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  • 2005-2009  (23)
  • 1970-1974
  • 2008  (23)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (23)
  • München : GRIN Verlag
  • Environment
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  • 2005-2009  (23)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fengler, Wolfgang Managing Post-Disaster Reconstruction Finance
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Disaster ; Disaster Management ; Disasters ; Droughts ; Earthquakes ; Environment ; Floods ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Disasters ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Reconstruction ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Tsunami ; Wind Storms ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster ; Disaster Management ; Disasters ; Droughts ; Earthquakes ; Environment ; Floods ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Disasters ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Reconstruction ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Tsunami ; Wind Storms ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster ; Disaster Management ; Disasters ; Droughts ; Earthquakes ; Environment ; Floods ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Disasters ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Reconstruction ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Tsunami ; Wind Storms
    Abstract: In recent years, natural and man-made disasters have confronted the international community with its most demanding reconstruction challenges since the aftermath of World War II. Managing the inflow of resources and spending those resources well have proven to be two of the main difficulties in such reconstruction projects, particularly after large-scale disasters. A central dilemma of the public financial management of reconstruction is the need for very high levels of accountability to demonstrate fiduciary credibility, while at the same time ensuring the rapid implementation of recovery programs. This paper identifies options and lessons for managing post-disaster reconstruction finance in three key areas: (i) the establishment of special institutions to manage the reconstruction process; (ii) the selection of public financial management systems with respect to the application of country systems, special fiduciary arrangements, or donor/NGO execution; and (iii) monitoring and evaluation systems. The authors synthesize the phasing of assistance and approaches in eight recent post-natural disaster reconstruction efforts (Aceh-Indonesia, Yogyakarta-Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, Colombia, Grenada, and Honduras) to help guide the priorities and options for future instances of public financial management for disaster reconstruction. The paper also compares the challenges posed by post-conflict versus post-natural disaster public financial management
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Alaimo, Veronica Oil Intensities And Oil Prices
    Keywords: Climate change ; Crude oil ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Fossil fuel consumption ; Gross domestic product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Net oil ; Oil ; Oil Refining & Gas Industry ; Oil consumption ; Oil prices ; Climate change ; Crude oil ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Fossil fuel consumption ; Gross domestic product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Net oil ; Oil ; Oil Refining & Gas Industry ; Oil consumption ; Oil prices ; Climate change ; Crude oil ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Fossil fuel consumption ; Gross domestic product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Net oil ; Oil ; Oil Refining & Gas Industry ; Oil consumption ; Oil prices
    Abstract: Crude oil prices have dramatically increased over the past years and are now at a historical maximum in nominal terms and very close to it in real terms. It is difficult to argue, at least for net oil importers, that higher oil prices have a positive impact on welfare. In fact, the negative relationship between oil prices and economic activity has been well documented in the literature. Yet, to the extent that higher oil prices lead to lower oil consumption, it would be possible to argue that not all the effects of a price increase are negative. Climate change concerns have been on the rise in recent years and fossil fuel consumption is generally viewed as one of the main causes behind it. Thus this paper explores whether higher oil prices contribute to lowering oil intensities (that is, oil consumption per unit of gross domestic product). The findings show that following an increase in oil prices, OECD countries tend to reduce oil intensity. However, the same result does not hold for Latin America (and more generally for middle-income countries) where oil intensities appear to be unaffected by oil prices. The paper also explores why this is so
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Tosun, Mehmet Serkan Centralization, Decentralization, And Conflict In The Middle East And North Africa
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; D ; Decentralization ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal decentralization ; Inflation ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental relations ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Reorganization ; Tax administration ; Tax assignment ; Tax collection ; Taxation ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; D ; Decentralization ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal decentralization ; Inflation ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental relations ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Reorganization ; Tax administration ; Tax assignment ; Tax collection ; Taxation ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; D ; Decentralization ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal decentralization ; Inflation ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental relations ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Reorganization ; Tax administration ; Tax assignment ; Tax collection ; Taxation ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This paper examines broadly the intergovernmental structure in the Middle East and North Africa region, which has one of the most centralized government structures in the world. The authors address the reasons behind this centralized structure by looking first at the history behind the tax systems of the region. They review the Ottoman taxation system, which has been predominantly influential as a model, and discuss its impact on current government structure. They also discuss the current intergovernmental structure by examining the type and degree of decentralization in five countries representative of the region: Egypt, Iran, West Bank/Gaza, Tunisia, and Yemen. Cross-country regression analysis using panel data for a broader set of countries leads to better understanding of the factors behind heavy centralization in the region. The findings show that external conflicts constitute a major roadblock to decentralization in the region
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Jinxia Can China Continue Feeding Itself ?
