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  • 2020-2024  (94)
  • 1970-1974
  • 2020  (94)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (94)
  • Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press
  • Coronavirus  (94)
Datasource
Material
Language
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  • 2020-2024  (94)
  • 1970-1974
Year
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264824874 , 9789264346970 , 9789264550698
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Preparing for the future of work in Canada
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Automatisierung ; Coronavirus ; Kanada ; Ontario (Provinz) ; Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Canada ; Kanada ; Arbeitsangebot ; Beschäftigungsentwicklung
    Abstract: COVID-19 has led to a labour market shock in Canada and is likely to generate a profound reflection on production and consumption habits. COVID‑19 is also likely to accelerate automation as firms look to new technologies to pandemic proof their operations. While automation offers the opportunity to boost productivity, it can also create losers as vulnerable workers who lose jobs may not have the skills needed in a changing labour market. This OECD report examines the potential impacts of automation on people and places across Canada with a special focus on the Province of Ontario. It also sheds light on policies and programmes that can help regions and cities to prepare for the future of work.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’Afrique face au COVID-19: Implications socio-économiques régionales et priorités politiques
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Afrika ; Development
    Abstract: Although the number of COVID-19 cases and fatalities might still appear comparatively low in Africa than in other world regions, the looming health shock of COVID-19 could have disastrous impacts on the continent’s already strained health systems, and could quickly turn into a social and economic emergency. Beyond the immediate response, recovery strategies should include a strong structural component to reduce dependence on external financial flows and global markets, and develop more value-adding, knowledge-intensive and industrialised economies, underpinned by a more competitive and efficient services sector. Effective implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the African Union’s productive transformation agenda can strengthen regional value chains, reduce vulnerability to external shocks, advance the digital transition, and build economic resilience against future crises.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Industrie ; Außenhandel ; Immaterialgüterrechte ; Afrika ; Development
    Abstract: This note discusses how policies on trade, manufacturing and intellectual property can speed up Africa’s response, focusing on enabling access to medical devices and drugs in four critical areas: testing, protecting, treating and curing (TPTC). For each area, the note provides a snapshot of the global situation, a zoom on trends in Africa, and examples of solutions implemented by the public and the private sectors. The note identifies five priority actions for Africa to respond effectively to COVID-19 and accelerate structural transformation and development across the continent.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19 en Amérique Latine et dans les Caraïbes : Un aperçu des réponses gouvernementales à la crise
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19 na América Latina e no Caribe: Uma visão geral das respostas dos governos à crise
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Covid-19 en América Latina y el Caribe: Panorama de las respuestas de los gobiernos a la crisis
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Karibischer Raum ; Lateinamerika ; Economics
    Abstract: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) governments reacted swiftly and pre-emptively to protect their citizens and contain the spread of COVID-19 in the region and its impact on the economy. However, the region struggled to contain the levels of contamination, notably due to the prevalence of the informal economy and the limitations of health infrastructure and social protection systems. On the economic front, the region was already in a weak situation at the time the pandemic hit, and now has less fiscal space than in 2008 to mitigate the deeper recession that will result from the 2020 outbreak. Focusing on the 15 countries that are a part of the Steering Group of the OECD LAC Regional Programme (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay), this note provides an update on the previous note published in May 2020. It highlights the government measures enacted to mitigate the crisis and considers long-term policy considerations towards the objective of building back a better future, with more inclusive, sustainable and resilient economies.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Educación profesional técnica (EPT) en tiempos de crisis: Sentar las bases para sistemas de EPT resilientes
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; Coronavirus ; OECD-Staaten ; Education
    Abstract: This policy brief examines the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on vocational education and training (VET) systems and how VET systems are responding in OECD countries. The brief also presents steps that governments can take in the context of this crisis to build foundations for tomorrow’s strong and resilient VET systems.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Insolvenz ; Verbindlichkeiten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics
    Abstract: This policy brief investigates the likelihood of corporate insolvency and the potential implications of debt overhang of non-financial corporations associated with the Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Based on simple accounting exercises, it evaluates the extent to which firms may deplete their equity buffers and increase their leverage ratios in the course of the crisis. Next, relying on regression analysis and looking at the historical relationship between firms’ leverage and investment, it examines the potential impact of higher debt levels on investment during the recovery. Against this background, the policy brief outlines a number of policy options to flatten the curve of crisis-related insolvencies, which could potentially affect otherwise viable firms, and to lessen the risk of debt-overhang, which could slow down the speed of recovery.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19 et travailleurs essentiels : Quel rôle jouent les immigrés dans votre région ?
    Keywords: Arbeitsmigranten ; Coronavirus ; EU-Staaten ; Europa ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: During COVID-19 lockdowns it became visible that migrants are often important in sectors that are crucial for the functioning of everyday life. Informed by this experience, this note provides an assessment of the role of foreign-born workers in essential services (referred to as migrant key workers) at regional level for 31 European countries. It examines the share of migrant key workers in regional labour markets, their importance in jobs with different skill requirements, and differences between EU and non-EU migrants. Migrants play a crucial role in health care, where 23% of doctors and 14% of nurses are foreign-born. In cities such as London or Brussels, around half of all doctors and nurses are migrants. Overall, capital regions have the highest share of migrant key workers (20%). Similarly, cities rely more on migrant key workers than other areas, especially in low-skilled occupations where migrants make up 25% of workers.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Biodiversité et réponse économique au COVID 19 : assurer une reprise verte et résiliente
    Keywords: Artenvielfalt ; Coronavirus ; Politik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This Policy Brief focuses on the vital role of biodiversity for human life and the importance of integrating biodiversity considerations into the recovery from the COVID-19 crisis. The Brief first outlines how biodiversity loss is a key driver of emerging infectious diseases and poses a variety of other growing risks to businesses, society and the global economy. Investing in the conservation, sustainable use and restoration of biodiversity can help to address these risks, while providing jobs, business opportunities and other benefits to society. The Brief then examines how governments are factoring biodiversity into their stimulus measures and recovery plans in practice, highlighting both concerning trends and best practices. The Brief concludes with policy recommendations on how governments can better integrate biodiversity into their COVID-19 stimulus measures and broader recovery efforts.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Welt ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The focus of this brief is on the immediate steps that governments can take to ensure that emergency measures implemented to tackle the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis do not derail their efforts to address pressing environmental challenges and improve the environmental health and resilience of societies.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Reconstruire le tourisme de demain : réponses des pouvoirs publics au COVID-19 et reprise
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Tourismuswirtschaft ; Tourismuspolitik ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The outlook for the tourism sector remains highly uncertain. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic continues to hit hard, with international tourism expected to decrease by around 80% in 2020. Domestic tourism is helping to soften the blow, at least partially, and governments have taken impressive immediate action to restore and re-activate the sector, while protecting jobs and businesses. Many countries are also now developing measures to build a more resilient tourism economy post COVID-19. These include preparing plans to support the sustainable recovery of tourism, promoting the digital transition and move to a greener tourism system, and rethinking tourism for the future. Rebuilding tourism for the future.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Medizinprodukt ; Medizinprodukteindustrie ; Globale Wertschöpfungskette ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: This note provides information on the global value chain for the production of surgical masks and N95 respirators in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. It analyses the causes of the current shortage of these key medical supplies needed to prevent the spread of coronavirus, and reviews some short-term and long-term policy options, with a focus on the role of trade and investment policy.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Gérer les migrations internationales dans le contexte du COVID-19
