11.4 Location of autolytic enzymes -- 11.5 Function of autolysins -- References -- 12 Cell walls of Mycobacteria -- 12.1 Wall composition -- 12.2 Adjuvant and other immunostimulant properties -- 12.3 Antitumour activity -- References -- 13 Cell walls of filamentous fungi -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Carbohydrates in the wall -- 13.3 Wall composition and dimorphism -- 13.4 Melanins and depsipeptides -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Biosynthesis of wall components in yeast and filamentous fungi -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Biosynthesis of chitin -- 14.3 Biosynthesis of mannan -- 14.4 Biosynthesis of glucan -- References -- 15 The cell wall in the growth and cell division of bacteria -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Growth of streptococcal cell walls -- 15.3 Growth of the walls of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria -- 15.4 Growth of the Gram-negative cell wall -- 15.5 Growth of cytoplasmic membranes -- 15.6 Mutants with disturbed surface growth -- 15.7 Helical growth of bacteria -- References.

Abstract: In 1968 when Cell Walls and Membranes was published it was still reasonable to attempt to write a book covering the whole subject. Accordingly this edition of the book had something to say about walls from micro-organisms and plants as well as about membranes from bacteria and animal cells. A decade later this is manifestly impossible. Knowledge about almost all the subjects has grown explosively, par­ ticularly about membranes and the biosynthesis of macromolecules. Moreover aspects of the subject that were still in a relatively primitive state ten years ago have grown into highly sophisticated subjects worthy of extended treatment. The result is that the present book has had to be confined to structures and functions relating to only one division of the biological kingdom, namely micro-organisms. Even then severe limitations have had to be made to keep the task within the time available to the authors and their expertise. A few of the titles of chapters such as those on the isolation of walls and membranes, the structure of the components of bacterial and micro-fungal walls and their biosynthesis remain from the earlier book. These chapters have been almost completely rewritten and a number of quite new chapters added on topics such as the action of the antibiotics that inhibit bacterial wall syn­ thesis, on the function of bacterial membranes, and the bacterial autolysins.

Abstract: The Dictionary A–Z -- Appendix: A list of named units -- Table of organic compounds.

Abstract: The format of this edition remains unchanged from previous editions but the majority of entries have received some revision. In particular, units are now in SI units wherever possible, although with certain of the classical entries this is not possible. Chemical terminology has proved a particular problem. We have kept the common names for organic compounds because of the wide readership of this book but we have added an extra table giving the equivalent systematic names and the formulae. We have tried to avoid omission of any named effects and laws that have wide usage. Nevertheless, in order to keep the book to a manageable length, it has been necessary to make a selection among the less commonly used terms and it is inevitable that some arbitrary choices and omissions must be made. Some entries from earlier editions have been left out to make room for other entries which we feel have become more important. We are especially grateful to those readers who have pointed out previous omissions. D.W.G.B. Imperial College, Uni!.:ersity of London D.R.L.