    Keywords: Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature ; Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature ; Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature
    Abstract: Several studies addressing the supply and demand for food in China suggest that the nation can largely meet its needs in the coming decades. However, these studies do not consider the effects of climate change. This paper examines whether near future expected changes in climate are likely to alter this picture. The authors analyze the effect of temperature and precipitation on net crop revenues using a cross section consisting of both rainfed and irrigated farms. Based on survey data from 8,405 households across 28 provinces, the results of the Ricardian analysis demonstrate that global warming is likely to be harmful to China but the impacts are likely to be very different in each region. The mid latitude region of China may benefit from warming but the southern and northern regions are likely to be damaged by warming. More precipitation is beneficial to Chinese farmers except in the wet southeast. Irrigated and rainfed farmers have similar responses to precipitation but not to temperature. Warmer temperatures may benefit irrigated farms but they are likely to harm rainfed farms. Finally, seasonal effects vary and are offsetting. Although we were able to measure the direct effect of precipitation and temperature, we could not capture the effects of change in water flow which will be very important in China. Can China continue feeding itself if climate changes? Based on the empirical results, the likely gains realized by some farmers will nearly offset the losses that will occur to other farmers in China. If future climate scenarios lead to significant reductions in water, there may be large damages not addressed in this study
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (76 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wellenius, Bjorn Managing the radio spectrum
    Keywords: Access to information ; Broadband ; Climate Change ; Communication Technologies ; E-Business ; Environment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information society ; Mobile services ; Private Sector Development ; Radio ; Radio Spectrum ; Roads and Highways ; Spectrum management ; Technological innovation ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Television ; Transport ; Access to information ; Broadband ; Climate Change ; Communication Technologies ; E-Business ; Environment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information society ; Mobile services ; Private Sector Development ; Radio ; Radio Spectrum ; Roads and Highways ; Spectrum management ; Technological innovation ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Television ; Transport ; Access to information ; Broadband ; Climate Change ; Communication Technologies ; E-Business ; Environment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information society ; Mobile services ; Private Sector Development ; Radio ; Radio Spectrum ; Roads and Highways ; Spectrum management ; Technological innovation ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Television ; Transport
    Abstract: Bringing management of the radio spectrum closer to markets is long overdue. The radio spectrum is a major component of the infrastructure that underpins the information society. Spectrum management, however, has not kept up with major changes in technology, business practice, and economic policy that have taken place worldwide during the last two decades. For many years traditional government administration of the spectrum worked reasonably well, but more recently it has led to growing technical and economic inefficiencies as well as obstacles to technological innovation. Two alternative approaches to spectrum management are being tried in several countries, one driven by the market (tradable spectrum rights) and another driven by technology innovation (spectrum commons). This paper discusses the basic features, advantages and limitations, scope of application, and requirements for implementation of these three approaches. The paper then discusses how these approaches can be made to work under conditions that typically prevail in developing countries, including weak rule of law, limited markets, and constrained fiscal space. Although spectrum reform strategies for individual countries must be developed case by case, several broadly applicable strategic options are outlined. The paper proposes a phased approach to addressing spectrum reform in a country. It ends by discussing aspects of institutional design, managing the transition, and addressing high-level changes such as the transition to digital television, the path to third-generation mobile services, launching of wireless fixed broadband services, and releasing military spectrum. The paper is extensively annotated and referenced
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mundlak, Yair Heterogeneous Technology And Panel Data
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Elasticity of substitution ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Factor demand ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Production Function ; Production functions ; Productivity ; Productivity growth ; Total factor productivity ; Agriculture ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Elasticity of substitution ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Factor demand ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Production Function ; Production functions ; Productivity ; Productivity growth ; Total factor productivity ; Agriculture ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Elasticity of substitution ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Factor demand ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Production Function ; Production functions ; Productivity ; Productivity growth ; Total factor productivity