    Keywords: Migrationspolitik ; Internationale Migration ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Coronavirus ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This brief assesses migration policy reactions by OECD countries in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It reviews the introduction and development of short-term policy responses from March to early June and identifies some of the possible forthcoming medium and longer-term challenges to migration management arising from this global health crisis.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Many governments have taken stringent public health measures to limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. These public health measures have caused severe economic disruptions that impact the foreign direct investment (FDI) decisions of firms. Governments have also taken significant economic policy actions to forestall, or cushion, the economic consequences of the public health crisis. The eventual impact on FDI flows will depend on the success of both these public health and economic policy responses.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Internationaler Güterverkehr ; OECD-Staaten ; Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: This note updates Trade facilitation and the COVID-19 pandemic from April 2020 with insights into the evolution of new border protocols and trade facilitation measures impacting traders since COVID-19 and exploring what more can be done to prepare for the next stages of the pandemic as uncertainty persists. It highlights the importance of transparency and availability of timely trade-related information in mapping bottlenecks and risks, as well as the importance of trade facilitation measures in supporting business recovery and resilience across different goods sectors. Finally, it provides some preliminary insights for trade facilitation with respect to the distribution of vaccines.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Coronavirus ; OECD-Staaten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development
    Abstract: This policy brief is intended to help reflect on measures being considered in development co-operation that could ensure results during and after the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Corporate Governance ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: The COVID-19 epidemic is disrupting business activity, causing demand to collapse and straining global supply chains. Based on the OECD Product Market Regulation (PMR) indicators, this note considers the policy challenges raised by government interventions, with a special focus on the governance of state-owned enterprises and exit strategies from state ownership.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Investitionspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has led, in addition to dramatic health implications for people around the globe, to an almost immediate and profound economic upheaval in many economies. The health and economic crises have governments scrambling for responses to limit the damage and impact on their societies and economies. This note considers the implications and challenges for international investment and offers initial responses from the OECD investment policy community as economies around the world address the crisis and prepare for the recovery.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Réponses de l'administration fiscale à COVID-19 : soutien aux contribuables
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Finanzverwaltung ; Steuermoral ; Steuerpolitik ; Taxation
    Abstract: Governments and tax administrations can ease burdens on taxpayers and support businesses and individuals with cash-flow problems or with difficulties in meeting tax reporting or payment obligations. This paper includes suggestions to assist administrations globally in their consideration of appropriate measures in their own national contexts to help taxpayers during this difficult period.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe コロナウイルスの時代における投資促進機関の役割
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Coronavirus ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Unpredictable events and crises – such as the current COVID-19 pandemic –pose significant challenges to public authorities. Investment promotion agencies (IPAs) are at the forefront of business attraction and supply chain management and need to be ready to react quickly to these challenges. This note reviews the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on international investment flows and government responses. It summarises the findings of the OECD IPA Network meeting on 9 April 2020 and outlines short-term and long-term responses.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Saatgut ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Agriculture and Food ; Economics
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions put in place by governments to protect their people have the potential to restrict the production, certification and international trade of seed with serious consequences for farmers and the global food chain. Although most spring and autumn seed had already arrived in its final country of destination before travel restrictions were put in place, it is uncertain whether seed required for the next growing season(s) will arrive on time. The classification of the agriculture sector as “essential” in all countries, is important in order for the continued production and movement of seed, and avoiding changes to regulatory frameworks is critical at a time when relevant authorities are short staffed and under pressure.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Medizinprodukt ; Außenhandel ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: Ensuring access to medical equipment and medicines is one of the most immediate issues arising from the COVID-19 crisis. Health services not only need these to fight the virus, but also to protect their workers and others from infection. Increasingly, workers employed in other critical sectors, and the wider public, are also relying on protective garments, such as plastic gloves or facemasks, to reduce transmission. This note looks at the trade links between countries in some of the products that matter for the fight against COVID-19 (referred to as COVID-19 goods). It uses a recently developed World Customs Organisation (WCO) list identifying COVID-19 critical products, which includes test-kits, protective garments, medical devices and disinfectants and trade data from the BACI database to identify trade in these products during the latest available year (2018). While slightly dated, this trade data can nonetheless help identify top suppliers and consumers of some of the products that matter for the fight against COVID-19.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Réponse à la crise du COVID-19 dans les pays de la région MENA
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Sozialpolitik ; MENA-Staaten ; Economics
    Abstract: Governments in the MENA region have rapidly reacted to contain the Coronavirus (COVID-19), by developing massive policy and institutional plans to support households and firms. This update includes the latest analysis on the economic and social consequences of the crisis, including new sections on the fiscal and educational challenges, as well as insights on the resilience of the healthcare system.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Luftfahrtindustrie ; Raumfahrt ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: As part of the digitalisation of the economy, satellite signals and data play an increasingly pivotal role in the efficient functioning of societies and their economic development. The recent growth in the sector has generated unprecedented levels of entrepreneurship and start-up activity. However, with the COVID-19 crisis, this positive trend could be reversed. While many space sector firms seem to be able to cope, a significant number is struggling, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises that constitute the bulk of commercial actors in the space industry. Considering the high costs of entry to the sector, there is a risk that the crisis could lead to more industry concentration, eliminating smaller and younger firms that are key sources of innovation, employment and economic growth. Space agencies and other public administrations therefore need to fully consider vulnerable smaller actors in their overall crisis responses.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Contribution des médecins et des infirmiers migrants à la lutte contre la crise du COVID-19 dans les pays de l’OCDE
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Pflegeberufe ; Ärzte ; Arbeitsmigranten ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This brief focuses on the contribution of migrant doctors and nurses to OECD health systems and how OECD countries have adapted the recognition of foreign credentials to mobilise additional doctors and nurses with foreign degrees in response to COVID-19. It also highlights the potential impact on countries of origin, some of which were already facing severe shortages of skilled health workers before the COVID-19 pandemic, and the need for a global response to the global health worker shortage.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Finanzpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Finance ministries have been at the forefront of the response to the COVID-19 crisis, alongside other actors such as health ministries. They delivered substantial successive fiscal packages under considerable time and operational pressure, as speed was key to the success and effectiveness of government action on the economic, social and sanitary fronts. This brief provides an overview of how OECD countries’ financial management and reporting systems have coped and adapted to the demands and pressures brought about by the crisis in four main areas: 1) Funding COVID-19 spending; 2) Allocating resources to emergency policies; 3) Delivering emergency spending; 4) Enabling transparency and accountability. Finally, it draws a set of preliminary lessons to be considered by finance ministries.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Mettre la relance verte au service de l’emploi, des revenus et de la croissance
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Arbeitsmarkt ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This Policy Brief focuses on how countries can create opportunities for a green and inclusive economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. A green recovery will significantly enhance the resilience of economies and societies in the face of both the severe recession and accelerating environmental challenges. The Brief also undertakes a preliminary review of announced recovery and stimulus policies in OECD and Key Partner countries. While many countries are focusing on measures that can drive sustainability while boosting jobs, income and growth, a number of countries are proposing measures that support environmentally damaging activities. Measuring and evaluating the environmental impacts of recovery policies over time is crucial, and a set of indicators, covering a broad array of critical environmental dimensions, is proposed for this purpose.