Abstract: 1 Semiconductor Junctions and Diodes -- 1.1 Introductory Semiconductor Equations and Concepts -- 1.2 PN Junction Forward Characteristics -- 1.3 Diode Reverse Characteristics -- 1.4 Junction Transient Characteristics -- 1.5 Rectifier Circuits -- 1.6 Zener Reference Diodes -- 1.7 Diodes with Negative Resistance -- 1.8 Electron Beam Bombarded Semiconductor Diodes as Amplifiers -- 1.9 Questions -- 1.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 2 Metal-Semiconductor Schottky-Barrier Diodes -- 2.1 Elementary Metal-Semiconductor Junction Concepts -- 2.2 Barrier Height Measurements -- 2.3 Schottky Barrier Current-Voltage Characteristics -- 2.4 Minority Charge in Schottky Junctions -- 2.5 Schottky Barriers in Integrated Circuits -- 2.6 High Power Schottky Barrier Rectifiers -- 2.7 Questions -- 2.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 3 Microwave Applications of Diodes, Varactors and Tunnel Diodes -- 3.1 Detectors, Mixer Diodes and Related Devices -- 3.2 PIN Diodes as Attenuators and Switches -- 3.3 Varactor Diodes and Parametric Frequency Multiplication and Amplification -- 3.4 Tunnel Diodes and Applications -- 3.5 Questions -- 3.6 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 4 Bipolar Junction Transistors -- 4.1 General Characteristics -- 4.2 Voltage Rating and Second Breakdown -- 4.3 Factors Controlling the Current Gain -- 4.4 Frequency Performance and Microwave Transistors -- 4.5 Power Transistors -- 4.6 Switching of Bipolar Transistors -- 4.7 Lateral Transistors -- 4.8 Heterojunction Transistors -- 4.9 Questions -- 4.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 5 Thyristors — Controlled PNPN and Related Switch Devices -- 5.1 Basic Concepts of PNPN Structures -- 5.2 Thyristor Turn-on, Turn-off and Power Considerations -- 5.3 Triacs and Other Multilayer Structures -- 5.4 Computer Aided Design Model for a Thyristor Circuit -- 5.5 Thyristor Applications (Brief Comments) -- 5.6 Questions -- 5.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 6 JFETs and MESFETs — Field Effect Transistors -- 6.1 Si FET Modeling Including Saturation Velocity Effects -- 6.2 GaAs MESFET Modeling -- 6.3 Dual Gate MESFETs -- 6.4 Microwave Field Effect Transistors -- 6.5 Some Applications of JFETs and MESFETs -- 6.6 Questions -- 6.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 7 Insulated Gate-Field-Effect-Transistors: MOSFETs, IGFETs and Related Devices -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 First-Order Theory of a MOSFET -- 7.3 Further Consideration of MOSFET Characteristics -- 7.4 MOSFET Saturation Models -- 7.5 The Transition from IGFET to Bipolar Transistor Performance -- 7.6 Semiconductor-Insulator and Insulator-Metal Interfaces -- 7.7 Fabrication Processes for IGFETs -- 7.8 CMOS Structures and Logic -- 7.9 Computer Aided Design of MOSFET Circuits for Large Scale Integration -- 7.10 MOSFET Switches -- 7.11 Noise in MOSFETs -- 7.12 Special Purpose MOSFETs -- 7.13 Questions -- 7.14 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 8 Integrated Circuit Fundamentals -- 8.1 Large Scale Integration -- 8.2 Yield: The Designer’s Dilemma -- 8.3 Bipolar IC Technology -- 8.4 MOS Inverters -- 8.5 MOS Logic Circuits and Scaling -- 8.6 Future Limits in Digital Electronics -- 8.7 Questions -- 8.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 9 Integrated Circuit Applications -- 9.1 Linear Integrated Circuits -- 9.2 Communications Applications -- 9.3 Applications in Watches, Cameras and Automobiles -- 9.4 Semiconductor Memories -- 9.5 Microprocessors -- 9.6 Small Calculators -- 9.7 Questions -- 9.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 10 Charge-Transfer Devices -- 10.1 General Concepts -- 10.2 Loss Mechanisms in CCDs -- 10.3 Charge-Coupled Delay Lines and Filters -- 10.4 Charge-Coupled Memories -- 10.5 Imaging CCD Arrays -- 10.6 CCD Logic Structures -- 10.7 Bucket-Brigade Circuits -- 10.8 Questions -- 10.9 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 11 Avalanche-Diode Microwave Oscillators, Amplifiers, and Gunn Devices -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Read Diode Oscillator Concepts -- 11.3 Impatt Performance -- 11.4 Trapatt Oscillations -- 11.5 Avalanche-Diode Amplifiers -- 11.6 Comments on Performance -- 11.7 Transferred-Electron Device (Gunn) Oscillatros -- 11.8 TED (Gunn) Logic Concepts -- 11.9 Questions -- 11.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 12 Solar Cells -- 12.1 Solar Energy -- 12.2 Silicon Solar Cells -- 12.3 Solar Cells of GaAs, InP, and Related Semiconductors -- 12.4 Cells of CdS and Related Semiconductors -- 12.5 Discussion -- 12.6 Questions -- 12.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 13 Light Detecting Semiconductor Devices -- 13.1 Photodiodes -- 13.2 Detectivity -- 13.3 Photoconductive Detectors -- 13.4 Phototransistors -- 13.5 Photocathodes and Negative-Electron-Affinity-Emitting Devices -- 13.6 Vidicon Camera Tubes and Silicon Diode Array Targets -- 13.7 Electrophotographic Copying -- 13.8 Questions -- 13.9 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 14 Light Emitting Diodes and Injection Lasers -- 14.1 Light Emission from Direct-Gap GaAs1?xPx -- 14.2 Radiative and Nonradiative Recombination in GaAs Diodes -- 14.3 GaP Light-Emitting Diodes -- 14.4 Other Light-Emitting Materials -- 14.5 Applications of Light-Emitting Diodes -- 14.6 Heterojunction A1xGa1?xAs — GaAs Injection Lasers -- 14.7 Other Injection Lasers -- 14.8 Injection Lasers and LEDs as Light Sources for Optical Communications Systems -- 14.9 Questions -- 14.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- 15 Semiconductor Sensors and Transducers -- 15.1 Semiconductor Sensors Involving Magnetics -- 15.2 Strain Sensors and Related Transducers -- 15.3 Temperature Sensors -- 15.4 Gas Sensing Semiconductor Structures -- 15.5 High-Energy Particle and Gamma Ray Sensors -- 15.6 Questions -- 15.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions -- Book List.

