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  • 2015-2019  (201)
  • 1930-1934
  • 2016  (201)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (201)
  • Economics  (201)
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  • 2015-2019  (201)
  • 1930-1934
Year
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Family-friendly governance in response to demographic challenges
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics ; Chile
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Governance ; Economics
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Ireland
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Ireland
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Governance ; Transport ; Economics ; Ireland
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Pour une révolution numérique inclusive
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; France
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Ireland
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Des politiques familiales face aux enjeux démographiques
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Chile
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Taxation ; Economics
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Governance ; Economics ; Ireland
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Economics
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Économie numérique : un futur meilleur à portée de main ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics ; Ireland
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Governance ; Development ; Economics
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    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Ireland
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Pérenniser la reprise irlandaise pour tous
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Ireland
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Forging a digital society
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; France
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Ireland
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Ireland
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Comment échapper au piège de la croissance faible
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Jobs are not just about how much money
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Ireland
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Economics
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Economics ; Ireland
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Chile
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Economics
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les emplois représentent plus que des revenus
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264266858
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Enabling China's Transition towards a Knowledge-based Economy
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Since the beginning of China’s economic transformation in the early 1970s, investment has been a key driver of China’s growth and has contributed to substantial improvements in living standards. Over three decades of average annual GDP growth of 10%, disposable incomes have soared, lifting hundreds of millions of people out of extreme poverty. The share of the population living in extreme poverty has declined from above 90% in the early 1980s to less than 10% today. However, this growth model is no longer sustainable. Returns on investment have declined, although they are still higher than those of the Asian Tigers. Excess capacity is plaguing several sectors, and negative externalities have been onerous, notably in terms of environmental degradation and income inequality. A key objective of the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) is therefore to move the economy towards a path of more balanced, sustainable and inclusive growth.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264259386
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promoting Green and Inclusive Growth in Canada
    Keywords: Economics ; Canada
    Abstract: Le niveau de bien-être au Canada est élevé. Le Canada obtient des résultats supérieurs à la moyenne de l'Organisation pour les onze éléments entrant dans la construction de l’Indicateur du vivre mieux de l’OCDE. Cette performance tient pour une part au fait que l’économie et le marché du travail se sont mieux comportés que dans la quasi-totalité des pays de l’OCDE ayant subi le violent contrecoup de la crise financière mondiale. Le pays pourrait pourtant faire encore mieux dans certains domaines. Le Canada doit améliorer ses résultats en matière de productivité, en s’appuyant sur le récent rebond de la croissance de la productivité du travail pour se rapprocher des pays de l’OCDE les plus performants en termes de productivité. L’écart de productivité avec les États-Unis est particulièrement marqué pour les petites et moyennes entreprises. La croissance de la productivité pourrait en outre être plus inclusive. Les personnes issues de milieux socialement défavorisés ou de communautés autochtones, actuellement, ne participent pas autant qu’ils le pourraient et qu’ils le devraient à la forte performance économique du pays. Enfin, le Canada doit évoluer vers une croissance plus verte afin d’être en mesure de prendre sa juste part de l’action engagée à l’échelle mondiale pour lutter contre le changement climatique.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264259379
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promouvoir une croissance verte et inclusive au Canada
    Keywords: Economics ; Canada
    Abstract: Canadians enjoy a high level of well-being. On all eleven components of the OECD’s Better Life Index, Canada performs better than the OECD average. The economy and labour markets stood up better than those of most OECD countries to the ravages of the global financial crisis. Still, there are some areas where the country can do even better. Canada needs to improve its productivity performance, building on the recent increased growth in labour productivity to narrow the gap with top-performing OECD countries in terms of the level of productivity. The productivity gap with the United States is particularly large for small and medium-sized enterprises. Productivity growth could also be more inclusive. People from socially disadvantaged backgrounds and Indigenous communities currently do not participate to the extent that they should in the country’s strong economic performance. Finally, Canada needs to make growth greener, in order to contribute its fair share to the global fight against climate change.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264258280
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (208 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Proyecto de la OCDE y del G-20 sobre la Erosión de la Base Imponible y el Traslado de Beneficios
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Gewährleistung der Übereinstimmung zwischen Verrechnungspreisergebnissen und Wertschöpfung: Aktionspunkte 8-10: Abschlussbericht 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Aligner les prix de transfert calculés sur la création de valeur, Actions 8-10 - Rapports finaux 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Aligning Transfer Pricing Outcomes with Value Creation, Actions 8-10 - 2015 Final Reports
    Keywords: Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: El informe relativo a esta acción incorpora las revisiones acometidas a las Directrices de la OCDE aplicables en materia de precios de transferencia a empresas multinacionales y administraciones tributarias (comúnmente denominadas Directrices sobre Precios de Transferencia) para alinear los resultados de los precios de transferencia con la creación de valor. Las directrices objeto de revisión se centran en las tres áreas clave siguientes: i) aspectos de los precios de transferencia relativos a las operaciones con activos intangibles; ii) acuerdos contractuales, incluida la asignación contractual de los riesgos económicos soportados y la consiguiente atribución de ingresos, pudiendo no corresponderse dichos rendimientos con las actividades efectivamente desarrolladas, al tiempo que se aborda la tasa de retorno de la inversión realizada por una empresa del grupo multinacional con gran capital social y número de activos, no respondiendo dichos beneficios al nivel de actividad realizado por la compañía que efectúa la inversión: iii) otros ámbitos de alto riesgo. El informe encomienda, asimismo, efectuar una labor de seguimiento en lo concerniente al método de división y reparto de los beneficios de explotación cuyos resultados habrán de plasmarse en directrices exhaustivas acerca de las modalidades de aplicación de este método, útiles e idóneas para alinear los resultados de los precios de transferencia con la creación de valor.
