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Robot sensors and transducers (1987)

Ruocco, S. R.

Dordrecht : Springer

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ISBN: 9789401168724

Sprache: Englisch

Seiten: Online-Ressource (XI, 166 p) , digital

Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law

Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als

Schlagwort(e): Science (General) ; Science.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- I Transducers -- 2 Position transducers -- 3 Light transducers -- 4 Force transducers -- 5 Velocity transducers -- II Sensors -- 6 Robot Vision Sensors -- 7 Robot Tactile Sensors -- III Image Processing -- 8 Image processing -- Solutions to revision questions -- References.

Kurzfassung: The use of sensor's with machines, whether to control them continuously or to inspect and verify their operation, can be highly cost-effective in particular areas of industrial automation. Examples of such areas include sensing systems to monitor tool condition, force and torque sensing for robot assembly systems, vision-based automatic inspection, and tracking sensor's for robot arc welding and seam sealing. Many think these will be the basis of an important future industry. So far, design of sensor systems to meet these needs has been (in the interest of cheapness) rather ad hoc and carefully tailored to the application both as to the transducer hardware and the associated processing software. There are now, however, encouraging signs of commonality emerging between different sensor application areas. For instance, many commercial vision systems and some tactile systems just emerging from research are able to use more or less standardized techniques for two-dimensional image processing and shape representation. Structured-light triangulation systems can be applied with relatively minor hardware and software variations to measure three-dimensional profiles of objects as diverse as individual soldered joints, body pressings, and weldments. Sensors make it possible for machines to recover 'sensibly' from errors, and standard software proce dures such as expert systems can now be applied to facilitate this.

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-6872-4

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Michael Dummett : Contributions to Philosophy (1987)

Taylor, Barry M.

Dordrecht : Springer

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ISBN: 9789400935419

Sprache: Englisch

Seiten: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital

Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law

Serie: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 25

Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als

Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic

Kurzfassung: 1. Dummett and Revisionism -- 2. Holism, Molecularity and Truth -- 3. In Defence of Modesty -- 4. Truth Beyond All Verification -- 5. Dummett on a Theory of Meaning and Its Impact on Logic -- 6. Fixed Past, Unfixed Future -- 7. Playing Cards -- 8. Twenty Years of Racialism and Multi-Racialism -- 9. Replies to Essays -- A. Reply to Crispin Wright -- B. Reply to Neil Tennant -- C. Reply to John McDowell -- D. Reply to Brian Loar -- E. Reply to Dag Prawitz -- F. Reply to D.H.Mellor -- G. Reply to Sylvia Mann -- H. Reply to John Rex -- Chronological Bibliography of Michael Dummett’s Publications -- Alphabetical Guide to Michael Dummett’s Publications -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: P. A. Schilpp's 'Library of Living Philosophers' is the series which introduced to the philosophical community the format of a volume of essays on the work of a distinguished philosopher, combined with replies to the essays by the philosopher targeted. The format proved attracti ve to a discipline which has always placed a high premium on debate. But the Schilpp series has shown itself unenterprising in its choice of subjects, concentrating on end-of-year reports on philosophers who are of undoubted distinction, but whose contribution to the subject can be regarded as rather definitely over. Which leaves a gap, which the present series is designed to fill, for volumes of a similar format aiming at assessment of philosophers who have distinguished themselves already by making a substan tial impact on their discipline, but whose further work too is awaited with eager anticipation. Michael Dummett is an ideal subject for a series with this goal of mid term assessment. His writings to date have permanently altered philosophy's conception of what is at issue between realism and idealism (and its paler cousin, anti-realism); and this has been achieved by way of a supplementary clarification of a host of issues in the philosophy of language and of mathematics, and of the Frege/Wittgenstein historical tradition from which such issues are typically approached in contemporary philosophy.

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3541-9

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Initiatives in Logic (1987)

Srzednicki, Jan

Dordrecht : Springer

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ISBN: 9789400936737

Sprache: Englisch

Seiten: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital

Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law

Serie: Reason and Argument 2

Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als

Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic

Kurzfassung: Leibniz’s Calculus of Strict Implication -- Leibniz’s Modal Calculus of Concepts -- The Logic of Conditions -- Philosophical Pragmatism in Poincare -- A Note on Zeno B3 -- Generalizations and Strengthenings of Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem -- The Logical Work of Mordchaj Wajsberg -- Notes on Wajsberg’s Proof of the Separation Theorem -- Logical Analysis of Thomism The Polish Programme that originated in 1930’s -- On Justification of Questions -- The Logic of Types -- Systems of Computer-Aided Reasoning for Mathematics and Natural Language -- Two Reports on Educational Applications of MIZAR MSE, a System of Computer-Aided Reasoning The application of MIZAR MSE in a course in logic -- The use of MIZAR MSE in a course in foundations of geometry -- Literature -- Index of Names.

