Abstract: to Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems -- Definitions A to Z -- Points of Contact -- Acronyms -- Trademarks.

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence and expert systems research, development, and demonstration have rapidly expanded over the past several years; as a result, new terminology is appearing at a phenomenal rate. This sourcebook provides an introduction to artificial intelligence and expert systems, it provides brief definitions, it includes brief descriptions of software products, and vendors, and notes leaders in the field. Extensive support material is provided by delineating points of contact for receiving additional information, acronyms, a detailed bibliography, and other reference data. The terminology includes artificial intelligence and expert system elements for: • Artificial Intelligence • Expert Systems • Natural language Processing • Smart Robots • Machine Vision • Speech Synthesis The Artificial Intelligence and Expert System Sourcebook is compiled from informa­ tion acquired from numerous books, journals, and authorities in the field of artificial intelligence and expert systems. I hope this compilation of information will help clarify the terminology for artificial intelligence and expert systems' activities. Your comments, revisions, or questions are welcome. V. Daniel Hunt Springfield, Virginia May, 1986 ix Acknowledgments The information in Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems Sourcebook has been compiled from a wide variety of authorities who are specialists in their respective fields. The following publications were used as the basic technical resources for this book. Portions of these publications may have been used in the book. Those definitions or artwork used have been reproduced with the permission to reprint of the respective publisher.

Abstract: 1 Machine Code or Assembly Language -- (Why machine code?) -- 2 Numbers -- (Binary, hex and decimal, Binary to decimal conversion, Decimal to binary conversion, Binary to hex conversion, Hex to decimal conversion) -- 3 It All Adds Up! -- (Binary arithmetic, Addition, Subtraction, Binary coded decimal (BCD), BCD addition, BCD subtraction) -- 4 It’s Logical -- (Logical operations, AND, OR, EOR) -- 5 The Registers -- (The accumulator, The index registers, The program counter) -- 6 A Poke at Machine Code -- (Code —the program counter, Entering machine code, The hex loader program, Calling machine code, Saving it out to disk, The Apple ROMs -- 7 Status Symbols -- (The status register) -- 8 Addressing Modes I -- (Zero page addressing, Immediate addressing) -- 9 Bits and Bytes -- (Load, store and transfer, Paging memory) -- 10 Arithmetic in Assembler -- (Addition, Subtraction, Negation, Using BCD) -- 11 Addressing Modes II -- (Absolute addressing, Zero page indexed addressing, Absolute indexed addressing, Indirect addressing, Post-indexed indirect addressing, Pre-indexed absolute addressing, Implied and relative addressing) -- 12 Stacks of Fun -- (The stack, Stack instructions for saving data) -- 13 Looping -- (Loops, Counters, Comparisons, Branches, FOR ... NEXT, Memory counters) -- 14 Subroutines and Jumps -- (Subroutines, Passing parameters, Jumps) -- 15 Shifts and Rotates -- (Arithmetic shift left, Logical shift right, Rotate left, Rotate right, Logically speaking, Printing binary!, BIT) -- 16 Multiplication and Division -- (Multiplication, Division) -- 17 Assembly Types -- (Conditional assembly, Look-up tables) -- 18 Floating a Point -- (The floating point accumulators, Using USR, Integer to floating point, Floating point to integer, Floating memory, The subroutines) -- 19 Speeding Up and Slowing Down -- 20 Interrupts and Breaks -- (Interrupts, Breaks) -- 21 Prepacked Utilities -- (Hex to binary conversion, Binary to hex conversion, Output ASCII string) -- Appendices -- 1 The Screen -- 2 The 6502 and 65C02 -- 3 The Instruction Set -- 4 Instruction Cycle Times -- 5 Apple // Memory Map -- 6 Branch Calculators -- 7 6502 and 65C02 Opcodes -- General Index -- Program Index.

