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  • 1985-1989  (64)
  • 1987  (64)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (64)
  • Boston, MA : Springer US
  • Philosophy (General)  (64)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Collected Philosophical Papers (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400943643
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXI, 186 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres d’Archives-Husserl 100
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 100
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: 1. Reality and Its Shadow -- 2. Freedom and Command -- 3. The Ego and the Totality -- 4. Philosophy and the Idea of Infinity -- 5. Phenomenon and Enigma -- 6. Meaning and Sense -- 7. Language and Proximity -- 8. Humanism and An-archy -- 9. No Identity -- 10. God and Philosophy -- 11. Transcendence and Evil.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4364-3
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  • 2
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    Principles of Law : A Normative Analysis (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937758
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (424p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History.
    Abstract: Analytical Table of Contents -- 1. Introduction: A Framework for Analysis -- 1.0. Introduction -- 1.1. A Normative Approach -- 1.2. Rational Persons -- 1.3. Values -- 1.4. Legal Principles -- 1.5. Elements of a Legal Case -- 2. Procedural Law -- 2.0. Introduction -- 2.1. Aims -- 2.2. The Adversary System -- 2.3. Elements of Procedure -- 3. Property Law -- 3.0. Introduction -- 3.1. Aims -- 3.2. Forms of Property -- 3.3. Rights and Limits -- 3.4. Acquisition and Disposal -- 4. Contract Law -- 4.0. Introduction -- 4.1. Aims -- 4.2. Contract Formation -- 4.3. Duties, Defects, and Defenses -- 4.4. Discharge and Remedies -- 5. Tort Law -- 5.0. Introduction -- 5.1. Aims -- 5.2. Duties -- 5.3. Defenses -- 5.4. Remedies -- 5.5. Beyond Tort Law -- 6. Criminal Law -- 6.0. Introduction -- 6.1. Aims -- 6.2. Criminal Acts -- 6.3. Defenses -- 6.4. Punishment -- 7. Values in the Law -- 7.0. Introduction -- 7.1. A Nontheory? -- 7.2. Freedom -- 7.3. Responsibility -- 7.4. Equality and Fairness -- 7.5. Social Good -- Appendix: Summary of Principles -- Works Cited -- Table of Cases.
    Abstract: During the last half of the twentieth century, legal philosophy (or legal theory or jurisprudence) has grown significantly. It is no longer the do­ main of a few isolated scholars in law and philosophy. Hundreds of scho­ lars from diverse fields attend international meetings on the subject. In some universities, large lecture courses of five hundred students or more study it. The primary aim of the Law and Philosophy Library is to present some of the best original work on legal philosophy from both the Anglo­ American and European traditions. Not only does it help make some of the best work available to an international audience, but it also en­ courages increased awareness of, and interaction between, the two major traditions. The primary focus is on full-length scholarly monographs, aIthouogh some eidted volumes of original papers are also included. The Library editors are assisted by an Editorial Advisory Board of inter­ nationally renowned scholars.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3775-8
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  • 3
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    The Process of Science : Contemporary Philosophical Approaches to Understanding Scientific Practice (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935198
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Science and Philosophy 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Method in the philosophy of science and epistemology: How to inquire about inquiry and knowledge -- ’Twixt method and madness -- Historical realism and contextual objectivity: A developing perspective in the philosophy of science -- Research problems and the understanding of science -- Twenty years after -- The semantic approach to scientific theories -- The garden in the machine: Gender relations, the processes of science, and feminist epistemological strategies -- The cognitive study of science -- A cognitive — historical approach to meaning in scientific theories -- Naturalizing observation -- Realist methodology in genetics -- Parsimony and the units of selection.
    Abstract: For some time now the philosophy of science has been undergoing a major transfor­ mation. It began when the 'received view' of scientific knowledge -that developed by logical positivists and their intellectual descendants - was challenged as bearing little resemblance to and having little relevance for the understanding of real science. Subsequently, an overwhelming amount of criticism has been added. One would be hard-pressed to find anyone who would support the 'received view' today. Yet, in the search for a new analysis of scientific knowledge, this view continues to exert influence over the tenor of much of present-day philosophy of science; in particular, over its problems and its methods of analysis. There has, however, emerged an area within the discipline - called by some the 'new philosophy of science' - that has been engaged in transforming the problems and methods of philosophy of science. While there is far from a consensus of beliefs in this area, most of the following contentions would be affirmed by those working in it: - that science is an open-ended, on-going activity, whose character has changed significantly during its history - that science is not a monolithic enterprise - that good science can lead to false theories - that science has its roots in everyday circumstances, needs, methods, concepts, etc.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3519-8
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  • 4
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    The Ascent from Nominalism : Some Existence Arguments in Plato’s Middle Dialogues (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937918
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (484p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 37
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Abstract: Analytical Table of Contents -- 1. Some Views of the Forms; a Prolegomenon for Analytical Philosophers -- 2. A General Strategy for the Present Volume -- 3. Nominalism What -- 4. Incorrigible Conceptual States What -- 5. The Frege-Quine Objections -- 6. Plato’s other main Middle Period Argument for the Existence of Forms—the Argument from the Sciences -- 7. On giving Plato a Position he ‘could have had in mind’ -- The Nominalist -- 1. The Recollection argument of the Phaeao, commonly thought to presuppose the existence of the Forms, actually provides an argument (against nominalist opponents) for their existence -- 2. The opponents in the Republic (the ‘lovers of sights and sounds’) and in the Parmenides (Zeno, at least if his arguments against plurality are to be conclusive) also represented as nominalists -- 3. Various difficulties for the existence argument of the Phaedo -- 4. The basic idea of the argument: that the equal we perceive we can confuse with the unequal we perceive; but the equal we conceive is, in clear cases, unconfusable with the unequal we conceive -- 5. Incorrigible conceptual states and Moore’s argument against the ‘Naturalistic Fallacy’ -- 6. Forms of opposites as the opposites (themselves). How to understand the locution ‘the F-itself’ -- 7. The quasi-theological predicates of the Forms. The Forms and Universal Literal Self-Predication -- 8. Peculiarities of the contrast in Republic V between Knowledge and Opinion. The notion that the objects of opinion “lie between being and not-being” -- 9. Confusing the questions ‘What is F-ness?’ and ‘What things are F?’ Deficiencies of sensible F’s as (nominalist) answers to the question ‘What is F-ness?’ The notion that Forms are “separate” -- 10. Doesn’t the description of the Form of the Beautiful in the Upward Path in Symposium 210–212 compel the self-predicative notion that sensible particular F things are always less F than the F-itself? -- 11. Examination of Symposium 210–212 shows the latter suggestion to be a consequence of confusing the questions ‘What is beauty?’ and ‘What things are beautiful?’ -- 12. Plato’s argument being an anti-nominalist argument from certain sorts of psychological states to objects of those states, we must turn to look at the (from a Fregean point of view) suspicious notion of objects of thought -- Aristotle’s Dilemma -- 1. The Platonic ‘something or nothing?’ question, objects of thought, and ‘existential generalization from within psychological contexts’ -- 2. ‘Intensional’ objects, ‘extensional’ objects and the inference from the existence of thoughts of Santa Claus to the existence of Santa Claus himself. Difference between a thought being directed and there being something the thought is directed towards -- 3. Intensional/extensional and the taking of equal sticks to be unequal sticks or of the Morning Star to be other than the Evening Star. ‘Substituting for identicals within psychological states’ -- 4. Platonic worries about ‘logically parallel’ arguments. The suggestion in Aristotle’s discussion of the ‘Argument from Thinking’ that he is aware of the dangers of inferences in psychological contexts involving existence and identity; and a difficulty for this view—Aristotle’s endorsing of the Argument from the Sciences. (Aristotle’s Dilemma) -- 5. The plausible (though in fact incorrect) suggestion that we are unable, in clear cases, to confuse equality with inequality compared with the suggestion that there are such things as intuitions of contradictoriness -- 6. The idea of a science of logic that is neutral on matters of fact and real existence. Logical Form and the Platonic Forms -- 7. How Frege violates his own inferential restrictions—in Arguments from the Sciences—and even in his own theory of psychological contexts -- Clarifications -- I. The Recollection Argument at Phaedo 72A–77A -- II. Are Forms of Opposites just Opposites? Plato’s Final Argument for the Immortality of the Soul at Phaedo 102A–107A -- III. Between Being and Non-being: Why is the Object of Knowledge Being while the Object of Opinion is “What lies between Being and Not-being”? -- IV. Other Middle Period Passages with the Formula ‘The F Itself which are to be read with Caution -- V. Aristotle’s Lost Work On the Ideas -- VI. Formulating the Third Man Argument -- VII. Aristotle on whether ‘The Universal man is [a] man’ is true in the same sense as ‘Socrates is [a] man’ is true.p -- VIII. Plato and the Philosophers of Language -- Notes -- to Introduction -- to ‘The Nominalist’ -- to ‘Aristotle’s Dilemma’ -- to Clarification Two -- to Clarification Three -- to Clarification Four -- to Clarification Five -- to Clarification Six -- to Clarification Seven -- to Clarification Eight -- Index of Passages Cited -- Index of Persons and Subjects.
    Abstract: divisibility in Physics VI. I had been assuming at that time that Aristotle's elimination of reference to the infinitely large in his account of the potential inf inite--like the elimination of the infinitely small from nineteenth century accounts of limits and continuity--gave us everything that was important in a theory of the infinite. Hilbert's paper showed me that this was not obviously so. Suddenly other certainties about Aristotle's (apparently) judicious toning down of (supposed) Platonic extremisms began to crumble. The upshot of work I had been doing earlier on Plato's 'Third Man Argument' began to look different from the way it had before. I was confronted with a possibility I had not till then so much as entertained. What if the more extreme posi­ tions of Plato on these issues were the more likely to be correct? The present work is the first instalment of the result­ ing reassessment of Plato's metaphysics, and especially of his theory of Forms. It has occupied much of my teaching and scholarly time over the past fifteen years and more. The central question wi th which I concern myself is, "How does Plato argue for the existence of his Forms (if he does )7" The idea of making this the central question is that if we know how he argues for the existence of Forms, we may get a better sense of what they are.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3791-8
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  • 5
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    Pierre Gassendi : From Aristotelianism to a New Natural Philosophy (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937932
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 30
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; History ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Pierre Gassendi -- Manuscripts and published works -- Bibliographical survey -- 1. Sceptical anti-Aristotelianism -- 2. Copernican anti-Aristotelianism -- 3. Epicurean anti-Aristotelianism -- Epicureanism as substitute for Aristotelianism -- 4. Empirical anti-Aristotelianism -- 1. Logical writings: from Aristotelian dialectic to Epicurean canonic -- 2. Cognition: the physical and physiological processes -- 3. Cognition: the ‘psychological’ processes -- 4. Empirical anti-Aristotelianism -- 5. The ‘sceptical crisis’ -- 5. “A truer philosophy” -- 1. Atoms and the void -- 2. The substance of physical causes -- 3. Obscurity vanquished -- Conclusion -- Notes.
    Abstract: Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655) lived in three civilizations in the span of one life-time: medieval ecclesiastic, Renaissance humanist and modern and he never cut himself loose from any of them. It is probably scientific; because he managed to be at home in all three that history has allocated to him a position somewhere on the fringe of the inner circle of genius in the seventeenth-century scientific revolution. While he was not a front-runner, Gassendi was nevertheless a pioneer of modern corpuscularianism and his influence on the development of empirical science was truly international. It is precisely because Gassendi was a figure of the second rank - a significant but lesser luminary - that we need to examine his work closely, for the less famous contemporaries help us to explain what the great ones do. It might seem that Gassendi has received his share of attention from scholars, even though it is sometimes suggested otherwise. Several full­ length monographs have been published in the past three decades, and there have been a number of articles in scholarly journals. Yet, despite the indisputable worth of these studies, the picture of Gassendi that has emerged from them has been partial and at times wide of the mark, so that the true story remains to be told.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3793-2
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  • 6
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    Approaches to Organic Form : Permutations in Science and Culture (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400939172
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 105
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 105
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: On the Nature of God’s Existence, Wisdom and Power: The Interplay between Organic and Mechanistic Imagery in Anglican Natural Theology — 1640–1740 -- Organicism and the Future of Scientific Utopia -- Art and Science: Organicism and Goethe’s Classical Aesthetics -- Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny: A Classic Formula of Organicism -- Organicism and the Birth of Energy -- Kant and Hegel: Organicism and Language Theory -- Organicism and Shelley’s A Defence of Poetry -- Organicism, Culture and Ideology in Late Victorian Britain: The Uses of Complexity -- “Such as the Life Is, Such Is the Form”: Organicism Among the Moderns -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Frederick Burwick's modest but comprehensive and insightful intro­ duction is preface enough to these sensible essays in the history and philosophical criticism of ideas. If we want to understand how some in­ quiring and intelligent thinkers sought to go beyond mechanism and vitalism, we will find Burwick's labors of assembling others and reflect­ ing on his own part to be as stimulating as anywhere to be found. And yet his initial cautious remark is right: 'approaches', not 'attainments'. The problems associated with clarifying 'matter' and 'form' are still beyond any consensus as to their solution. Even more do we recognize the many forms and meanings of 'form', and this is so even for 'organic form'. That wise scientist-philosopher-engineer Lancelot Law Whyte struggled in a place neighboring to Burwick's, and his essay of thirty years ago might be a scientist's preface to Burwick and his colleagues: see Whyte'S Accent on Form (N. Y., Harper, 1954) and his Symposium of 1951 Aspects of Form (London, Percy Lund Humphries 1951; and Indiana University Press 1961), itself arranged in honor of D' Arcy Thompson's classical monograph On Growth and Form. Philosophy and history of science must deal with these issues, and with the mixture of hard-headedness and imagination that they de­ mand.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3917-2
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  • 7
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    African Philosophy (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935174
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (328p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contemporary Philosophy, A New Survey 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: Contents/Table des matières -- African ‘Philosophy’: Deconstructive and reconstructive challenges -- African Philosophy: A brief personal history and current debate -- African philosophy in context: A reply to Hountondji’s ‘Que Peut la Philosophie’ -- Myths, symbols and other life-worlds: The limits of empiricism -- The philosophical significance of Bantu nomenclature: A shot at contemporary African philosophy -- The concept of mind with particular reference to the language and thought of the Akans -- Alexis Kagame and Afican socio-linguistics -- Old Gods, new worlds: Some recent work in the philosophy of African traditional religion -- The idea of art in African thought -- Rationalism in the contemporary Arab world -- African philosophy: Its proto-history and future history -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
    Abstract: This publication is a continuation of two earlier series of chroni­ cles, Philosophy of the Mid-Century (Firenze 1958/59) and Con­ temporary Philosophy (Firenze 1968), edited by Raymond Klibansky. Like the other series, these chronicles provide a survey of significant trends in contemporary philosophical discussion from 1970 to 1985. The need for such surveys has, I believe, increased rather than decreased over the last years. The philosophical scene appears, for various reasons, more complex than ever before. The continuing process of specialization in most branches, the emergence of new schools of thought, the convergence of interest (thought not neces­ sarily of opinion) of different traditions upon certain problems, the increasing attention being paid to the history of philosophy in discussions of contemporary problems, and the growing signifi­ cance for philosophical discourse of the social, political and cul­ tural situation in various regions of the world are the most impor­ tant contributory factors. Surveys of the present kind are a valu­ able source of knowledge of this complexity and may as such be an assistance in renewing the understanding of one's own philo­ sophical problems. The surveys, it is to be hoped, may also help to strengthen a world-wide Socratic element of modern philosophy, the dialogue or Kommunikationsgemeinschaft. So far, five volumes have been prepared for the new series.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3517-4
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  • 8
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    Meinong’s Theory of Knowledge (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400936416
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; History
    Abstract: I. Meinong, Brentano, Chisholm -- A. Alexius Meinong the Person -- B. Meinong and Brentano -- C. Meinong and Chisholm -- II. Perception -- A. General Remarks -- B. Internal Perception -- C. Sphere of Ideas and Sphere of Judgments -- D. Psychic Analysis -- E. Production of Ideas -- F. Perception of Temporally Distributed Objects -- III. Time and the Temporal -- A. General Remarks -- B. Subjective Time -- C. Persistence -- D. Objective Object Time -- E. Perception of Temporal Determinations -- F. Additional Remarks -- IV. Fantasy -- A. Fantasy Ideas and Dispositions -- B. Production of Fantasy Ideas -- V. Memory -- A. General Remarks -- B. Judgments of Existence -- C. Memory Judgments of Being Thus-and-So -- D. Assumption Versus Judgment -- E. Memory of Objects of External Perception -- F. Memory of Feelings and Their Objects -- G. Remembering Judgments of Subsistence -- H. Negative Memories -- VI. Onevidence -- A. Introduction -- B. Judgments -- C. Preliminary Description of Evidence -- D. Presumtive Evidence -- E. Evidence for Certainty -- F. Evidence as Property -- G. Evidence as Fundamental Act -- H. Evidence as Content -- I. Absence of Evidence in Judgments Capable of Evidence, Unawareness of Present Evidence -- J. Evidence and Truth -- K. Evidence and Linguistic Systems -- L. A Principle of Evidence for Internal Perception -- M. Evidence of Memory Judgments.