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Öffentlicher Auftrag ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has presented governments with unprecedented challenges in ensuring not only the health of their citizens but also public service continuity. Governments had to purchase vital health products swiftly whilst ensuring smooth and accountable management of ongoing contracts to continue providing public services to their citizens. Critical infrastructure is also particularly important during the COVID-19 response not only for public health and safety, but for broader community well-being. The pandemic has created a radically new, and constantly changing, purchasing environment. The sudden reduction in economic activity has equally put severe stress on the infrastructure sector. This policy brief examines the immediate infrastructure governance and public procurement policy responses taken by OECD and selected non-OECD countries during the first phase of the crisis. It also highlights which dimensions of these responses need to be revisited in order to strengthen resilience for future emergencies.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19 und der internationale Handel: Herausforderungen und Massnahmen
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19 e comércio internacional: temas e ações
    Keywords: Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Coronavirus ; Außenhandel ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: In an unprecedented global health crisis, trade is essential to save lives and livelihoods; and international co-operation is needed to keep trade flowing. In the midst of significant uncertainty, there are four things we can do: boost confidence in trade and global markets by improving transparency about trade-related policy actions and intentions, keep supply chains flowing, especially for essentials such as health supplies and food, avoid making things worse, through unnecessary export restrictions and other trade barriers and even in the midst of the crisis, think beyond the immediate. Government support today needs to be delivered in a way that ensures it serves the public interest, not vested interests, and avoids becoming tomorrow’s market distortions. OECD is working with other IOs to support governments through timely and objective evidence and analysis to inform policy choices.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Ölpreis ; Schock ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OPEC-Staaten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: The double blow of coronavirus (COVID-19) and the oil price shock is hitting oil-exporting developing countries particularly hard, at a time when the fossil fuel industry is facing a process of structural decline. Although some countries might weather the current crisis on the back of sovereign wealth funds or relatively low public debt levels, this will not be the case for the majority of fragile oil-exporting countries, many of which are resource dependent and were already grappling with high levels of debt and multifaceted economic and social fragility before the present crisis. Oil-exporting developing countries have experienced an increased reliance on short-term and expensive non-concessional private borrowing in recent years, a significant proportion of which is backed by oil collateral. Some countries may find themselves entering a spiral of unsustainable borrowing on the back of the current turmoil. A timely and coherent response is needed, encompassing both concessional lenders and private financiers, to create fiscal space, reduce the risks of unsustainable debt, corruption and illicit financial flows, and catalyse a transition to a cleaner and more sustainable future
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Öffentliche Ausgaben ; Parlament ; Finanzkontrolle ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance
    Abstract: As the pandemic hit, governments asked legislatures to set aside or modify established budget practices and adopt solutions to expedite emergency responses. At the same time COVID-19 presented serious operational challenges for legislatures. They responded with creative solutions for swift action while maintaining effective oversight and accountability. Legislatures in most OECD countries were also supported with information and analysis from independent parliamentary budget offices and fiscal councils
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Steuerpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation
    Abstract: Tax administrations around the globe are taking on new responsibilities to support wider government actions to help address the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. These responsibilities often go beyond the functions normally provided by tax administrations and can present a number of challenges as well as opportunities for the future, including around increased agility and improved whole of government working. This document, produced by the OECD Forum on Tax Administration (FTA) Secretariat in collaboration with the FTA Enterprise Risk Management Community of Interest, sets out some considerations that tax administrations may wish to take into account in addressing aspects of these challenges as well providing a number of examples of assistance provided by different tax administrations.
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Ernährungssicherung ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: Early in the COVID-19 outbreak, there were concerns that the health crisis would develop into a large-scale food crisis similar to the 2007-08 food price crisis, when panic buying and counterproductive policies exacerbated initial supply disruptions. While food supply chains have seen disruptions, and there are future risks that require attention, a food price crisis has been avoided so far, in part thanks to improved transparency in global staple crop markets. Transparency on market conditions and policies is critical in helping reduce market uncertainty, exposing bottlenecks and highlighting risks, all of which help market participants and policy makers develop more effective responses in times of crisis. More broadly, transparency is essential for global markets to work and provide a resilient supply of affordable food. Yet, transparency is not automatic: it requires investments in gathering comparable information, monitoring market and policy developments, and communicating clearly about the findings. This note discusses the importance of transparency, and the investments it requires, using the example of the Agriculture Market Information System (AMIS), a G20 initiative created in response to the 2007-08 food price crisis. While AMIS focuses on major staple crops (wheat, maize, rice and soybeans), experience with AMIS can provide insights for the wider agriculture and food sector.
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  • 33
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: This note discusses the consequences of the COVID-19 crisis on financing for sustainable development in low- and middle-income countries eligible for official development assistance (ODA).
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  • 34
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les actions engagées dans le domaine du tourisme face au coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Tourismuspolitik ; Tourismus ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The note is intended as a source of current tourism policy and industry responses for countries in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic - an unprecedented global health and societal emergency, requiring effective and immediate action by governments, individuals and businesses.
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  • 35
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Sozialwirtschaft ; Coronavirus ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The “social economy” has played an important role in addressing and mitigating the short- and long-term impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on economy and society. In the short term, social economy actors have assisted the recovery from the crisis by providing innovative solutions that are aimed at strengthening public services to complement government action. In the long term, social economy organisations can help reshape the post-crisis economy by promoting inclusive and sustainable economic models. Relying on decades of experience, its specific features and underlying principles, the social economy can inspire models of social innovation and a sense of purpose to firms operating in the market economy.
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  • 36
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Respuestas educativas a COVID-19: Adoptar el aprendizaje digital y la colaboración en línea
    Keywords: E-Learning ; Coronavirus ; OECD-Staaten ; Education
    Abstract: With the spread of the covid-19, countries are implementing emergency plans to slow down and limit the spread of the virus - and prepare for a possible longer term disruption of school and university attendance. Every week of school closure will imply a massive loss in the development of human capital with significant long-term economic and social implications.
