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  • 2010-2014
  • 1990-1994  (14)
  • 1994  (14)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (14)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank
  • Development  (14)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Can Developing Countries Learn from OECD Labour Market Programmes and Policies? (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.93
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Many OECD Member countries and a large number of the developing countries are suffering from extensive unemployment, both in short and long-term forms. Based on a five-part schema of labour market problems, this paper summarises and evaluates the effectiveness of labour market policies and programmes in the OECD countries and assesses the relevance of the experience to economies in transition, dynamic non-Member economies and developing countries in general. The overall conclusion is that such policies have not proven very effective in dealing with the most pressing problems in most types of economy (the dynamic non- Member economies being the main exception), that is, high and persistent unemployment, both short term and long term. Nevertheless, there are a variety of active labour market policies which are of help with some other types of problem. In general, the developing countries would be well advised not to invest too heavily in socalled passive measures; thus, a social ...
    DOI: 10.1787/570121553883
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transitional Problems from Reform to Growth : Safety Nets and Financial Efficiency in the Adjusting Egyptian Economy (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.102
    Keywords: Development ; Egypt
    Abstract: In recent years, considerable analytical work has been done on issues of economic reform in countries undertaking adjustment. Less attention has been devoted to the social costs of adjustment and the transitional problems during the period from reform to growth. The Egyptian economic adjustment since 1991 is a good case in point, as Egypt is facing difficult transitional problems, of both social and financial nature. The first part of this paper discusses Egypt's newly established social fund (1991), notably the adequacy of its core programmes and targeting mechanism for providing an appropriate "social safety net" in the medium term. The second part of the paper deals with Egypt's financial intermediation system, which is unable to convert large amounts of liquid savings into long-term real capital, hence increasing the time-lag between reform and growth. It is concluded that an efficient system of financial intermediation and a comprehensive social safety net are needed to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/267677618887
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biotechnology and Sustainable Agriculture : Lessons from India (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.103
    Keywords: Development ; India
    Abstract: India's self-sufficiency in food production has been achieved by the adoption of chemicals-intensive farming methods which have contributed to serious deterioration of the environment. New evironmentally-friendly technologies, which maintain (or increase) current levels of productivity, are needed if the use of chemical inputs is to be reduced. This study examines the development and diffusion of biotechnologies in India, with respect to both products derived from conventional biological methods and those using the more advanced techniques of molecular biology. Thus far, the contribution of available biofertilisers and biopesticides to reduced use of agro-chemicals is marginal, due to the vicious circle created by problems of supply as well as demand. By and large, biofertilisers and biopesticides are being produced on a small scale, using inefficient technologies. Inconsistent quality and poor performance thus combine to limit demand and their acceptance by farmers which, in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/711068780307
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Input-Based Pollution Estimates for Environmental Assessment in Developing Countries (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.101
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The practice of environmental regulation and assessment in developing countries faces many special challenges. Apart from popular misconceptions about negative links between environmentalism and economic growth, there are numerous practical limitations to appraising environmental conditions and implementing policies that conserve or improve them. These include weak institutional capacity or discipline, high monitoring and administrative costs for individual programs, and limited local engineering information. Institutional constraints mean that first-best policies like direct pollution monitoring and regulation may not be feasible. Even market-based systems like tradable pollution permits usually require initial assessment and monitoring which is too costly or complex to be supported locally. Detailed data on pollution do exist for OECD countries, however, and this paper attempts to render this information more usable to environmental analysts in countries where direct sampling has not ...
    DOI: 10.1787/340360612368
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy : Lessons from the OECD Experience and their Relevance to Developing Economies (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.92
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In recent years, there has been a rapid spread of economic instruments (EIs) in environmental policies of OECD Member countries. The application of EIs has gained wider political acceptability and, in a growing number of cases, they have come to have incentive rather than merely revenue-raising effects. In Sweden, eco-taxes have been introduced as part of a broad fiscal reform, while in other countries the approach is more piecemeal. Virtually without exception, EIs are employed in combination with regulations and other policy instruments. Developing countries stand to learn from the OECD experience with EIs, but they often face unique challenges as well as opportunities in applying such instruments. Resource and other prices have historically been distorted in such economies, so correcting such distortions is a prerequisite to the effective use of EIs. Also, underdeveloped markets, public enterprises with soft budget constraints, and high rates of inflation can all undermine the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/754416133402
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Les dividendes du désarmement : Défis pour la politique de développement (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Disarmament Dividend: Challenges for Development Policy
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Les dépenses militaires mondiales représentaient 950 milliards de dollars en 1990-1991. Cette facture pourrait être réduite de plus de 300 milliards d'ici l'an 2000. . Des dépenses militaires excessives compromettent l'avenir des pays en développement. . Améliorer la transparence des informations et renforcer les structures multilatérales de sécurité doivent constituer des objectifs prioritaires. . Des dépenses militaires excessives sont souvent encouragées par une offre pressante de matériels militaires par les pays producteurs, y compris des pays Membres de l'OCDE. . Les pays donateurs doivent envisager de manière concertée des mesures d'incitation telles que la subordination de l'aide économique aux efforts de démilitarisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/176527270025
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pension Funds, Capital Controls and Macroeconomic Stability (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.98
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The paper discusses the pros and cons of liberalising foreign investment of pension assets in developing countries, with particular reference to Chile. The positive part of the paper examines the impact on macroeconomic policy of a small country's opening its equity market for investment; the investment strategies of, and the restrictions imposed upon, privately-managed pension funds; and the specific British experience with portfolio diversification after the dismantling of capital controls in 1979. The normative part, while finding only a weak case for regulating foreign pension investment (loss of savings, domestic capital markets), discusses various techniques of such regulation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/834630363647
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The OECD Green Model : An Updated Overview (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.97
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper presents a brief introduction to the OECD GREEN Model. The GREEN model has been developed by the OECD Secretariat in order to assess the economic impact of abating CO2 emissions using several different economic instruments. The paper is divided into two parts. The first provides a brief introduction to the structure of the GREEN model. The second describes several different simulations using the GREEN model, including what is generally referred to as the Business-as-Usual scenario and several alternative carbon-abatement scenarios. For specific details on the model and its implementation, readers are referred to the GREEN Reference Manual, and the GREEN User Manual ...