    Abstract: In recent years there has been a renewal of interest in Meinong's work; but since the bulk of it is still encased in his quite forbidding German, most students are limited to the few available translations and to secondary sources. Unfortunately Meinong has been much maligned - only in a few instances with good reason - and has consequently been dealt with lightly. Meinong stood at a very important junction of European philosophical and scien­ tific thought. In all fields - physics, chemistry, mathematics, psychology, philolo- revolutionary strides were being made. Philosophy, on the other hand, had run its post-Kantian course. New philosophical thinkers came from different disciplines. For example, Frege and later Russell were mathematicians, Boltzmann and Mach were physicists. Earlier Bolzano and then Brentano were originally theologians, and Meinong was a historian. 1 The sciences with their new insights and theories offered an enormous wealth of information which needed to be absorbed philosophically; but traditional philosophy could not deal with it. Physics presented a picture of reality which did not fit into the traditional schemes of empiricism or idealism. Ontological and epistemological questions became once again wide open issues. For example, atoms at first were still considered to be theoretical entities.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3641-6
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  • 9
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    Interpreting Husserl : Critical and Comparative Studies (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935952
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage Des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 106
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 106
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Husserl’s Lengthening Shadow: A Historical Introduction -- I. Husserl -- 1. Phenomenology and Relativism -- 2. The Fifth Meditation and Husserl’s Cartesianism -- 3. Husserl’s Crisis and the Problem of History… -- 4. History, Phenomenology and Reflection -- II. Husserl and others -- 5. Intentionality: Husserl and the Analytic Approach -- 6. The Problem of The Non-Empirical Ego: Husserl and Kant -- 7. Findlay, Husserl and The Epoché: Realism and Idealism -- 8. Interpretation and Self-Evidence: Husserl and Hermeneutics -- 9. The Future Perfect: Temporality and Priority in Husserl, Heidegger and Dilthey -- 10. World, World-View, Lifeworld: Husserl and the Conceptual Relativists -- 11. The Lifeworld Revisited: Husserl and Some Recent Interpreters -- III. Husserl and Beyond -- 12. Time-Consciousness and Historical Consciousness -- 13. ‘Personalities of a Higher Order’ -- 14. Cogitamus Ergo Sumus: The Intentionality of the First-Person Plural -- Acknowledgments.
    Abstract: Edmund Husserl's importance for the philosophy of our century is immense, but his influence has followed a curious path. Rather than continuous it has been recurrent, ambulatory and somehow irrepressible: no sooner does it wane in one locality than it springs up in another. After playing a major role in Germany during his lifetime, Husserl had been filed away in the history-books of that country when he was discovered by the French during and after World War II. And just as the phenomenological phase of French philosophy was ending in the 1960's, Husserl became important in North America. There his work was first taken seriously by a sizable minority of dissenters from the Anglo-American establish­ ment, the tradition of conceptual and linguistic analysis. More recently, some philosophers within that tradition have drawn on certain of Husserl's central concepts (intentionality, the noema) in addressing problems in the philosophy of mind and the theory of meaning. This is not to say that Husserl's influence in Europe has alto­ gether died out. It may be that he is less frequently discussed there directly, but (as I try to argue in the introductory essay of this volume) his influence lives on in subtler forms, in certain basic attitudes, strategies and problems.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3595-2
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  • 10
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    Conscience: An Interdisciplinary View : Salzburg Colloquium on Ethics in the Sciences and Humanities (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938212
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 1
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Ethics ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Conscience: Foundational Aspects -- Conscience as Principled Responsibility: On the Philosophy of Stage Six -- Discussion -- The Phenomenon of Conscience: Subject-Orientation and Object-Orientation -- Discussion -- 2 / Conscience: Social and Educational Aspects -- Value-Neutrality, Conscience, and the Social Sciences -- Discussion -- Moral Competence and Education in Democratic Society -- Discussion -- The Idea of Conscience in High School Students. Development of Judgments of Responsibility in Democratic Just Community Programs -- Discussion -- 3 / Conscience: Special Topics -- Conscience in Conflict? -- Discussion -- Aquinas’ Theory of Conscience from a Logical Point of View -- Discussion -- The Ambivalent Relationship of Law and Freedom of Conscience: Intensification and Relaxation of Conscience Through the Legal System -- Discussion -- Psychoanalysis and Ethics -- Discussion -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Value change and uncertainty about the validity of traditional moral convictions are frequently observed when scientific re­ search confronts us with new moral problems or challenges the moral responsibility of the scientist. Which ethics is to be relied on? Which principles are the most reasonable, the most humane ones? For want of an appropriate answer, moral authorities of­ ten point to conscience, the individual conscience, which seems to be man's unique, directly accessible and final source of moral contention. But what is meant by 'conscience'? There is hardly a notion as widely used and at the same time as controversial as that of conscience. In the history of ethics we can distinguish several trends in the interpretation of the concept and function of conscience. The Greeks used the word O"uvEt81lm~ to denote a kind of 'accompa­ nying knowledge' that mostly referred to negatively experienced behavior. In Latin, the expression conscientia meant a knowing­ together pointing beyond the individual consciousness to the common knowledge of other people. In the Bible, especially in the New Testament, O"uvEt81l0"t~ is used for the guiding con­ sciousness of the morality of one's own action.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3821-2
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  • 11
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    Phenomenological Explanations (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401096102
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. Van Breda et Publiée Sous Le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 96
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 96
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I. On Phenomenological Explanation -- II. The Mind’s Body -- III. Being in the Interrogative Mood -- IV. Involution in the Sensuous -- V. The Perception of Others -- VI. The Visible and the Vision -- VII. Intuition of Freedom, Intuition of Law.
    Abstract: The intentional analysis devised by phenomenology was first used to explain the meaningfulness of expressions; it aimed at exhibiting the original primary substrates that expressions refer to, and at exhibiting the subjective acts that make signs expressive. The explanation of predicative expressions was then extended to the antecedent layer of prepredicative, perceptual experiences, explaining these by locating, with peculiar kinds of immanent intuitions, the original sensile data which evidence the bodily presence of the real - and by reactivating the informin- formulating, interpreting and the informing-forming subjective acts that make of the sensile data, or material, perceived things. Intentional analysis explains by decomposing the derivate references back to the original references, and by leading the mind's intentions back to the givens they refer to. Can this kind of explanation be extended? The investigations of this book have taken this question in different directions. Can phenomenological explanation be extended to exhibit not only the act-character of the mind, but its substance, its affective materiality, its locomotion, its impressed haecceity, in short, its corporeality (Chapter I)? Shall not the explanation explain that if the terra firma of being, in the maximum proximity where distance no longer introduces indeterminability, is never reached, this is not because of the defects and the finitude of our mind, but because being itself is not there as the answer, positive and affirmative - being itself is in the interrogative mood (Chapter II)? If the given being itself is in the x Preface.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9610-2
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  • 12
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    Sexuality and Medicine : Volume I: Conceptual Roots (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937253
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Public health. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I: Human Sexuality -- Medical and Psychiatric Perspectives on a ‘Healthy Sexuality’ -- Medical and Psychiatric Perspectives on Human Sexual Behavior -- The Origins of Sexual Identity: A Clinician’s View -- Theories of Transsexualism -- Sex Research and Therapy -- A Survey of Human Reproduction, Infertility Therapy, Fertility Control and Ethical Consequences -- Section II: Sexuality and Sexual Concepts -- Philosophy, Medicine, and Healthy Sexuality -- Concepts of Disease and Sexuality -- Freud and Perversion -- The Politics of The Natural: The Case of Sex Differences -- Heterosex -- Bisexuality: Challenging Our Understanding of Human Sexuality and Sexual Orientation -- Sex and Love: Sexual Dysfunction as a Spiritual Disorder -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: When confronted by the concerns of human sexual function or dys­ function, American medicine finds itself well impaled on the horns of a dilemma. Currently it is acceptable medical practice to treat sexual dysfunctions, disorders, or dissatisfactions that arise from psy­ chogenic etiologies, endocrine imbalances, neurologic defects or are side effects of necessary medication regimes. In addition, implanta­ tion of penile prostheses in cases of organic impotence is an increas­ ingly popular surgical procedure. These clinical approaches to sexual inadequacies, accepted by medicine since 1970, represent one horn of the dilemma. The opposite horn pictures the medical profession firmly backed into a corner by cultural influences. For example, when hospital admissions occur, a significant portion of the routine medical history is the section on system review. A few questions are asked about the cardio-respiratory, the genito-urinary, and the gastro-intestinal sys­ tems. But in a preponderance of hospitals no questions are permitted or, if raised, answers are not recorded about human sexual functioning. Physicians tend to forget that they are victims of cultural imposition first and of professional training a distant second.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3725-3
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  • 13
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    An Existential Phenomenology of Law: Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401707077
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 246 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H.L. van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’archives-Husserl 104
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 104
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Political science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Law—Philosophy. ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One: The Social World -- I: Intersubjectivity -- II: History and the Origin of Meaning -- III: Ethics -- IV: Politics -- Two: The Phenomenon of Law -- V: The Origin of Law and Its Essential Structures -- VI: Law and Society -- VII: Law and Morality -- Epilogue -- Works Consulted.
    Abstract: The following pages attempt to develop the main outlines of an existential phenomenology of law within the context of Maurice Merleau-Ponty's phe­ nomenology of the social world. In so doing, the essay addresses the rather narrow scholarly question, If Merleau-Ponty had written a phenomenology of law, what would it have looked like? But this scholarly enterprise, although impeccable in itself, is also transcended by a more complicated concern for a very different sort of question. Namely, if Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological descriptions of the social world are correct-as I believe they largely are-then what are the philosophical consequences for an adequate understanding of law? Such a project may well occasion a certain surprise amongst observers of the contemporary philosophical landscape, at least in what concerns the terrain of continental thought, and for two different reasons. The first is that, although interest in Merleau-Ponty's work remains strong in the· United States and Can­ ada, his philosophical standing in his own country has been largely eclipsed! by that of, first, his friend/estranged acquaintance, Jean-Paul Sartre; by various Marxist philosophies and critical social theories; and finally by those doing her­ meneutics of language. In my view, current neglect of Merleau-Ponty's thought in France is most regrettable.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0707-7
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  • 14
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    Scientific Realism : A Critical Reappraisal (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400939059
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Scientific Realism 40
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 40
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One / Problems of Scientific Realism -- 1. Scientific Realism -- 2. The Problematic Character of Scientific Realism: Current Science Does Not Do the Job -- 3. Future Science Does Not Do the Job -- Two / Scientific Progress as Nonconvergent -- 1. The Exploration Model and Its Implications -- 2. Theorizing as Inductive Projection -- 3. Scientific Revolutions as Potentially Unending -- 4. Is Later Lesser? -- Three / Ideal-Science Realism -- 1. Reality is Adequately Described Only by Ideal Science, Which is Something We Do Not Have -- 2. Scientific Truth as an Idealization -- 3. Ideal-State Realism as the Only Viable Option -- Four / Against Instrumentalism: Realism and the Task of Science -- 1. Against Instrumentalism: The Descriptive Purport of Science -- 2. Realism and the Aim of Science -- 3. The Pursuit of Truth -- 4. Anti-realism and “Rigorous Empiricism” -- 5. The Price of Abandoning Realism -- Five / Schoolbook Science as a Basis for Realism -- 1. The Security/Definiteness Trade-off and the Contrast between Science and Common Sense -- 2. Schoolbook Science and “Soft” Knowledge -- 3. Schoolbook Science as a Basis for Realism -- Six / Disconnecting their Applicative Success from the Truth of Scientific Theories -- 1. Is Successful Applicability an Index of Truth? -- 2. Truth is NOT the Best Explanation of Success in Prediction and Explanation -- 3. Pragmatic Ambiguity -- 4. The Lesson -- Seven / The Anthropomorphic Character of Human Science -- 1. Scientific Relativism -- 2. The Problem of Extraterrestrial Science -- 3. The Potential Diversity of “Science” -- 4. The One-World, One-Science Argument -- 5. The Anthropomorphic Character of Human Science -- 6. Relativistic Intimations -- Eight / Evolution’s Role in the Success of Science -- 1. The Problem of Mind/Reality Coordination -- 2. The Cognitive Accessibility of Nature -- 3. A Closer Look at the Problem -- 4. “Our” Side -- 5. Nature’s Side -- 6. Synthesis -- 7. Implications -- Nine / The Roots of Objectivity -- 1. The Cognitive Inexhaustibility of Things -- 2. The Cognitive Opacity of Real Things -- 3. The Corrigibility of Conceptions -- 4. Perspectives on Realism -- Ten / Metaphysical Realism and the Pragmatic Basis of Objectivity -- 1. The Existential Component of Realism -- 2. Realism in its Regulative/Pragmatic Aspect -- 3. Objectivity as a Requisite of Communication and Inquiry -- 4. The Utilitarian Imperative -- 5. Retrojustification: The Wisdom of Hindsight -- Eleven / Intimations of Idealism -- 1. The Idealistic Aspect of Metaphysical Realism -- 2. The Idealistic Aspect of Epistemological Realism -- 3. Conceptual Idealism -- 4. Is Man the Measure? -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The increasingly lively controversy over scientific realism has become one of the principal themes of recent philosophy. 1 In watching this controversy unfold in the rather technical way currently in vogue, it has seemed to me that it would be useful to view these contemporary disputes against the background of such older epistemological issues as fallibilism, scepticism, relativism, and the traditional realism/idealism debate. This, then, is the object of the present book, which will recon­ sider the newer concerns about scientific realism in the context of these older philosophical themes. Historically, realism concerns itself with the real existence of things that do not "meet the eye" - with suprasensible entities that lie beyond the reach of human perception. In medieval times, discussions about realism focused upon universals. Recognizing that there are physical objects such as cats and triangular objects and red tomatoes, the medievels debated whether such "abstract objects" as cathood and triangularity and redness also exist by way of having a reality indepen­ dent of the concretely real things that exhibit them. Three fundamen­ tally different positions were defended: (1) Nominalism. Abstracta have no independent existence as such: they only "exist" in and through the objects that exhibit them. Only particulars (individual substances) exist. Abstract "objects" are existents in name only, mere thought­ fictions by whose means we address concrete particular things. (2) Realism. Abstracta have an independent existence as such.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3905-9
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  • 15
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    Taleworlds and Storyrealms : The Phenomenology of Narrative (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935112
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (282p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology .
    Abstract: The Phenomenological Framework for Narrative Analysis -- One Edgework: Frame and Boundary in the Phenomenology of Narrative -- Two Multiple Contexting: The Story Context of Stories -- Three Presentation of Self in Storytelling -- Four Joint Storytelling: The Interplay of Discourse and Interaction -- Five Storyability and Eventfulness: Beyond Referential Theories of Narrative -- Six Taleworlds and Real: Ontological Puzzles about Narrative -- Appendix Transcription Devices.
    Abstract: Beginning is the hardest ITPment, not because openers are all that scarce but because you're blowing into, cracking a universe. l Maurice Natanson q;〉enings are already directed toward closings. The first question in presenting a body of work is where to cut in. This is an especially difficult question since the cut-in provides a perspecti ve on what follows. A cut is an angle of entry. Wherever I enter, from there, a realm unfolds itself. In that sense, my angle of entry is my point of view. A realm cut into has an orientation. It evidences a hierarchy of importance, relevance, accessability, value, or logic. Its content is no longer neutral and equivalent. From my perspective, the realm is not only differentiated in sUbstance but differential in significance. There is a relation between angles and attitudes. Where I look from is tied up with how I see. The first cut opens out into a frame of reference. What count as lines of evidence in that realm materialize along with its background expectancies, its assumptions, concentrations, and confusions, its coslTPlogy, quirks, and enchantments. Hence, once I am corrunitted to a perspective, I am implicated in a methodology, one possessed of puzzles of a certain shape, ITPving toward solutions wi thin its orthodoxy. Openings are directed toward closings. Another cut would open onto another realm. The realm of events I cut into is a Taleworld, inhabited by characters acting in their own space and time.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3511-2
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  • 16
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    The Event of Death: A Phenomenological Enquiry (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935099
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (368p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One: Ontological Roots of the Phenomenon of Death: A Heideggerean Interpretation -- One: Individuation and Temporality -- Two: Temporality as the Meaning of Being-Towards-Death -- Three: Death, Time and Appropration -- Four: A Project Beyond Heidegger -- Two: Death as an Ontic E-Vent: Coming to terms with the phenomenon of death as a determinate possibility -- One: Reflecting on One’s own Death -- Two: The Death of the Other -- Three: The Phenomenon of Immortality -- Three: Ontic/Ontological Implications -- One: Ontology as Concrete -- Two: Is Phenomenology still too Metaphysical? -- Key to abbreviations.