    Abstract: The paper presents empirical analysis of a panel of countries to estimate an agricultural production function using a measure of capital in agriculture absent from most studies. The authors employ a heterogeneous technology framework where implemented technology is chosen jointly with inputs to interpret information obtained in the empirical analysis of panel data. The paper discusses the scope for replacing country and time effects by observed variables and the limitations of instrumental variables. The empirical results differ from those reported in the literature for cross-country studies, largely in augmenting the role of capital, in combination with productivity gains, as a driver of agricultural growth. The results indicate that total factor productivity increased at an average rate of 3.2 percent, accounting for 59 percent of overall growth. Most of the remaining gains stem from large inflows of fixed capital into agriculture. The results also suggest possible constraints to fertilizer use
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change In African Cropland By Agro-Ecological Zones
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables
    Abstract: This paper quantifies how African farmers have adapted their crop and irrigation decisions to their farm's current agro-ecological zone. The results indicate that farmers carefully consider the climate and other conditions of their farm when making these choices. These results are then used to forecast how farmers might change their irrigation and crop choice decisions if climate changes. The model predicts African farmers would adopt irrigation more often under a very hot and dry climate scenario but less often with a mild and wet scenario. However, farms in the deserts, lowland humid forest, or mid elevation humid forest would reduce irrigation even in the very hot and dry climate scenario. Area under fruits and vegetables would increase Africa-wide with the very hot and dry climate scenario, except in the lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zone. Millet would increase overall under the mild and wet scenario, but decline substantially in the lowland dry savannah and lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zones. Maize would be chosen less often across all the agro-ecological zones under both climate scenarios. Wheat would decrease across Africa. The authors recommend that care must be taken to match adaptations to local conditions because the optimal adaptation would depend on the agro-ecological zone and the climate scenario
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol A Structural Ricardian Analysis of Climate Change Impacts And Adaptations In African Agriculture
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farm ; Farm income ; Farm incomes ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soils ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farm ; Farm income ; Farm incomes ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soils ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farm ; Farm income ; Farm incomes ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soils
    Abstract: This paper develops a Structural Ricardian model to measure climate change impacts that explicitly models the choice of farm type in African agriculture. This two stage model first estimates the type of farm chosen and then the conditional incomes of each farm type after removing selection biases. The results indicate that increases in temperature encourage farmers to adopt mixed farming and avoid specialized farms such as crop-only or livestock-only farms. Increases in precipitation encourage farmers to shift from irrigated to rainfed crops. As temperatures increase, farm incomes from crop-only farms or livestock-only farms fall whereas incomes from mixed farms increase. With precipitation increases, farm incomes from irrigated farms fall whereas incomes from rainfed farms increase. Naturally, the Structural Ricardian model predicts much smaller impacts than a model that holds farm type fixed. With a hot dry climate scenario, the Structural Ricardian model predicts that farm income will fall 50 percent but the fixed farm type model predicts farm incomes will fall 75 percent
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol A Ricardian Analysis of The Distribution of Climate Change Impacts On Agriculture Across Agro-Ecological Zones In Africa
    Keywords: Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil
    Abstract: This paper examines the distribution of climate change impacts across the 16 agro-ecological zones in Africa using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization combined with economic survey data from a Global Environment Facility/World Bank project. Net revenue per hectare of cropland is regressed on a set of climate, soil, and socio-economic variables using different econometric specifications "with" and "without" country fixed effects. Country fixed effects slightly reduce predicted future climate related damage to agriculture. With a mild climate scenario, African farmers gain income from climate change; with a more severe scenario, they lose income. Some locations are more affected than others. The analysis of agro-ecological zones implies that the effects of climate change will vary across Africa. For example, currently productive areas such as dry/moist savannah are more vulnerable to climate change while currently less productive agricultural zones such as humid forest or sub-humid zones become more productive in the future. The agro-ecological zone classification can help explain the variation of impacts across the landscape
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol Long-Term Adaptation
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems
    Abstract: Using economic data from more than 8,500 household surveys across 10 African countries, this paper examines whether the choice of farm type depends on the climate and agro-ecological zone of each farm. The paper also studies how farm type choice varies across farmers in each zone, using a multinomial logit choice model. Farmers are observed to choose from one of the following five types of farms: rainfed crop-only, irrigated crop-only, mixed rainfed (crop and livestock), mixed irrigated, and livestock-only farming. The authors compare current decisions against future decisions as if the only change were climate change. They focus on two climate scenarios from existing climate models: the Canadian Climate Centre scenario, which is hot and dry, and the Parallel Climate Model scenario, which is mild and wet. The results indicate that the change in farm types varies dramatically by climate scenario but also by agro-ecological zone. Policy makers must be careful to encourage the appropriate suite of measures to promote the most adapted farm type to each location