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  • 37
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe O combate à desinformação sobre COVID-19 em plataformas online
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Combattre la désinformation sur le COVID-19 sur les plateformes en ligne
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe オンライン・プラットフォームにおける新型コロナウイルス感染症の偽情報との闘い
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Digitale Plattform ; Informationsverhalten ; Informationsverbreitung ; Informationsversorgung ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This policy brief derives four key actions that governments and platforms can take to counter COVID-19 disinformation on platforms, namely: 1) supporting a multiplicity of independent fact-checking organisations; 2) ensuring human moderators are in place to complement technological solutions; 3) voluntarily issuing transparency reports about COVID-19 disinformation; and 4) improving users’ media, digital and health literacy skills.
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Réponses d’urgence de politique fiscale à la pandémie du COVID-19: Limiter les dommages au potentiel productif et protéger les personnes vulnérables
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Steuerpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Detected cases of Covid-19 are quickly rising in many countries, with major adverse effects on health and mortality. To fight the outbreak and spread of the virus, countries are imposing unprecedented measures. The result is that economic activity has decreased sharply in many countries and greater uncertainty has eroded confidence. In the face of this crisis, the immediate priority is to respond quickly to support households and improve liquidity for businesses to keep the productive capacity of economies intact as much as possible. A range of tax policy and tax administration measures could be considered by governments.
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  • 39
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Servicios públicos de empleo en primera línea para solicitantes de empleo, trabajadores y empleadores
    Keywords: Arbeitsvermittlung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Unterbeschäftigung ; Lohnersatzleistungen ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Employment
    Abstract: The consequences of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic for the labour market are likely to be severe. Many firms are struggling to stay afloat during the often strict confinement measures, and large numbers of workers have already either been involved in various forms of short-time work schemes or laid off. Public and private employment services (PES) will play a crucial role in preventing the labour market from seizing up during the crisis and in promoting a fast recovery once confinement measures start to be lifted. They will need to provide support on an increasingly virtual (i.e. not face to face) basis to an unparalleled inflow of jobseekers. This will include ensuring that benefits are paid out without delay, providing information, and encouraging jobseekers to stay active even if there are fewer vacancies. In the short-term, the economic impact of the pandemic is shifting labour demand across sectors and regions, and it remains to be seen if this will lead to more permanent re-allocation of labour across sectors and regions. Therefore, the PES in each country will not only be facing a surge in the number of jobseekers but also the need to potentially reallocate many of them across occupations, sectors and regions. This requires providing them with good labour market information and support for skills development. In order to fulfil these particularly challenging tasks, PES need to be agile and quickly adapt to the new situation. This policy brief provides guidance on how this can be done.
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  • 40
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Le COVID-19 et le secteur de l’aviation: Impact et mesures adoptées par les pouvoirs publics
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19 y la industria aérea: Impacto y Respuestas Políticas
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Luftverkehr ; Luftverkehrspolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Welt ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The dramatic drop in demand for passenger air transport (and freight, to a lesser extent) due to the COVID-19 pandemic and containment measures is threatening the viability of many firms in both the air transport sector and the rest of the aviation industry, with many jobs at stake. While the aviation industry has often been a target of government policies, the COVID-19 crisis has precipitated a new suite of loans, loan guarantees, wage subsidies and equity injections, raising concerns about competition and the efficient use of public resources. To promote a sustainable trajectory for the aviation industry, government policies should prioritise sector-wide measures and competition.
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  • 41
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe 新型コロナウイルス感染症のパンデミック期における長期介護の労働力と安全性
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Häusliche Pflege ; Pflegeheim ; Pflegeberufe ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper features the long-term care sector, its workforce and infrastructure in light of the COVID-19 crisis.
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  • 42
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Unternehmensgründung ; OECD-Staaten ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Start-ups play a key role in OECD countries in terms of job creation, innovation, and long-run growth, but the COVID-19 crisis is reducing their creation, challenging their survival, and limiting their growth. Policy interventions should tackle short-term challenges, supporting short-term liquidity and availability of funding, and foster the ability of start-ups to grasp new business opportunities that may arise during and after the pandemics. In the longer-term, policies that reduce barriers to entrepreneurship, provide incentives for start-ups, and boost entrepreneurial potential could help limit the detrimental employment and innovation effects of a missing generation of new firms and help speed up the recovery.
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Respostas da administração tributária à COVID-19: Considerações sobre a continuidade dos serviços
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Réponses de l'administration fiscale au COVID-19 : Considérations liées à la continuité de l'activité
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Respuesta de las administraciones tributarias al COVID-19: Consideraciones acerca de la continuidad de actividades y servicios
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Finanzverwaltung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This reference document provides an overview of business continuity measures that tax administrations may wish to consider in the context of the current pandemic. This is a joint document of the OECD Forum on Tax Administration, the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT) and the Intra-European Organisation of Tax Administrations (IOTA). It takes account of examples and considerations provided by tax administrations in response to a survey sent by the three organisations to their members.
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  • 44
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19 e as relações fiscais entre os níveis de governo
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Finanzpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance
    Abstract: The focus of this brief is on the policy responses that governments can and are taking through the channel of inter-governmental relations to tackle the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis. Sub-national governments are playing a crucial role in the current crisis, and past experience suggests they will need sufficient support to ensure they can confront the risks. Co-ordinated action across different levels of government is essential to ensuring that responses to the crisis are effective across all regions within countries
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  • 45
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.)
    Series Statement: Antworten der OECD auf das Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Beyond containment: Health systems responses to COVID-19 in the OECD
    Keywords: Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Coronavirus ; Epidemie ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Regulierung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance
    Abstract: This brief was developed by the OECD Regulatory Policy Division. It discusses how countries can together manage more effective and consistent responses to the COVID-19 crisis and its vast consequences by learning from each other, ensuring the resilience of supply chains and maintaining the interoperability of essential services through international regulatory co-operation (IRC).
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Réponses de l'administration fiscale au COVID-19 : Mesures prises pour soutenir les contribuables
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Finanzverwaltung ; Steuerpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The purpose of this document is to assist tax administrations in their own consideration of possible domestic measures. This document does not make recommendations as regards particular measures as national circumstances and considerations will vary greatly.
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  • 48
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; ASEAN-Staaten ; Economics
    Abstract: On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of the novel coronavirus in the People’s Republic of China a global health emergency. Southeast Asia was one of the first regions affected due to its close geographical proximity and business travel, tourism and supply chain links to China. As of 21 April, there were 2,470,436 cases worldwide and over 31,000 cases in Southeast Asia. The number of confirmed cases are rapidly rising in Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand. Governments have announced measures to limit the spread of the virus, including the nationwide lockdowns (Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore), enhanced community quarantine (Philippines) and travel restrictions for foreign visitors (Indonesia). Singapore and Viet Nam have implemented preventive and containment measures coping with the Covid-19 outbreak that include test, track and trace, which could provide guidance to other countries in the region and farther afield.