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3673-7

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Truthlikeness (1987)

Niiniluoto, Ilkka

Dordrecht : Springer

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ISBN: 9789400937390

Sprache: Englisch

Seiten: Online-Ressource (548p) , digital

Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law

Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 185

Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als

Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Linguistics. ; Mathematical logic.

Kurzfassung: 1. Distance and Similarity -- 1.1. Metric Spaces and Distances -- 1.2. Topological Spaces and Uniformities -- 1.3. Degrees of Similarity -- 1.4. The Pragmatic Relativity of Similarity Relations -- 2. Logical Tools -- 2.1. Monadic Languages NL -- 2.2. Q-Predicates -- 2.3. State Descriptions -- 2.4. Structure Descriptions -- 2.5. Monadic Constituents -- 2.6. Monadic Languages with Identity -- 2.7. Polyadic Constituents -- 2.8. Distributive Normal Forms -- 2.9. First-Order Theories -- 2.10. Inductive Logic -- 2.11. Nomic Constituents -- 3. Quantities, State Spaces, and Laws -- 3.1. Quantities and Metrization -- 3.2. From Conceptual Systems to State Spaces -- 3.3. Laws of Coexistence -- 3.4. Laws of Succession -- 3.5. Probabilistic Laws -- 4. Cognitive Problems, Truth, and Information -- 4.1. Open and Closed Questions -- 4.2. Cognitive Problems -- 4.3. Truth -- 4.4. Vagueness -- 4.5. Semantic Information -- 5. The Concept of Truthlikeness -- 5.1. Truth, Error, and Fallibilism -- 5.2. Probability and Verisimilitude -- 5.3. Approach to the Truth -- 5.4. Truth: Parts and Degrees -- 5.5. Degrees of Truth: Attempted Definitions -- 5.6. Popper’s Qualitative Theory of Truth-likeness -- 5.7. Quantitative Measures of Verisimilitude -- 6. The Similarity Approach to TruthLikeness -- 6.1. Spheres of Similarity -- 6.2. Targets -- 6.3. Distance on Cognitive Problems -- 6.4. Closeness to the Truth -- 6.5. Degrees of Truthlikeness -- 6.6. Comparison with the Tichý—Oddie Approach -- 6.7. Distance between Statements -- 6.8. Distance from Indefinite Truth -- 6.9. Cognitive Problems with False Presuppositions -- 7. Estimation of Truthlikeness -- 7.1. The Epistemic Problem of Truthlikeness -- 7.2. Estimated Degrees of Truthlikeness -- 7.3. Probable Verisimilitude -- 7.4. Errors of Observation -- 7.5. Counterfactual Presuppositions and Approximate Validity -- 8. Singular Statements -- 8.1. Simple Qualitative Singular Statements -- 8.2. Distance between State Descriptions -- 8.3. Distance between Structure Descriptions -- 8.4. Quantitative Singular Statements -- 9. Monadic Generalizations -- 9.1. Distance between Monadic Constituents -- 9.2. Monadic Constituents with Identity -- 9.3. Tichý—Oddie Distances -- 9.4. Existential and Universal Generalizations -- 9.5. Estimation Problem for Generalizations -- 10. Polyadic Theories -- 10.1. Distance between Polyadic Constituents -- 10.2. Complete Theories -- 10.3. Distance between Possible Worlds -- 10.4. First-Order Theories -- 11. Legisimilitude -- 11.1. Verisimilitude vs Legisimilitude -- 11.2. Distance between Nomic Constituents -- 11.3. Distance between Quantitative Laws -- 11.4. Approximation and Idealization -- 11.5. Probabilistic Laws -- 12. Verisimilitude as an Epistemic Utility -- 12.1. Cognitive Decision Theory -- 12.2. Epistemic Utilities: Truth, Information, and Truthlikeness -- 12.3. Comparison with Levi’s Theory -- 12.4. Theoretical and Pragmatic Preference -- 12.5. Bayesian Estimation -- 13. Objections Answered -- 13.1. Verisimilitude as a Programme -- 13.2. The Problem of Linguistic Variance -- 13.3. Progress and Incommensurability -- 13.4. Truthlikeness and Logical Pragmatics -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Kurzfassung: The modern discussion on the concept of truthlikeness was started in 1960. In his influential Word and Object, W. V. O. Quine argued that Charles Peirce's definition of truth as the limit of inquiry is faulty for the reason that the notion 'nearer than' is only "defined for numbers and not for theories". In his contribution to the 1960 International Congress for Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science at Stan ford, Karl Popper defended the opposite view by defining a compara tive notion of verisimilitude for theories. was originally introduced by the The concept of verisimilitude Ancient sceptics to moderate their radical thesis of the inaccessibility of truth. But soon verisimilitudo, indicating likeness to the truth, was confused with probabilitas, which expresses an opiniotative attitude weaker than full certainty. The idea of truthlikeness fell in disrepute also as a result of the careless, often confused and metaphysically loaded way in which many philosophers used - and still use - such concepts as 'degree of truth', 'approximate truth', 'partial truth', and 'approach to the truth'. Popper's great achievement was his insight that the criticism against truthlikeness - by those who urge that it is meaningless to speak about 'closeness to truth' - is more based on prejudice than argument.