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Securing Property Rights In Transition
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conceptual Framework ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Policies ; Effective Use ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environments ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Land Use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Property ; Property Rights ; Real Estate Development ; Retained Earnings ; Rural Development ; Access to Finance ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conceptual Framework ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Policies ; Effective Use ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environments ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Land Use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Property ; Property Rights ; Real Estate Development ; Retained Earnings ; Rural Development ; Access to Finance ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conceptual Framework ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Policies ; Effective Use ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environments ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Land Use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Property ; Property Rights ; Real Estate Development ; Retained Earnings ; Rural Development
    Abstract: This paper is motivated by the emphasis on secure property rights as a determinant of economic development in recent literature. The authors use village and household level information from about 800 villages throughout China to explore whether legal reform increased protection of land rights against unauthorized reallocation or expropriation with below-average compensation by the state. The analysis provides nation-wide evidence on a sensitive topic. The authors find positive impacts, equivalent to increasing land values by 30 percent, of reform even in the short term. Reform originated in villages where democratic election of leaders ensured a minimum level of accountability, pointing toward complementarity between good governance and legal reform. The paper explores the implications for situations where individuals and groups hold overlapping rights to land
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gelb, Alan What Matters to African Firms?
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth ; Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth ; Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth
    Abstract: Can perceptions data help us understand investment climate constraints facing the private sector? Or do firms simply complain about everything? In this paper, the authors provide a picture of how firms' views on constraints differ across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys database, they find that reported constraints reflect country characteristics and vary systematically by level of income-the most elemental constraints to doing business (power, access to finance, ability to plan ahead) appear to be most binding at low levels of income. As countries develop and these elemental constraints are relaxed, governance-related constraints become more problematic. As countries move further up the income scale and the state becomes more capable, labor regulation is perceived to be more of a problem-business is just one among several important constituencies. The authors also consider whether firm-level characteristics-such as size, ownership, exporter status, and firms' own experience-affect firms' views on the severity of constraints. They find that, net of country and sector fixed effects and firm characteristics, firms' views do reflect their experience as evidenced by responses to other questions in surveys. The results suggest that there are both country-level and firm-level variations in the investment climate. Turning to the concept of "binding constraints," the Enterprise Surveys do not generally suggest one single binding constraint facing firms in difficult business climates. However, there do appear to be groups of constraints that matter more at different income levels, with a few elemental constraints being especially important at low levels and a few regulatory constraints at high levels, but a difficult range of governance-related constraints at intermediate levels. Adjusting to a constraint does not mean that firms then do not recognize it-for example, generator-owning firms are not distinguishable from other firms when ranking electricity as a constraint. Overall, firms do appear to discriminate between constraints in a reasonable way. Their views can provide a useful first step in the business-government consultative process and help in prioritizing more specific behavioral analysis and policy reforms
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Magnoli Bocchi, Alessandro Rising Growth, Declining Investment
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Agriculture ; Barriers To Entry ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Product ; Political Economy ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Access to Finance ; Agriculture ; Barriers To Entry ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Product ; Political Economy ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Access to Finance ; Agriculture ; Barriers To Entry ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Product ; Political Economy ; Unemployment ; Wages
    Abstract: The economy of the Philippines is open to trade and capital inflows, and has grown rapidly since 2002. Over the last 10 years, however, domestic investment, while stagnant in real terms, has shrunk as a share of GDP. In an open and growing economy, why the decline? Three reasons explain the puzzle. First, the public sector cannot afford expanding its investment at GDP growth rates. Second, the capital-intensive private sector does not find it convenient to raise investment at the economy's pace. Third, fast-growing businesses in the service sector do not need to rapidly increase investment to enjoy rising profits. Yet, the economy keeps growing. On the demand-side, massive labor migration results in remittances that fuel consumption-led-growth. On the supply-side, free from rent-capturing regulations, a few non-capital-intensive manufactures and services boost exports. The economic system is in equilibrium at a low level of capital stock, where all economic agents have no incentive to unilaterally increase investment and the first mover bears short-term costs. As a consequence, growth is slower and less inclusive than it could be. To make it speedier and more sustainable, and to reduce unemployment and poverty, the economy needs to move to a "high-capital-stock" equilibrium. This would be attainable through better-performing eco-zones, a competitive exchange rate, greater government revenues, and fewer elite-capturing regulations