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2016, 04
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Befristete Beschäftigung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Sozialer Indikator ; Zufriedenheit ; Lebensgemeinschaft ; Großbritannien ; Employment ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the extent to which unemployment and temporary work – two forms of labour market insecurity – affect different aspects of subjective well-being (i.e. life satisfaction, psychological well-being and satisfaction with partnership) among legally married and cohabiting couples in the United Kingdom. Drawing on matched data for couples from the British Household Panel Study, the paper shows that both forms of labour market insecurity, when experienced by the male partner, lower significantly the psychological well-being and life satisfaction of the female partner; women’s temporary work also slightly lowers men’s psychological well-being. The impact of spousal labour market insecurity depends, however, on the employment status of the individual: after controlling for financial strain, psychological well-being and life-satisfaction of both partners in a couple are hampered the most when men are economically dependent on their female partners. In the case of partnership satisfaction, results differ from the other two subjective well-being outcomes: while unemployment of the female partner is associated with higher satisfaction for men, partnership satisfaction is particularly low when both partners experience either form of labour market insecurity. These effects are robust after controlling for fixed individual characteristics that can influence both employment status and well-being outcomes.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2016, 07
    Keywords: Electronic Commerce ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Recent years have seen a rapid emergence of new disruptive technologies with new forms of intermediation, service provision and consumption, with digitalisation being a common characteristic. These include new platforms that facilitate Peer-to-Peer transactions, such as AirBnB and Uber, new activities such as crowd sourcing, a growing category of the ‘occasional self-employed’ and prevalence of ‘free’ media services, funded by advertising and ‘Big data’. Against a backdrop of slowing rates of measured productivity growth, this has raised questions about the conceptual basis of GDP and output, and whether current compilation methods are adequate to capture them. This paper frames the discussion under an umbrella of the Digitalised Economy, covering also statistical challenges where digitalisation is a complicating feature such as international transactions and knowledge based assets. It delineates between conceptual and compilation issues and highlights areas where further investigations are merited. The overall conclusion is that, on balance, the accounting framework for GDP looks to be up to the challenges posed by digitalisation. Many practical measurement issues remain, however, in particular concerning price changes and where digitalisation meets internationalisation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2016, 05
    Keywords: Lebensqualität ; Lebensstandard ; Wert des Menschenlebens ; Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Messung ; Sozialer Indikator ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: We compute a distribution-adjusted welfare measure that aggregates outcomes in three dimensions of well-being, namely income, employment and longevity. Aggregation weights reflect preferences of people on these dimensions. The welfare measure is calculated for 26 OECD countries and selected emerging economies, and covers about three decades. Relying on a single theoretical model of a hypothetical representative agent, we combine life satisfaction regressions to capture the full welfare losses of unemployment with a calibration approach to capture the value of longevity. We test for robustness of results over a series of datasets and specifications and find that the resulting estimated shadow prices of (one percentage point of) unemployment and one year of longevity average 2% and 6% of income respectively. While we assume an identical utility function for all individuals, shadow prices of unemployment and longevity vary both across countries and within countries across income groups. We find that economic growth differs significantly from the growth of our welfare measure. The latter grew faster than GDP thanks to the gains that countries experienced on longevity, but was also more volatile due to changes in unemployment. Rising income inequality exerts a negative effect on our welfare measure. Gains in longevity have almost the same impact on welfare as income growth, while the long-term impact of employment was smaller.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1278
    Keywords: Öffentliche Ausgaben ; Allokationseffizienz ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In many OECD countries changes in demography and health conditions are putting pressure on public finance. To prevent further expansion of government spending as a percentage of GDP, public spending efficiency will need to be raised. This paper uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess the efficiency of welfare spending in a sample of OECD countries around 2012, focussing on health care, secondary education and general public services. The DEA model has a two input-one output structure, with at least one of the variables representing a composite indicator controlling for country-specific factors (socio-economic environment and life-style factors, for example). We find wide dispersion in efficiency measures across OECD countries and provide possible quantified improvements for both output and input efficiency.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1280
    Keywords: Öffentliche Ausgaben ; Allokationseffizienz ; Schweiz ; Education ; Economics ; Switzerland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite having low government spending, Switzerland scores highly in various public policy outcomes, including health, education and transportation. But, as the population grows and ages, efficiency of public spending will have to rise to maintain low tax rates. Given its high returns, the provision of early childhood education and care should be boosted, especially for children from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds, including those from immigrant families. Cantons should avoid oversupplying baccalaureates, thereby lowering university dropout rates. Policies will also need to adapt to structural changes in the labour market, by boosting the supply and attractiveness of fields of study that are facing high demand on the labour market, and by further clarifying study streams across tertiary education. Health-care efficiency could be raised by further developing managed-care networks. Enforcing systematic data collection for the quality of care would also help patients and providers make better informed choices. Generic drugs’ prices are too high due to a poorly designed price-fixing mechanism. Transportation suffers from congestion that could be reduced by implementing peak-load pricing on roads and trains. But efficiency in public spending is also about allocating public funds optimally. Switzerland’s rapidly rising social security entitlements and its fiscal equalisation system constrain public spending and risk crowding out important expenditures. Fast-rising social security entitlements could be addressed via indexing the retirement age to life expectancy. Fiscal equalisation weakens tax-raising incentives for some cantons; this could be addressed by allowing them to keep a larger part of their increased revenues. Efficiency in allocating public expenditure could also be raised by increasing the share of public spending allocated by tender and harmonising procurement regulations across all levels of government. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Review of Switzerland (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-switzerland.htm)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1282