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3739-0

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The Logics of Preference : A Study of Prohairetic Logics in Twentieth Century Philosophy (1987)

Moutafakis, Nicholas J.

Dordrecht : Springer

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ISBN: 9789400939752

Sprache: Englisch

Seiten: Online-Ressource (300p) , digital

Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law

Serie: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 14

Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als

Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic

Kurzfassung: One The Objectivist Approach Toward the Formalization of Preferences -- 1. Prototheoretic Attempts Toward a Logic of Preference -- 2. Aristotelean Reflections in Richard M. Martin’s Extensionalized Pragmatics of Preference -- 3. Rescher’s Logic of Preference and Linguistic Analysis -- 4. Richard C. Jeffrey’s Logic of First and Higher-Order Preferences -- Two The Subjectivist Approach Toward the Formalization of Preferences -- 5. Soren Hallden’s “Puristic” Logic of the Better and Same -- 6. The Many Modal Interpretations of Prohairetic Logic: Aqvist, Chisholm, Sosa and Hansson -- 7. Von Wright’s Logic of Propositions Expressing Preferences -- 8. Hochberg on the Logic of “Extrinsic Epistemic Preferability” -- Postcript -- Selected Bibliography -- Name Index.

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3975-2

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Breeding Field Crops (1987)

Poehlman, John Milton

Dordrecht : Springer

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ISBN: 9789401572712

Sprache: Englisch

Seiten: Online-Ressource (XVI, 724 p) , digital

Ausgabe: Third Edition

Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law

Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als

Schlagwort(e): Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.