Abstract: The Apple / / series of computers represents one of the most versatile and powerful home computers available. If you've used your computer for a while, you've probably become quite familiar with Applesoft BASIC. That's good, because once you know that, this book will show you how to graduate from BASIC programming to assembly language programming. There are many reasons to program your Apple in assembly language. First and foremost is speed. Assembly language is about 100 times faster than BASIC. If you're thinking of writing games or business programs that do sorting, speed is of the essence and assembly language is a must. Assembly language programs usually also require less memory. Thus you can squeeze more complex programs into a smaller amount of memory. Finally, assembly language programs offer you a considerable amount of security, because they are more difficult to trace and change. While assembly language is powerful, it doesn't have to be difficult to learn. In fact, if you can write programs in Applesoft BASIC, you're already half-way home. This book assumes you know BASIC and absolutely nothing about assembly language or machine language. Every effort has been made to write in nontechnical language and to set the chapters out in a logical manner, introducing new concepts in digestible pieces as and when they are needed, rather than devoting whole chapters to specific items.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Purpose and Objectives -- 1.2 Developments and Trends in Space Communications -- 1.3 Frequency Allocations and Regulatory Aspects -- References -- 2 Fundamentals of Radiowave Propagation -- 2.1 Transmission Principles -- 2.2 Antenna Gain and Free Space Attenuation -- 2.3 Polarization -- 2.4 Radiowave Frequency and Space Communications -- 2.5 Radiowave Propagation Mechanisms -- 2.6 Major Radiowave Propagation Factors in Space Communications -- References -- 3 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases -- 3.1 Oxygen and Water Vapor Attenuation 25 -- 3.2 Total Slant Path Atmospheric Attenuation -- 3.3 Summary of Atmospheric Attenuation Procedure -- References -- 4 Hydrometeor Attenuation on Satellite Paths -- 4.1 Classical Development for Rain Attenuation -- 4.2 Rain Attenuation Measurements -- 4.3 Cloud and Fog Attenuation -- References -- 5 Rain Attenuation Prediction Methods -- 5.1 Rice Holmberg Rain Model -- 5.2 Dutton-Dougherty Attenution Prediction -- 5.3 Lin Rain Attenuation Model -- 5.4 Crane Global Rain Attenuation Model -- 5.5 CCIR Rain Attenuation Model -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- 6 Depolarization on Satellite Paths -- 6.1 Depolarization Caused By Rain -- 6.2 Ice Depolarization -- 6.3 Multipath Depolarization -- References -- 7 Radio Noise in Satellite Communications -- 7.1 Noise From Atmospheric Gases -- 7.2 Noise From Clouds -- 7.3 Noise From Rain -- 7.4 Noise From Surface Emissions -- 7.5 Noise From Extra-terrestrial Sources -- References -- 8 Scintillation, Bandwidth Coherence, and Other Propagation Factors -- 8.1 Scintillation -- 8.2 Bandwidth Coherence -- 8.3 Antenna Gain Degradation and Angle of Arrival Effects -- References -- 9 Propagation Effects on Communications Satellite Link Performance -- 9.1 Communications System Parameters -- 9.2 Link Performance in the Presence of Propagation Effects -- References -- 10 Restoration Techniques for Overcoming Severe Attenuation -- 10.1 Site Diversity -- 10.2 Power Control -- 10.3 Orbital Diversity -- 10.4 Spot Beams -- 10.5 Signal Processing Restoration Techniques -- 10.6 Summary -- References -- Appendix A Elevation Angle Dependence for Slant Path Communications Links -- Appendix B Interpolation Procedure for Atmospheric Attenuation Coefficients -- Appendix D Crane Global Rain Attenuation Model Calculation Procedure -- Appendix E CCIR Rain Attenuation Model Calculation Procedure -- Appendix F CCIR Tropospheric Scintillation Model Procedure.