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (71 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Saleth, R. Maria Quantifying Institutional Impacts And Development Synergies In Water Resource Programs
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization
    Abstract: The success of development programs, including water resource projects, depends on two key factors: the role of underlying institutions and the impact synergies from other closely related programs. Existing methodologies have limitations in accounting for these critical factors. This paper fills this gap by developing a methodology, which quantifies both the roles that institutions play in impact generation and the extent of impact synergies that flows from closely related programs within a unified framework. The methodology is applied to the Kala Oya Basin in Sri Lanka in order to evaluate the impacts of three water-related programs and the roles of 11 institutions in the context of food security. The results provide considerable insights on the relative role of institutions and the flow of development synergies both within and across different impact pathways. The methodology can also be used to locate slack in impact chains and identify policy options to enhance the impact flows
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wertz-Kanounnikoff, Sheila The Effects of Local Environmental Institutions On Perceptions of Smoke And Fire Problems In Brazil
    Keywords: Climate change ; Developed countries ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Kuznets ; Environmental issues ; Environmental policy ; Environmental problem ; Environmental problems ; Land use ; Sustainable Development ; Climate change ; Developed countries ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Kuznets ; Environmental issues ; Environmental policy ; Environmental problem ; Environmental problems ; Land use ; Sustainable Development ; Climate change ; Developed countries ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Kuznets ; Environmental issues ; Environmental policy ; Environmental problem ; Environmental problems ; Land use ; Sustainable Development
    Abstract: Environmental concern in developing countries has risen rapidly over the past decade. At the same time, decentralization and civic participation in environmental policy-making have also burgeoned. This paper uses data from the Brazilian Municipal Environmental Survey 2001 to examine the causal effect of municipio (county) level environmental institutions on perceptions about environmental problems in Brazil. Consistent with models of public choice, the analysis assumes that the existence of an environmental secretary or an environmental council is related to characteristics of the municipio population. To control for endogeneity - the possibility that the presence of environmental institutions merely signals constituents' tastes rather than influences municipal actions - the authors construct a system of equations that identifies the causal impact of the institutions. Estimation via a trivariate probit model allows for correlation of unobserved determinants of problem perception, presence of an environmental secretary, and presence of an environmental council. The results suggest that the presence of environmental secretaries has a strong, highly significant, positive causal effect on environmental problem perception. Presence of local environmental councils with civic participation has a significant but weaker impact on environmental problem perception. The authors conclude that local environmental institutions indeed shape local environmental awareness and that participatory institutions can influence local government
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: This paper examines how farmers have adapted their livestock operation to the current climate in each agro-ecological zone in Africa. The authors examine how climate has affected the farmer's choice to raise livestock or not and the choice of animal species. To measure adaptation, the analysis regresses the farmer's choice on climate, soil, water flow, and socio-economic variables. The findings show that climate does in fact affect the farmer's decision about whether to raise livestock and the species. The paper also simulates how future climates may alter these decisions using forecasts from climate models and the estimated model. With a hot dry scenario, livestock ownership will increase slightly across all of Africa, but especially in West Africa and high elevation agro-ecological zones. Dairy cattle will decrease in semi-arid regions, sheep will increase in the lowlands, and chickens will increase at high elevations. With a mild and wet scenario, however, livestock adoption will fall dramatically in lowland and high latitude moist agro-ecological zones. Beef cattle will increase and sheep will fall in dry zones, dairy cattle will fall precipitously and goats will rise in moist zones, and chickens will increase at high elevations but fall at mid elevations. Livestock adaptations depend on the climate scenario and will vary across the landscape. Agro-ecological zones are a useful way to capture how these changes differ from place to place
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hochrainer, S Investigating The Impact of Climate Change On The Robustness of Index-Based Microinsurance In Malawi