Kurzfassung: 1 Plant Breeders and Their Work -- What Is Plant Breeding? -- The Strategy of Plant Breeding -- Training for the Modern Plant Breeder -- Some Early Plant Breeders -- Some Accomplishments in Plant Breeding -- Who Does Plant Breeding in the United States? -- 2 Reproduction in Crop Plants -- Types of Reproduction -- Sexual Reproduction in Crop Plants -- Asexual Reproduction in Crop Plants -- 3 Gene Recombination in Plant Breeding -- Variation, the Basis of Plant Breeding -- The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity -- Gene Recombination Following Hybridization -- Gene Structure and Action -- 4 Quantitative Inheritance in Plant Breeding -- Quantitative Inheritance and its Measurement -- Multiple Alleles -- Types of Gene Action -- Heritability -- Selection Intensity and Genetic Advance -- Gene Frequency and Genetic Equilibrium -- Gene Recombination and Plant Breeding -- 5 Variations in Chromosome Number -- Polyploidy -- Aneuploidy -- Haploidy -- 6 Mutation -- The Nature of Mutation -- Induction of Mutation -- Mutator Genes and Controlling Elements -- Some Mutation-Breeding Experiments -- Role of Mutation Breeding -- 7 Fertility-Regulating Mechanisms and Their Manipulation -- Incompatibility -- Male Sterility -- Apomixis -- Interspecific Hybridization -- 8 Plant Cell and Tissue Culture: Applications in Plant Breeding -- Plant Cell and Tissue Culture -- Clonal Propagation -- Embryo Culture, Ovule Culture, and in Vitro Pollination -- Anther Culture and Haploid Plant Production -- Genetic Variability from Cell Cultures -- Somatic Cell Hybridization -- Plant Genetic Engineering -- 9 Germplasm Resources and Conservation -- Germplasm Conservation -- Germplasm Resources and Their Maintenance in the United States -- How Genetic Resources Are Utilized -- Acclimatization -- 10 Breeding Self-Pollinated Crops -- What Is a Variety? -- Genetic Significance of Pollination Method -- Breeding Methods in Self-Pollinated Crops -- Plant Breeding: A Numbers Game? -- 11 Breeding Cross-Pollinated and Clonally Propagated Crops -- Genetic Structure of Cross-Pollinated Crops -- Breeding Seed-Propagated Cross-Pollinated Crops -- Breeding Clonally Propagated Crops -- 12 Breeding Hybrids -- Proprietary Nature of Hybrid Varieties -- Inbreeding -- Hybrid Vigor or Heterosis -- Double-Cross Hybrid Corn—The Model for Hybrid Breeding -- Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Hybrid Seed Production -- Alternative Hybrid Procedures -- 13 Techniques in Breeding Field Crops -- Selfing and Crossing -- Conducting Field Trials -- Maturity Comparisons -- Resistance to Lodging and Shattering -- Resistance to Stress -- Breeding for Disease Resistance -- Breeding for Insect Resistance -- Measuring Quality -- Keeping Accurate Records -- 14 Breeding Wheat and Triticale -- Breeding Wheat -- Breeding Triticale -- 15 Breeding Rice -- Origin and Types -- Varieties -- Botany and Genetics -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- Upland Rice -- Deep-Water and Floating Rice -- Wild Rice -- 16 Breeding Barley and Oats -- Breeding Barley -- Breeding Oats -- 17 Breeding Soybeans -- Origin and Species -- Genetics -- Botany -- Varieties -- The USDA and Cooperative State Agricultural Experimental Stations -- International Soybean Program (INTSOY) -- Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- 18 Breeding Corn (Maize) -- Origin -- Races of Corn -- Genetics -- Pollination -- Heterozygous Nature of Open-Pollinated Corn -- Breeding Open-Pollinated Corn -- Hybrid Corn -- Breeding Improved Hybrids -- Population Improvement -- Breeding Objectives -- Special-Purpose Hybrids -- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center -- 19 Breeding Sorghum and Millet -- Breeding Sorghum -- Breeding Millet -- 20 Breeding Cotton -- Botany, Pollination, and Male Sterility -- Genetics and Cytology -- Varieties -- Breeding Methods -- Variety Maintenance -- Breeding Objectives -- 21 Breeding Sugar Beets -- History of the Sugar Beet -- Botany and Genetics -- Varieties -- Breeding Methods -- Breeding Objectives -- 22 Breeding Forage Crops -- Forage Crop Breeding Problems -- Pollination, Fertilization, and Seed Setting -- Vegetative Propagation -- Genetic and Cytogenetic Studies -- Natural Selection -- Endophytic Fungi: Impact on Grass Breeding -- Breeding Self-Pollinated Forage Species -- Breeding Cross-Pollinated Forage Species -- Public versus Private Breeding of Forage Crops -- Breeding Objectives -- Seed Increase of New Varieties -- 23 Seed Production Practices -- Public and Private Plant Breeding and Seed Distribution -- Classes of Certified Seed -- How a New Variety Reaches the Farmer -- How a Variety is Certified -- Agencies Concerned with Seed Certification in the United States -- Practical Problems in Seed Production -- Vegetatively Propagated Forages.

Kurzfassung: While preparing the first edition of this textbook I attended an extension short course on writing agricultural publications. The message I remember was "select your audience and write to it. " There has never been any doubt about the audience for which this textbook was written, the introductory course in crop breeding. In addition, it has become a widely used reference for the graduate plant-breeding student and the practicing plant breeder. In its prepa ration, particular attention has been given to advances in plant-breeding theo ry and their utility in plant-breeding practice. The blend of the theoretical with the practical has set this book apart from other plant-breeding textbooks. The basic structure and the objectives of the earlier editions remain un changed. These objectives are (1) to review essential features of plant re production, Mendelian genetic principles, and related genetic developments applicable in plant-breeding practice; (2) to describe and evaluate established and new plant-breeding procedures and techniques, and (3) to discuss plant breeding objectives with emphasis on the importance of proper choice of objec tive for achieving success in variety development. Because plant-breeding activities are normally organized around specific crops, there are chapters describing breeding procedures and objectives for the major crop plants; the crops were chosen for their economic importance or diversity in breeding sys tems. These chapters provide a broad overview of the kinds of problems with which the breeder must cope.