    Keywords: Komparativer Vorteil ; Außenhandel ; Umweltpolitik ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Wettbewerb ; Auslandsverlagerung ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Increasing international fragmentation of production has reinforced fears that industrial activity may flee to countries with laxer environmental policies – in line with the so-called Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH). If PHH effects are strong, domestic responses to environmental challenges may prove ineffective or meet strong resistance. Using a gravity model of bilateral trade in manufacturing industries for selected OECD and BRIICS countries over 1990s-2000s, this paper studies how exports are related to national environmental policies. Environmental policies are not found to be a major driver of international trade patterns, but have some significant effects on specialisation. More stringent domestic policies have no significant effect on overall trade in manufactured goods, but are linked to a comparative disadvantage in “dirty” industries, and a corresponding advantage in “cleaner” industries. The effects are stronger for the domestic component of exports than for gross exports, yet notably smaller than the effects of e.g. trade liberalisation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1284
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Einwanderung ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Flüchtlinge ; Staatsangehörigkeit ; Weltwirtschaftskrise ; Irland ; Economics ; Ireland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper identifies the labour market impact of the Great Recession on immigrants compared to natives and how this relationship has evolved since the downturn. We find that the employment penalty suffered by immigrant workers, relative to native workers, increased significantly over the Irish recession and persisted during the subsequent recovery. Differences in labour market outcomes between immigrants and natives were accentuated by the recession, when the employment penalty was the highest. Secondly we conclude that the more recent evolution of the employment penalty appears to be related to a composition effect, as many refugee immigrants with weak labour market attachment became naturalised citizens during the recession. This suggests that the difficulties that some immigrants experience in the labour market would be under-estimated without taking due account of naturalisation processes, as is done in this paper for the first time in Ireland. This working paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Ireland (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-ireland.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1293
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarktreform ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; Qualifikation ; Irland ; Employment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Irish economy is growing strongly, but there is a risk many households will be left behind despite robust growth. High joblessness especially among the low-educated and skill-biased wage differentials have induced high market income inequality, among the highest in the OECD. Ireland’s comprehensive welfare system provides a broad range of social benefits, which keeps jobless households out of poverty, but this reduces the financial incentives to work, especially for families with children. Structural unemployment is also explained by the lack of skills required to find employment in the Irish labour market, where the presence of multinational enterprises increases the reward for high skills and the penalty for poor skills. With the unemployed pool lacking the right skills and financial incentives, employers tend to resort to foreign workers, a practice facilitated by the well-functioning migration system. Getting more people into work is important to share the benefits of the recovery as widely as possible. This requires building up work capacity, especially by improving jobseekers’ training, and ensuring welfare recipients honour their Job Path commitments in return. More needs to be done to increase incentive to work by reducing welfare and low-income traps. This should be done by shifting the tax burden from labour to indirect taxes in a progressive way that does not harm the lowest income groups. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-ireland.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1294
    Keywords: Produktionspotenzial ; Produktionsfunktion ; Arbeitsproduktivität ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Finanzkrise ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Estimates of the output gap ought to be a useful guide for macroeconomic policy, both for assessing inflationary pressures and fiscal sustainability, but their reliability has been called into question by the large revisions which they are often subject to, particularly around turning points. Revisions to OECD published estimates of the output gap around the period of the financial crisis have been exceptionally large, with by far the largest contribution to these revisions coming from the labour-efficiency gap. The current paper investigates a modification to the standard OECD production function method for deriving potential output, which involves an additional cyclical adjustment in the derivation of trend labour efficiency. The additional adjustment helps to reduce the occurrence of large end-point revisions and of sign switches between the initial and final estimates of the labour-efficiency gap. The variables which are most often found to be useful in providing this cyclical adjustment of labour efficiency are manufacturing capacity utilisation and the investment share. However, for a few countries additional variables – house prices and credit – have been used to provide the cyclical adjustment, although this raises an issue as to whether the cyclical adjustment should be limited to a core set of variables to ensure the method remains reasonably homogenous across countries. Recent improvements to the specification of the Phillips curve, which imply a tighter fit between the unemployment gap and inflation, should also reduce end-point revisions to the unemployment gap in future.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1298
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; Strukturwandel ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Griechenland ; Economics ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of the main structural reforms that Greece has undertaken since 2010, those currently proposed and that are in the process of implementation, and quantifies the medium and long‑term effects on output. Special attention is given to three issues that are relevant to understanding reform dynamics in Greece: i) the short-term impact of reforms; ii) the effect of some reforms on income inequality and other socioeconomic outcomes; iii) implementation problems that might undermine the ability of structural reforms to deliver their expected outcomes. The reforms, if fully implemented, could raise output by more than 13% over the next decade. Reforms in product markets are particularly important in boosting growth. Poverty and inequality have increased despite policies to mitigate the social impacts of Greece’s deep depression since 2009. Better social policies are needed to strengthen the social safety net and make growth more inclusive. Much of the burden of adjustment has been borne by labour. Labour market institutions should balance the objectives of increasing jobs, reallocating workers to where they can earn the most, and ensuring the fruits of the economic recovery are widely shared.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1299