    Keywords: Banks & Banking Reform ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Climate change risks ; Climate impacts ; Debt Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas concentrations ; Hazard Risk Management ; Heat waves ; IPCC ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Urban Development ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Climate change risks ; Climate impacts ; Debt Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas concentrations ; Hazard Risk Management ; Heat waves ; IPCC ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Urban Development ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Climate change risks ; Climate impacts ; Debt Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas concentrations ; Hazard Risk Management ; Heat waves ; IPCC ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This analysis explores the potential impact of climate change on the viability of the Malawi weather insurance program making use of scenarios of climate change-induced variations in rainfall patterns. The analysis is important from a methodological and policy perspective. By combining catastrophe insurance modeling with climate modeling, the methodology demonstrates the feasibility, albeit with large uncertainties, of estimating the effects of climate change on the near and long-term future of microinsurance schemes serving the poor. By providing a model-based estimate of the incremental role of climate change, along with the associated uncertainties, this methodology can quantitatively demonstrate the need for financial assistance to protect micro-insurance pools against climate-change induced insolvency. This is of major concern to donors, nongovernmental organizations, and others supporting these innovative systems; those actually at-risk; and insurers. A quantitative estimate of the additional burden that climate change imposes on weather insurance for poor regions is of interest to organizations funding adaptation
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Suarez, Pablo HIV/AIDS, Climate Change And Disaster Management
    Keywords: AIDS pandemic ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Demand for services ; Disaster preparedness ; Disasters ; Environment ; HIV AIDS ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health Monitoring & Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Urban Development ; Urban development ; Vulnerability ; AIDS pandemic ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Demand for services ; Disaster preparedness ; Disasters ; Environment ; HIV AIDS ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health Monitoring & Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Urban Development ; Urban development ; Vulnerability ; AIDS pandemic ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Demand for services ; Disaster preparedness ; Disasters ; Environment ; HIV AIDS ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health Monitoring & Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Urban Development ; Urban development ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: Southern African institutions involved in disaster management face two major new threats: the HIV/AIDS pandemic (eroding organizational capacity and increasing vulnerability of the population), and climate change (higher risk of extreme events and disasters). Analyzing the combined effects of these two threats on six disaster-related institutions in Malawi, the authors find evidence of a growing gap between demand for their services and capacity to satisfy that demand. HIV/AIDS leads to staff attrition, high vacancy rates, absenteeism, increased workload and other negative effects enhanced by human resources policies and financial limitations. Many necessary tasks cannot be carried out adequately with constraints such as the 42 percent vacancy rate in the Department of Poverty and Disaster Management Affairs, or the reduction of rainfall stations operated by the Meteorological Service from over 800 in 1988 to just 135 in 2006. The authors highlight implications of declining organizational capacity for climate change adaptation, and formulate recommendations
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Jinxia How China's Farmers Adapt To Climate Change
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat
    Abstract: This paper uses a cross sectional method to analyze irrigation choice and crop choice across 8,405 farmers in 28 provinces in China. The findings show that Chinese farmers are more likely to irrigate when facing lower temperatures and less precipitation. Farmers in warmer places are more likely to choose oil crops, maize, and especially cotton and wheat, and are less likely to choose vegetables, potatoes, sugar, and especially rice and soybeans. In wetter locations, farmers are more likely to choose soybeans, oil crops, sugar, vegetables, cotton, and especially rice, and they are less likely to choose potatoes, wheat, and especially maize. The analysis of how Chinese farmers have adapted to current climate, provides insight into how they will likely adapt when climate changes. Future climate scenarios will cause farmers in China to want to reduce irrigation and shift toward oil crops, wheat, and especially cotton. In turn, farmers will shift away from potatoes, rice, vegetables, and soybeans. However, adaptation will likely vary greatly from region to region. Policy makers should anticipate that adaptation is important, that the magnitude of changes depends on the climate scenario, and that the desired changes depend on the location of each farm
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dinar, Ariel Factors Affecting Levels of International Cooperation In Carbon Abatement Projects
    Keywords: Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development ; Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development ; Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development
    Abstract: The Clean Development Mechanism, a provision of The Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to gain credit toward their treaty obligations by investing in projects located in developing (host) countries. Such projects are expected to benefit both parties by providing low-cost abatement opportunities for the investor-country, while facilitating capital and technology flows to the host country. This paper analyzes the Clean Development Mechanism market, emphasizing the cooperation aspects between host and investor countries. The analysis uses a dichotomous (yes/no) variable and three continuous variants to measure the level of cooperation, namely the number of joint projects, the volume of carbon dioxide abatement, and the volume of investment in the projects. The results suggest that economic development, institutional development, the energy structure of the economies, the level of country vulnerability to various climate change effects, and the state of international relations between the host and investor countries are good predictors of the level of cooperation in Clean Development Mechanism projects. The main policy conclusions include the importance of simplifying the project regulation/clearance cycle; improving the governance structure host and investor countries; and strengthening trade or other long-term economic activities that engage the countries