Abstract: Radiowave Propagation in Communications was written with two basic objec­ tives: (l) to present an up-to-date review of the major radiowave propagation phenomena which hinder reliable space communications, and (2) to describe how these propagation phenomena affect the design and performance of satellite communications systems. Earth-orbiting satellites are employed extensively for the relay of information in a vast array of telecommunications, meteorological, government, and sci­ entific applications. Satellite systems rely on the transmission of radiowaves to and from the satellite and are dependent on the propagation characteristics of the transmission path, primarily the earth's atmosphere. Radiowave propagation thus plays a very important part in the design and ultimate performance of space communications systems. This book presents, for the first time, the meshing in a single publication of the fundamentals of radiowave propagation factors with a discussion of the practical consequences of these factors on satellite communications systems. Two major subfie1ds are involved in this book. Radiowave propagation, which is basically applied electromagnetic theory, provides the theory and an­ alytical tools for the first several chapters. Later chapters then apply propagation effects to the field of electrical engineering involved with satellite communi­ cations. The material progresses from the essential aspects of radiowave prop­ agation to the application of practical methods and techniques in the design and performance of satellite communications systems.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Evolution of computer aided manufacture (CAM) -- Automation and CAM -- 2 Numerical control -- History of numerical control -- The conventional numerical control concept -- programming -- Real-time control of machine tools -- 3 Computer technology -- Computer assisted programming -- Automatic programmed tooling (APT) -- Adaptive control -- Machinability data banks -- 4 Communications networking -- Conventional ways of connecting terminals -- Uses of computer networks -- Local area networks (LANs) -- Wide area networks (WANs) -- Network architecture: protocols and standards -- Data transmission -- 5 Computer process control monitoring -- Information provided by monitoring -- Supervisory computer control -- Communications networks for factory monitoring -- Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) -- Input/output interfaces -- Shop floor information systems -- 6 The integration of CAD and CAM -- The evolution of CADCAM -- The concept of integration -- Fundamentals of CAD -- CAM software -- CADCAM database -- Where does CADCAM improve productivity? -- Defining CADCAM project objectives -- Procedures to be followed in a CADCAM implementation -- 7 Robotics technology and applications -- Definition of an industrial robot -- Basic components of industrial robots -- Robot performance characteristics -- Commercial robots -- Future developments -- Problem areas -- Future trends -- 8 Flexible manufacturing systems -- The growth of flexible processing and handling -- FMS characteristics -- Flexibility -- Computer control functions -- Material handling in the FMS -- FMS-GT connection -- Prospects for FMS in UK industry -- 9 Computer aided production management -- Objectives of CAPM -- Functions of CAPM -- Stock recording and control -- Material requirements planning (MRP) -- Capacity requirements planning (CRP) -- Process planning -- CAPM package systems -- Cost estimation and financial justification of CAPM -- The effects of CAPM on the UK manufacturing industry -- Computer integrated manufacturing -- 10 Artificial intelligence in manufacturing -- Fifth generation computer systems -- Expert systems -- Expert system languages -- Problem solving and planning -- Diagnostic problems -- Application of AI in engineering design and manufacture -- Application of AI in computer aided process planning -- Limitations of existing AI applications -- Management guidelines towards AI implementation -- The future for artificial intelligence -- Research directions for AI in manufacturing -- References and Bibliography.

Abstract: The development of the 'factory of the future' by major international corporations such as General Motors, IBM, Westinghouse, etc now involves many practising engineers. This book is an attempt to identify and describe some of the building blocks required for computer aided engineering for manufacture. It begins with numerical control and the infrastructure required for the automation of individual 'islands' within existing factories. Computer aided design and computer aided manufacture are then discussed in detail together with their integration to improve manufacturing efficiency and flexibility. Robotics and flexible manufacturing systems are examined, as well as the management of these systems required for production optimization. Finally, there is an overview of the relatively new field of artificial intelligence, which is being increasingly used in most aspects of computer aided engineering for manufacture. There are many topics which could have been included or expanded upon with advantage, but the authors have attempted to strike a balance so that the reader can obtain the maximum usefulness from a reasonably concise volume.