Abstract: For some time there has been a need for a semiconductor device book that carries diode and transistor theory beyond an introductory level and yet has space to touch on a wider range of semiconductor device principles and applica­ tions. Such topics are covered in specialized monographs numbering many hun­ dreds, but the voluminous nature of this literature limits access for students. This book is the outcome of attempts to develop a broad course on devices and integrated electronics for university students at about senior-year level. The edu­ cational prerequisites are an introductory course in semiconductor junction and transistor concepts, and a course on analog and digital circuits that has intro­ duced the concepts of rectification, amplification, oscillators, modulation and logic and SWitching circuits. The book should also be of value to professional engineers and physicists because of both, the information included and the de­ tailed guide to the literature given by the references. The aim has been to bring some measure of order into the subject area examined and to provide a basic structure from which teachers may develop themes that are of most interest to students and themselves. Semiconductor devices and integrated circuits are reviewed and fundamental factors that control power levels, frequency, speed, size and cost are discussed. The text also briefly mentions how devices are used and presents circuits and comments on representative applications. Thus, the book seeks a balance be­ tween the extremes of device physics and circuit design.

Abstract: 1. The United Nations (UN) -- 2. The specialized agencies -- 3. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) -- 4. Regional integration -- 5. Regional development banks -- 1: World Organizations -- 1. The International Monetary Fund -- 2. The World Bank Group -- 3. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade -- 4. The Commodity Agreements. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) -- 2. European Organizations -- 5. Benelux -- 6. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development -- 7. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance -- 8. The European Communities -- 9. The European Free Trade Association -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Member States of International Organizations -- List of Articles -- Index of Authors -- Index of Subjects.

Abstract: What made me write this book was a feeling that students of international economics needed to fin out their knowledge of the theory with work on the practice of the major international economic organizations, many of which are having a growing influence on the national economies of their members. There was no single volume given over to a concise treatment of these organizations. of the international organizations themselves can be con­ The annual reports sulted, of course, but as a rule these are not noted for being brief and to the point (the items of importance have to be fished out of a sea of useless detail), nor do they go in for criticism of their own activities. In selecting the organizations to be dealt with in the book I was guided by the influence they exert. I have left out those whose activities consist mainly in the drafting recommendations to which, however meritorious they may be, little or no attention is paid. Some of them are included in the Introduction, which provides a summary of a number of institutions not discussed separately in the body of the work. There are, however, two exceptions: the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as the organization replacing the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) whose meetings have succeeded in drawing much attention of the press.

Abstract: The Union of Utrecht, its Genesis and Consequences -- Centralisation et décentralisation aux Pays-Bas à l’époque contemporaine -- The Dutch Republic and Antiquity -- The Example of the Dutch Republic for American Federalism -- Federalism: USA Style -- Essai de synthese de l’évolution de la réforme de l’état en Belgique de 1961 à 1979 -- Der Föderalismus in der deutschen Geschichte -- Der Föderalismus in der Schweiz. Entwicklungstendenzen im 19./20. Jahrhundert -- Ex Uno Plura? The British Experience -- La révolution française et la perception de l’espace national: fédérations, fédéralisme et stéréotypes régionaux -- Conscience nationale et conscience régionale en France de 1815 à nos jours -- The Regional Problem in Spain -- Der russische Vielvölkerstaat zwischen Zentralismus und Föderation.