    Abstract: Building upon the "preliminary conception of Phenomenology" introduced by Heidegger in section II of the Introduction to Sein und zeit,l one may say that a phenomenology of death would mean: "to let death, as that which shows itself, be seen from itself in the very way in which it shows itself from itself. " Does this mean then, that a properly phenomenological d- cription of death may reveal to us what death as a factical event is like "in the very way in which it shows itself from itself"? Although I cannot experience my death in order to describe it, may some kind of phenomenologica'l inference or "extrapolation"2 be the condition for a unique and privileged revelation of what it is like to be dead? There is an important element of phenomenological descr- tion which renders such an extrapolation implausible, and it involves what Husserl originally called the reduction to signi- cance or meaning. It can never be true for the phenomenologist, 1 Heidegger, Martin, Sein und zeit, p. 34. e. t. page 58. 2 Henry W. Johnstone Jr. thinks that while one cannot extrapo­ late from the experience of sleep to the experience of death, it may be possible to extrapolate from the phenomeno­ lQgy of sleep to the phenomenology of death. Cf. H. W. John­ stone Jr. , "Toward a Phenomenology of Death", in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. XXXV, No. 3, 1975, pages 396-7. Cf.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3509-9
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  • 17
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    The Logics of Preference : A Study of Prohairetic Logics in Twentieth Century Philosophy (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400939752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (300p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: One The Objectivist Approach Toward the Formalization of Preferences -- 1. Prototheoretic Attempts Toward a Logic of Preference -- 2. Aristotelean Reflections in Richard M. Martin’s Extensionalized Pragmatics of Preference -- 3. Rescher’s Logic of Preference and Linguistic Analysis -- 4. Richard C. Jeffrey’s Logic of First and Higher-Order Preferences -- Two The Subjectivist Approach Toward the Formalization of Preferences -- 5. Soren Hallden’s “Puristic” Logic of the Better and Same -- 6. The Many Modal Interpretations of Prohairetic Logic: Aqvist, Chisholm, Sosa and Hansson -- 7. Von Wright’s Logic of Propositions Expressing Preferences -- 8. Hochberg on the Logic of “Extrinsic Epistemic Preferability” -- Postcript -- Selected Bibliography -- Name Index.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3975-2
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  • 18
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    Unified Science : The Vienna Circle Monograph Series originally edited by Otto Neurath, now in an English edition (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938656
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: The Monographs -- 1. Unified Science and Psychology (1932) -- 2. Logic, Mathematics, and Knowledge of Nature (1933) -- 3. The Task of the Logic of Science (1934) -- 4. What Is Meant by a Rational Economic Theory? (1935) -- 5. The Fall of Mechanistic Physics (1936) -- 6. Towards an Encyclopedia of Unified Science (1937). -- 7. Ernst Mach and the Scientific Conception of the World (1938) -- 8-9. Interpretation: Logical Analysis of a Method of Historical Research (1939) -- Notes.
    Abstract: a priori, and what is more, to a rejection based ultimately on a posteriori findings; in other words, the "pure" science of nature in Kant's sense of the term had proved to be, not only not pure, but even false. As for logic and mathematics, the decisive works of Frege, Russell, and White­ head suggested two conclusions: first, that it was possible to construct mathematics on the basis of logic (logicism), and secondly, that logical propositions had an irrevocably analytic status. But within the frame­ work of logicism, the status of logical propositions is passed on to mathematical ones, and mathematical propositions are therefore also conceived of as analytic. All this creates a situation where the existential presupposition contained in the Kantian question about the possibility of judgements that are both synthetic and a priori must, it seems, be rejected as false. But to drop this presupposition is, at the same time, to strike at the very core of Kant's programme of putting the natural sciences on a philosophical foundation. The failure of the modern attempt to do so suggests at the same time a reversal of the relationship between philosophy and the individual sciences: it is not the task of philosophy to meddle with the foundations of the individual sciences; being the less successful discipline, its task is rather to seek guidance from the principles of rationality operative in the individual sciences.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3865-6
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  • 19
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    Naturalistic Epistemology : A Symposium of Two Decades (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937352
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 100
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 100
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Psycholinguistics ; Science—Philosophy. ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Historical Figures -- Immanuel Kant and the Greater Glory of Geometry -- Comment -- Peirce’s Conception of Truth: A Framework for Naturalistic Epistemology? -- The Philosophical Significance of Piaget’s Researches on the Genesis of the Concept of Time -- Comment -- Reply -- Konrad Lorenz as Evolutionary Epistemologist: The Problem of Intentionality -- Wilfrid Sellars on the Nature of Thought -- II / The Use of Cognitive Psychology in Epistemology -- Neurological Embodiments of Belief and the Gaps in the Fit of Phenomena to Noumena -- Causal Relations in Visual Perception -- Why Ideas are Not in the Mind: An Introduction to Ecological Epistemology -- Comment -- Naturalized Epistemology and the Study of Language -- Quine on Psychology -- Comment -- Comment -- Integral Epistemology -- III / Criticisms of Naturalistic Epistemology -- Naturalistic Epistemology and the Harakiri of Philosophy -- Comment -- Comment -- Naturalistic Epistemology: The Case of Abner Shimony -- Comment: -- Epistemology Historicized -- Comment -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: 1. AIMS OF THE INTRODUCTION The systematic assessment of claims to knowledge is the central task of epistemology. According to naturalistic epistemologists, this task cannot be well performed unless proper attention is paid to the place of the knowing subject in nature. All philosophers who can appropriately be called 'naturalistic epistemologists' subscribe to two theses: (a) human beings, including their cognitive faculties, are entities in nature, inter­ acting with other entities studied by the natural sciences; and (b) the results of natural scientific investigations of human beings, particularly of biology and empirical psychology, are relevant and probably crucial to the epistemological enterprise. Naturalistic epistemologists differ in their explications of theses (a) and (b) and also in their conceptions of the proper admixture of other components needed for an adequate treatment of human knowledg- e.g., linguistic analysis, logic, decision theory, and theory of value. Those contributors to this volume who consider themselves to be naturalistic epistemologists (the majority) differ greatly in these respects. It is not my intention in this introduction to give a taxonomy of naturalistic epistemologies. I intend only to provide an overview which will stimulate a critical reading of the articles in the body of this volume, by facilitating a recognition of the authors' assumptions, emphases, and omissions.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3735-2
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  • 20
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    A History of Women Philosophers : Ancient Women Philosophers 600 B.C. - 500 A.D (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400934979
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIV, 229 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: A History of Women Philosophers 1
    Series Statement: History of Women Philosophers 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; History ; Philosophy. ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Abstract: to Volume 1 -- 1. Early Pythagoreans: Themistoclea, Theano, Arignote, Myia, and Damo -- I. Themistoclea, Arignote, and Damo -- II. Theano of Crotona -- III. Myia; Notes. -- 2. Late Pythagoreans: Aesara of Lucania, Phintys of Sparta, and Perictione I -- I. Aesara of Lucania -- II. Phintys of Sparta -- III. Perictione I -- 3. Late Pythagoreans: Theano II, and Perictione II -- I. Theano II -- II. Perictione II -- 4. Authenticating the Fragments and Letters -- I. The Forgery Hypothesis -- II. The Pseudonymy Hypothesis -- III. The Eponymy Hypothesis: -- 5. Aspasia of Miletus -- I. Background -- II. The Menexenus and Pericles’ Funeral Oration -- III. Two arguments about the Menexenus -- IV. Aspasia and Sophistic Rhetoric; Conclusions; Notes. -- 6. Diotima of Mantinea -- I. Distinguishing Diotima from Plato and Socrates -- II. The Tradition of Diotima as a Fictitious Character -- III. The historical Diotima -- IV. In Support of Thesis B -- 7. Julia Domna -- I. Julia Domna’s Biography -- II. “The Philosopher Julia” -- III. Conclusion; Notes. -- 8. Makrina -- I. Biography -- II. Makrina and the Spiritual Tradition -- III. Makrina and Woman’s Soul -- IV. Makrina on Creation, Reincarnation, and Resurrection -- 9. Hypatia of Alexandria -- I. Biography -- II. Teaching -- III. Works -- 10. Arete, Asclepigenia, Axiothea, Cleobulina, Hipparchia, and Lasthenia -- I. Arete of Cyrene -- II. Asclepigenia of Athens -- III. Axiothea of Philesia -- IV. Cleobulina of Rhodes -- V. Hipparchia the Cynic -- VI. Lathenia of Mantinea; Notes.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3497-9
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  • 21
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    Naming and Believing (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937376
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 36
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. The Problem -- 2. Beginning Assumptions -- 1 Descriptions -- 1. Indeterminate Descriptions -- 2. The Referential/Attributive Distinction -- 2 Names and Indexicals -- 1. Rigid Designators -- 2. Names and Essences -- 3. Indexicals -- 4. The Meaning of Names -- 3 Singular Propositions -- 1. Propositional Roles -- 2. Propositions and Worlds -- 3. Propositions and Times -- 4. Possible Worlds -- 4 Believing -- 1. Problems with Belief -- 2. Direct and Indirect Attribution -- 3. Two Aspects of Believing -- 4. A Solution to Frege’s Problem -- 5 Empty Names, Semantics, and the A Priori -- 1. Truth Conditions and Propositions -- 2. Empty Names and Beliefs -- 3. Necessary A Posteriori Truths -- 4. Conclusions -- 1. Formal Description -- 2. Remarks -- Notes -- References.
    Abstract: The relationship between thought, language, and the world is an intimate one. When we have an idea or thought about the world and we wish to express that idea or thought to others we utter a sentence or make a statement. If the statement correctly describes the world then it is true. Moreover, it seems as though our ability to have more complex or sophisticated thoughts about the world increases as the complexity of our language or our ability to use the language increases. Understanding the complex relationship between language, thought, and the world is one of the central aims of philosophy. This book is an attempt to increase our understanding of this complex relationship by focusing on certain philosophical issues that arise from our ability to refer to objects in the world though the use of language. In particular, it is an attempt to solve the puzzles of reference and belief that Frege and Russell presented within the context of a theory of direct reference for proper names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3737-6
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  • 22
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    The Categories and the Principle of Coherence : Whitehead’s Theory of Categories in Historical Perspective (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935570
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Shields, George W. The Categories and the Principle of Coherence: Whitehead's Theory of Categories in Historical Perspective. A. Zvie Bar-on 1989
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Metaphysics ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Extensive Summary of the Exposition -- I. Aristotle and the Beginning of the Doctrine of Categories -- 1. Predication, Inherence and Kinds of Being -- 2. The Definition of ‘Category’ in its Aristotelian Sense -- 3. Aristotelian Table of Categories -- 4. Quality -- 5. Quantity -- 6. Relation -- 7. Substance -- II. The Kantian Development: Systematization -- 1. Criticism of Aristotle’s Approach -- 2. The Relation between Subject and Object -- 3. ‘The Supreme Principle of Human Knowledge’ -- 4. The Table of Categories vs the Table of Judgements -- 5. The Derivability of the Categories -- 6. The Two Logics -- III. The Hegelian Stage: Speculation and Coherence -- 1. The Absence of Systematization -- 2. The Criticism Qualified, or What Did Hegel Received from Kant -- 3. Sensation, Understanding and Reason -- 4. The Hegelian Scheme of Categories -- 5. Limitations and a Broadened Context -- IV. The Non-Speculative Way: Nicolai Hartmann -- 1. The Basic Ontic Scheme -- 2. The Moments of Being: Dasein and Sosein -- 3. The Main Problem: How to Explain the Unity of the Universe -- 4. The Categorial Analysis, Its Nature and Stages -- 5. Hartmann’s Version of Coherence -- V. Whitehead’s Categorial Scheme: the Framework -- 1. ‘A Coherent, Logical and Necessary System’ -- 2. Whitehead’s Version of the Principle of Coherence -- 3. Contradictory Trends -- 4. Whitehead’s Categorial Scheme -- VI. Whitehead’s Categorial Scheme: the Implementation -- 1. ‘The Ultimate’ and the ‘Modes of Existence’ -- 2. The Category of the Actual Entity -- 3. The Principles of Process -- 4. The Principle of Relativity -- 5. The Ontological Principle -- 6. The Subjectivist Principle -- 7. Whitehead’s Formulation of the ‘Categorial Laws’ -- Notes -- References.
    Abstract: The general topic of this book is the theory of categories, its sources, meaning and development. The inquiry can be seen to proceed on two levels. On one, the history of the theory is traced from its alleged genesis in Aristotle, through its main subsequent stages of Kant and Hegel, up to a kind of consummation in two of its prominent twentieth century adherents, Alfred North White­ head and Nicolai Hartmann. Special attention has been paid to that aspect of the Hegelian conception of the categorial analysis from which the principle of coherence emerged. On the second, deeper level, however, everything starts with Whitehead's metaphysical system, the central part of which con­ sists of a fascinating, though highly intricate, web of categorial notions and propositions. The historical perspective becomes a means for untangling that web. I am indebted to a number of people for advice, comment and criticism of various parts of this book. My greatest thanks go to my teachers and colleagues Nathan Rotenstreich, Nathan Spiegel, Yaakov Fleischman, as well as to the late Shmuel Hugo Bergman and Pepita Haezrachi. of this book was published in 1967 by An earlier, Hebrew version the Bialik Institute of Jerusalem. I am grateful to Mr Yehoshua Perel, Mr Arnold Schwartz and to my wife Varda for their cooperation in rendering the extensively revised text of the book into readable English. I also owe great appreciation to Miss Liat Dawe for an accurate and painstaking word-processing of the text.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3557-0
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  • 23
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    Morality within the Life - and Social World : Interdisciplinary Phenomenology of the Authentic Life in the “Moral Sense” (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937734
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (608p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I Primogenital Meaning-Bestowing in the Making of the Specifically Human Life-World and the Phenomenology of the “Moral Sense” -- The “Moral Point of View” in Tymieniecka’s The Moral Sense -- Some Truths about Morality -- The Axiological Dimension of the Human Being (Concerning the Moral Sense in the Thought of A-T. Tymieniecka) -- The Vital Connection -- Value-Acquiring (Wertnehmung) and Meaning-Bestowal (Sinnzueignung) -- II Questions of Approach Revisited: Methodologies, Rationality, Theory -- Rationalität, Perspektive und Regelbezug: Vorarbeiten zu einer intentionalen Psychopathologie -- Konstruktiv-phänomenologische Erörterung der Voraussetzungen einer künstlichen Intelligenzforschung -- The “Life-World” as a Moral Problem in Merleau-Ponty -- Expériences de méthodologie phénoménologique: L’historiographie -- The Presuppositions of Meaning-Bestowing (Sinngebung) in the Life-World: Existence versus Theory -- Scheler’s Evolving Methodologies -- III Factors of Morality Emergent within the Life-World Context -- Moral Responsibility and Practice in the Life-World -- On the Autonomy of the Moral Agent -- Kierkegaard on Choosing Oneself and the Ground of the “Moral Sense” -- Conscience and Moral Responsibility -- Zen Morality within This World -- Society, Time, and Religious Imagination -- Morality and Corporeality -- The “Life-World” and the Axiological Approach in Ethics -- IV Dimensions of Moral Experience-with-the-Other -- Empathy and the Moral Point of View -- The Faces of Compassion: Toward a Post-Metaphysical Ethics -- The Moral Sense of Education in William James’ Philosophy -- V Intersubjectivity and the Modalities of Moral Communication -- The Phenomenology of the Thou -- The Curvature of Inter-subjective Space: Sociality and Responsibility in the Thought of Emmanuel Levinas -- Phenomenology and Communicative Ethics -- Art and Creativity in the Encounter between the Healthy and the Ill Person — The Moral Sense of Being Ill -- The Phenomenology of States of Health and Its Consequences for the Physician -- VI Truth, Norms, Freedom -- What Is Truth According to Husserl’s Life-World -- What Is Truth? -- La verité selon Hermès -- Norm and Facticity: Some Remarks on a Paradox of the Concept of the Life-World -- The Dialectics of “Freedom” and “Unfreedom” in the Psychiatric View -- Truth According to Eric Weil’s Logic of Philosophy -- Truth, Freedom, Art and the Task of the Social Sciences -- Truth in Religious Experience -- The “Truth” of Religion -- Norm and Value in the Horizon of the “Life-World” -- VII Controversies Concerning the Technological Meaningfulness of the Human World -- Technics, Ethics, and the Question of Phenomenology -- Nietzsches Thematisierung der Lebenswelt -- The Good in a Technological Society -- Closure in Retrospect: Edmund Husserl’s Moral Ideal for Mankind -- Life-World, History, and Ethics in a Husserlian Perspective -- The Evolution of Human Wisdom and Its Role in the Moral Education of Future Mankind -- The Universal Message of Husserl’s Ethics: An Explication of Some Ethical Premises in Transcendental Phenomenology -- Annex -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3773-4
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  • 24
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    Technology and Contemporary Life (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400939516
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (328p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Technology 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Technology Philosophy ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A Symposium on Albert Borgmann’s Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life -- I. A Discussion -- II. A Critical Appreciation -- III. Reply -- The Co-Relational Community and Technological Culture -- The Labor-Saving Device: Evidence of Responsibility? -- Symposium on Appropriate Technology -- I. A Conversation Concerning Technology: The “Appropriate” Technology Movement -- II. Appropriate Technology and Inappropriate Politics -- Reflections on the Autonomy of Technology: Biotechnology, Bioethics, and Beyond -- Lebenstechnik und Essen: Toward a Technological Ethics after Heidegger -- The Phenomenology of the Quotidian Artifact -- Symposium on Information Technologies -- I. Impact of Personal Information Technologies on American Education, Interpersonal Relations, and Business, 1985–2010 -- II. Information Technology, Citizens’ Rights, and Personnel Administration -- History, Nature, and Technology -- Technological Analogies and Their Logical Nature -- Public and Occupational Risk: The Double Standard -- Variety in Technology, Unity in Responsibility? -- Work and Technology: A Bibliographical Essay -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Nearly everyone agrees that life has changed in our technological society, whether the contrast is with earlier stages in Western culture or with non-Western cultures. "Modernization" is just one of various terms that have been applied to the process by which we have arrived at the peculiar lifestyle typical of our age; whatever the term for the process, almost all analysts agree in finding technology to be one of its key ingredients. This is the judgment of critics of all sorts - anthropologists, historians, literary figures, sociologists, theologians. Volume 4 in the Philosophy and Technology series brings the perspectives of philosophers to bear on the issue of characterizing contemporary life, mainly in high-technology societies. Some of the philosophers look at the issue directly. Others focus on work life - or on the living arrangements that surround or condition or offer refuge from work life in technological society. Still others reflect on particular technologies, especially biotechnology and computer technology, that are increasingly affecting both work and family life. There is also a paper on the nature of thinking in technologi­ cal praxis, along with two papers on whether it is appropriate to export this sort of thinking to Third World countries, and another paper on the issue of responsibility in technology - which would have fit better in volume 3 of the series, entitled Technology and Responsibility (1987). Finally, volume 4 closes with a broad-ranging bibliography that takes work and technology as its focus.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3951-6
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  • 25
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    Time and Meaning in History (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938458
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 101
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 101
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Ethics ; Philosophy—History. ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: The Status of History -- 2: The Subject and Process -- 3: Progress and Direction -- 4: Interaction, Actions and Events -- 5: Contexts and Individuals -- 6: Conditioning Situations and Decisions -- 7: Evaluations and Values -- 8: Rhythm of Time -- 9: The Settings and Ideologies -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: There are several characteristics of Nathan Rotenstreich's work which are striking: his thoughtful writings are both subtle and deep; they are steeped in his critical appreciation of other thinkers of this and preceding times, an appreciation which is formed by his learned understanding of the history of philosophy; and with all this, he has an original and independent intelligence. He has from time to time brought his skills to bear upon historical scholarship, most notably perhaps in his book Between Past and Present (1958, 2nd edition, 1973), his interpretive essays in the philosophy of history Philosophy, History and Politics (1976) and his scholarly work concerned with the influence of historical development upon modern Jewish thought, Tradition and Reality (1972). Related to these, and equally works of that philosophical humanity which Professor Rotenstreich embodies, are his Humanism in the Contemporary Era (1963), Spirit and Man: An Essay on Being and Value (1963) and Reflection and Action (1983). Rotenstreich combines both the naturalistic and the phenomenological attitudes in an interesting and illuminating way through the full spectrum of issues in the philosophy of history in this century. Surely he sets boundaries to any doubtful extrapolation. Not only would he bring the understanding of history back from those who claim it as only a positive science but equally would he prevent the transformation of that understanding into merely speculative inquiry.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3845-8
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  • 26
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    Beyond Theism and Atheism: Heidegger’s Significance for Religious Thinking (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400936836
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- Notes -- II. God is Dead: The Destruction of Onto-Theo-Logy -- 1. The Problem — The Theological Use of Heidegger -- 2. The Death of God and the Matter to be Thought -- 3. Heidegger and Theology? -- 4. Toward a Different Religious Thinking -- III. Religion as True: Disclosure of a World -- 1. The Problem — What is Truth? -- 2. Toward Ereignis — Meaning, World, Truth -- 3. Truth and the Plurality of Religions -- IV. Religion as Finding Man’s Place: Gods and the Fourfold -- 1. The Problem — Thinking the Divine -- 2. Gods, the God, and the Holy -- 3. Building and Dwelling — Mortals Amidst the Fourfold -- 4. Rethinking What is Divine -- V. Religion as Response: The Call of Being -- 1. The Problem — A Non-Metaphysical Thinking -- 2. Thinking — Responding and Corresponding -- 3. Thinking and Poetizing -- 4. Thanking — and the Piety of Thinking -- VI. Waiting: The Future of Religion and the Task of Thanking -- 1. The Problem — Hope and Nostalgia -- 2. Science and Religious Thinking -- 3. Deconstruction and Religious Thinking -- 4. Faith and Religious Thinking -- VII. A Pause on the Way -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Indices.