Abstract: AI in Architectural CAD -- A Schematic Representation of the Designers’ Logic -- Knowledge-Based Computer-Aided Design: The Computer as Design Partner -- Modelling Design Descriptions -- OPS5 in Architecture: Four Test Cases -- ROOSI — Version One of a Generative Expert System for the Design of Building Layouts -- Expert Systems in Construction: Initial Experiences -- Computer-Aided Architectural Design Education -- The Virtual “Maquette” and the Synthesis of Images in the Architecture Project -- Construction Robotics: A Perspective -- Robotization of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction in Japan -- Ditching the Dinosaur Sanctuary: Seventeen Years On -- Development of the Integrated Construction Automation Methodology -- Major Factors in Robotization of Construction Operations -- A Framework for Integrating Multiple Construction Robots -- Robotics in Construction: State of the Art in the Federal Republic of Germany -- Cost and Design Impact of Robotic Construction Finishing Work -- Geometry and Domain Modelling for Construction Robots -- Grammars, Design and Assembly in Building -- Simulation Methodology in Construction Process -- Navigation and World Modelling for a Mobile Robot: a Progress Report -- Application of Robots in Construction Industry: Navigation of a Mobile Robot, Robotic Welding of Steel Bridge Girders -- Evolution of a Robotic Excavator -- Femo technique: A Milestone for Remote Operation and Maintenance -- The Development of the “Mark II” Mobile Robot for Concrete Slab Finishing -- Construction Robots for Site Automation.

Abstract: After two decades, data processing has finally, and probably forever, found its niche among civil engineering and construction (CEC) professionnals, through word processors, digitizing tables, management software, and increasingly via drawing software and computer-aided design (CAD), recently, robots have even started invading work sites. What are the main trends of CAD and robotics in the field of architecture and civil enginee­ ring? What type of R&D effort do university and industrial laboratories undertake to devise the professional software that will be on the market in the next three to five years? These are the issues which will be addressed during this symposium. To this effect, we have planned concurrently an equipment and software show, as well as a twofold conference. Robotic is just starting in the field of civil engineering and construction. A pioneer, the Civil Engineering Departement of Carnegie-Mellon University, in the United States, organized the first two international symposia, in 1984 and 1985 in Pittsburgh. This is the third meeting on the subject (this year, however, we have also included CAD). It constitutes the first large international symposium where CAD experts, specialists in architecture and CEC robotics will meet. From this standpoint, it should be an ideal forum for exchanging views and expe­ riences on a wide range of topics, and we hope it will give rise to novel applications and new syntheses. This symposium is intented for scientists, teachers, students and also for manufacturers and all CEC professionals.

Abstract: I: Data Requirements -- 1. Multiaxial Data Requirements for Structural Integrity Assessments in Creep -- II: Biaxial Testing -- 2. The Application of Torsional and Double Shear Tests -- 3. Requirements for Thin-walled Torsion Testing -- 4. A Tension-Torsion Testing Technique -- 5. A Biaxial Tension-Torsion, Constant Stress, Creep Testing Machine -- 6. Torsion Testing in an Inert Atmosphere -- 7. Biaxial Testing Using Cruciform Specimens -- 8. Effects of Overloads and Creep on the Yield Surface of a Nickel-based Superalloy -- III: Triaxial Testing -- 9. An Overview on Studies of Stress State Effects During Creep of Circumferentially Notched Bars -- 10. Practical Aspects of Testing Circumferential Notch Specimens at High Temperature -- 11. Creep Tests on Axisymmetric Notched Bars: Global Displacement Measurements and Metallographic Determination of Local Strain and Damage -- 12. Computer Modelling of Creep Damage in Components with Variable Metallurgical Structure -- 13. Multiaxial Creep Testing Using Uniaxially Loaded Specimens with a Superimposed Hydrostatic Pressure -- Editors’ Note: Creep Rupture Testing under Triaxial Tension -- IV: Pressurised Tubes and Components -- 14. Stress State Distributions in Thick-walled Pressurised Tubes under Creep Loading -- 15. Potential for Standardisation of Techniques for Creep Testing of Internally Pressurised Tubular Components -- 16. Experiments on Multiaxial Creep Above 800°C -- 17. Some Experiences in the Creep Testing of Piping Elbows -- 18. Creep Rupture Testing of Tubular Model Components -- 19. Full Size Component Testing under Creep Conditions.