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Land Reforms, Poverty Reduction, And Economic Growth
    Keywords: Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Recognition of the importance of institutions that provide security of property rights and relatively equal access to economic resources to a broad cross-section of society has renewed interest in the potential of asset redistribution, including land reforms. Empirical analysis of the impact of such policies is, however, scant and often contradictory. This paper uses panel household data from India, together with state-level variation in the implementation of land reform, to address some of the deficiencies of earlier studies. The results suggest that land reform had a significant and positive impact on income growth and accumulation of human and physical capital. The paper draws policy implications, especially from the fact that the observed impact of land reform seems to have declined over time
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Goldberg, Mike Chile
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business development ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information system ; Innovation ; Institution ; Medium Enterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Supervision ; Web ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business development ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information system ; Innovation ; Institution ; Medium Enterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Supervision ; Web ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business development ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information system ; Innovation ; Institution ; Medium Enterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Supervision ; Web
    Abstract: With its strong export orientation and emphasis on competitiveness, the Chilean economic model has been the envy of its neighbors for more than a decade. However, there are underlying vulnerabilities. Historically, exports have been concentrated in mining and agriculture, sectors dominated by large firms that do not generate a large share of employment. Small and medium enterprises play a key role in employment generation and economic decentralization in Chile, yet their employment was stagnant between 2000 and 2004. Based on work completed in 2003, this study provides a review of the Chilean government's substantial investment in programs that support small and medium enterprises. This review of government programs confirms the importance of coordination and an overarching strategy, in the form of a National Innovation System, led by a single institution. The review also finds that demand-driven programs were more likely to be sustainable. Finally, the study demonstrates that Chile (and other countries with many support programs for small and medium enterprises in place) needs an integrated management information system to analyze, assess, coordinate, and streamline the program portfolio for small and medium enterprises in the future
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R A General Equilibrium Analysis of Demand Side Management Programs Under The Clean Development Mechanism of The Kyoto Protocol
    Keywords: Clean energy ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Cost of electricity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electric utilities ; Electricity savings ; Emission ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy conservation ; Energy prices ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental consequences ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price of electricity ; Clean energy ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Cost of electricity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electric utilities ; Electricity savings ; Emission ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy conservation ; Energy prices ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental consequences ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price of electricity ; Clean energy ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Cost of electricity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electric utilities ; Electricity savings ; Emission ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy conservation ; Energy prices ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental consequences ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price of electricity
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the economic and environmental consequences of a potential demand side management program in Thailand using a general equilibrium model. The program considers replacement of less efficient electrical appliances in the household sector with more efficient counterparts. The study further examines changes in the economic and environmental effects of the program if it is implemented under the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, which provides carbon subsidies to the program. The study finds that the demand side management program would increase economic welfare if the ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is 0.4 or lower even in the absence of the clean development mechanism. If the program's ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is greater than 0.4, registration of the program under the clean development mechanism would be needed to achieve positive welfare impacts. The level of welfare impacts would, however, depend on the price of carbon credits the program generates. For a given level of welfare impacts, the registration of the demand side management program under the clean development mechanism would increase the volume of emission reductions
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