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  • 49
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Prestar asesoramiento científico a los responsables de la formulación de políticas durante la pandemia de COVID-19
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Politikberatung ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: It is critically important for scientists and policy makers to work together to develop and implement policies that have the greatest likelihood of success in responding to the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. This is particularly challenging in a situation where much of the evidence is uncertain and is evolving rapidly. Science advisory processes are organised differently in different countries but they invariably engage a variety of institutions, committees and individuals to assess and provide evidence to policy makers.
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  • 50
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Insolvenz ; Subvention ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The slowdown of economic activity caused by the COVID-19 outbreak and related emergency measures implemented to tackle the health crisis have led to severe difficulties for companies to meet their financial obligations. Many of the fixed costs, such as rents and interest payments, remain due while the cash flow destined to meet these obligations has vanished. As a result, many otherwise sound companies are facing acute liquidity constraints that eventually might become solvency problems.
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  • 51
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Regulierung ; Coronavirus ; Öffentliche Verwaltung ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This brief analyses how countries can achieve more effective, timely and sustainable responses to the COVID-19 crisis by taking into account regulatory barriers and compliance issues. Drawing upon previous work on administrative barriers and procedures as well as regulatory enforcement and inspections, the brief identifies several key regulatory aspects of the COVID-19 crisis response. These include: 1) facilitating the supply and availability of essential goods for crisis response, 2) reconciling privacy concerns with effectiveness for tracing and/or “track-and-trace” approaches, and 3) fostering and maintaining compliance with mitigation measures through targeted, proportionate enforcement and transparent communication. This brief discusses simplification and removal of disproportionate or non-risk-based barriers, as well as the importance of ensuring effective regulation of major risks, and achieving sustained compliance with key safety measures.
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  • 52
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Coronavirus ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development
    Abstract: The unprecedented health and economic crisis developing countries are facing will aggravate existing development challenges. While governments have started to respond, their capacity is tightly constrained. OECD governments and the broader international community need to unlock ambitious support, to prevent the loss of lives, contain the risk of aftershocks, and invest in sustainable recovery. The international response to the COVID-19 should be unprecedented in terms of resources mobilised, scope and ambition. It should lead to a new development model that is conducive to resilience and sustainability.
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Implications de la crise du coronavirus pour le développement rural
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Ländliche Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: This note focuses on the implications of COVID-19 on rural development and the policy responses that OECD member countries are adopting. It first discusses the economic effects on rural regions followed by an identification of opportunities and associated challenges. The note then summarises how governments are responding to the crisis and identifies how governments can prepare to leverage opportunities. The note will be subsequently revised with further inputs provided by countries.
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  • 54
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Administration fiscale : Risques liés à la pandémie de COVID-19 en matière de protection de la vie privée, de confidentialité des données et de fraude
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Finanzverwaltung ; Datenschutz ; Betrug ; IT-Kriminalität ; Taxation
    Abstract: Tax administrations around the globe are taking a series of extraordinary measures to support taxpayers and the wider economy, including through helping to deliver wider government support, while also taking a range of actions to ensure continuity of critical operations and the safety of staff and customers. This document captures some of those high-level risks as well as possible mitigation strategies with a particular focus on remote working issues.
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  • 55
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Lorsqu’un virus mondial rencontre des réalités locales : Coronavirus (COVID-19) en Afrique de l’Ouest
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Ernährungssicherung ; Westafrika ; Development
    Abstract: This brief, prepared by the Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat, provides important contextual information on a region that was already grappling with conflict and a food and nutrition crisis prior to the Coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak. 17 million people are expected to be in food crisis situation or worse between now and the upcoming lean season if appropriate measures are not taken and armed violence is causing an unprecedented humanitarian emergency in the Sahel. With the spotlight now on Covid-19, pre-existing crises run the risk of being neglected. In this context, this brief takes stock of some of the potential impacts of the pandemic and outlines a number of policy implications to help support government action. It highlights the importance of putting the informal economy and local actors and initiatives front and centre of response strategies, increasing synergy and co-ordination in the face of multiple crises, accelerating continental integration, as well as reaffirming the centrality of food systems.
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  • 56
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Ernährungsindustrie ; Ernährungssicherung ; Globalisierung ; Lebensmittel ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, global food systems were faced with a formidable “triple challenge” of simultaneously providing food security and nutrition to a growing global population, ensuring the livelihoods of millions of people working along the food chain from farm to fork, and ensuring the environmental sustainability of the sector. Yet policy efforts have not been moving in this direction, and global trade in agriculture and food remains highly distorted. COVID-19 is compelling policy makers to make urgent decisions to ensure food supply chains continue to function, but the fundamental task is to address these immediate disruptions while also investing in the long-term goal of a resilient, sustainable and productive global food system.
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  • 57
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Shock cultura: COVID-19 e settori culturali e creativi
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Kultursektor ; Kreativsektor ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Cultural and creative sectors are important in their own right in terms of their economic footprint and employment. They also spur innovation across the economy, as well as contribute to numerous other channels for positive social impact (well-being and health, education, inclusion, urban regeneration, etc.). They are among the hardest hit by the pandemic, with large cities often containing the greatest share of jobs at risk. The dynamics vary across sub-sectors, with venue-based activities and the related supply chains most affected. Policies to support firms and workers during the pandemic can be ill-adapted to the non-traditional business models and forms of employment in the sector. In addition to short-term support for artists and firms, which comes from both the public and private sector, policies can also leverage the economic and social impacts of culture in their broader recovery packages and efforts to transform local economies.
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  • 58
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Le congé de maladie payé pour protéger les revenus, la santé et les emplois pendant la crise du COVID-19
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Lohnfortzahlung ; Lohnersatzleistungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment
    Abstract: This brief discusses policy developments and evidence on the incidence of sick leave during the first three months of the crisis. It concludes that paid sick leave can be a particularly effective tool during de-confinement, as part of a rigorous testing, tracking, tracing and isolating strategy.
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  • 59
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les projets nucléaires une source d’emplois qualifiés dans la relance économique après le Covid-19
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Nuklearindustrie ; Beschäftigungseffekt ; Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Nuclear power is capable of supplying large amounts of low‑carbon electricity and heat cost‑effectively while creating a large number of high‑value jobs in the local and national economies. The post‑COVID‑19 economic recovery is a perfect opportunity to create jobs and economic development while continuing to move ahead with the energy transition. Investing in nuclear energy creates a large number of high‑skilled jobs, accelerates the transition to a low‑carbon economy, and increases energy resilience. Nuclear energy projects are a proven way to create large numbers of long‑term, high‑skilled domestic jobs that pay premium wages. Nuclear projects provide high spill‑over investment into the local and regional economy.
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Transparence, communication et confiance: Le rôle de la communication publique pour combattre la vague de désinformation concernant le nouveau coronavirus
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Kommunikation ; Politische Kommunikation ; Öffentlichkeitsarbeit ; Vertrauen ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance
    Abstract: This policy brief provides an overview of this new wave of disinformation and notes some emerging examples of OECD member countries’ responses to it through public communication initiatives specifically. It also offers preliminary guidelines on engaging with citizens during the crisis to help address this challenge.