Abstract: The design and assessment of modern high temperature plant demands an understanding of the creep and rupture behaviour of materials under multi axial stress states. Examples include thread roots in steam turbine casing bolts, branch connections in nuclear pressure vessels and blade root fixings in gas or steam turbine rotors. At one extreme the simple notch weakening/notch strengthening characterization of the material by circumferentially vee-notched uniaxial rupture tests, as specified in many national standards, may be sufficient. These were originally intended to model thread roots and their conservatism is such that they frequently are considered adequate for design purposes. At the other extreme full size or model component tests may be employed to determine the safety margins built into design codes. This latter approach is most commonly used for internally pressurized components, particularly where welds are involved. However, such tests are extremely expensive and the use of modern stress analysis techniques combined with a detailed knowledge of multiaxial properties offers a more economic alternative. Design codes, by their nature, must ensure conservatism and are based on a material's minimum specified properties. In the case of high temperature components the extension of life beyond the nominal design figure, say from 100000 to 200000 h, offers very significant economic benefits. However, this may require a more detailed understanding of the multiaxial behaviour of a specific material than was available at the design stage.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Isolation and culture -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Choice of starting material -- 2.3 Enzymes and osmotica -- 2.4 Isolation methods -- 2.5 Purification of isolated protoplasts -- 2.6 Protoplast viability and plating density -- 2.7 Methods for protoplast culture -- 2.8 Cell wall regeneration -- 2.9 Division and growth -- 2.10 Isolation of subprotoplasts -- 2.11 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Regeneration of plants -- 3.1 History of plant regeneration studies -- 3.2 Organogenesis -- 3.3 Embryogenesis -- 3.4 Handling of regenerated plantlets -- 3.5 Genetic stability of regenerated plantlets -- References -- 4 Protoplast fusion -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods to induce fusion -- 4.3 Selection of fusion hybrids -- 4.4 Which plants to hybridize -- 4.5 Cybrid formation -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Protoplasts as physiological tools -- 5.1 Studies on DNA, RNA and protein synthesis -- 5.2 Protoplasts for isolation of cell components -- 5.3 Protoplasts for studies on cell wall regeneration -- References -- 6 Uptake of foreign materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Nuclei and subprotoplasts -- 6.3 Chloroplasts and mitochondria -- 6.4 Bacteria -- 6.5 Blue-green algae -- 6.6 Viruses -- 6.7 DNA -- 6.8 Non-biological materials -- References -- 7 Genetic engineering -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Induced tumours -- 7.3 The infective plasmid -- 7.4 Transformation of protoplasts -- 7.5 Which genes to engineer? -- References.

Abstract: Isolated plant protoplasts are 'naked' cells that have had their cell wall removed either by mechanical action or by enzymic digestion. As a result of wall removal the only barrier that exists between the cell protoplasm and the external environment is the plasma membrane. The removal of the cell wall has drastic osmotic consequences for the isolated cell. Rather like animal cells, the isolated protoplasts must be maintained in an osmotically balanced (isotonic) nutrient medium or they will burst. As will be seen later, the isolation of plant protoplasts is not a particularly new event; as early as the 1890s scientists were isolating protoplasts mechanically and studying effects such as protoplast streaming. What has brought protoplast technology to the forefront of plant biology is the potential application of these structures in non-traditional plant improvement methods. Extreme care must be exercised by the reader, however, in be­ lieving some of the claims that have been put forward for the use of protoplasts in improvement programmes. In the 20 years since the first experiments in routine enzyme isolation of large numbers of protoplasts no real improvement has been obtained in a commercial crop plant. This does not mean that improvement is impossible; it simply indicates that it may be a longer term objective than some people would like to admit.