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7271-2

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Pollution Threat of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments (1987)

Mance, Geoffrey

Dordrecht : Springer

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ISBN: 9789400934214

Sprache: Englisch

Seiten: Online-Ressource , digital

Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law

Serie: Pollution Monitoring Series

Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als

Schlagwort(e): Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Mercury -- 1.2 Cadmium -- 1.3 Other Metals -- 1.4 Sources and Controls -- 2 Toxicity Testing Techniques -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Terminology -- 2.3 Physical Factors in Toxicity Tests -- 2.4 Biological Factors in Toxicity Tests -- 2.5 Numbers of Test Animals -- 2.6 Chemical Conditions of Tests -- 3 Toxicity of Metals to Freshwater Fish -- 3.1 Arsenic -- 3.2 Cadmium -- 3.3 Chromium -- 3.4 Copper -- 3.5 Lead -- 3.6 Mercury -- 3.7 Nickel -- 3.8 Selenium -- 3.9 Silver -- 3.10 Vanadium -- 3.11 Zinc -- 4 Toxicity of Metals to Freshwater Invertebrates -- 4.1 Arsenic -- 4.2 Cadmium -- 4.3 Chromium -- 4.4 Copper -- 4.5 Lead -- 4.6 Mercury -- 4.7 Nickel -- 4.8 Selenium -- 4.9 Silver -- 4.10 Vanadium -- 4.11 Zinc -- 5 Toxicity of Metals to Marine Life -- 5.1 Arsenic -- 5.2 Cadmium -- 5.3 Chromium -- 5.4 Copper -- 5.5 Lead -- 5.6 Mercury -- 5.7 Nickel -- 5.8 Selenium -- 5.9 Silver -- 5.10 Vanadium -- 5.11 Zinc -- 6 Factors Affecting Toxicity -- 6.1 Interspecies Variations in Freshwater Fish -- 6.2 Interphyletic Variations -- 6.3 Life Stage -- 6.4 Water Hardness -- 6.5 Temperature -- 6.6 pH -- 6.7 Salinity -- 6.8 Acclimation -- 6.9 Fluctuating Exposure Concentrations -- 6.10 Mixtures of Metals -- 7 Freshwater Field Studies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biological Assessment -- 7.3 Water Quality -- 7.4 Case Studies -- 8 Tidal Water Field Studies -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Physical Factors -- 8.3 Chemical Factors -- 8.4 Biology -- 8.5 Case Studies -- 9 Bioaccumulation -- 9.1 Biomagnification of Metals -- 9.2 Factors Affecting Bioaccumulation -- 9.3 Monitoring -- 10 Environmental Standards -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Derivation of Standards -- 10.3 Statistical Expression of the Standard -- 10.4 The Relationship between Field and Laboratory Information -- 10.5 Effluent Controls from Environmental Standards -- 11 International Controls -- References.

Kurzfassung: The role of the European Community in developing environmental legislation has focused the minds of pollution control agencies and industrialists on the need for, and the evidence to support, water quality standards. This is particularly so for the Dangerous Substances Directive which has led to European standards for cadmium, mercury and lindane. Additionally the United Kingdom has published standards for six other non-ferrous metals. In this book I have sought to review the aquatic toxicity information for these and other metals, not just by the collation of the results of all the published toxicity tests, but by the critical consideration of the test techniques. A surprising proportion of the reported toxicity studies for aquatic organisms are based on unsatisfactory chemical or biological methods. That such weaknesses persist at a time of limited resources for environmental research is disappointing, especially when sound metho dologies are extensively documented and widely published. Evaluation of the critically reviewed and vetted data indicates that many of the previously accepted generalisations about the toxicity of metals to aquatic life are invalid: for instance the assumption that salmonid species of fish are more susceptible to these metals than coarse fish, or that increased water hardness decreases toxicity. Too few studies have actually sought to test such hypotheses.

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3421-4

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