Abstract: The commemoration of the formation of the Union of Utrecht, four hundred years ago on 23 January 1579, was celebrated by many different events. One of these, certainly not the least important to historians, was the holding of an inter­ national congress in Utrecht and Zeist on 8, 9 and 10 May 1979, organized by the Dutch Historical Association. This Association had decided to select a theme which fitted well in the framework of the Union celebrations: federalism, history and current significance of a form of government. For the Union of Utrecht con­ stituted the legal foundation, even the constitution, it is claimed, of the Republic of the United Netherlands, and that commonwealth can undoubtedly be regard­ ed as a very interesting example of a federal form of government. As is evident from the formulation of the congress theme the intention of the or­ ganizers was that attention should be given not only to federal and regional struc­ tures and tendencies in the past but also in the contemporary world. Historical phenomena needed (necessarily) to be viewed in present-day perspective, current problems ought if possible to be seen in historical perspective. There is no doubt that the prevailing view today, at least in the Western World, is to a great extent characterized by a growing dislike of the modern Leviathan, the highly centraliz­ ed, bureaucratic welfare State.

Abstract: 1. Problems, data, questions -- 2. Probability and other definitions -- 3. Combining probabilities -- 4. Significance, binomials, and x2 -- 5. Continuous variates -- 6. Inference on means ; the Normal distribution -- 7. Unknown variance; the t-distribution -- 8. Design of experiments -- 9. Comparisons between means -- 10. Additional topics -- Solutions to exercises.

Abstract: This book has grown from nine hours oflectures, and about the same time in tutorial classes, that attempt to give first-year students of biology some understanding of statistics. I am convinced that such a short course should not be mathematical (though it can employ basic mathematical symbolism), and that it should give students an appreciation of statistical argument, even though this limits the amount of detailed instruction in techniques of analysis that can be included. A statistical cookery book would have been easier to write and much easier to read, but lacking in true educational content. I am more concerned to show 'why' than to present methods and rules. A further constraint, that of remaining within a reasonable price range, prevents reiteration of explanations: the reader is expected to remember what he has read, for he will not find standard terms and ideas explained afresh on each occasion of use. Many books that introduce statistics to biologists blur distinctions and evade logical issues, for example by failing to emphasize the distinction between a parameter and an estimator from a sample or by neglecting the role of randomization. On this, I aim to be un­ compromisingly correct - at least until reviewers point out my errors - but to do so through realistic examples rather than abstract symbolism.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 The subjective experience of animals -- 3 Suffering, health and ‘productivity’ -- 4 Suffering and the ‘unnatural’ life -- 5 The physiology of suffering -- 6 Behaviour and suffering -- 7 What animals choose -- 8 Analogies with ourselves -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Stumbling blocks and stepping stones -- References.

Abstract: I wrote this book because I believe that the welfare of animals is a very important subject but one about which there is a of confusion and muddled thinking. I wanted to great deal write a book which straightened out some of the confusion by looking in detail at one particular problem: how to recognize animal suffering. The book is written for anyone interested in animals and the controversies over how human beings should treat them. I have tried to convince people who might otherwise feel that science had only a rather sinister connection with animal welfare that the scientific study of animal suffering has, in fact, a major and positive contribution to make. It can give us an insight into what animals experience and this, in tum, may help us to alleviate their suffering. At the same time, I have tried to write a book that will be of at least some use to scientists. The chapters which follow pro­ vide an outline of the biological approach to animal welfare. I have also attempted to show sceptics that it is possible to study animal suffering without sacrificing standards of scien­ tific procedure. Perhaps some may even come to share my belief that the study of the subjective experiences of animals is one of the most fascinating areas in the whole of biology, as well as being of great practical and ethical importance.