Abstract: I Introduction -- 1 The Management of Agricultural and Natural Resource Systems -- II The Methods of Dynamic Programming -- 2 Introduction to Dynamic Programming -- 3 Stochastic and Infinite-Stage Dynamic Programming -- 4 Extensions to the Basic Formulation -- III Dynamic Programming Applications to Agriculture -- 5 Scheduling, Replacement and Inventory Management -- 6 Crop Management -- 7 Livestock Management -- IV Dynamic Programming Applications to Natural Resources -- 8 Land Management -- 9 Forestry Management -- 10 Fisheries Management -- V Conclusion -- 11 The Scope for Dynamic Programming Applied to Resource Management -- Appendices -- A1 Coding Sheets for Entering Data Using DPD -- A2 Program Listings -- A2.1 Listing of DPD -- A2.2 Listing of FDP -- A2.3 Listing of IDP -- A2.4 Listing of DIM -- Author Index.

Abstract: Humans interact with and are part of the mysterious processes of nature. Inevitably they have to discover how to manage the environment for their long-term survival and benefit. To do this successfully means learning something about the dynamics of natural processes, and then using the knowledge to work with the forces of nature for some desired outcome. These are intriguing and challenging tasks. This book describes a technique which has much to offer in attempting to achieve the latter task. A knowledge of dynamic programming is useful for anyone interested in the optimal management of agricultural and natural resources for two reasons. First, resource management problems are often problems of dynamic optimization. The dynamic programming approach offers insights into the economics of dynamic optimization which can be explained much more simply than can other approaches. Conditions for the optimal management of a resource can be derived using the logic of dynamic programming, taking as a starting point the usual economic definition of the value of a resource which is optimally managed through time. This is set out in Chapter I for a general resource problem with the minimum of mathematics. The results are related to the discrete maximum principle of control theory. In subsequent chapters dynamic programming arguments are used to derive optimality conditions for particular resources.

Abstract: 1 PST 1: Injection Moulding and its Materials -- 2 Optimizing Injection Moulding Conditions -- 3 Some Examples of Polymer Selection -- 4 Plastics Gears -- 5 Acetal Clips for Roof Tiles -- 6 Acetal Spring for Selector Switch -- 7 PST 2: Foam Cored Mouldings -- 8 Structural Foam Trolley Base -- 9 Washing Machine Tank in Glass-coupled Polypropylene Structural Foam -- 10 Sandwich Moulded TV Screen Frame -- 11 PST 3: Polyurethanes -- 12 Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding (RRIM) -- 13 Polyurethane Shoe Soles -- 14 Printed Gaskets in Hydraulic Control Equipment -- 15 PST 4: Glass-reinforced Plastics (GRP) -- 16 GRP-Clad Lorry Cab -- 17 High Speed Train Cab -- 18 DMC Vehicle Headlamps -- 19 ‘Fiberlam’ Aircraft Flooring -- 20 PST 5: Rubbers -- 21 Rubber-Steel Conveyor Belt -- 22 The Blow Moulding Process -- 23 The Acitainer Blow Moulded Acid Container -- 24 Chemical Effluent Pipe in HDPE -- 25 Failure of a Polypropylene Vessel -- 26 Heat Shrinkable Terminations for Power Cables.

Abstract: This book is derived from a recent project sponsored by the Polymer Engineering Directorate of the SERC and carried out at the University of Lancaster under the joint auspices of the Departments of Chemistry and Engineering. The project set out to provide a novel type of teaching material for introducing polymers and their uses to students, especially of engineering. Case studies of real examples of polymers at work are used, so the student or teacher can start with a successful and well-designed product and work backwards to its origins in the market, in design and material selection and in the manufacturing process. The philosophy is that such an approach captures interest right at the start by means of a real example and then retains it because of the relevance of the technical explanation. This after all is what most of us do habitually; we turn to examples to make our point. The hope is that subject matter with a somewhat notorious reputation among engineers, such as aspects of polymer chemistry and the non-linear behaviour of polymers under mechanical loading will be fairly painlessly absorbed through the context of the examples. Each study becomes a separate chapter in the book. The original studies, and hence the present chapters, vary in length because different topics demanded different approaches. No attempt has been made to alter this, or to adopt a standardized format because to have done so would have interfered with the vitality of the original work.