    Keywords: Export ; Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Wettbewerb ; Strukturwandel ; Economics ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the structure of Greek exports and presents policy recommendations to boost export performance. Despite recent improvements, export performance deteriorated in the last decade particularly in the service sector. The decline in unit labour costs since the beginning of the crisis has restored cost competitiveness, but the response of exports has been sluggish due to severe liquidity constraints of exporters, lack of investment in export industries and in part because prices did not adjust as fast. Greece is dominated by SMEs and specialised in low-technology goods which makes it difficult to be well integrated into global value chains. Structural problems in product markets, barriers to exporting, access to finance and administrative burden affect competitiveness and impede export performance. Boosting investment in infrastructure and logistics, further liberalising the network industries, improving investment in human and knowledge-based capital to allow upgrading in the global value chains will be essential to enhance export performance.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1304
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Produktionspotenzial ; Investition ; Kapitalstock ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD framework for estimating potential output is combined with previous OECD empirical research to analyse the causes of recent weak productivity growth. Current weak labour productivity growth in many OECD countries reflects historically weak contributions from both total factor productivity (TFP) growth and capital deepening. The slowdown in trend productivity growth in the pre-crisis period is mostly explained by a long-established slowdown in TFP growth, but since the crisis, the further deceleration is mainly due to weak capital deepening, a development apparent in practically every OECD country. Much of the weakness in the growth of the capital stock since the financial crisis can be explained by an accelerator response of investment to continued demand weakness, leading in turn to a deterioration in potential output via a hysteresis-like effect. Circumstantial evidence suggests that a misallocation of capital in the pre-crisis period also contributed to the slowdown in capital stock growth, particularly among the most severely affected countries. In many OECD countries, declining government investment as a share of GDP has further exacerbated post-crisis weakness in capital stock growth, both directly and probably indirectly via adverse spillover effects on business investment. Finally, at a time when the use of conventional macro policy instruments has become increasingly constrained, the slower pace of structural reform represents a missed opportunity, not least because more competitionfriendly product market regulation could have boosted both investment and potential growth.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1307
    Keywords: Allokation ; Innovation ; Wissenstransfer ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Regulierung ; Bildung ; Litauen ; Education ; Economics ; Lithuania ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: GDP per capita in Lithuania rose from one third to two thirds of the OECD average level between 1995 and 2014, despite internal and external crises. Productivity catch-up was critical to this process, although the level of labour productivity also remains around one-third below the OECD average. Further productivity gains will partly rely on improvements in resource allocation. In particular, the Lithuanian government should promote better governance of state-owned enterprises, more effective bankruptcy procedures and new forms of business financing. However, convergence will also require policy settings that encourage advances in within-firm productivity growth. Improvements to the quality of education at all levels and increasing the role of workplace training will be important. So too will be further measures that support the innovation capacity of the business sector, including innovation policies that promote the absorptive capacity of firms and do not favour incumbents at the expense of young businesses. This Working Paper relates to the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Lithuania (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-lithuania.htm)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1311
    Keywords: 1998 - 2013 ; Strukturwandel ; Kreditrationierung ; Wettbewerb ; Unternehmensgründung ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the effects of product market reforms in the short and medium term across 10 regulated industries and 18 advanced economies for the period 1998-2013 using internationally comparable firm-level data based on Orbis. It provides four key insights. First, product market reforms have positive effects on capital, output and employment and their effects increase over time. After two years, they raise capital by 4%, output by 3% and employment by 1.5%. Second, differences in production technology and the nature of product market regulations across sectors generate important differences in the mechanisms through which reforms operate. In network industries, reforms tend to benefit small firms, while the opposite is observed in retail trade. Product market reforms also promote firm entry, particularly those that reduce entry barriers. Third, credit constraints can play an important role in weakening the positive impact of product market reform on investment. Fourth, product market reforms also tend to have positive effects on firms in downstream sectors—both at home and abroad—that make intensive use of intermediate inputs from deregulated sectors.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1314
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; KMU ; Unternehmensgründung ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Kanada ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Small business dynamism is a feature of an SME sector that contributes to overall productivity growth, not an end in itself. Such dynamism increases productivity growth by reallocating resources towards more productive firms and strengthening the diffusion of new technologies. Small business dynamism in Canada has declined in recent decades, as in other OECD countries, but overall it remains in the middle of the range, with some indicators above average and others below. Framework economic policies are generally supportive of small business dynamism, especially labour regulation, but there is scope to reduce regulatory barriers to product market competition. Canada has many programmes to support small businesses. Some of the largest programmes are not well focused on reducing market failures. Focusing support more on reducing clear market failures would increase the contribution of these programmes to productivity growth and living standards. This would likely entail redirecting support from small businesses in general to start-ups and young firms with innovative projects, which would boost small business dynamism. This Working Paper relates to the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Canada (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-canada.htm)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1315