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  • 61
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (111 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Öffentlicher Auftrag ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance
    Abstract: The report documents the special measures taken by 30 OECD countries and partners. It provides evidence on institutional arrangements and monitoring rules that were introduced for emergency contracting of critical items needed for the current COVID-19 situation and the support provided by the respective ministry or public procurement central body to the contracting authorities, especially in terms of supplier and ongoing contract management. Regarding infrastructure governance, the report presents the actions on identifying critical infrastructure, setting up new or temporary infrastructure and repurposing of already existing infrastructure. The country factsheets also presents innovative, out-of-box solutions.
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  • 62
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Parceria Social nos tempos da Pandemia COVID-19
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Sozialpartner ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic and the social distancing measures taken in response raise the prospect of a steep downturn for numerous economies. A key concern is to prevent this initial shock from turning into an even deeper and prolonged recession. This brief stresses that social dialogue has the capacity to help. For example by shaping compromises whereby employers maintain jobs, workers accept shorter working hours while governments provide compensation, social dialogue functions as a crisis “circuit breaker”. Social dialogue can do so because it has both the capacity to coordinate different actors and because it tends to build trust. The brief illustrates this by referring to several recent cases where social partners, in collaboration with government, have quickly stepped up to the challenge by expanding short time work systems. The Global Deal partnership is pleased to offer its initial contribution to the struggle to address the COVID-19 crisis in the form of this short brief and the best practice examples of social dialogue that it showcases.
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  • 63
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Leitlinien zu den Verrechnungspreisfolgen der COVID-19-Pandemie
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Guide sur les conséquences de la pandémie de COVID-19 en matière de prix de transfert
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Verrechnungspreis ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: In response to the COVID-19 crisis, a number of tax administrations have already published domestic guidance on some of the transfer pricing implications of COVID-19. While this is an important first step in setting taxpayer expectations, facilitating co-operative compliance and delivering greater tax certainty, the two-sided nature of transfer pricing means that it is only by agreeing a common approach that tax administrations can enhance tax certainty. This Guidance clarifies and illustrates the practical application of the arm’s length principle as articulated in the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines to the unique fact patterns and specific challenges implied by the COVID-19 pandemic. Four priority issues were identified and are covered in the Guidance: (i) comparability analysis; (ii) losses and the allocation of COVID-19 specific costs; (iii) government assistance programmes; and (iv) advance pricing agreements (“APAs”). This Guidance was developed and approved by the 137 members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS. While it is recognised that some Inclusive Framework members may also follow the United Nations Practical Manual on Transfer Pricing for Developing Countries (2017), this Guidance should be helpful in such circumstances where the UN Manual follows a similar analytical framework and allows for similar conclusions as the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines.
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Réponses de l’administration fiscale face au COVID-19 : Planifier la phase de reprise
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Finanzverwaltung ; Steuerpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation
    Abstract: Tax administrations around the globe are taking a series of extraordinary measures to support taxpayers and the wider economy, including through helping to deliver wider government support, while also taking a range of actions to ensure continuity of critical operations and the safety of staff and customers. This COVID-19 reference document looks at some of the main issues that tax administrations may wish to consider in their planning for the recovery period from the pandemic. This may be a lengthy period given the depth and scale of the economic shock and the likely continuing need for some containment measures.
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  • 65
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Distanzhandel ; Außenhandel ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Coronavirus ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: Cross-border trade in parcels has played a critical role in helping people and firms deal with issues stemming from physical distancing and confinement measures implemented during COVID-19. This note discusses that role and the policies that can help ensure parcel trade can continue to be leveraged to help promote an inclusive economic recovery from COVID-19.
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  • 66
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Zentralasien ; Economics ; Afghanistan ; Kazakhstan ; Kyrgyzstan ; Mongolia ; Tajikistan ; Turkmenistan ; Uzbekistan
    Abstract: The global COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on the economies of Central Asia. This updated policy note reports on the latest developments in the region and looks ahead to identify the key challenges likely to be faced by the region’s policy makers in the short-to medium-term. It examines five major economic challenges facing countries as they recover from the COVID-19 crisis –debt sustainability, migration, job retention, private sector fragility, and lack of connectivity –and proposes ways forward.
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  • 67
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Mobiliser la main-d'œuvre pendant la crise du COVID-19 : mesures en matière de compétences
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment
    Abstract: This policy brief investigates how countries responded to immediate shortages of workers during the COVID-19 crisis. It identifies which jobs were in demand using online vacancy data and describes the skills profiles of those jobs. By comparing them with the skills profiles of similar jobs in low demand, it considers the viability of redeploying unemployed adults to jobs where hiring is increasing. The brief shares examples of innovative ways in which countries retrained and redeployed their labour force to meet immediate demand during the health crisis.
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  • 68
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Verbraucherschutz ; Online-Handel ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The COVID-19 crisis has upended the global consumer landscape. Confinement measures have moved consumers further online, changed their demands and exacerbated behavioural biases. Many mainstream consumers are now financially and psychologically vulnerable and the existing vulnerability of, for instance, the elderly or low-income consumers, has intensified. There are increasing reports of unfair, misleading and fraudulent commercial practices online. These include financial scams, false claims of coronavirus treatment or prevention, price gouging of essential goods and the promotion of unsafe or counterfeit products. Many governments must strike a balance between protecting consumers’ health and safety, strengthening consumer trust, and addressing challenges to business and workers. This has led some governments to fast-track procedures and grant exemptions from consumer laws. Increased international and cross-sector co-operation among government agencies, businesses, and civil society are key to protecting consumers. Information sharing has become more valuable than ever, particularly for agencies with limited resources.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Globale Wertschöpfungskette ; Internationale Produktion ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: This note addresses questions related to the impact of COVID-19 on global value chains (GVCs), focussing on economic impacts and consequences for the organisation of production networks. It discusses policies that can help to promote security of supply and ensure a sustainable economic recovery.
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  • 70
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Pêche, aquaculture et COVID-19: Enjeux et réponses politiques
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Aquakultur ; Fischerei ; Fischereipolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Fisheries and aquaculture provide nutritious food for hundreds of millions of people around the world and livelihoods for over 10% of the world’s population. All aspects of fish supply chains are strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, with jobs, incomes and food security at risk. Government and industry responses are needed to address the immediate economic and social hardships that the crisis is provoking in the fish sector.
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Finanzpolitik ; Coronavirus ; Wirtschaftskrise ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance
    Abstract: This report examines the response of independent fiscal institutions (IFIs) during this first rescue phase of the crisis, as they provide rapid analysis to decision-makers and the public.