    Abstract: My first year in graduate school marked by initial expo­ sure to Heidegger and some of his important early essays. At tha~ time, disenchanted with the state in which "religious thought" lay, I was quickly struck by the potential Heidegger presented for breaking new ground in a field that had seeming­ ly exhausted itself by reworking the same old issues and answers. That insight, along with the conviction that Heideg­ ger had been misused and misunderstood by theologians and religious thinkers ever since he burst upon the intellectual scene with the publ ication of Sein und Zei t, grew throughout my graduate career and resulted in a dissertation on Heidegger and religious thinking, of which the present text is a revised and updated version. This text reflects my belief that Heid­ egger, when "properly" understood on such matters as truth, God (and gods), and "faith", presents us with a unique voice and vision that cannot be co-opted into any sort of theology -- be it negative, existential, dialectical or Thomistic -­ and indeed seriously challenges the viability of any "theol­ ogy".
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3683-6
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  • 27
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    Rationality: The Critical View (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400934917
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (490p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Rationality in General -- 1. Seven Desiderata for Rationality -- 2. Arguments for Skepticism -- 3. Skeptical Rationalism -- 4. The Sceptic at Bay -- 5. Esotericism -- 6. Science and the Search for Truth -- 7. Rationality and the Problem of Scientific Traditions -- 8. An Ethic of Cognition -- 9. Methodological Individualism and Institutional Individualism -- 10. Epistemology and Politics -- 11. The Concept of Decision -- 12. Galileo’s Knife -- 13. The Objectivity of Criticism of the Arts -- 14. What is Literature? -- 15. Utopia and the Architect -- II: Rationality and Criticism -- 16. Theories of Rationality -- 17. Rationality and Problem-Solving -- 18. The Choice of Problems and the Limits of Reason -- 19. Rationality and Criticism -- 20. On Explaining Beliefs -- 21. Historicist Relativism and Bootstrap Rationality -- 22. On Two Non-Justificationist Theories -- 23. A Critique of Good Reasons -- III: Rationality and Irrationality -- 24. The Problem of the Rationality of Magic -- 25. Magic and Rationality Again -- 26. A Study in Westernization -- 27. Is Face the Same as Li? -- 28. The Rationality of Dogmatism -- 29. The Rationality of Irrationalism -- For Further Reading -- Sources -- Biographical Sketches -- Name Index.
    Abstract: In our papers on the rationality of magic, we distinghuished, for purposes of analysis, three levels of rationality. First and lowest (rationalitYl) the goal­ directed action of an agent with given aims and circumstances, where among his circumstances we included his knowledge and opinions. On this level the magician's treatment of illness by incantation is as rational as any traditional doctor's blood-letting or any modern one's use of anti-biotics. At the second level (rationalitY2) we add the element of rational thinking or thinking which obeys some set of explicit rules, a level which is not found in magic in general, though it is sometimes given to specific details of magical thinking within the magical thought-system. It was the late Sir Edward E. Evans-Pritchard who observed that when considering magic in detail the magician may be as consistent or critical as anyone else; but when considering magic in general, or any system of thought in general, the magician could not be critical or even comprehend the criticism. Evans-Pritchard went even further: he was sceptical as to whether it could be done in a truly consistent manner: one cannot be critical of one's own system, he thought. On this level (rationalitY2) of discussion we have explained (earlier) why we prefer to wed Evans­ Pritchard's view of the magician's capacity for piece-meal rationality to Sir James Frazer's view that magic in general is pseudo-rational because it lacks standards of rational thinking.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3491-7
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  • 28
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    Rational Changes in Science : Essays on Scientific Reasoning (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937796
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 98
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 98
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Theoretical Considerations Concerning Rationality and Scientific Change -- How Not to Talk About Conceptual Change in Science -- The Myth of the Framework -- A New View of Scientific Rationality -- Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience -- Methodology, Heuristics, and Rationality -- II Rational Scientific Changes -- Galileo and Rationality: The Case of the Tides -- The Quest for Scientific Rationality: Some Historical Considerations -- The Rationality of Discovery: Galvani’s Animal Electricity -- The Rationality of Entertainment and Pursuit -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: THE PROBLEMS OF SCIENTIFIC RATIONALITY Fashion is a fickle mistress. Only yesterday scientific rationality enjoyed considerable attention, consideration, and even reverence among phi­ losophers; "but today's fashion leads us to despise it, and the matron, rejected and abandoned as Hecuba, complains; modo maxima rerum, tot generis natisque potens - nunc trahor exui, inops", to cite Kant for our purpose, who cited Ovid for his. Like every fashion, ours also has its paradoxical aspects, as John Watkins correctly reminds in an essay in this volume. Enthusiasm for science was high among philosophers when significant scientific results were mostly a promise, it declined when that promise became an undeniable reality. Nevertheless, as with the decline of any fashion, even the revolt against scientific rationality has some reasonable grounds. If the taste of the philosophical community has changed so much, it is not due to an incident or a whim. This volume is not about the history of and reasons for this change. Instead, it provides a view of the new emerging image of scientific rationality in both its philosophical and historical aspects. In particular, the aim of the contributions gathered here is to focus on the concept around which the discussions about rationality have mostly taken place: scientific change.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6
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  • 29
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    Foundational Reflections : Studies in Contemporary Philosophy (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935938
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: American University Publications in Philosophy 29
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 29
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; Phenomenology ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A Study of Foundationals -- I — Creativity in Building a Philosophy -- Studies in Philosophy of Religion -- II — The Reformulation of the Question as to the Existence of God -- III — Philosophical Idealism, the Irrational and the Personal -- IV — Passionate Reason -- V — Experience/Decision -- Studies in Existential Philosophy -- VI — The Second Stage of Kierkegaardian Scholarship in America -- VII — Albert Camus and the Ethics of Rebellion -- VIII — Karl Jaspers’ Christology -- IX — War, Politics, and Radical Pluralism -- X — Realism and Existentialism -- Studies in Analytic Philosophy -- XI — The a Priori, Intuitionism and Moral Language -- XII — Analytic Philosophy, Phenomenology, and the Concept of Consciousness.
    Abstract: The American University Publications In From its inception Philosophy has continued the direction stated in the sub-title of the initial volume that of probing new directions in philosophy. As the series has developed these probings of new directions have taken the two­ fold direction of exploring the relationships between the disparate traditions of twentieth century philosophy and with developing new insights into the foundations of some enduring philosophic problems. This present volume continues both of these directions. The interaction between twentieth-century Anglo-Saxon and Continental philosophy which was an implicit theme of our first and third volumes and the explicit subject of our second volume is here continued in a series of studies on major figures and topics in each tradition. In the context of these interpretative studies, Professor Durfee returns again and again to the question of the relationships between the will and the reason, and explores the conflicting goals of creativity and objectivity in formulating a philosophic position. In so doing he raises the issue as his title suggests - of the foundations of philosophy itself. He seriously challenges the belief common to both pheomenology and analytic philosophy that philosophizing can be a presuppositionless activity, objectively persued independent of the personal (and, perhaps, arbitrary) commitments of the philosopher. This issue, critical as it is to all forms of philosophy, is surely a worthy one for a series such as ours.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3593-8
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  • 30
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    Evolutionary Theory in Social Science (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400940055
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 4
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Basic Structures in Human Action. On the Relevance of Bio-Social Categories for Social Theory -- I. The Problem -- II. Some Preconditions of Behavioural Patterns -- III. Taking Phenotypes Seriously: Critical Remarks on Sociobiology -- IV. Secondary Type Explanations do not Explain away Primary Type Explanations -- V. Biosociology: A Levels Model of Man -- VI. The Incest Taboo: A Biosociological View -- VII. The Human Biogram and the Role of Cultural Institutionsl -- VIII. Conclusion -- Notes -- Evolutionary Models and Social Theory. Prospects and Problems -- I. Introduction -- II. Social Darwinism -- III. Animal Sociobiology -- IV. Human Sociobiology -- V. The Evolution of Morality -- VI. The Status of Morality -- VII. Relativism? -- VIII. Relatives, Friends, and Strangers -- IX. Prospects -- X. Conclusion -- Evolution, Causality and Human Freedom. The Open Society from a Biological Point of View -- I. Introduction -- II. The Systems-Theoretic Approach to Evolution: Darwin and Beyond -- III. The Evolution of Man: Beyond Determination and Destiny -- IV. The Evolution of Man: Beyond Physicalism and Mentalism -- V. Evolution and the Open Society -- VI. Conclusion -- Notes -- Collective Action and the Selection of Rules. Some Notes on the Evolutionary Paradigm in Social Theory -- I. On the Genesis of the Social Theory of Evolution -- II. The Logical Structure of a Theory of Structural Selection -- III. An Action-Theoretical Interpretation of the Theory of Structural Selection -- IV. The Heuristics of the Theory of Structural Selection -- V. Conclusion -- Notes -- Learning and the Evolution of Social Systems. An Epigenetic Perspective -- I. Evolution and the Role of the Epigenetic System -- II. Epigenesis and Evolution in Sociological Theorizing -- III. Epigenetic Developments and Social Evolution -- IV. An Epigenetic Theory of the Formation of the State -- V. Conclusion -- Notes -- Evolution and Political Control. A Synopsis of a General Theory of Politics -- I. Introduction -- II. The Theoretical Problem -- III. Evolutionary Causation -- IV. Functional Synergism -- V. The Cybernetic Model -- VI. A General Theory of Politics -- VII. Some Theoretical Implications -- VIII. Conclusion -- Media and Markets -- I. Introduction -- II. The Selectionist Program -- III. Money and Language: Two Models for General Media of Interaction -- IV. The Institutionalization of the Media Codes: Structural Requirements -- V. Communities, Hierarchies and Markets -- VI. Political, Socially Intergrative and Scientific Markets -- VII. Concluding Remarks: Media Between Inflation and Deflation -- Notes -- The Self as a Parasite. A Sociological Criticism of Popper’s Theory of Evolution -- I. Introduction -- II. Dualism, Trialism or Pluralism ? -- III. Descarters1 Problem -- IV. Propensities as Collective Social Forces: Durkheim -- V. The Self as a Parasite -- VI. Epistemology and the Knowing Subject -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In retrospect the 19th century tmdoubtedly seems to be the century of evolutionism. The 'discovery of time' and therewith the experience of variability was made by many sciences: not only historians worked on the elaboration and interpretation of this discovery, but also physicists, geographers, biologists and economists, demographers, archaelogists, and even philosophers. The successful empirical fotmdation of evolutive processes by Darwin and his disciples suggested Herbert Spencer's vigorously pursued efforts in searching for an extensive' catalogue of prime and deduced evolutionary principles that would allow to integrate the most different disciplines of natural and social sciences as well as the efforts of philosophers of ethics and epistemologists. Soon it became evident, however, that the claim for integration anticipated by far the actual results of these different disciplines. Darwin I s theory suffered from the fact that in the beginning a hereditary factor which could have his theory could not be detected, while the gainings of grotmd supported in the social sciences got lost in consequence of the completely ahistorical or biologistic speculations of some representatives of the evolutionary research programm and common socialdarwinistic misinterpretations.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4005-5
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  • 31
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    On the Nature of Health : An Action-Theoretic Approach (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401577687
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 204 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Anthropology ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: 1: Some Basic Issues in the Philosophy of Health -- 2: An Analytic Theory of Health: The Biostatistical Theory (BST) -- 3: Towards a Holistic Theory of Health -- 4: On the Factors Which Compromise Health -- 5: On Some Societal and Scientific Consequences of the Welfare Notion of Health -- 6: Conclusions and Summary of the Welfare Theory of Health -- Appendix: On the Ontology of Diseases -- 1. A Classical Debate — Physiologism Versus Ontologism -- 2. The Problem of Historical Change -- 3. Towards a Reconstruction of Medical Ontology -- 4. Some Modern Definitions of Diseases -- 5. An Analysis of the Disease Concepts -- 6. Summary -- Notes.
    Abstract: GENERAL INTRODUCTION This study of the concept of health is an attempt to combine central ideas in modern philosophy of medicine with certain results from analytical action theory. What emerges from the study is a concept of health based on an action-theoretic foundation. A person's health is characterized as his ability to achieve his vital goals. The general conception is not new. This study has been inspired by a number of scholars, both ancient and modern. The most important influences from the latter have been those of Georges Canguilhem, H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. , Caroline Whitbeck and Ingmar Pörn. The novel aspect of this book consists of elaborations made to the general conception. First, the action-theoretic platform is analysed in some detail. The nature of the ability involved, as well as the conditions for having that ability, are specified. Second, the vital goals of man are given considerable attention. Some previous attempts to define such vital goals are analysed and criticized. A new characterization is proposed, in which the vital goals are conceptually linked to the notion of happiness. A person's vital goals are such states of affairs as are necessary and together sufficient for his minimal happiness. Third, a number of consequences of this con­ ception are observed and analysed. One issue which is particularly empha­ sized is that ofwhether the concept ofhealth is a theoretical or a normative concept.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7768-7
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  • 32
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    Ethical Emotivism (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935075
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: I The Theory of Value and the Rise of Ethical Emotivism -- i. The standard account -- ii. German and Austrian roots -- iii. Ayer and the Vienna Circle -- II Attitudes, Beliefs and Disagreements -- i. Introductory -- ii. Attitudes and beliefs: interest and cognition -- iii. Disagreement in belief and disagreement in attitude -- III Emotive Meaning: Marty to Ayer -- i. Introductory -- ii. Marty -- iii. Ogden and Richards -- iv. Ayer -- IV Emotive Meaning: Stevenson -- i. Morris and pragmatic meaning -- ii. Dispositions and the causal theory of meaning -- iii. A confusion of two theses -- iv. The pragmatic meaning question: emotive meaning and descriptive meaning -- v. Emotive meaning and human social nature -- V Perry, Hume and the Rejection of Naturalism -- i. Introductory; Hume and Stevenson -- ii. Perry’s interest theory -- iii. Stevenson’s rejection of Perry -- iv. Stevenson on Hume -- v. Further on Hume and emotivism -- vi. Sympathy, the is/ought gap and motivation -- VI Reasons and Persuasion -- i. Introductory -- ii. Ethical argument -- iii. The two patterns of analysis and the issue of relevance -- iv. Further on the two patterns; naturalistic fallacy; self-persuasion -- VII Hare’s Critique of Emotivism -- i. Introductory -- ii. Hare: two groups of verbs and six differences -- VIII Does Prescriptivism Supersede Emotivism? -- i. Introductory -- ii. General criticism -- iii. Emotivism vs. prescriptivism -- iv. Moral thinking: two levels.