    Keywords: EU-Binnenmarkt ; Europäische Integration ; Kapitalmobilität ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Lebensstandard ; Interregionaler Handel ; EU-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The EU Single Market remains far from completed: progress in goods and services market integration has stalled, financial markets are still fragmented along national lines and the barriers to labour mobility remain high. Restrictive regulation within countries and regulatory heterogeneity across them hamper the internal market, reducing trade and investment flows. Network sectors, such as energy and transportation, are insufficiently interconnected and open to competition, and inefficient as a result. Reinvigorating the single market is one of the key tools to strengthen the recovery of the European Union and restore faster growth of income per capita. To support the recovery, structural reforms that yield short-run as well as long-run gains should be prioritised. Policies enhancing labour and capital mobility are especially relevant, as they provide channels of adjustment to country-specific shocks and reinforce the effectiveness of stabilisation policies. Policies enhancing capital mobility include improved securitisation, better collection and sharing of credit information regarding smaller firms and the convergence of insolvency regimes. Labour mobility within the European Union would profit from reduced administrative and regulatory burden, such as faster recognition of professional qualifications and better portability of social and pension rights. Product markets reforms also have the potential to deliver benefits swiftly, not least by unlocking investment. Regulatory burdens could be alleviated by better impact assessment for legislative proposals and ex post evaluation of policies. Product market reforms in network sectors should include harmonisation of regulations and technical specifications, with the target of establishing single EU regulators. This Working Paper relates to the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the European Union (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-european-union-and-euro-area.htm)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1318
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Technologiepolitik ; Auslandsinvestition ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Infrastrukturpolitik ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Costa Rica ; Economics ; Costa Rica ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the latest 30 years, Costa Rica's real GDP per capita has more than doubled, driven by increasing labour utilisation. Labour productivity has instead stagnated at around 30% of the more advanced OECD countries. Productivity growth has been lacklustre despite the opening up of markets to international competition and large FDI inflows. Several obstacles continue to hamper the development of domestic firms and markets. They have fostered a dual speed economy characterised, on the one hand, by an innovative, productive and export oriented FDI sector – increasingly focussing on high value added sectors – and, on the other hand, a domestic sector – dominated by small firms and focused on traditional industries – that is neither innovative nor very productive. Boosting national productivity to sustain the convergence process towards OECD countries living standards will hinge on creating the right conditions for domestic firms to thrive and become more innovative and productive, while maintaining the long-standing commitment to open international markets and investment. To make this happens the government should: 1) encourage innovation and improving links between domestic and foreign firms by better enforcing and implementing intellectual property rights, shifting public R&D spending towards tertiary education institutions, and improving the coordination of public programmes promoting innovation of local firms and linkages with foreign affiliates; 2) strengthen competition in product markets and ease access to finance for SMEs by eliminating anti-trust exemptions, empowering the competition commission and giving it more independence, reducing barriers to entrepreneurship, ameliorating the corporate governance of state-owned enterprises and creating a level-playing fields between state-owned and private banks; 3) enhance the institutional and legal framework of the transport and other infrastructure sectors by reducing the number of agencies involved in policy development and project executions, and establishing an institutional framework to reduce policy uncertainty and attract more private investment. This Working Paper relates to the 2016 OECD Economic Assessment of Costa Rica (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-costa-rica.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1322
    Keywords: Netzinfrastruktur ; Wettbewerb ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Binnenhandel ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Kanada ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Canada’s productivity performance has lagged that of many other OECD countries, despite some improvement in recent years. One measure to enhance overall efficiency would be to strengthen competition on the domestic market to drive future multi-factor productivity improvements. The potential gains are large: about a half a percent per year over a fairly long horizon. This paper focuses on increasing competition in network sectors, including energy, telecommunication services and broadcasting, and transportation, which are key inputs to production in the broader economy. Improving regulatory conditions, efficiency and/or cost competitiveness could yield more productive outcomes in these sectors, as well as in downstream industries. Competition could also be increased by lowering barriers to interprovincial trade and the movement of labour, which act to fragment Canada’s already small domestic market. To this end, reforms of the Agreement on Internal Trade and measures to reduce sectoral barriers to trade are also discussed. This Working Paper relates to the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Canada (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-canada.htm)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1325
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarktreform ; Soziale Integration ; Atypische Beschäftigung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Arbeitsmarktintegration ; Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Südkorea ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Labour market reforms are essential to promote social cohesion by removing obstacles to employment, particularly for women, youth and older persons. In addition to reducing income inequality and poverty, such reforms would also sustain economic growth as Korea’s working-age population begins to decline in 2017. Breaking down labour market duality is crucial to reduce the wide wage disparity. Better conditions for non-regular workers would in turn promote greater labour participation. Increasing the take-up of maternity and parental leave, expanding the availability of high-quality childcare, reducing working time, narrowing the large gender wage gap and eliminating discrimination would also increase opportunities for women. Boosting youth employment from its current low level requires addressing labour market mismatch by better aligning the skills learned in school with those demanded by employers. Reducing the emphasis on seniority in setting wages by moving to more flexible systems and expanding training to improve the skills of older persons would allow them to extend their careers, thereby reducing old-age poverty.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1326