    DOI: 10.1787/272425468524
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Promouvoir la maîtrise locale et régionale du développement : Une démarche participative à Madagascar (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.96
    Keywords: Development ; Madagascar
    Abstract: By the late 1980s, a technically successful and well-regarded project of reforestation that had been carried out in certain communities in Madagascar with the assistance of bilateral aid from Switzerland, was facing new challenges: How to replicate and continue the activities without ubiquitous project interventions? The project has transmitted know-how to the farmers but their capacity to organise and manage independently was still weak and they were lacking initiative. How to stimulate a process of genuinely local development under such circumstances? Government services in rural areas were poor and fragmented, a legacy of some 20 years of policies favouring an overly centralised approach largely neglectful of the rural areas. The entire approach had to be reconsidered: the farmers were to become the main actors of the project rather than simple executors. A process of selfevaluation triggered dynamics of change. A new strategy was designed and a new programme was adopted, with ...
    DOI: 10.1787/143532855872
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Participatory Development and Gender : Articulating Concepts and Cases (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.95
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper begins with an explanation of the need for a gender perspective in the participatory development field. Subsequently it examines some of the obstacles to achieving the goals, such as cultural beliefs and practices, including the social organisation of production. Ways of surmounting these obstacles include: a gender focus of efforts, advocacy, flexible funding and evidence that participation works. Various positions in the debate in regard to: the project paradigm, social actors versus communities as entities and women's organisations and participatory development issues are also presented. An effort is made to spell out the implications of gender differentiation with numerous examples from the literature and interviews ...
    DOI: 10.1787/011121626005
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade and Pollution Linkages : Piecemeal Reform and Optimal Intervention (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.99
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Linkages between international trade and the domestic environment are receiving intensified scrutiny by researchers and policy makers alike. This is especially the case in developing countries, where trade can be a significant agent of change and growth. While trade policies are increasingly oriented toward lower levels of intervention, interventionist policies are increasingly being implemented to correct for negative environmental externalities. In such a situation, the interactions between the two can be complex and challenging for policy makers. This paper explores second-best policy issues affecting trade and environmental linkages. We derive optimum policy interventions and sufficient conditions for welfareimproving piecemeal trade and environmental policy reforms in a small economy. Pollution originates in both domestic consumption and production and is a domestic public bad. Production pollution can be abated by decreasing output and/or decreasing effluent rates per unit of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/454671040074
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Disarmament Dividend : Challenges for Development Policy (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les dividendes du désarmement : Défis pour la politique de développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . In 1990-1991, worldwide military expenditure amounted to $950 billion. This bill could be reduced by the year 2000 by over $300 billion.. . Excessive military expenditure jeopardizes development prospects. . Policies to achieve transparency and to strengthen military security arrangements should be a priority. . Excessive military expenditure is stimulated by supply-side pressure on the part of producer countries, including a number of OECD Member countries. . Donors should consider concerted incentive policies such as defence conditionality in economic aid.
    DOI: 10.1787/236570240018
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade Liberalization and Employment Linkages in the Pacific Basin (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.94
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: At the 1994 APEC summit in Bogor, Indonesia, it was recommended that trade and investment barriers among the member countries be removed by 2020. Despite general consensus that trade liberalization would accelerate development in this most dynamic trading area, there is very little empirical evidence about the adjustment process which would ensue. In this chapter, a ten-country CGE model is used to estimate the impact of trade liberalization among economies of Pacific Asia and the United States, giving particular attention to the adjustment which would occur in domestic labor markets. Our results elucidate the employment linkages between trading partners and show that the potential for new import demand by developed countries would accelerate employment growth in developing countries. In particular, Pacific trade liberalization could facilitate the emergence of a new reciprocal basis for multilateral gains from trade. Under an expanding system of liberal trade, capital-intensive ...
    DOI: 10.1787/075360517770
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International Initiatives in Biotechnology for Developing Country Agriculture : Promises and Problems (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.100
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: A growing number of international initiatives are being undertaken to stimulate the development of agricultural biotechnology applications in developing countries. These initiatives, which include a wide range of biotechnology research, information and advisory activities, are supported by bilateral and multilateral agencies, private foundations and, to some extent, by commercial firms. This study, based on the results of a survey conducted by the Intermediary Biotechnology Service (IBS) at The Hague, attempts to analyse the nature and scope of these initiatives and their potential impact. The study concludes by outlining a number of planning, execution and policy conditions which need to be met, both by donor agencies and by developing countries, if the potential impact of these international initiatives is to be fully realised ...
    DOI: 10.1787/257557587410
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