    Abstract: The primary contributions of this work are in three overlapping categories: (i) the history of ideas (and in particular the history of the idea of value) and moral philosophy in both continental and Anglo-American traditions, (ii) the identification and interpretation of ethical emotivism as one of the major twentieth-century ethical theories, and (iii) the evolution of a philosophically viable form of ethical emotivism as an alternative to utilitarianism and Kantianism. In addition, along the way, many particular points are touched upon, e. g. , the relation of Hume to Stevenson and emotivism, the facti value distinction, and human emotional and social nature. The work begins by challenging the received account of the development of twentieth-century moral philosophy, i. e. , the account that occurs in all the recognized historical books (such as G. c. Kerner, The Revolution in Ethical Theory, Oxford, 1966; G. 1. Warnock, Contemporary Moral Philosophy, London, 1967; W. D. Hudson, Modern Moral Philosophy, London, 1967; Mary Warnock, Ethics Since 1900, 3rd ed. , Oxford, 1978; and W. D. Hudson, A Century of Moral Philosophy, New York, 1980). This received account is not only the property of scholars of the history of recent moral philosophy but is also generally assumed by philosophers themselves, and is repeated quite uncritically in the literature at large.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3507-5
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  • 33
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    Search Without Idols (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400934931
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (408p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Ethics ; Self. ; Philosophy of mind.
    Abstract: I Toward a New Perspective on Totalities -- 1 The dimensions and language of transcendence -- 2 Reification and the birth of totalities -- 3 The nature and the meaning of the totalist -- 4 Projectivism and the finite search for wholeness -- 5 Projectivism and the dismantling of totalities -- II A Critical Look at Modern Totalities -- Section one: Marxist literature -- 6 Marx and history -- 7 Sociology, ontology and totality in Georg Lukacs -- 8 The critique of domination in the Frankfurt School -- Section two: Totalisms in phenomenology and phenomenological ontology -- 9 Husserl’s world of infinite transcendence -- 10 From Dasein to Being in Heidegger’s totality -- 11 Totalism versus subjectivism in Gadamer’s hermeneutics -- 12 Finite transcendence and its idol: infinite transcendence.
    Abstract: Search Without Idols is a study of human transcendence in the context of human striving, projecting, surpassing, overcoming. This power is central to man's search for wholeness. Such transcendence makes reality tolerable. It provides us with ~m impressive array of human responses which enable us to cope. But it also provides the excesses that go beyond human striving. Nothing seems to be off-limits to this ubiquitous power. Such a state of surpassing limits is what we find in the relation between the human search for wholeness and the quest for external totalities which lies beyond the human context. Such soaring flights beyond the capacity of human striving are hard to control, impossible to show responsibility-for and beyond the reach of criteria. The reach exceeds both our grasp and our control. Transcendence, then, is a greatly used and much abuse~ human power. Its activities have never ceased to amaze me, its excesses have always troubled me even from the beginning of my studies. This book is not an exercise in self-clarification. I have some thoughts on the matter which I wish to share with the reader. Perhaps we can mutually appreciate the great gift without compromising our sanity. Part I will provide a new look at the meaning of transcendence.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3493-1
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  • 34
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    Roads to Commensurability (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937772
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 187
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Stegmüller on Kuhn and Incommensurability -- 1. The Structuralist View of Theories -- 2. An Analysis of the Structuralist Concept of Reduction -- 3. Further Consequences -- 2. Structuralist Criteria of Commensurability -- 1. Balzer on Incommensurability -- 2. A Response -- 3. Adequacy of Translation and More on Uniform Reduction -- 4. The Structuralist Criteria Rejected -- 3. Research Traditions, Incommensurability and Scientific Progress -- 1. Problem-Solving Models of Science -- 2. Laudan on Incommensurability -- 3. Laudan’s Second Thesis -- 4. Progress and the Problem-Solving Model -- 4. The Logic of Reducibility -- 1. Types of Reduction -- 2. Generalisations -- 3. Reconstructions -- 4. Further Properties -- 5. Criteria of Adequacy: Some Fallacies Exposed -- 5. Theory Dynamics, Continuity and Problem-Solving -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Aspects of Problem-Solving -- 3. Research Traditions and Theory Ensembles -- 4. Theory Change and Relations between Ensembles -- 5. Theory Change and Continuity -- 6. Ensembles and the Problem-Solving Model of Progress -- 6. Meaning Change and Translatability -- 1. Meaning and Conceptual Change -- 2. Stability of Reference -- 3. Indeterminacy of Reference -- 4. Kuhn and Feyerabend against Translation -- 7. Two Routes to Commensurability -- 1. Comparability, Rationality, Translatability -- 2. Ontology and Conceptual Frameworks -- 3. The Translation of CM into RM -- 4. Explanation and Meaning -- 5. Scientific Change and Rationality: Some Tentative Conclusions -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: How many miles to Babylon? Three-score and ten. Can I get there by candle-light? Yes, and back again. If your heels are nimble dnd light, You may get there by candle-light. Any philosopher who takes more than a fleeting interest in the sciences and their development must at some stage confront the issue of incommensurability in one or other of its many manifes­ tations. For the philosopher of science concerned with problems of conceptual change and the growth of knowledge, matters of incommensurability are of paramount concern. After many years of skating over, skimming through and skirting round this issue in my studies of intertheory relations in science, I decided to take the plunge and make the problem of incommensurability the central and unifying theme of a book. The present volume is the result of that decision. My interest in problems of comparability and commensurability in science was awakened in the formative years of my philosophi­ cal studies by my teacher, Jerzy Giedymin. From him I have learnt not only to enjoy philosophical problems but also to beware of simpleminded solutions to them. The vibrant seminars of Paul Feyerabend held at Sussex University in 1974 left me in no doubt that incommensurability was, and would remain, a major topic of debate and dispute in the philosophical study of human knowledge.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3777-2
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  • 35
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    Measurement, Realism and Objectivity : Essays on Measurement in the Social and Physical Sciences (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400939196
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 5
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Ontology of Intelligence -- Quantum Measurement and Bell’s Theorem -- Qualified Quantities: Towards an Arithmetic of Real Experience -- Punctuated Equilibrium Theory and Time: A Case Study in Problems of Coherence in the Measurement of Geological Time (The ‘KBS’ Tuff Controversy and the Dating of Rocks in the Turkana Basin, East Kenya) -- Einstein, the Hole Argument and the Reality of Space -- Measurement and Objectivity: Some Problems of Energy Technology -- Freudian Forces -- The Metaphysics of Measurement -- On Ellis’ Theory of Quantities -- Comments on Swoyer and Forge -- Comments on Forge and Swoyer -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The institutionalization of History and Philosophy of Science as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour began comparatively earl- though not always under that name - in the Australasian region. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne immediately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appoint­ ments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and 1960s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia and in New Zealand. "Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science" aims to provide a distinctive publication outlet for Australian and New Zealand scholars working in the general area of history, philosophy and social studies of science. Each volume comprises a group of essays on a connected theme, edited by an Australian or a New Zealander with special expertise in that particular area. Papers address general issues, however, rather than local ones; parochial topics are avoided. Further­ more, though in each volume a majority of the contributors is from Australia or New Zealand, contributions from elsewhere are by no means ruled out. Quite the reverse, in fact - they are actively encour­ aged wherever appropriate to the balance of the volume in question.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3919-6
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  • 36
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    Philosophy and the Visual Arts : Seeing and Abstracting (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Royal Institute of Philosophy Conferences 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Humanities ; Aesthetics ; Arts. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Abstracting and Depicting -- Depiction and the Golden Calf -- Painting, Expression, Abstraction -- Dimensions of Meaning -- Cubism — abstract or realist? -- Representing and Abstracting -- Alienation and Disalienation in Abstract Art -- On Attempting to Define Abstract Art -- On Being an Abstract Artist -- II Depicting Colours -- Identity, Predication and Colour -- Colour Systems and Perception in Early Abstract Painting -- Colour, Culture and Cinematography -- Form and Meaning in Colour -- Colour Appearances and the Colour Solid -- III The Limits of Depiction -- Perspective and Meaning: Illusion, Allusion and Collusion -- Looking at Pictures and Looking at Things -- Some New Problems in Perspective -- The Limits of Portrayal -- Bibliography of Works Cited.
    Abstract: This volume consists of papers given to the Royal Institute of Philos­ ophy Conference on 'Philosophy and the Visual Arts: Seeing and Abstracting' given at the University of Bristol in September 1985. The contributors here come about equally from the disciplines of Philosophy and Art History and for that reason the Conference was hosted jointly by the Bristol University Departments of Philosophy and History of Art. Other conferences sponsored by the Royal Institute of Philosophy have been concerned with links between Philosophy and related disciplines, but here, with the generous support of South West Arts and with the enthusiastic co-operation of the staff of the Arnolfini Gallery in Bristol we were able to attempt even more in the way of bridge building; not only were we able to hold some of our meetings in as possible to the general the Gallery, thus making them as accessible public, but we were also privileged in having our discussions supported by two exhibitions of contemporary painting that together presented contrasting aspects of the abstracting enterprise. One, featuring works by Ian McKeever, and drawings and painting by Frank Auerbach, some of which are discussed and illustrated in the present volume, was about the painterly exploration of 'abstracting from' images in nature and in painting itself. The other, curated by Waldemar Januszczak, while showing some figurative works, was concerned with the 'pure' power of colour perceived 'abstractly, in its own right.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3847-2
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  • 37
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    Forbidden Knowledge : And Other Essays on the Philosophy of Cognition (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937710
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: One/Forbidden Knowledge: Moral Limits of Scientific Research -- 1. A Range of Positions -- 2. Regulation vs. Laissez Faire -- 3. Moral Limits Pertain to Different Aspects of Knowledge -- 4. Can Knowledge as Such be Morally Inappropriate? -- 5. Knowledge is Only One Good among Others -- 6. The Enforcement of Morals -- 7. Coda -- Two/Truth as Ideal Coherence -- 1. The ‘Continuity Condition’ Relating a Criterion to the Definition of Truth -- 2. Truth as Ideal Coherence -- 3. Coherentism and Truth as Adequation -- 4. Postscript: The Gap Between the Real and the Ideal -- Three/Rationality and Consistency -- 1. Consistency: Initial Requisite or Ultimate Ideal? -- 2. Linearly Inferential vs. Dialectically Cyclic Reasoning -- 3. Ampliative vs. Reductive Reasoning -- 4. Two Very Different Sorts of Acceptability: Qualified vs. Outright Belief -- 5. Different Attitudes Towards Consistency -- 6. The Place of Dialectics in the Human Sciences -- 7. Must Inconsistency-Tolerance Be Motivated Epistemically? -- 8. Consistency as a Cognitive Ideal -- Four/An End to Science? -- 1. Is Scientific Discovery an Inherently Bounded Venture? -- 2. Nature Might Exhibit an Unending Complexity of Physical Constitution -- 3. Nature Might Exhibit an Unending Complexity of Lawful Comportment -- 4. The Phenomena of Nature Might Be Unendingly Diverse -- 5. The Basis for an Unending Prospect of Scientific Discovery Might Lie Wholly in the Character of Our Inquiry Processes -- 6. The Regulative Rationale for Supposing the Cognitive Inexhaustibility of Nature -- Five/On the Probabilistic Bearing of Testimony -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Reliability of Sources -- 3.The Knowledgeability of Sources -- 4. Some Variations -- 5. A Survey of Probative Virtues -- 6. The Taxicab Problem -- 7. Hume and Laplace on Human Testimony -- 8. Laplace on Testimonial Chains -- 9. The Moral of the Story -- Six/The Limits of Probabilistic Epistemology -- 1. The Probabilist Program -- 2. Probability Is Not Enough -- Seven/The Threefold Way -- 1. The Three Levels -- 2. Some Examples -- 3. Man as a Creature of the Threefold Way -- 4. The Question of Legitimacy: The Utility of the Ideal -- Eight/Number Idolatry and Fallacies of Quantification -- Nine/Life’s Seasons: The Conceptual Phenomenology of Age-Periodization -- 1. The General Idea of a Life Cycle -- 2. The Rationale of Human Age-Periodization Phase Transitions -- 3. The Diversity of Age -- 4. The Conventionality of Phase Transition -- 5. Thought Experiments -- 6. The Upshot -- 7. Broader Vistas -- Ten/Philosophical Taxonomy as A Philosophical Issue -- 1. The Shape of Philosophy: Some Ancient Views -- 2. The Middle Ages and Early Modern Times -- 3. A Later Picture -- 4. Taxonomic Dynamics -- 5. The Post-Kantian Transformation -- 6. Taxonomic Proliferation -- 7. The Contemporary Situation -- 8. The Problem of Progress -- 9. The Dialectic of the Individual and the Community -- 10. Conclusion -- Eleven/Is Philosophy a Guide to Life? -- 1. Philosophy: The Problematic Guide -- 2. The Problem of ‘Applied Philosophy’: Only One’s Own Philosophy Can Provide Guidance -- 3. What Philosophy Per Se Can Contribute -- 4. Some Examples of ‘Applied Philosophy’ in the Public Domain -- 5. The Limited Utility of Methodological Applications -- 6. A Danger of ‘Applied Philosophy’ -- Notes -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This volume collects together eleven essays in epistemology, written during the past three years. They are mostly unpublished, just four of them having appeared previously (numbers two, three, four and eleven). Detailed acknowledgement of prior publication is made in the notes to the relevant chapters. I am indebted to the editors of the several publications involved for their kind permission to use this material. And I am particularly grateful to my friend, Professor Mario Bunge, for his interest in my work and for his willingness to include this sample of it in his 'Episteme' series. NICHOLAS RESCHER Pittsburgh, PA December, 1986 xi INTRODUCTION The philosophy of knowledge covers a vast and enormously diversified terrain. Within this broad area, the essays that comprise the present book deal specifically with the following issues: 1. The moral dimension of inquiry - in particular, scientific inquiry into the ways of the world (Chapter 1) 2. The epistemic status of such cognitive 'values' of inquiry as - coherence (Chapter 2) - consistency (Chapter 3) - completeness (Chapter 4) 3. The cognitive bearing of probabilistic considerations (Chapters 5 and 6) 4. The epistemic status of certain ideal desiderata of cognition, such as - totality (Chapter 7) - precision (Chapter 8) - exactness (Chapter 9) 5.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3771-0
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  • 38
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    Self-Reference : Reflections on Reflexivity (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935518
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 368 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of mind.
    Abstract: Self-Reference: Reflections on Reflexivity -- Varieties of Self-Reference -- I: Informal Reflections -- Self-Reference and Meaning in a Natural Language -- Logical Rudeness -- The Pragmatic Paradox -- The Irreflexivity of Knowledge -- Argumentum ad Hominem With and Without Self-Reference Douglas Odegard -- II: Formal Reflections -- Formalized Self-Reference -- Quotation and Self-Reference -- Unstable Solutions to the Liar Paradox -- III: Specific Reflections -- Causation and Self-Reference -- Is Determinism Self-Refuting? -- The Equivocation Defense of Cognitive Relativism -- The Role of Retortion in the Cognitional Analyses of Lonergan and Polanyi -- Reflexivity and the Decentered Self -- IV: Bibliography -- A Bibliography of Works on Reflexivity -- About the Authors.
    Abstract: Self-reference, although a topic studied by some philosophers and known to a number of other disciplines, has received comparatively little explicit attention. For the most part the focus of studies of self-reference has been on its logical and linguistic aspects, with perhaps disproportionate emphasis placed on the reflexive paradoxes. The eight-volume Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, for example, does not contain a single entry in its index under "self-reference", and in connection with "reflexivity" mentions only "relations", "classes", and "sets". Yet, in this volume, the introductory essay identifies some 75 varieties and occurrences of self-reference in a wide range of disciplines, and the bibliography contains more than 1,200 citations to English language works about reflexivity. The contributed papers investigate a number of forms and applications of self-reference, and examine some of the challenges posed by its difficult temperament. The editors hope that readers of this volume will gain a richer sense of the sti11largely unexplored frontiers of reflexivity, and of the indispensability of reflexive concepts and methods to foundational inquiries in philosophy, logic, language, and into the freedom, personality and intelligence of persons.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3551-8
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  • 39
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    Philosophical Sovietology : The Pursuit of a Science (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400940314
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (282p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 50
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: J.M. Boche?ski’s Accomplishments as Philosophical Sovietologist -- The Philosophical-Sovietological Work of Gustav Andreas Wetter S.J. -- G.A. Wetter: Selected Sovietological Works -- The Myth of Marx’ Materialism -- Appendix I: A Critical Examination of Engels’ Tendentious Editing of the First English Translation of Das Kapital, Volume 1 -- Appendix II: A Comparison of the First French Translation of Das Kapital, Volume 1 (in which Marx was heavily involved) with the Engels Edition -- George L. Kline: Writings on Russian and Soviet Philosophy -- George L. Kline: Writings on Marx, Engels, and Non-Russian Marxism -- Kline on Marx and Marxism -- George L. Kline’s Influence on the Study of Russian and Soviet Philosophy in the United States.