    Keywords: Investition ; Investitionspolitik ; Investitionsklima ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Deutschland ; Economics ; Germany ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Non-residential investment has fallen over the past 20 years as a share of GDP and is now lower than in several other high-income OECD countries. Business investment growth has been weak since the outbreak of the global financial and economic crisis. Government investment has been low, especially at municipal level. Investment in knowledge-based capital (KBC), which is closely related to long-term productivity performance, has been subdued. Weak growth prospects in the Euro Area have weighed on business investment and an increasing share of firms invests in distant, more dynamic markets. Policies that strengthen stability and growth prospects in the Euro Area would raise the attractiveness of Germany as a location to invest, notably steps to strengthen the single market and cross-border infrastructure, and complete the banking union. Steps to liberalise regulation of services, in particular knowledge-intensive professional services, would raise investment and productivity. Policies that encourage the reallocation of resources would also increase investment in KBC. Poor municipalities invest relatively little and there is scope to lower the cost of public investment projects. Better use of e-governance and more performance-oriented budgeting could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public investment.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1329
    Keywords: 1995-2013 ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper surveys the state and evolution of GDP per capita in 281 regions of OECD countries for the time period 1995 – 2013. It puts a special focus on the disparities between the regions. These can be substantial: In 2013, GDP per capita of the least and most developed region varied by a factor of roughly ten. Using standard inequality measures like the coefficient of variation or the Gini coefficient, it is found that inequality has been decreasing between countries, while within-country disparities have often widened. Furthermore, transition matrices reveal that mobility within the distribution over time is higher in countries with larger degrees of fiscal decentralisation. This suggests that decentralisation allows regions to “take matters into their own hands”. Implications of other factors that correlate with the level of economic development are also discussed.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1331
    Keywords: 1996-2011 ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Einkommensverteilung ; Gini-Koeffizient ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the relationship between fiscal decentralisation and economy-wide disposable income inequality. Drawing on a dataset of up to 20 OECD countries over a period from 1996 to 2011, a regression analysis is performed, relating several indicators of national income inequality and a wide array of fiscal decentralisation indicators. The results indicate a weak, inequality-reducing relationship between decentralisation and income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, but the effect is rather small and unstable across specifications. Fine-graining the analysis by using income percentile ratios, in turn, produces more significant and stable results. It shows that the effects of fiscal decentralisation are not the same along the income distribution. While decentralisation tends to be associated with a reduction in income inequality between high incomes and the median, it is linked to a divergence of low income groups from the median, notably via sub-central tax autonomy. Transfers between levels of government also tend to increase the gap between lower and middle incomes. Interpreting these effects jointly, it seems that mainly middle income earners benefit from fiscal decentralisation. Finally, some insights on decentralisation and regional income inequality are presented. At first sight, fiscal decentralisation does not seem to be associated with income sorting in large jurisdictions, but a more fine-grained analysis is required to answer this question.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1336
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsprognose ; Prognoseverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper firstly describes the role of models in producing OECD global macroeconomic forecasts; secondly, reviews the OECD's forecasting track record; and finally, considers the relationship between forecast performance and models. OECD forecasts are not directly generated from a single global model, but instead rely heavily on expert judgment which is informed by inputs from a range of different models, with forecasts subjected to repeated peer review. For the major OECD economies, current year GDP growth forecasts exhibit a number of desirable properties including that they are unbiased, outperform naïve forecasts and mostly identify turning points. Moreover, there is a trend improvement in current-year forecasting performance which is partly attributed to the increasing use of high frequency ‘now-casting’ indicator models to forecast the current and next quarter’s GDP. Conversely, the track record of one-year-ahead forecasts is much less impressive; such forecasts are biased, often little better than naïve forecasts and are poor at anticipating downturns. Forecasts tend to cluster around those from other international organisations and consensus forecasts; it is particularly striking that differences in one-year-ahead forecasts between forecasters are relatively minor in comparison with the size of average errors made by all of them. This may reflect herding behaviour by forecasters as well as the mean reversion properties of models. These weaknesses in forecasting performance beyond the current year underline the importance of increased efforts to use models to characterise the risk distribution around the baseline forecast, including through the increased use of model-based scenario analysis.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1338
    Keywords: Erwerbstätigkeit ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Sozialleistungsempfänger ; Behinderte Arbeitskräfte ; Migranten ; Dänemark ; Economics ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The generous Danish welfare state relies on a high degree of labour force participation both for financing and in order to ensure social cohesion. This underlines the need for getting work incentives right and improve the employability of vulnerable groups of workers, in particular migrants. Many benefit recipients also face high marginal tax rates for returning to work, creating a barrier for inclusion. Likewise, as the population ages, the need for longer working lives becomes a central aim. In Denmark, much has been done to keep older workers in the labour market, but there is further scope for reducing barriers to work for this group, including through the design of the pension system. Cost pressures at social institutions could be addressed by better reaping the effects on municipal reform, more coordination between different service providers, and open the market for social services, for instance old age care, for private suppliers under a strict quality monitoring framework.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1340
    Keywords: 1970-2010 ; Wachstumspolitik ; Finanzkrise ; Finanzmarktregulierung ; Vulnerabilitätsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Certain growth-promoting policies can have negative side-effects by increasing the vulnerability of economies to financial crises. Typical examples are greater openness to financial flows or more liberalised financial markets. This paper investigates whether the growth benefits of policy reforms in these growth-enhancing areas, and others such as trade openness, exceed the possible costs of occasional, albeit potentially severe, crises for a sample of 100 developed and emerging economies from 1970 to 2010. The results suggest that the pro-growth effects of greater capital account openness outweigh the negative effects of a higher propensity to twin crises. Greater domestic financial liberalisation is associated with faster growth, but also with a higher propensity to systemic banking and twin crises. A free floating exchange rate and greater openness to trade, by reducing the likelihood of currency crises, are associated with higher growth. While pro-competitive product market regulations and lower corporate taxes are associated with higher growth, they do not seem to influence financial fragility via higher probability of crises.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1342