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  • 72
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The world is facing an unprecedented multidimensional crisis that demands coherent policy responses. The COVID-19 crisis has further highlighted the vulnerability of several of our basic systems, including healthcare, social protection, education, value chains, production networks, financial markets, mass transit systems and ecosystems. This makes the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) even more relevant today as they aim to transform the systemic conditions that perpetuate the vulnerabilities of our societies and economies. Yet, the human, social and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may reverse the progress made in achieving the SDGs. As such, sustainable recovery, aligned with the SDGs, requires cross-sectoral actions and mechanisms to manage unavoidable trade-offs between short and long-term priorities, and between economic, social and environmental policy goals. This brief presents a policy coherence roadmap to support governments in ensuring a sustainable recovery from the COVID-19 crisis that does not come at the expense of progress towards the SDGs.
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  • 73
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Kapitalmobilität ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The COVID-19 crisis has triggered major disruptions for exchange rates and global capital flows. Cross-border portfolio investment stopped in many emerging markets as well as in some advanced economies in March 2020. Countries have not had to resort to capital controls. To support foreign currency liquidity, several emerging markets have intervened in the foreign exchange market and relaxed rules on capital inflows.
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  • 74
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Mehr als Eindämmung: Antworten der OECD-Gesundheitssysteme auf COVID-19
    Keywords: Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Coronavirus ; Epidemie ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Health systems are facing the most serious global pandemic crisis in a century. The main focus of this brief is on the policies aimed at providing effective care and managing the pressure on health systems.
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  • 75
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Finanzmarkt ; Internationaler Finanzmarkt ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: In early March 2020, the OECD’s Interim Economic Outlook highlighted that the coronavirus outbreak had already caused a sharp decline in economic growth in China, and subsequent outbreaks in other countries were eroding prospects for economic growth. Since that time, the increasing spread of the coronavirus across countries has prompted many governments to introduce unprecedented measures to contain the epidemic. While necessary to contain the virus, these measures have led to many businesses being shut down temporarily, widespread restrictions on travel and mobility, financial market turmoil, an erosion of confidence and heighted uncertainty. This approach suggests that the shutdowns could lead to sharp declines in the level of output in many economies, with consumers’ expenditure potentially dropping by around one-third. Changes of this magnitude would far outweigh the economic recession during the global financial crisis.
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Allgemeinbildende Schule ; Bildungschancen ; Schüler ; Coronavirus ; Schulbesuch ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: A holistic approach to education – that addresses students’ learning, social and emotional needs – is crucial, especially in times of crisis. School closures related to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic mean that students from diverse backgrounds who are more at risk of increased vulnerability are less likely to receive the support and extra services they need, and the gap between students that experience additional barriers and that do not might widen. Closures can also have considerable effects on students’ sense of belonging to schools and their feelings of self-worth – these are key for inclusion in education. This Policy Brief describes OECD Member Countries’ initiatives to address the different needs of vulnerable students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Beyond school closures, it also examines the issue of school re-openings by presenting countries’ current measures and providing policy pointers aimed to ensure that the pandemic does not further hinder the inclusion of vulnerable students in education systems.
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  • 77
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Éducation et COVID-19 : Les répercussions à long terme de la fermeture des écoles
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Schulbesuch ; Allgemeinbildende Schule ; Schüler ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Education
    Abstract: This paper outlines a dual strategy to bring disengaged students back to school, and mitigate effectively student disengagement in case of future lockdowns.
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  • 78
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Verbraucherschutz ; Konsumentenverhalten ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The COVID-19 emergency will affect the lives of many people around the globe. There are a number of ways that policy makers, public authorities and financial services providers can safeguard the interest of financial consumers who may be experiencing financial difficulties and help them to manage their personal finances. These options are not recommendations but can assist policy makers in their consideration of appropriate measures to help financial consumers, depending on the contexts and circumstances of individual jurisdictions, during this difficult period. These options are consistent with the G20/OECD High Level Principles on Financial Consumer Protection that set out the foundations for a comprehensive financial consumer protection framework.
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  • 79
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe El COVID-19 y la conducta empresarial responsable
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19 und verantwortungsvolles unternehmerisches Handeln
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; Unternehmensethik ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This note, prepared by the OECD Centre for Responsible Business Conduct, reviews the challenges the COVID-19 crisis presents for business behaviour and outlines initial responses by governments and companies. It describes the rationale and method for adopting a responsible business conduct approach to address the crisis and sets down the potential short-term and long-term benefits of such an approach.
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  • 80
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’investissement dans la région MENA à l’heure du COVID-19
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Auslandsinvestition ; MENA-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought an additional set of challenges to the economies of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The region has been struggling to attract more and better FDI, constrained by investment climate weaknesses and regional geopolitical tensions. While the projected short-term declines are expected to hit the MENA economies hard, the crisis could also bring new opportunities to benefit from global trends, such as reshoring and restructuring of global and regional value chains. The extent to which this is possible will depend on sustaining existing reforms underway, enacting targeted new strategies and measures for the post-COVID-19 context, and reinforcing regional cooperation. This brief provides an overview of the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on investment in the region and highlights MENA government policy responses to catalyse investment and foster an inclusive post-crisis recovery.
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  • 81
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (169 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Mittelstandspolitik ; KMU ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This note is developed by the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities (CFE). It examines how SMEs are likely to be affected by the current coronavirus epidemic, reports on early evidence and estimates about the impact, and provides a preliminary inventory of country responses to foster SME resilience.
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe 新型コロナウイルス感染症の治療方法とワクチン: 研究開発、製造、使用に関する政策調整の必要性
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Arzneimittel ; Impfung ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Technologiepolitik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This brief discusses policies needed to ensure equitable and universal access by all those in need globally to future vaccines for SARS-Cov-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and treatments for the disease. It provides a snapshot of the vaccine and drug candidates in the current R&D pipeline. It then discusses the need for international co-operation to focus on three critical issues which are beyond the initial phases of clinical research. First, there is a need for pull mechanisms to incentivise the swift completion of the most promising R&D projects, and avoid that they are abandoned mid-way should the pandemic subside. Second, large-scale manufacturing capacity has to be built even before we know which candidates will be successful. This is particularly important for vaccines to ensure timely production of a large number of doses needed,and could also be achieved through designing appropriate pull mechanisms. Third, rules need to be set now to manage intellectual property rights and procurement to ensure equitable access, affordability and supply in sufficient quantities.
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  • 83
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Reconstruire en mieux : Pour une reprise durable et résiliente après le COVID-19
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Reconstruir mejor: por una recuperación resiliente y sostenible después del COVID-19
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Coping-Strategie ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment
    Abstract: For the economic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis to be durable and resilient, a return to ‘business as usual’ and environmentally destructive investment patterns and activities must be avoided. Unchecked, global environmental emergencies such as climate change and biodiversity loss could cause social and economic damages far larger than those caused by COVID-19. To avoid this, economic recovery packages should be designed to “build back better”. This means doing more than getting economies and livelihoods quickly back on their feet.