    Abstract: On February 24-25, 1956, in a closed session of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Nikita S. Khrushchev made his now famous speech on the crimes of the Stalin era. That speech marked a break with the past and it marked the end of what J.M. Bochenski dubbed the "dead period" of Soviet philosophy. Soviet philosophy changed abruptly after 1956, especially in the area of dialectical materialism. Yet most philosophers in the West neither noticed nor cared. For them, the resurrection of Soviet philosophy, even if believable, was of little interest. The reasons for the lack of belief and interest were multiple. Soviet philosophy had been dull for so long that subtle differences made little difference. The Cold War was in a frigid period and reinforced the attitude of avoiding anything Soviet. Phenomenology and exis­ tentialism were booming in Europe and analytic philosophy was king on the Anglo-American philosophical scene. Moreover, not many philosophers in the West knew or could read Russian or were motivated to learn it to be able to read Soviet philosophical works. The launching of Sputnik awakened the West from its self­ complacent slumbers. Academic interest in the Soviet Union grew.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4031-4
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  • 40
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    Amor Mundi : Explorations in the Faith and Thought of Hannah Arendt (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935655
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston College Studies in Philosophy 26
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: The Faith of Hannah Arendt: Amor Mundi and its Critique-Assimilation of Religious Experience -- Labor, Work, Action -- Collective Responsibility -- The Deputy : Guilt by Silence? -- Enspirited Words and Deeds:Christian Metaphors Implicit in Arendt’s Concept of Personal Action -- Elusive Neighborliness: Hannah Arendt’s Interpretation of Saint Augustine -- Contemplative in Action -- Natality, Amor Mundi and Nuclearism in the Thought of Hannah Arendt -- Hannah Arendt’s Constitutional Thought -- The Banality of Virtue: Reflections on Hannah Arendt’s Reinterpretation of Political Ethics -- About our Contributors.
    Abstract: The title of our collection is owed to Hannah Arendt herself. Writing to Karl Jaspers on August 6, 1955, she spoke of how she had only just begun to really love the world and expressed her desire to testify to that love in the title of what came to be published as The Human Condition: "Out of gratitude, I want to call my book about political theories Arnor Mundi. "t In retrospect, it was fitting that amor mundi, love of the world, never became the title of only one of Arendt's studies, for it is the theme which permeates all of her thought. The purpose of this volume's a- ticles is to pay a critical tribute to this theme by exploring its meaning, the cultural and intellectual sources from which it derives, as well as its resources for conte- porary thought and action. We are privileged to include as part of the collection two previously unpu- lished lectures by Arendt as well as a rarely noticed essay which she wrote in 1964. Taken together, they engrave the central features of her vision of amor mundi. Arendt presented "Labor, Work, Action" on November 10, 1964, at a conference "Christianity and Economic Man:Moral Decisions in an Affluent Society," which 2 was held at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3565-5
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  • 41
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    Cognitive Strategies in Stochastic Thinking (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938250
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 2
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Psychology. ; Probabilities.
    Abstract: Toward an Understanding of Individual Decision Making Under Uncertainty -- I -- The ‘Base-Rate Fallacy’ — Heuristics and/or the Modeling of Judgmental Biases by Information Weights -- A Conceptualization of the Multitude of Strategies in Base-Rate Problems -- Modes of Thought and Problem Framing in the Stochastic Thinking of Students and Experts (Sophisticated Decision Makers) -- II -- Stochastic Thinking, Modes of Thought, and A Framework for the Process and Structure of Human Information Processing.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3825-0
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  • 42
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    Religion and Human Purpose : A Cross Disciplinary Approach (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400934832
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Deutsch, Eliot Religion and Human Purpose: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach. William Horosz , Tad Clements 1988
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I From the Philosophical Perspective -- 1. Linguistic Philosophy and ‘The Meaning of Life’ -- 2. Phenomenology of Religion and Human Purpose -- 3. The Concept of Purpose in a Naturalistic Humanist Perspective -- 4. The Recovery of Human Purpose in the Religious Life -- II From the Religious Perspective -- 5. Orthodox Judaism and Human Purpose -- 6. Liberal Judaism and the Human Purpose -- 7. Human Purposiveness in St. Thomas Aquinas -- 8. The Concept of Purpose in Reformation Thought -- 9. The Liberal Commitment to Divine Immanence -- III From the Perspective of Indian Religion -- 10. Purpose of Man in the Tradition of Indian Orthodoxy -- 11. The Concepts of Man and Human Purpose in Contemporary Indian Thought.
    Abstract: The cross-disciplinary studies in this volume are of special interest because they link human purpose to the present debate between religion and the process of secularization. If that debate is to be a creative one, the notion of the 'human orderer' must be related significantly both to the sacred and secular realms. In fact, if man were not a purposive being, he would have neither religious nor secular problems. Questions about origins and destiny, divine purposiveness and the order of human development, would not arise as topics of human concern. It would appear, then, that few would deny the fact of man's purposiveness in existence, that the pursuit of these purposes constitutes the dramas of history and culture. Yet the case is otherwise. For, concerning 'purposes' itself, widely divergent, even antithetical, views have been held. The common man has mistrusted its guidance for purpose, much too often, 'changes its mind'. Its fluctuations and whimsical nature are too much even for common sense. The sciences have identified purpose with the personal life and viewed it as a function of the subject self. Consequently they had no need for it in scientific method and objective knowledge. The religions of the world have used purpose in its holistic sense, for purposes of establishing grandious systems of religious totality and for stating the ultimate goals in man's destiny.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3483-2
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  • 43
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    Time, The Physical Magnitude (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938113
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 99
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 99
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 Generalities -- 1.1. Introductory Remarks -- 2 Lawlike Equivalence Between Time and Space -- 2.1. More Than Two Millennia of Euclidean Geometry -- 2.2. The Three Centuries of Newtonian Mechanics: Universal Time and Absolute Space -- 2.3. Three Centuries of Kinematical Optics -- 2.4. Today’s Nec Plus Ultra of Metrology and Chronometry: ‘Equivalence’ of Space and Time -- 2.5. Entering the Four-Dimensional Spacetime Paradigm -- 2.6. The Magic of Spacetime Geometry -- 3 Lawlike Time Symmetry and Factlike Irreversibility -- 3.1. Overview -- 3.2. Phenomenological Irreversibility -- 3.3. Retarded Causality as a Statistical Concept. Arrowless Microcausality -- 3.4. Irreversibility as a Cosmic Phenomenon -- 3.5. Lawlike Reversibility and Factlike Irreversibility in the Negentropy-Information Transition -- 4 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and the Problem of Becoming -- 4.1. Overview -- 4.2. 1900-1925: The Quantum Springs Out, and Spreads -- 4.3. 1925—1927: The Dawn of Quantum Mechanics with a Shadow: Relativistic Covariance Lost -- 4.4. 1927–1949: From Quantum Mechanics to Quantum Field Theory: Relativistic Covariance Slowly Recovered -- 4.5. Parity Violations andCPT Invariance -- 4.6. Paradox and Paradigm: The Einstein— Podolsky—Rosen Correlations -- 4.7.S-Matrix, Lorentz-and-CPT Invariance, And the Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen Correlations -- 5 An Outsider’s View of General Relativity -- 5.1. On General Relativity -- 5.2. An Outsider’S Look at Cosmology, and Overall Conclusions -- Notes -- Added in Proof -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In an age characterized by impersonality and a fear of individuality this book is indeed unusual. It is personal, individualistic and idiosyncratic - a record of the scientific adventure of a single mind. Most scientific writing today is so depersonalized that it is impossible to recognize the man behind the work, even when one knows him. Costa de Beauregard's scientific career has focused on three domains - special relativity, statistics and irreversibility, and quantum mechanics. In Time, the Physical Magnitude he has provided a personal vade mecum to those problems, concepts, and ideas with which he has been so long preoccupied. Some years ago we were struck by a simple and profound observa­ tion of Mendel Sachs, the gist of which follows. Relativity is based on very simple ideas but, because it requires highly complicated mathe­ matics, people find it difficult. Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, derives from very complicated principles but, since its mathematics is straightforward, people feel they understand it. In some ways they are like the bourgeois gentilhomme of Moliere in that they speak quantum mechanics without knowing what it is. Costa de Beauregard recognizes the complexity of quantum mechanics. A great virtue of the book is that he does not hide or shy away from the complexity. He exposes it fully while presenting his ideas in a non-dogmatic way.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3811-3
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  • 44
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    Evolutionary Epistemology : A Multiparadigm Program (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400939677
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (476p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 190
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Background -- Evolutionary Epistemology Today: Converging Views from Philosophy, the Natural and the Social Sciences -- The Meaning of Entropy -- Evolutionary Epistemology and the Synthesis of Biological and Social Science -- Epistemology of Evolutionary Theories -- Cognisance of Consciousness in the Study of Animal Knowledge -- II: Evolutionary Approaches to Science and Technology -- Selection Theory and the Sociology of Scientific Validity -- Variation and Selection: Scientific Progress Without Rationality -- Evolutionary Epistemology and Sociology of Science -- What Evolutionary Epistemology Is Not -- The Philosophical Significance of an Evolutionary Epistemology -- Homo Sapiens, Homo Faber, Homo Socians: Technology and the Social Animal -- III: The Piagetian Approach -- Is Piaget’s “Genetic Epistemology” Evolutionary? -- The Genesis of Atomic Physics and the Biography of Ideas -- Sensorimotor Emergence: Proposing a Computational “Syntax” -- Evolutionary Epistemology, Genetic Epistemology, History and Neurology -- IV: Extensions and Applications -- The Exchange of Genetic Information Between Organisms of Distinct Origin Can Play an Important Role in Evolution -- Fermat’s Last Theorem Seen as an Exercise in Evolutionary Epistemology -- Language and Evolutionary or Dynamic Epistemology -- The Evolutionary Explanation of Beliefs -- V: Bibliographies -- Evolutionary Epistemology Bibliography -- General Bibliography.
    Abstract: This volume has its already distant or1g1n in an inter­ national conference on Evolutionary Epistemology the editors organized at the University of Ghent in November 1984. This conference aimed to follow up the endeavor started at the ERISS (Epistemologically Relevant Internalist Sociology of Science) conference organized by Don Campbell and Alex Rosen­ berg at Cazenovia Lake, New York, in June 1981, whilst in­ jecting the gist of certain current continental intellectual developments into a debate whose focus, we thought, was in danger of being narrowed too much, considering the still underdeveloped state of affairs in the field. Broadly speaking, evolutionary epistemology today con­ sists of two interrelated, yet qualitatively distinct inves­ tigative efforts. Both are drawing on Darwinian concepts, which may explain why many people have failed to discriminate them. One is the study of the evolution of the cognitive apparatus of living organisms, which is first and foremost the province of biologists and psychologists (H. C. Plotkin, Ed. , Learning, Development, and Culture: Essays in Evolu­ tionary Epistemology, New York, Wiley, 1984), although quite a few philosophers - professional or vocational - have also felt the need to express themselves on this vast subject (F. M. Wuketits, Ed. , Conce ts and Approaches in Evolutionary Epistemology, Dordrecht Boston, Reidel, 1984). The other approach deals with the evolution of science, and has been dominated hitherto by (allegedly) 'naturalized' philosophers; no book-length survey of this literature is available at present.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3967-7
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  • 45
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    Sexuality and Medicine : Volume II: Ethical Viewpoints in Transition (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401539432
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Table of Contents Volume II -- Section I: Reproduction, Medicine, and Morals -- Sexual Ethics: Some Perspectives from the History of Philosophy -- Medicine and the Control of Reproduction -- On the Connection of Sex to Reproduction -- Having Sex and Making Love: The Search for Morality in Eros -- Section II: Society, Sexuality, and Medicine -- Sex, Society, Medicine: An Historical Comment -- The Clinician as Sexual Philosopher -- The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association: Classifying Sexual Disorders -- Changing Life-Styles and Medical Practice -- Human Sexuality: Counselling and Treatment in a Family Medicine Practice -- Sex Research and Therapy: On the Morality of the Methods, Practices and Procedures -- Section III: Religion, Medicine, and Moral Controversy -- Theological Approaches to Sexuality: An Overview -- Contemporary Controversies in Sexual Ethics: A Case Study in Post-Vatican II Moral Theology -- Transsexual Surgery: Some Reflections on the Moral Issues Involved -- The Irrelevance of Theology for Sexual Ethics -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: It may be unnecessary to some to publish a text on sexuality in 1986 since the popular press speaks of the sexual revolution as if it were over and was possibly a mistake. Some people characterize society as too sexually obsessed, and there is an undercurrent of desire for a return to a supposedly simpler and happier time when sex was not openly dis­ cussed, displayed, taught or even, presumedly, contemplated. Indeed, we are experiencing something of a backlash against open sexuality and sexual liberation. For example, during the '60s and '70s tolerance of homosexual persons and homosexuality increased. Of late there has been a conservative backlash against gay-rights laws. Sexual intercourse before marriage, which had been considered healthy and good, has been, of late, characterized as promiscuous. In fact, numer­ ous articles have appeared about the growing popularity of sexual abstinence. There is a renewed vigor in the fight against sex education in the schools, and an 'anti-pornography' battle being waged by those on the right and those on the left who organize under the guise of such worthy goals as deterring child abuse and rape, but who are basically uncomfortable with diverse expressions of sexuality. One would hope that such trends, and the ignorance about sex and sexuality that they reflect, would not touch medical professionals. That Dr.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-3943-2
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  • 46
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    Perspectives on Mind (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400940338
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (436p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 194
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of mind
    Abstract: One: Brain States, Machine States, and Consciousness -- 1.1 Consciousness -- A Question About Consciousness -- Rey Cogitans: The Unquestionability of Consciousness -- 1.2 Correspondence -- Brain States and Psychological Phenomena -- Psychophysical Correspondence: Sense and Nonsense -- 1.3 Representation -- Husserl and the Representational Theory of Mind -- Meaning and Mental Representation -- Husserl’s Epiphenomenology -- Two: Structures of Mental Processing -- 2.1 Qualia -- Testing Robots for Qualia -- Qualia, Functional Equivalence, and Computation -- Animals, Qualia, and Robots -- 2.2 Intentionality -- Mechanism and Intentionality: The New World Knot -- Knotty, Knotty: Comments on Nelson’s “New World Knot” -- Intentionality, Folk Psychology, and Reduction -- 2.3 Transaction -- Intentional Transaction as a Primary Structure of Mind -- Sophist vs. Skeptic: Two Paradigms of Intentional Transaction -- Commentary on Tuedio’s “Intentional Transaction” -- 3. Mind, Meaning, and Language -- 3.1 Schemas -- Schemas, Cognition, and Language: Toward a Naturalist Account of Mind -- Naturalism, Schemas, and the Real Philosophical Issues in Contemporary Cognitive Science -- Schemas, Persons, and Reality—A Rejoinder -- 3.2 Background -- Background Knowledge and Natural Language Understanding -- Internality, Externality, and Intentionality -- Objects and Fields -- 3.3 Translation -- Meaning Making: Some Functional Aspects -- Comments on Otto on Translation -- Blindness to Silence: Some Dysfunctional Aspects of Meaning Making -- Four: Prospects for Dialogue and Synthesis -- 4.1 Convergence -- Pragmatism, Phenomenology, and the Psychological Sciences -- The Soft Impeachment: Responding to Margolis -- In Defense of Pluralism -- 4.2 Dialogue -- Epilogue: Toward A New Agenda for Philosophy of Mind -- Appendices -- Footnotes -- Name Index -- List of Authors.