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Verteilungspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In a majority of OECD countries, GDP growth over the past three decades has been associated with growing income disparities. To shed some lights on the potential sources of trade-offs between growth and equity, this paper investigates the long-run impact of structural reforms on household incomes across the distribution, hence on income inequality. The paper builds on a macro-micro approach by combining recent macro-level estimates of the impact of structural reforms on macroeconomic growth with micro-level estimates of the impact of structural reforms on household incomes across the income distribution. It considers the sources of macroeconomic growth, by decomposing growth in GDP per capita into growth in labour utilisation and labour productivity. This allows for shedding light on the mechanisms through which growth and its drivers, including policy drivers, benefit household incomes at different points of the income distribution. Most structural reforms are found to have little impact on income inequality when the latter is assessed through measures that emphasise the middle class. By contrast, a higher number of structural reforms, in particular social protection reforms, are found to have an impact on income inequality and thus may raise tradeoffs and synergies between growth equity objectives when inequality is assessed through measures that emphasise relatively more incomes among the poor. This corresponds to higher degrees of inequality aversion.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1346
    Keywords: Öffentliche Ausgaben ; Besteuerungsprinzip ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews the key issues concerning the impact of public spending and taxation on long-run growth and inequality and takes stock of existing theoretical and empirical studies. Overall, the evidence highlights that the size of the government matters for long-term growth as a too large government may undermine growth through the cost of financing public spending. A reallocation of public spending towards infrastructure and education would raise income in the long run, whereas increasing social welfare spending can reduce inequality as such spending increases redistribution and risk sharing. Similarly, the available evidence also supports the hypothesis that some taxes are more distortionary than others, with income taxes found to be more harmful for growth than consumption and property taxes. However, a tax shift from income towards consumption taxes has equity implications, since income taxes are generally more progressive than other taxes. The effect of a reallocation of spending and taxes on growth and inequality likely varies across countries depending on country characteristics.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1348
    Keywords: Regulierung ; Arbeitsmarktflexibilität ; Beschäftigungseffekt ; Arbeitnehmerschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Do flexibility-enhancing reforms imply more employment instability? Using individual-level data from harmonised household surveys for 26 advanced countries, this paper analyses the effects of product and labour market reforms on transitions in and out of employment. Results indicate that reforms making product markets more competitive increase transitions out of employment for less qualified and low-income workers. Less qualified and low-income workers have very high job exit rates to start with, and reforms raise these rates further. On the other hand, more pro-competitive product market regulation generally increases entry rates into employment. The concentration on less qualified and low-income workers of the increase in labour market turnover associated with product market reforms suggests a case for accompanying such reforms with labour market programmes that help the most vulnerable workers transition to new jobs. Easing employment protection for regular or temporary workers has no systematic long-term effect on workers’ probabilities to move in or out of employment. Such reforms can, however, affect employment transitions through their interaction with other policies and institutions. For example, easing employment protection for workers with regular contracts raises the job-finding chances of people out of work in countries that invest a lot in active labour market programmes. Furthermore, employment protection legislation and product market regulation are complementary in that, when either employment protection or product markets are lightly regulated, reforming the other is associated with fewer job exits.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 18 (September 2016)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.18
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: World trade growth was rapid in the two decades prior to the global financial crisis but has halved subsequently. There are both structural and cyclical reasons for the slowdown. A deceleration in the rate of trade liberalisation post 2000 was initially obscured by the ongoing expansion of global value chains and associated rapid emergence of China in the world economy. Post the financial crisis global value chains started to unwind and, possibly associated with this, Chinese and Asian trade weakened markedly. These structural changes were compounded by insipid demand due to anaemic growth of global investment, as well as intra-euro area trade, both of which are trade intensive. The slowdown in world trade growth post crisis, if sustained, will have serious consequences for the medium-term growth of productivity and living standards. Trade policy has significant potential to reinvigorate trade growth but the political environment for reforms is difficult, with a growing polarisation of OECD electorates into pro- and anti- globalisation supporters. Further trade and investment policy liberalisation should be introduced as part of a wider package of structural reforms to spread the benefits of freer trade and investment more widely.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 77 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 05 (November 2016)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: firm dynamics ; regulation ; knowledge diffusion ; technological change ; productivity ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In this paper, we aim to bring the debate on the global productivity slowdown – which has largely been conducted from a macroeconomic perspective – to a more micro-level. We show that a particularly striking feature of the productivity slowdown is not so much a lower productivity growth at the global frontier, but rather rising labour productivity at the global frontier coupled with an increasing labour productivity divergence between the global frontier and laggard (non-frontier) firms. This productivity divergence remains after controlling for differences in capital deepening and mark-up behaviour, suggesting that divergence in measured multi-factor productivity (MFP) may in fact reflect technological divergence in a broad sense. This divergence could plausibly reflect the potential for structural changes in the global economy – namely digitalisation, globalisation and the rising importance of tacit knowledge – to fuel rapid productivity gains at the global frontier. Yet, aggregate MFP performance was significantly weaker in industries where MFP divergence was more pronounced, suggesting that the divergence observed is not solely driven by frontier firms pushing the boundary outward. We contend that increasing MFP divergence – and the global productivity slowdown more generally – could reflect a slowdown in the diffusion process. This could be a reflection of increasing costs for laggard firms of moving from an economy based on production to one based on ideas. But it could also be symptomatic of rising entry barriers and a decline in the contestability of markets. We find the rise in MFP divergence to be much more extreme in sectors where pro-competitive product market reforms were least extensive, suggesting that policy weaknesses may be stifling diffusion in OECD economies.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264254053 , 9789264257696 , 9789264085824