Abstract: 1. Concepts of Tool Design -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Pass Geometry and Product Quality -- 1.3. Empirical and Theoretical Bases for Design -- 1.4. Design Concepts and Their Effects -- References -- 2. Longitudinal and Oblique Rolling -- 2.1. Longitudinal Rolling: Hollow Sections -- 2.2. Roll Groove Design: Sinking and Stretch-Reducing Mills -- 2.3. Longitudinal Rolling: Bar and Rod -- 2.4. The Pilger Process: Rotary Forging -- 2.5. The Push Bench Process -- 2.6. The Diescher Mill: Elongation by Oblique Rolling -- 2.7. Expanding by Oblique Rolling -- 2.8. The Assel Mill: Oblique Elongating by Three Stepped Rolls -- 2.9. Three-Roll Planetary Rolling -- 2.10. Rotary Piercing -- References -- 3. The Drawing of Metals -- 3.1. Developments in the Drawing of Metals -- 3.2. Developments in Drawing Lubricants -- 3.3. Development of Tool Materials -- 3.4. The Mechanical Design of Draw Tools -- 3.5. Theoretical Considerations -- 3.6. Unusual and Recent Developments in Drawing -- References -- 4. Extrusion -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Design of Tools for Hot Extrusion -- 4.3. Industrial Practice in Tool Design -- 4.4. Theoretical Approaches and Limitations -- 4.5. Future Developments -- 4.6. Conform -- 4.7. Cold Extrusion of Steel -- 4.8. Cold Extrusion of Non-Ferrous Components -- 4.9. Hydrostatic, HERF and Other Extrusion Techniques -- References -- 5. Forging -- 5.1. Forging Process Variables Affecting Die Design and Manufacture -- 5.2. Importance of Forging Geometry and Shape Complexity -- 5.3. Design of Finisher Dies -- 5.4. Design of Blocker Dies -- 5.5. Computer-Aided Methods for Designing Forging Dies -- 5.6. Metal Flow Simulation for Optimizing Die Design -- 5.7. Manufacturing of Forging Dies -- 5.8. Dies for Special Forging Techniques -- References -- 6. Friction and Tools -- 6.1. Influence of Friction in Metal-Working -- 6.2. The Mechanics of Asperity Deformation -- 6.3. The Origin of Friction Stresses -- 6.4. Lubrication -- 6.5. Measurement of Friction -- 6.6. Friction and Normal Stress Distributions in Various Metal-Forming Processes -- 6.6.1. Upsetting -- References -- 7. Selection of Tool Materials -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Required Properties of Metal-Forming Tooling -- 7.3. Steels -- 7.4. Near Net Shape Tooling -- 7.5. Cemented Carbide -- 7.6. Ceramic and Ultra Hard Tool Materials -- 7.7. Titanium Carbide: High-Speed Steels -- 7.8. Surface Treatments and Coatings on Tool Materials -- 7.9. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8. Computer Design -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Computer-Integrated Manufacturing -- 8.3. Computer-Aided Design: A Review -- 8.4. Computer-Aided Manufacture -- 8.5. Applications of Solid Modelling -- 8.6. Conclusion -- References.

Abstract: Although the problem of tool design - involving both the selection of suitable geometry and material- has exercised the attention of metal­ forming engineers for as long as this industrial activity has existed, the approach to its solution has been generally that of the 'trial and error' variety. It is only relatively recently that the continuing expansion of the bulk metal-forming industry, combined with an increase in the degree of sophistication required of its products and processes, has focussed attention on the problem of optimisation of tool design. This, in turn, produced a considerable expansion of theoretical and practical investi­ gations of the existing methods, techniques r,nd concepts, and helped to systematise our thinking and ideas in this area of engineering activity. In the virtual absence, so far, of a single, encyclopaedic, but sufficien­ tly deep, summation of the state of the art, a group of engineers and materials scientists felt that an opportune moment had arrived to try and produce, concisely, answers to many tool designers' dilemmas. This book attempts to set, in perspective, the existing - and proven - concepts of design, to show their respective advantages and weaknesses and to indicate how they should be applied to the individual main forming processes of rolling, drawing, extrusion and forging.