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  • 84
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID‑19 dans la région MENA : impact sur les inégalités de genre et réponses apportées en soutien aux femmes
    Keywords: Frauen ; Gleichberechtigung ; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Coronavirus ; MENA-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This brief takes stock of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender equality in the region and highlights gender-sensitive measures and initiatives taken by governments, the private sector and civil society to mitigate the impact of the crisis on women. It asserts that the COVID-19 crisis is a watershed moment for gender equality in the MENA region and an opportunity to rethink women’s role in the economy and society. The region’s long-term recovery will depend on its ability to fully leverage the potential of both its men and women.
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les réponses de politiques fiscale et budgétaire à la crise du coronavirus : Accroître la confiance et la résilience
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Steuerpolitik ; Finanzpolitik ; Vertrauen ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Welt ; Taxation
    Abstract: This report focuses on how tax policy can aid governments in dealing with the COVID-19 crisis. The report finds that governments have taken decisive action to contain and mitigate the spread of the virus and to limit the adverse impacts on their citizens and their economies. Through various measures, countries are helping businesses stay afloat, supporting households and helping preserve employment. This readiness to act helps boost confidence. However, further action, with broader and stronger measures, is needed. Policies will need to be adapted to the evolving health and economic challenges. Containment measures may only be removed gradually, so recovery may be uneven. Where recovery is weak, fiscal action can strengthen it. In this context, multilateral collaboration will be vital for recovery and to strengthen the global economy’s resilience to future shocks. The report finds that specific support will be necessary for developing countries, including through international coordination, financial support and adaptation of tax rules that benefit all countries. Public finances will eventually need to be restored. All options should be explored, including revamping old tools, introducing new ones, and bolstering ongoing efforts to address the international tax challenges posed by the digitalisation of the economy.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (87 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2020/04
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Klimawandel ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Klimaschutz ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper provides decision-makers with a framework for prioritising different economic, social and environmental goals and analysing the options available to achieve them. To this end, it develops three stylised COVID-19 recovery pathways (“Rebound”, “Decoupling” and “Wider well-being”) that differ in the extent to which they encompass greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and the integration of mitigation and wider well-being outcomes or, broadly equivalently, SDGs. A number of real-world examples of COVID-19 recovery measures in the surface transport and residential sectors were identified, and the paper maps these measures onto these three stylised pathways. The paper finds a wide divergence in the environmental and social impacts of COVID-19 recovery measures developed to date, with several countries putting in place measures that correspond to all three pathways. The nature and pace of economic recovery in different countries and in aggregate will have important implications for existing, updated and new Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, and the paper also highlights the possible impact of the COVID-19 recovery measures being put in place on NDCs– including on the ambition of both current and future NDCs. The paper concludes that it will be important for governments to improve their understanding of the impact of their recovery measures across multiple policy dimensions (economic, social, environmental) as well as across different time periods (short and long-term) and spatial scales.
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  • 87
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Le commerce électronique au temps de la pandémie de COVID-19
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Electronic Commerce ; Online-Handel ; OECD-Staaten ; Coronavirus ; Electronic Commerce ; Online-Handel ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: This brief discusses how the COVID-19 crisis is accelerating an expansion of e-commerce towards new firms, customers and types of products, likely involving a long-term shift of e-commerce transactions from luxury goods and services to everyday necessities. It also highlights how policy makers can leverage the potential of digital transformation in retail and related areas to support business adaptation and to enhance social distancing, while ensuring that no one is left behind.
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Effets positifs potentiels du télétravail sur la productivité à l’ère post-COVID-19 : quelles politiques publiques peuvent aider à leur concrétisation ?
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe 新型コロナウィルス収束後にテレワークがもたらす生産性向上: 実現に向けた公共政策の役割
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Telearbeit ; Produktivität ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The ongoing health and economic crisis related to the COVID-19 pandemic and the required physical distancing measures force many firms to introduce telework (working from home) on a large scale. This may catalyse wider adoption of teleworking practices also after the crisis, with a wide range of impacts and uncertain net effects on productivity and other indicators. Public policies and co-operation among social partners are crucial to ensure that new, efficient and welfare-improving working methods emerging during the crisis are maintained and developed once physical distancing is over. To maximise the gains for productivity and welfare inherent in the use of more widespread telework, governments should promote investments in the physical and managerial capacity of firms and workers to telework and address potential concerns for worker well-being and longer-term innovation related in particular to the excessive downscaling of workspaces.
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  • 89
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Südosteuropa ; Economics ; Albania ; Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Bulgaria ; Croatia ; Kosovo ; Montenegro ; North Macedonia ; Romania ; Serbia
    Abstract: This note focuses on the multi-faceted structural challenges in the Western Balkans, which have exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, and it assesses the economic impact of COVID-19 on the region, with special focus on SMEs, tourism, education, employment, digitalisation, trade, and investment. As governments combat the economic and societal consequences of the crisis, the note offers policy considerations towards the objective of building back better a better future, with more inclusive, sustainable and resilient economies.
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  • 90
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Ernährungssicherung ; Lebensmittelhandel ; Lieferkette ; OECD-Staaten ; Trade
    Abstract: While the impacts of COVID-19 are still unfolding, experience so far shows the importance of an open and predictable international trade environment to ensure food can move to where it is needed. The biggest risk for food security is not with food availability but with consumers’ access to food: safety nets are essential to avoid an increase in hunger and food insecurity.
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  • 91
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Schuldenmanagement ; Öffentliche Schulden ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic poses significant challenges for public debt management offices (DMOs). Some of these challenges include: sudden and significant increases in borrowing needs, volatile market conditions, health and safety risks in workplaces and temporary mismatches in fiscal cash flows. Debt management preparedness to help respond to these operational, liquidity and funding challenges is critical for supporting both the efficacy of each government’s emergency response and the smooth functioning of financial markets. This note will assist debt management offices worldwide in their consideration of appropriate measures to prepare and strengthen the capacity of their debt management operations to respond to these challenges.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Maintenir l’accès à l’internet en temps de crise
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Manteniendo el Internet en marchaen tiempos de crisis
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Internet ; Telekommunikationsnetz ; Nachrichtentechnik ; Welt ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Since the start of the COVID-19 crisis, demand for broadband communication services has soared, with some operators experiencing as much as a 60% increase in Internet traffic compared to before the crisis. In the medium term, regulators could stimulate broadband providers to deploy more fibre deeper into the networks and gradually phase out xDSL technologies, where possible, and alleviate administrative burdens to ease network deployment.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Subvention ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic call for urgent policy responses to support households and firms alike, but how this support is designed will be critical in ensuring that it does not result in enduring global market distortions. Support packages that are time-limited, targeted, cash-based, and consistent with longer-term objectives are the basis for ensuring a sustainable recovery. Transparency of support packages is critical for public trust, but also once the crisis is over in order to foster accountability and enable governments to learn from what worked best.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Altersvorsorge ; Coronavirus ; Rentenpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This policy brief details the impact of COVID-19 on retirement savings schemes, describes some of the policies already being implemented in different countries and provides policy guidelines.
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