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (152 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fiscal federalism 2016
    Keywords: Finanzbeziehungen ; Welt ; Governance ; Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: Fiscal Federalism 2016 surveys recent trends and policies in intergovernmental fiscal relations and sub-central government. Accessible and easy-to read chapters provide insight: into growing spending and tax devolution; the fiscal constitutions of federal countries; how immovable property taxation is regaining its former significance; on the true spending power of sub central governments; on the mix between own tax resources and intergovernmental grants; and on the role of fiscal rules and good budget frameworks for sustainable debt management at the state and local level.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L'articulation entre productivité et inclusivité : Version préliminaire
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The Productivity-Inclusiveness Nexus proposes a new approach to boost productivity growth while, at the same time, reducing inequalities of income and opportunities. The report begins by examining the trend slowdown of productivity growth, which has been observed in many OECD countries over recent years, and the longer-standing rise - and persistence - of inequalities of income, wealth, well-being and opportunities. It then gathers the most recent empirical evidence on some of the common foundations behind these trends and considers possible linkages. The analysis aims to shed light on policy insights to address both issues together, creating room for synergies and win-win policies.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe An intern's world?
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Economics
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Economics
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264251182
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Chile; Prioridades de políticas para un crecimiento más fuerte y equitativo
    Keywords: Economics ; Chile
    Abstract: Backed by strong economic growth Chile has made substantial progress in improving the quality of life of its citizens. Nonetheless, gaps in living standards vis-à-vis other OECD countries remain large and there are strong differences in well-being across the Chilean population. The government has introduced important steps to strengthen redistribution and improve equality of opportunities, including ambitious tax, labour and education reforms. But there is room to further improve the design of many policies to promote inclusiveness. Moreover, to sustain progress in well-being, Chile also needs faster productivity growth which stagnated until recently. This requires policies that foster competition, improve human capital accumulation and increase the diversification of the economy that still relies heavily on commodity exports.
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  • 99
    ISBN: 9789264266001
    Language: Arabic
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Strengthening governance and competitiveness in the MENA region for stronger and more inclusive growth
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des politiques meilleures au service de la croissance inclusive et de l'intégration économique dans la région MENA ; Politiques meilleures
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The MENA region registered relatively dynamic economic growth and investment rates during the first decade of the century, even during the global economic and financial crisis. This was helped by important reforms by many governments to increase economic openness, diversification, private sector development and institutional reform. The participation of Tunisia and Jordan in the Open Government Partnership, the massive investment in infrastructure by Morocco and Egypt to increase connectivity and improve participation in global trade, and the efforts of the United Arab Emirates to diversify its economy demonstrate the great potential of the region to achieve progress. However, recent political instability and security threats have considerably slowed economic prospects. Reforms have not succeeded in tackling deeper structural challenges, such as corruption, unemployment, uneven development and unequal opportunities, especially for disadvantaged regions, women and youth. Appropriate policy responses are needed to regain stability and lay the foundations for a more open economy and a more inclusive development model. While the MENA region is profoundly heterogeneous, there are significant common economic and institutional trends that support the need for more concerted action to exploit the immense potential of the region and ensure its fruitful integration into the global economy.
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  • 100
    ISBN: 9789264266018
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Strengthening governance and competitiveness in the MENA region for stronger and more inclusive growth
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Strengthening governance and competitiveness in the MENA region for stronger and more inclusive growth; (Arabic version)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: La région MENA a enregistré dans les dix premières années du siècle des taux de croissance économique et d’investissement relativement élevés, même pendant la crise économique et financière mondiale. Ce dynamisme résulte en partie des importantes réformes mises en place par de nombreux gouvernements en faveur de l’ouverture économique, de la diversification, du développement du secteur privé et de la réforme des institutions. La participation de la Tunisie et de la Jordanie au Partenariat pour un gouvernement transparent, les investissements massifs effectués par le Maroc et l’Égypte dans les infrastructures pour améliorer la connectivité et la participation aux échanges mondiaux et les efforts de diversification économique des Émirats arabes unis témoignent de l’importance des possibilités de progrès de la région. Cependant, l’instabilité politique récente et les menaces qui pèsent sur la sécurité altèrent considérablement les perspectives de croissance économique. Les réformes ne sont pas parvenues à remédier aux problèmes structurels les plus profonds, comme la corruption, le chômage, les disparités de développement et l’inégalité des chances qui touche particulièrement les régions défavorisées, les femmes et les jeunes. Il faut trouver des solutions adaptées pour rétablir la stabilité et jeter les bases d’une économie plus ouverte et d’un modèle de développement plus inclusif. Malgré sa grande hétérogénéité, la région MENA présente sur le plan des évolutions économiques et institutionnelles d’importants points communs, qui confirment qu’il faut une action plus concertée pour exploiter l’immense potentiel de la région et assurer le succès de son intégration dans l’économie mondiale.
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