    Abstract: Phenomenology and analytic philosophy have skirmished often, but seldom in ways conducive to dialectical progress. Generally, the skirmishes seem more "political" than philosophical, as when one side ridicules the methods of the other or criticizes the viability of the other's issues and assump­ tions. Analytic interest in third person objectivity is often spurned by Continental philosophers as being unduly abstract. Continental interest in first person subjectivity is often criticized by analysts as being muddled and imprecise. Logical analysis confronts the power of metaphor and judges it "too ambiguous" for rigorous philosophical activity. The language of metaphor confronts the power of logical analysis and deems it "too restric­ tive" for describing the nature and structures of authentic human exper­ ience. But are the two approaches really incompatible? Perhaps because each side of the "divide" has been working at problems largely uninteresting to the "opposition" it has been easy to ignore or underestimate the importance of this issue. But now each side is being led into a common field of problems associated with the nature of mind, and there is a new urgency to the need for examining carefully the question of conceptual compatibility and the potential for dialogue. Analytic thinkers are typically in the business of concept clarification and objective certi­ fication. Continental philosophers employ introspection in the interest of a project of description and classification that aims to be true to the full subtlety and complexity of the human condition.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4033-8
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  • 47
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    Truthlikeness (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937390
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (548p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 185
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Linguistics. ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: 1. Distance and Similarity -- 1.1. Metric Spaces and Distances -- 1.2. Topological Spaces and Uniformities -- 1.3. Degrees of Similarity -- 1.4. The Pragmatic Relativity of Similarity Relations -- 2. Logical Tools -- 2.1. Monadic Languages NL -- 2.2. Q-Predicates -- 2.3. State Descriptions -- 2.4. Structure Descriptions -- 2.5. Monadic Constituents -- 2.6. Monadic Languages with Identity -- 2.7. Polyadic Constituents -- 2.8. Distributive Normal Forms -- 2.9. First-Order Theories -- 2.10. Inductive Logic -- 2.11. Nomic Constituents -- 3. Quantities, State Spaces, and Laws -- 3.1. Quantities and Metrization -- 3.2. From Conceptual Systems to State Spaces -- 3.3. Laws of Coexistence -- 3.4. Laws of Succession -- 3.5. Probabilistic Laws -- 4. Cognitive Problems, Truth, and Information -- 4.1. Open and Closed Questions -- 4.2. Cognitive Problems -- 4.3. Truth -- 4.4. Vagueness -- 4.5. Semantic Information -- 5. The Concept of Truthlikeness -- 5.1. Truth, Error, and Fallibilism -- 5.2. Probability and Verisimilitude -- 5.3. Approach to the Truth -- 5.4. Truth: Parts and Degrees -- 5.5. Degrees of Truth: Attempted Definitions -- 5.6. Popper’s Qualitative Theory of Truth-likeness -- 5.7. Quantitative Measures of Verisimilitude -- 6. The Similarity Approach to TruthLikeness -- 6.1. Spheres of Similarity -- 6.2. Targets -- 6.3. Distance on Cognitive Problems -- 6.4. Closeness to the Truth -- 6.5. Degrees of Truthlikeness -- 6.6. Comparison with the Tichý—Oddie Approach -- 6.7. Distance between Statements -- 6.8. Distance from Indefinite Truth -- 6.9. Cognitive Problems with False Presuppositions -- 7. Estimation of Truthlikeness -- 7.1. The Epistemic Problem of Truthlikeness -- 7.2. Estimated Degrees of Truthlikeness -- 7.3. Probable Verisimilitude -- 7.4. Errors of Observation -- 7.5. Counterfactual Presuppositions and Approximate Validity -- 8. Singular Statements -- 8.1. Simple Qualitative Singular Statements -- 8.2. Distance between State Descriptions -- 8.3. Distance between Structure Descriptions -- 8.4. Quantitative Singular Statements -- 9. Monadic Generalizations -- 9.1. Distance between Monadic Constituents -- 9.2. Monadic Constituents with Identity -- 9.3. Tichý—Oddie Distances -- 9.4. Existential and Universal Generalizations -- 9.5. Estimation Problem for Generalizations -- 10. Polyadic Theories -- 10.1. Distance between Polyadic Constituents -- 10.2. Complete Theories -- 10.3. Distance between Possible Worlds -- 10.4. First-Order Theories -- 11. Legisimilitude -- 11.1. Verisimilitude vs Legisimilitude -- 11.2. Distance between Nomic Constituents -- 11.3. Distance between Quantitative Laws -- 11.4. Approximation and Idealization -- 11.5. Probabilistic Laws -- 12. Verisimilitude as an Epistemic Utility -- 12.1. Cognitive Decision Theory -- 12.2. Epistemic Utilities: Truth, Information, and Truthlikeness -- 12.3. Comparison with Levi’s Theory -- 12.4. Theoretical and Pragmatic Preference -- 12.5. Bayesian Estimation -- 13. Objections Answered -- 13.1. Verisimilitude as a Programme -- 13.2. The Problem of Linguistic Variance -- 13.3. Progress and Incommensurability -- 13.4. Truthlikeness and Logical Pragmatics -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The modern discussion on the concept of truthlikeness was started in 1960. In his influential Word and Object, W. V. O. Quine argued that Charles Peirce's definition of truth as the limit of inquiry is faulty for the reason that the notion 'nearer than' is only "defined for numbers and not for theories". In his contribution to the 1960 International Congress for Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science at Stan­ ford, Karl Popper defended the opposite view by defining a compara­ tive notion of verisimilitude for theories. was originally introduced by the The concept of verisimilitude Ancient sceptics to moderate their radical thesis of the inaccessibility of truth. But soon verisimilitudo, indicating likeness to the truth, was confused with probabilitas, which expresses an opiniotative attitude weaker than full certainty. The idea of truthlikeness fell in disrepute also as a result of the careless, often confused and metaphysically loaded way in which many philosophers used - and still use - such concepts as 'degree of truth', 'approximate truth', 'partial truth', and 'approach to the truth'. Popper's great achievement was his insight that the criticism against truthlikeness - by those who urge that it is meaningless to speak about 'closeness to truth' - is more based on prejudice than argument.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3739-0
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  • 48
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    A Philosophy of Human Hope (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400934993
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Analysis of Hope -- 1. Hope Talk -- 2. Hope’s Objectives -- 3. Hoping, Desiring, and being Satisfied -- 4. Hoping, Imagining, and Projecting -- 5. Hoping, Possibility, Desirability, and Belief -- 6. Hope as Feeling -- 7. Hope-In -- 8. Hope, Society, and History -- II. Ultimate Hope and Fundamental Hope -- 9. Ultimate Hope and Fundamental Hope: Preliminary Characterization -- 10. Ernst Bloch’s Full Hope: “Explosive, Total, and Incognito” -- 11. Immanuel Kant and the Highest Good -- 12. Gabriel Marcel: I Hope in Thee for Us -- 13. Ultimate Hope and Fundamental Hope: Concluding Position -- III. Ontologies, Implications, and Theism -- 14. Ontologies -- 15. Implications of Hope -- 16. Bloch’s Atheism and Ontology: A Sketch -- 17. Kant and Belief in God -- 18. Marcel and Absolute Thou -- 19. Conclusion -- 20. Epilogue on some Religious and Theological Thought -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: Few reference works in philosophy have articles on hope. Few also are systematic or large-scale philosophical studies of hope. Hope is admitted to be important in people's lives, but as a topic for study, hope has largely been left to psychologists and theologians. For the most part philosophers treat hope en passant. My aim is to outline a general theory of hope, to explore its structure, forms, goals, reasonableness, and implications, and to trace the implications of such a theory for atheism or theism. What has been written is quite disparate. Some see hope in an individualistic, often existential, way, and some in a social and political way. Hope is proposed by some as essentially atheistic, and by others as incomprehensible outside of one or another kind of theism. Is it possible to think consistently and at the same time comprehensively about the phenomenon of human hoping? Or is it several phenomena? How could there be such diverse understandings of so central a human experience? On what rational basis could people differ over whether hope is linked to God? What I offer here is a systematic analysis, but one worked out in dialogue with Ernst Bloch, Immanuel Kant, and Gabriel Marcel. Ernst Bloch of course was a Marxist and officially an atheist, Gabriel Marcel a Christian theist, and Immanuel Kant was a theist, but not in a conventional way.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3499-3
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    Philosophy of Prediction and Capitalism (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400936379
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Sociology. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I The Three Characters of Absolute Time -- a) The Coincidence of Meaning and Phase -- b) The Distinction between Becoming and What Comes-To-Be -- c) The Phenomenon of Transition -- II The Impulsion of Life -- a) Ultimate Foundations of Organic and Inorganic Matter -- b) Impulsion and Phantasy -- c) The Factors of Reality and Ideality -- III Mind and the Genesis of Human Ideas -- a) Two Examples for the Genesis of Ideas in Greek Philosophy -- b) Contemporary Conception of Ideas: The Essence of Pragmatism -- c) The Essence of Pragmatic Truth: Functionalization -- d) Idea as “Sketch”: Introductory Comment -- IV The Unfinished Idea of Man -- a) Man’s Self-Understanding as Sketch -- b) Capitalism and the Concept of an Entity -- c) Variations of the Functional Appearance of Entities and the Role of the Sketch -- d) A Second Look at the Idea as Sketch and the Essence of Capitalism and Economics -- Notes.
    Abstract: There is little more than a decade left before the bells allover the world will be ringing in the first hour of the twenty-first century, which will surely be an era of highly advanced technology. Looking back on the century that we live in, one can realize that generations of people who have already lived in it for the better parts of their lives have begun to ask the same question that also every individual person thinks about when he is faced with the first signs of the end of his life. It is the question: "Why did everything in my life happen the way it did?" Or, "It would have been so easy to have channelled events into directions other than the way they went. " Or, "Why, in all the world, is my life coming to an end as it does, or, why must all of us face this kind of end of our century?" Whenever human beings take retrospective views of their lives and times - when they are faced with their own personal "fin du siecle" - there appears to be an increasing anxiety throughout the masses asso­ ciated with a somber feeling of pessimism, which may even be mixed with a slight degree of fatalism. There is quite another feeling with those persons who were born late in this century and who did not share all the events the older generation experi­ enced.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3637-9
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  • 50
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    An Architectonic for Science : The Structuralist Program (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937659
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (484p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 186
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical logic. ; System theory. ; Mathematical physics.
    Abstract: I: Models and Structures -- I.0 Introduction -- I.1 Models and Potential Models -- I.2 Types and Structure Species -- I.3 Set-Theoretic Predicates and Lawlikeness -- I.4 Plausible Interpretations -- I.5 Example: Decision Theory -- I.6 Example: Collision Mechanics -- I.7 Example: Classical Particle Mechanics -- II: Theory-Elements -- II.0 Introduction -- II.1 Cores and Intended Applications -- II.2 Constraints -- II.3 Theoreticity, Partial Potential Models, and Links -- II.4 Theory-Cores Expanded -- II.5 Application Operators -- II.6 Intended Applications -- II.7 Idealized Theory-Elements and Empirical Claims -- III: Some Basic Theory-Elements -- III.0 Introduction -- III.1 Classical Collision Mechanics -- III.2 Relativistic Collision Mechanics -- III.3 Classical Particle Mechanics -- III.4 Daltonian Stoichiometry -- III.5 Simple Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- III.6 Lagrangian Mechanics -- III.7 Pure Exchange Economics -- IV: Theory-Nets -- IV.0 Introduction -- IV.1 Specializations -- IV.2 Theory-Nets -- IV.3 Theory-Net Content and Empirical Claim -- IV.4 The Theory-Net of Classical Particle Mechanics -- IV.5 The Theory-Net of Simple Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- V. The Diachronic Structure of Theories -- V.0 Introduction -- V.1 Pragmatic Primitive Concepts -- V.2 Theory-Evolutions -- V.3 The Evolution of CPM -- V.4 The Evolution of SETH -- VI: Intertheoretical Relations -- VI.0 Introduction -- VI.1 Global Intertheoretical Relations -- VI.2 Specialization and Theoretization -- VI.3 Types of Reduction -- VI.4 A General Concept of Reduction -- VI.5 Empirical Equivalence -- VI.6 Equivalence -- VI.7 Reduction, Language, and Incommensurability -- VII: Approximation -- VII.0 Introduction -- VII.1 Types of Approximation -- VII.2 Intratheoretical Approximation -- VII.3 Intertheoretical Approximation -- VIII: The Global Structure of Science -- VIII.0 Introduction -- VIII.1 Theory-Holons -- VIII.2 Theoreticity Reconsidered -- VIII.3 Graphs and Paths -- VIII.4 Local Empirical Claims in Global Theory-Holons -- VIII.5 Intended Applications Reconsidered -- VIII.6 Foundationalism Versus Coherentism -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This book has grown out of eight years of close collaboration among its authors. From the very beginning we decided that its content should come out as the result of a truly common effort. That is, we did not "distribute" parts of the text planned to each one of us. On the contrary, we made a point that each single paragraph be the product of a common reflection. Genuine team-work is not as usual in philosophy as it is in other academic disciplines. We think, however, that this is more due to the idiosyncrasy of philosophers than to the nature of their subject. Close collaboration with positive results is as rewarding as anything can be, but it may also prove to be quite difficult to implement. In our case, part of the difficulties came from purely geographic separation. This caused unsuspected delays in coordinating the work. But more than this, as time passed, the accumulation of particular results and ideas outran our ability to fit them into an organic unity. Different styles of exposition, different ways of formalization, different levels of complexity were simultaneously present in a voluminous manuscript that had become completely unmanageable. In particular, a portion of the text had been conceived in the language of category theory and employed ideas of a rather abstract nature, while another part was expounded in the more conventional set-theoretic style, stressing intui­ tivity and concreteness.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3765-9
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    Phenomenological Psychology : The Dutch School (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935891
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 103
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 103
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Psychology. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I What is Phenomenological Psychology? -- 1. Husserl’s Original View on Phenomenological Psychology -- 2. Husserl’s Phenomenology and Its Significance for Contemporary Psychology -- II The Dutch School in Phenomenological Psychology -- 3. On Human Expression -- 4. The Human Body and the Significance of Human Movement -- 5. On Falling Asleep -- 6. The Phenomenological Approach to the Problem of Feelings and Emotions -- 7. Eidetic of the Experience of Termination -- 8. Aspects of the Sexual Incarnation. An Inquiry Concerning the Meaning of the Body in the Sexual Encounter -- 9. Experienced Freedom and Moral Freedom in the Child’s Consciousness -- 10. The Hotel Room -- 11. The Psychology of Driving a Car -- 12. The Meaning of Being Ill -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Over the past decades many books and essays have been written on phenomeno­ logical psychology. Some of these publications are historical in character and were designed to give the reader an idea of the origin, meaning, and function of phenom­ enological psychology and its most important trends. Others are theoretical in nature and were written to give the reader an insight into the ways in which various authors conceive of phenomenological psychology and how they attempt. to justify their views in light of the philosophical assumptions underlying their conceptions. Finally, there are a great number of publications in which the authors do not talk about phenomenological psychology, but rather try to do what was described as possible and necessary in the first two kinds of publications. Some of these at­ tempts to do the latter have been quite successful; in other cases the results have 1 been disappointing. This anthology contains a number of essays which I have brought together for the explicit purpose of introducing the reader to the Dutch school in phenomenological psychology. The Dutch school occupies an important place in the phenomenological move­ ment as a whole. Buytendijk was one of the first Dutch scholars to contribute to the field, and for several decades he remained the central figure of the school.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3589-1
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  • 52
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    Initiatives in Logic (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400936737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Reason and Argument 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: Leibniz’s Calculus of Strict Implication -- Leibniz’s Modal Calculus of Concepts -- The Logic of Conditions -- Philosophical Pragmatism in Poincare -- A Note on Zeno B3 -- Generalizations and Strengthenings of Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem -- The Logical Work of Mordchaj Wajsberg -- Notes on Wajsberg’s Proof of the Separation Theorem -- Logical Analysis of Thomism The Polish Programme that originated in 1930’s -- On Justification of Questions -- The Logic of Types -- Systems of Computer-Aided Reasoning for Mathematics and Natural Language -- Two Reports on Educational Applications of MIZAR MSE, a System of Computer-Aided Reasoning The application of MIZAR MSE in a course in logic -- The use of MIZAR MSE in a course in foundations of geometry -- Literature -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3673-7
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    Probability and Causality : Essays in Honor of Wesley C. Salmon (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400939974
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 192
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Prologue -- Dynamic Rationality: Propensity, Probability, and Credence -- I: Probability, Causality, and Modality -- Hume’s Refutation of Inductive Probabilism -- An Adamite Derivation of the Principles of the Calculus of Probability -- Probability, Possibility, and Plenitude -- Probabilistic Metaphysics -- Probabilistic Theories of Causation -- Conditional Chance -- II: Probability, Causality, and Decision -- How to Tell a Common Cause: Generalizations of the Conjunctive Fork Criterion -- Probabilistic Causal Interaction and Disjunctive Causal Factors -- The Principle of the Common Cause -- On Raising the Chances of Effects -- How to Probabilize a Newcomb Problem -- Non-Nietzschean Decision Making -- Epilogue -- Publications: An Annotated Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The contributions to this special collection concern issues and problems discussed in or related to the work of Wesley C. Salmon. Salmon has long been noted for his important work in the philosophy of science, which has included research on the interpretation of probability, the nature of explanation, the character of reasoning, the justification of induction, the structure of space/time and the paradoxes of Zeno, to mention only some of the most prominent. During a time of increasing preoccupation with historical and sociological approaches to under­ standing science (which characterize scientific developments as though they could be adequately analysed from the perspective of political movements, even mistaking the phenomena of conversion for the rational appraisal of scientific theories), Salmon has remained stead­ fastly devoted to isolating and justifying those normative standards distinguishing science from non-science - especially through the vindi­ cation of general principles of scientific procedure and the validation of specific examples of scientific theories - without which science itself cannot be (even remotely) adequately understood. In this respect, Salmon exemplifies and strengthens a splendid tradi­ tion whose most remarkable representatives include Hans Reichenbach, Rudolf Carnap and Carl G. Hempel, all of whom exerted a profound influence upon his own development.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3997-4
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  • 54
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    Dominion and Wealth : A Critical Analysis of Karl Marx’ Theory of Commercial Law (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938779
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 49
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Political science Philosophy ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History. ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One An Analysis of Marx’ Description of the Will Theory of Law -- I. Introduction -- II. Marx’ University Study -- III. Textual Indications of Attribution -- IV. Analysis of the Will Theory of Law -- V. Analysis of the Key Passage -- VI. Hegel, Savigny, and Locke as Will Theorists -- Two An Examination of the Accuracy of Marx’ Description of the Will Theory -- I. Thesis I (Legal Tide and Economic Reality) -- II. Thesis V (Contract as Accident) -- III. Theses VI and VII (Contract and FreeWill) -- IV. Conclusion -- Three Duress and FreeWill in Nineteenth-Century Contract Law -- I. Introduction -- II. A General Review of the Doctrine of Freedom of Contract -- III. The Historical Context -- IV. Survey of the Law of Duress and Undue Influence -- V. Outline of the Law of Duress and Undue Influence from 1820 to 1870 -- VI. Contract Law and Will Theory -- Four An Examination of the Accuracy of Marx’ Description of the Law -- I. Contracts as Accidental -- II. Contracts as Acts of Free Will -- III. Principles of Contract Law -- IV. Normative Statements in the Case Law -- V. Conclusion -- Five An Analysis of Marx’ Criticism of Nineteenth-Century Commercial Law -- I. Introduction -- II. Criticism of the Basis Will Theory -- Appendices -- A Discussion of Dawson’s Theories -- B Facts of Various Cases -- C Encyclopedia of Law Analysis -- Notes.