Abstract: Paper 1. Food and Health from Conception to Extreme Old Age -- Paper 2. The Control and Standardisation of National Food Quality -- Paper 3. The Validity of the Concept of Health Foods -- Paper 4. Healthy Eating -- Paper 5. Education and Responsibility of Modern Food Technologists -- Paper 6. Consumer Health Considerations in EEC Legislation -- Paper 7. The Microbiological Control of Salmonellae in Processed Foods -- Paper 8. The Occurrence and Control of Clostridium botulinum in Foods -- Paper 9. Mycotoxins in Foods -- Paper 10. Assessment and Control of Microbiological Health Risks Presented by Foods -- Paper 11. Biochemical Aspects of Food Safety -- Paper 12. Food Additives: Industrial Uses, Value and Safety -- Paper 13. Acceptable Limits for Pesticides in Foods: The FAO/WHO Approach -- Paper 14. The Role of Food Processing in Decreasing Pesticide Contamination of Foods -- Paper 15. Trends and Perspectives in Food Contaminants -- Paper 16. Use of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Culture Systems for Examining Biological Activity of Food Constituents 251 -- Paper 17. Erucic Acid -- Paper 18. Detoxification of Foods in Food Processing -- Paper 19. Performance of Process Plant in Relation to Food Quality and Safety -- Paper 20. The Processing of Food Using Ionising Radiation; Present Status -- Paper 21. Technological and Health Considerations of Modern Food Packaging -- Paper 22. Interaction of Food Components During Processing -- Paper 23. Methodology to Detect Nutritional Damage During Thermal Food Processing -- Paper 24. Are We Adequately Fed? -- Paper 25. Optimisation of Food Nutrient Composition -- Paper 26. Some Aspects of Dietary Fibre Metabolism in the Human Gut -- Paper 27. Obesity and Anorexia -- Paper 28. Infant Nutrition -- Paper 29. Protein Deficiency and the Brain -- Paper 30. Food and the Brain -- Paper 31. Lead and Brain Function.

Abstract: The Control and Standardisation of National Food Quality. There must be very many different opinions as to what this title means. To some people it will mean the control by legislation of additive and contaminant levels in food, to others it may mean the laying down of compositional standards for different food commodities, yet again some may consider that it covers the nutritional quality of the food and the maintenance of an adequate satisfactory diet for the population of the country. I think certainly that it could be all of these things and a glance at the variety of titles of papers which other speakers will be giving later in this symposium illustrates the very wide area which is covered by food quality in its many aspects. I will try only to present to you some of those aspects which are the concern of government in the control of food quality. I will not concern myself with those aspects which are the concern only of the manufacturer and his customer, and here I am thinking of flavour, appearance and physical state, such as whether canned, fresh or frozen. These aspects, which affect the type of products to be marketed, and also the aspects of quality control which set out to maintain the standard that the manufacturer has set himself, are I think outside my province.

Abstract: — Inhalt -- The Last Twenty-Five Years in Education: A Record and an Evaluation -- A Quarter Century of Educational Practice: An Introductory View -- Development of Education in the World: A Summary Statistical Review -- Equality, Quality and Quantity: The Elusive Triangle in Indian Education -- Education and Development in Latin America (1950–1975) -- From International Aid to International Cooperation -- On Educational Technology -- Structural Changes in Education Since 1954: A Slow-Motion Explosion -- Contemporary Educational Theory: An Analysis and Assessment -- Towards an Assessment of Educational Theory -- General Theories in Education: A Twenty Five Year Perspective -- Philosophy and Education -- Psychology of Education -- Sociology of Education -- Economics of Education -- Philosophy of Education in the Western World: Developmental Trends During the Last Twenty-Five Years -- International Understanding -- Notes on Contributors — Die Autoren — Index des Collaborateurs -- Index of Subjects -- Notes on Contributors — Die Autoren — Index des Collaborateurs.

Abstract: In 1979 the International Rel'iel1' of Education celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary. This book which now reproduces the two Jubilee issues of that Review has been published for a number of reasons. One is the importance of the topics dealt with. The last twenty-five years have seen unprecedented developments in education right across the world, in industrialised countries no less than in those which are still approaching that phase. From time to time it is essential to look back over the past and take stock of how the present situation has come about, to disentangle the trends and sort out from the welter of ideas those which turned out to be non-starters, those which died in their tracks, and those which came to stay. This is only possible after a certain passage of time has set events in proportion and in perspective. The twenty-five years which have elapsed since the IRE was started ten years after the ending of World War II would seem to be just long enough to make this possible, though when the IRE celebrates its fiftieth Jubilee in the year 2004 some of the trends which now seem so definite may themselves have died away to be replaced by others which can now be only dimly conceived. Another reason for this publication is the quality and standing in the world of education and scholarship of the two editors and their contributors.