    Abstract: Donna Kline's contribution to the Sovietica series falls outside the strict confines of the study of Soviet Marxism-Leninism. It centers its attention on the seemingly minor question of Marx' knowledge of and attitude toward the legal theory and practice in vogue at the time he was writing studies that directly addressed issues of law and economics, and that indirectly helped to fashion the legal and economic behavior of Soviet-style regimes. That this question is not as minor or as irrelevant to Marxism-Leninism as it might seem at fIrst glance flows from Marx' obvious intent to do a thorough critique of all the vectors of 'bourgeois-capitalist' civilization and culture, clearly expressed in the many key texts, where 'legal relations' form at least part of the central focus. Marx' thought was forming when the 'bourgeois' law that had become self-conscious at the end of the 18th century was, following the French Revolution, trying to 'take possession' of the social-political consciousness of European-American culture, and fInding itself coming up against the 'vagaries' of economic quasi-anarchy. There is a sense in which the 'bourgeois-capitalist' efforts at developing a legal code for existing economic practice represent a sort of 'ideology in practice' to be applied to the same phenomena that Marx wanted to account for in his peculiarly Hegelian ideological critique.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3877-9
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  • 55
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    Stephan Körner - Philosophical Analysis and Reconstruction : Contributions to Philosophy (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400936393
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: 1. A Version of Cartesian Method -- Körner’s Reply -- 2. Concepts, Rules and Innateness -- Körner’s reply -- 3. Five Concepts of Freedom in Kant -- Körner’s reply -- 4. The Modes of Philosophical Involvement With a Categorial Framework -- Körner’s Reply -- 5. Establishing the Correspondence Theory of Truth and Rendering it Coherent -- Körner’s Reply -- 6. Prudence and Akrasia -- Körner’s Reply -- 7. Determinism, Responsibility and Computers -- Körner’s Reply -- 8. Logic and Inexactness -- Körner’s Comment -- Bibliography of Stephan Körner’s Works.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3639-3
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  • 56
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    Goethe and the Sciences: A Reappraisal (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937611
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (464p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 97
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 97
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Goethe in the History of Science -- Goethe’s Relationship to the Theories of Development of His Time -- The Eternal Laws of Form: Morphotypes and the Conditions of Existence in Goethe’s Biological Thought -- Goethe’s Entoptische Farben and the Problem of Polarity -- Goethe and Helmholtz: Science and Sensation -- Goethe and Psychoanalysis -- Goethe’s Color Studies in a New Perspective: Die Farbenlehre in English -- II. Expanding the Limits of Traditional Scientific Methodology and Ontology -- Goethe and Modern Science -- Goethe and the Concept of Metamorphosis -- Is Goethe’s Theory of Color Science? -- Goethe Against Newton: Towards Saving the Phenomenon -- Theory of Science in the Light of Goethe’s Science of Nature -- Facts as Theory: Aspects of Goethe’s Philosophy of Science -- The Theory of Color as the Symbolism of Insight -- III. Contemporary Relevance: A Viable Alternative? -- Form and Cause in Goethe’s Morphology -- Goethean Method in the Work of Jochen Bockemühl -- Whiteness -- Goethe as a Forerunner of Alternative Science -- Self-Knowledge, Freedom and Irony: The Language of Nature in Goethe -- Postscript. Goethe’s Science: An Alternative to Modern Science or within It — or No Alternative at All? -- Goethe and the Sciences: An Annotated Bibliography -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: of him in like measure within myself, that is my highest wish. This noble individual was not conscious of the fact that at that very moment the divine within him and the divine of the universe were most intimately united. So, for Goethe, the resonance with a natural rationality seems part of the genius of modern science. Einstein's 'cosmic religion', which reflects Spinoza, also echoes Goethe's remark (Ibid. , Item 575 from 1829): Man must cling to the belief that the incomprehensible is comprehensible. Else he would give up investigating. But how far will Goethe share the devotion of these cosmic rationalists to the beautiful harmonies of mathematics, so distant from any pure and 'direct observation'? Kepler, Spinoza, Einstein need not, and would not, rest with discovery of a pattern within, behind, as a source of, the phenomenal world, and they would not let even the most profound of descriptive generalities satisfy scientific curiosity. For his part, Goethe sought fundamental archetypes, as in his intuition of a Urpjlanze, basic to all plants, infinitely plastic. When such would be found, Goethe would be content, for (as he said to Eckermann, Feb. 18, 1829): . . . to seek something behind (the Urphaenomenon) is futile. Here is the limit. But as a rule men are not satisfied to behold an Urphaenomenon. They think there must be something beyond. They are like children who, having looked into a mirror, turn it around to see what is on the other side.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3761-1
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  • 57
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    Jaakko Hintikka (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 8
    Series Statement: Profiles 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Constituents -- Surface Information and Analyticity -- Hintikka on Quantifying In and On Trans-World Identity -- Game-Theoretical Semantics and Logical Form -- Hintikka’s Inductive Logic -- Hintikka’s Epistemic Logic -- Hintikka’s Theory of Questions -- What Is a “Perceptually Well-Defined Individual”? Hintikka’s Views on Perception -- On Objects and Worlds of Thought in the Philosophy of Hintikka -- Hintikka on Modalities and Determinism in Aristotle -- Hintikka’s Ontology -- Replies and Comments -- Three -- Bibliography of Jaakko Hintikka -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc. ) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PROFILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of significant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant his to rial and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussion will also be included.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3763-5
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  • 58
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    Technology and Responsibility (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401569408
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 393 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Technology 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Responsibility and Technology: The Expanding Relationship -- Philosophical Anthropology and the Problem of Responsibility in Technology -- Technoscience: Nihilistic Power versus a New Ethical Consciousness -- Phenomenology and the Autonomy of Technology -- The Autonomy of Technology -- Technique and Responsibility: Think Globally, Act Locally, according to Jacques Ellul -- Increasing Responsibility as Technological Destiny? Human Reproductive Technology and the Problem of Meta-Responsibility -- Commercializing Reproductive Technologies: Ethical Issues -- Incontinence and Biomedicine: Examples from Puyallup Indian Medical Ethnohistory -- Homo Generator: The Challenge of Gene Technology -- The Modern Babylon Culture -- Religion, Technology, and Human Autonomy -- Societal Role of Dutch Freshwater Ecologists in Environmental Policies -- Risk Assessment as Social Research -- Toward a Philosophy of Engineering and Science in R &.D Settings -- Engineers as Social Activists: A Defense -- The Real Risks of RiskCost-Benefit Analysis -- Responsibility and Technology: A Select, Annotated Bibliography -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Since it may seem strange for a new series to begin with volume 3, a word of explanation is in order. The series, Philosophy and Technology, inaugurated in this form with this volume, is the official publication of the Society for Philosophy & Technology. Approximately one volume each year is tobe published, alternating between proceedings volumes - taken from contributions to biennial international conferences of the Society - and miscellaneous volumes, with roughly the character of a professional society journal. The forerunners of the series in its present form were two proceedings volumes: Philosophy and Technology (1983), edited by Paul T. Durbin and Friedrich Rapp, and Philosophy and Technology //: Information Technology and Computers in Theory and Practice (1986), edited by Carl Mitcham and Alois Huning - both published (as volumes 80 and 90, respectively) in the series, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. The Society for Philosophy & Technology, now more than ten years old, is devoted to the promotion of philosophical schalarship that deals in one way or another with technology and technological society. "Philosophical scholarship" is interpreted broadly as including contribu­ tions from any and all perspectives; the one requirement is that the schalarship be sound, and all contributions to the series are subject to rigorous blind refereeing. "Technology," the other half of the philos­ ophy-and-technology pairing, is also construed broadly.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-6940-8
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  • 59
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    Creativity and the Philosophy of C.S. Peirce (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401577601
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 179 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Scientific Creativity -- 3. Art and Science -- 4. Creative Evolution -- 5. Artistic Creativity as Creative Evolution -- 6. Final Description -- 7. Notes -- 8. Index.
    Abstract: Charles Sanders Peirce is quickly becoming the dominant figure in the history of American philosophy. The breadth and depth of his work has begun to obscure even the brightest of his contemporaries. Concerning the interpretation of his work, however, there are two distinct schools. The first holds that Peirce's work is an aggregate of important but disconnected insights. The second school argues that his work is a systematic philosophy with many pieces of the overall picture still obscure or missing. It is this second view which seems to me the most reasonable, in part because it has been convincingly defended by other scholars, but most importantly because Peirce himself described his philosophy as systematic: What I would recommend is that every person who wishes to form an opinion concerning fundamental problems should first of all make a complete survey of human knowledge, should take note of all the valuable ideas in each branch of science, should observe in just what respect each has been successful and where it has failed, in order that, in the light of the thorough acquaintance so attained of the available materials for a philosophical theory and of the nature and strength of each, he may proceed to the study of what the problem of philosophy consists in, and of the proper way of solving it (6. 9) [1].
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7760-1
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  • 60
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    Willing and Unwilling: A Study in the Philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401577564
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 169 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 33
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: I Idealism -- II Reason -- III Metaphysics -- IV The Limits of Natural Science -- V The Individual Will -- VI The World as Will -- VII Art -- VIII The Metaphysics of Morals -- XI The Denial of the Will -- X Pessimism -- Notes.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7756-4
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  • 61
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    Matters of Intelligence : Conceptual Structures in Cognitive Neuroscience (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938335
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (512p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 188
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Psycholinguistics ; Sociolinguistics ; Psychology.
    Abstract: Introductory Note -- The Evasive Initial -- Visual Intelligence -- Understanding Vision from Images to Shapes -- Physiological Evidence for Two Visual Subsystems -- Visual Texture for Recognition -- Shifts in Selective Visual Attention: Towards the Underlying Neural Circuitry -- Spatial Transformations Used in Imagination, Perception and Action -- Cognitive Intelligence -- Intelligence, Guesswork, Language -- Mental Models, Semantical Games and Varieties of Intelligence -- Syntactic Representation and Semantic Interpretation -- Two Explanatory Principles in Semantics -- Issues in Lexical Processing: Expressive and Receptive -- Some Issues in Approximate and Plausible Reasoning in the Framework of a Possibility Theory-Based Approach -- Fuzzy Sets, Usuality and Commonsense Reasoning -- Constraint Limited Generalization: Acquiring Procedures from Examples -- Rational Ignorance -- Mechanisms of Intelligence -- From Intelligence to the Microchemistry of the Human Cerebral Cortex -- Maps in Context: Some Analogies Between Visual Cortical and Genetic Maps -- Cerebral Cortex as Model Builder -- The Material Basis of Mind -- Intelligence: Why It Matters. Biological Significance of Emotional Intelligence and Its Relation to Hemispheric Specialization in Man -- Distributed Computation Using Algebraic Elements -- Expecting the Unpredictable: When Computers Can Think in Parallel -- Concluding Note -- This Strange Intelligence -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This volume is not an attempt to give a comprehensive treatment of the many facets of intelligence. Rather, the intention is to present multiple approaches to interesting and novel ways of looking at old problems. The focus is on the visual and some of the conceptual intelligences. Vision is man's primary cognitive contact with the world around him, and we are vividly reminded of this by Roman Jakobson's autobiographical note, "The Evasive Initial" with which this volume begins. That we see the world as well as we do is something of a miracle. Looking out through our eyes, our brains give us reliable knowledge about the world around us in all it beauty of form, color and movement. The chapters in the first section look at how this may come about from various perspectives. How from the intensity array which the world casts on the eye's retina does the brain achieve recognition? What may be some of the processes involved in seeing? We see shapes, textures and colors, and subsequently, at the more cognitive levels, recognize them as objects which we can manipulate: we inspect them to discover what to use them for. The objects are tools or food; they are things, beautiful, lovable or frightening. They are things to remember and to talk about to our friends, or to ask someone for. We can ask for many or just a few. They are important to us or trivial.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3833-5
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  • 62
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    Relativism Refuted : A Critique of Contemporary Epistemological Relativism (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401577465
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 217 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 189
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Relativism and the Problem of Incoherence -- The Incoherence Argument and the Notion of Relative Truth -- Frameworks, Conceptual Schemes, and “Framework Relativism” -- Relativism and the Philosophy of Science -- Kuhn and Relativism: Is He or Isn’t He? -- The Kuhnians -- The Kuhn-Inspired New Philosophy of Science -- The Un-Kuhnians: Relativism via the Problem-Solving Theory of Rationality -- Further Epistemological Considerations -- Goodmanian Relativism -- Relativism and Rationality: Towards an “Absolutist” Epistemology.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7746-5
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  • 63
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    Michael Dummett : Contributions to Philosophy (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935419
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: 1. Dummett and Revisionism -- 2. Holism, Molecularity and Truth -- 3. In Defence of Modesty -- 4. Truth Beyond All Verification -- 5. Dummett on a Theory of Meaning and Its Impact on Logic -- 6. Fixed Past, Unfixed Future -- 7. Playing Cards -- 8. Twenty Years of Racialism and Multi-Racialism -- 9. Replies to Essays -- A. Reply to Crispin Wright -- B. Reply to Neil Tennant -- C. Reply to John McDowell -- D. Reply to Brian Loar -- E. Reply to Dag Prawitz -- F. Reply to D.H.Mellor -- G. Reply to Sylvia Mann -- H. Reply to John Rex -- Chronological Bibliography of Michael Dummett’s Publications -- Alphabetical Guide to Michael Dummett’s Publications -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: P. A. Schilpp's 'Library of Living Philosophers' is the series which introduced to the philosophical community the format of a volume of essays on the work of a distinguished philosopher, combined with replies to the essays by the philosopher targeted. The format proved attracti ve to a discipline which has always placed a high premium on debate. But the Schilpp series has shown itself unenterprising in its choice of subjects, concentrating on end-of-year reports on philosophers who are of undoubted distinction, but whose contribution to the subject can be regarded as rather definitely over. Which leaves a gap, which the present series is designed to fill, for volumes of a similar format aiming at assessment of philosophers who have distinguished themselves already by making a substan­ tial impact on their discipline, but whose further work too is awaited with eager anticipation. Michael Dummett is an ideal subject for a series with this goal of mid­ term assessment. His writings to date have permanently altered philosophy's conception of what is at issue between realism and idealism (and its paler cousin, anti-realism); and this has been achieved by way of a supplementary clarification of a host of issues in the philosophy of language and of mathematics, and of the Frege/Wittgenstein historical tradition from which such issues are typically approached in contemporary philosophy.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3541-9
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  • 64
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    Logos and Life: Creative Experience and the Critique of Reason : Introduction to the Phenomenology of Life and the Human Condition (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400939158
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (496p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 24
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Foreground -- I / The Creative Act as the Point of Phenomenological Access to the Human Condition -- II / The Structure of the Present Work -- III / Man-The-Creator and His Triple Telos -- The First Panel of the Triptych the Eros and Logos of Life within the Creative Inwardness -- The Outlines of an Inquiry -- I / The Emergence of the Problem of Creation: The Poet-Creator Versus the Philosopher -- II / Creative Reality -- III / The Factors in the New Alliance Between Man and the World -- The Theoretical Results of Our Analyses and the Perspectives they Open the Creative Context -- Concluding by Way of Transition to the Central Panel of the Triptych -- The Central Panel of the Triptych (Panel Two) the Origin of Sense The Creative Orchestration of the Modalities of Beingness within the Human Condition -- One the Creative Context as Circumscribed by the Creative Process — its Roots “Below” and its Tentacles “Above” the Life-World: Uncovering the Primogenital Status of the Great Philosophical Issues -- I / Art and Nature: Creative Versus Constitutive Perception -- II / The Below and the Above of Creative Inwardness: The Human Life-World in its Essential New Perspective -- III / The Creative Process And The “Copernican Revolution” In Conceiving The Unity Of Beingness: The Creative Process As The Gathered Center and Operational Thread of Continuity among All Modalities of Being in the Constructive Unfolding of Man’s Self-Interpretation-in-Existence -- Two the Trajectory of the Creative Ciphering of the Original Life Significance: The Resources and Architectonics of the Creative Process -- I / The Incipient Phase of the Creative Process -- II / The Creative Trajectory Between the Two Phases of the Life-World -- III / The Passage from the Creative Vision to the Idea of the Creative Work -- IV / Operational Architectonics of the Surging Creative Function in the Initial Creative Constructivism -- V / The Architectonic Logic in the Existential Passage from the Virtual to the Real — The Will -- VI / The Intergenerative Existential Interplay in the Transition Phase of Creativity -- Coda / Conclusive Insights into the Question of “Reality” as the Outcome of Our Foregoing Investigations -- Three the Creative Orchestration of Human Functioning: Constructive Faculties and Driving Forces -- I / The Surging of the Creative Orchestration within Man’s Self-Interpretation-In-Existence: Passivity Versus Activity; The Spontaneous Differentiation of Constructive Faculties and Forces -- II / Imaginatio Creatrix: The “Creative” versus the “Constitutive” Function of Man, and the “Possible Worlds” -- Four the Human Person as the All-Embracing Functional Complex and the Transmutation Center of the Logos of Life -- I / The Notion of the “Human Person” at the Crossroads of the Understanding of Man within the Life-World Process -- II / The Moral Sense of Life as Constitutive of the Human Person -- III / The Poetic Sense: The Aesthetic Enjoyment which Carries the Lived Fullness of Conscious Acts -- IV / The Intelligible Sense in the Architectonic Work of the Intellect -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects -- Table of Contents to Book 2 (The Third Panel of the Triptych).
    Abstract: It is rare that we feel ourselves to be participating in history. Yet, as Bertrand Russell observed, philosophy develops in response to the challenges of socio-cultural problems and situations. The present-day philosophical endeavor is prompted not by one or two, but by a conundrum of problems and controversies in which the forces carrying life are set against each other. The struggles in which contemporary mankind is fiercely engaged are not confined, as in the past, to economic, territorial, or religious rivalries, nor to the quest for power, but extend to the primary conditions of human existence. They under­ mine man's primogenital confidence in life and shatter the intimacy of his home on earth. Philosophical reflection today cannot fail to feel the pressure of the current situation within which it unfolds. Since this situation now involves the ultimate conditions of human existence, its demands have at last given to philosophy the impetus and direction needed for conceiving that the first and last of its concerns should be life itself.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3915-8
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