Abstract: 1. Acoustical Fundamentals for the Recording Engineer -- 2. Microphones -- 3. Basic Stereophonic Imaging Techniques -- 4. Audio Transmission Systems -- 5. Monitor Loudspeakers and the Monitoring Environment -- 6. Signal Processing Devices and Applications -- 7. Classical Recording Production Techniques -- 8. Popular Record Production Techniques -- 9. Analog Magnetic Recording -- 10. Analog Disc Recording and Reproduction -- 11. Digital Recording -- 12. The Low-Cost Studio: An Overview.

Abstract: The Handbook of Recording Engineering is a logical outgrowth of the first two editions of Sound Recording. The ten years since the first edition have seen no slackening in the development of recording technology, and they have wit­ nessed an almost phenomenal growth in the teaching of recording and audio engineering at all academic levels. The earlier editions of Sound Recording have been widely used as texts at all educational levels, and it is the author's intent in the Handbook of Recording Engineering to produce a book which is even more suited to these purposes. At the same time, the book has been organized as a true handbook, which presents of reference material in easily accessible form. a broad array The organization of the book is unique in that it progresses as the signal transmission chain itself does-from the recording venue on through the micro­ phone, transmission channel, and finally to the listening environment. The first six chapters thus form a logical sequence, and the author recommends that in­ structors using the Handbook follow them accordingly. Chapter One presents a discussion of acoustical fundamentals, including an introduction to some basic psychoacoustical considerations having to do with performance spaces. Chapter Two covers the basic operating principles of mi­ crophones, while Chapter Three extends the discussion of microphones to cover the entire range of stereophonic imaging phenomena.

Abstract: Editorial introduction -- 1 Polymers -- 1.1 Introduction and history -- 1.2 Production of polymers -- 1.3 Nature of polymers -- 1.4 Thermoplastics and thermosets -- 1.5 Mode of polymerization -- 1.6 Thermodynamics of polymerization -- 1.7 Homopolymers and copolymers -- 1.8 Mechanism of polymerization -- 1.9 Industrial polymerization techniques -- 1.10 Properties of polymers -- 1.11 Suitability of polymers and mechanical properties -- 1.12 Fibres -- 1.13 Elastomers and rubbers -- 1.14 Composites -- 1.15 Individual polymers -- 1.16 Future trends -- 2 Dyestuffs -- 2.1 Origin -- 2.2 The economic importance of the dyestuffs industry -- 2.3 Colour and constitution -- 2.4 Classification of dyes -- 2.5 Major products -- 2.6 Principal dyes, pigments and related products -- 2.7 Dyestuffs manufacture -- 2.8 Current and future trends -- 3 The chlor-alkali, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus industries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The chlor-alkali industry -- 3.3 The nitrogen-based industries -- 3.4 The sulphur industry -- 3.5 Phosphorus-based industry -- 3.6 The future demand for bulk chemicals -- 3.7 Future developments 167 References and bibliography -- 4 The pharmaceutical industry -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The world pharmaceutical market -- 4.3 Some representative drugs -- 4.4 The initiation of a project in the pharmaceutical industry -- 4.5 Financial and economic considerations -- 4.6 Health benefits -- 4.7 Future trends -- 5 Agrochemicals -- 5.1 Introduction229 -- 5.2 Present position of the industry -- 5.3 Discovery and development of new pesticides -- 5.4 Fungicides -- 5.5 Herbicides -- 5.6 Insecticides -- 5.7 Pesticide resistance -- 5.8 Integrated pest management -- 5.9 The future 281 References and bibliography -- 6 Biological catalysis and biotechnology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microbial synthesis of primary metabolites -- 6.3 Microbial synthesis of secondary metabolites -- 6.4 Microbial synthesis of proteins -- 6.5 Microbial transformations -- 6.6 Enzymatic processes -- 6.7 Artificial enzymes 344 References and bibliography -- 7 The future -- 7.1 Current situation -- 7.2 Significant influences -- 7.3 The future.

Abstract: Background This book provides an introduction to the main sectors of the chemical industry, and complements An Introduction to Industrial Chemistry (sub­ sequently referred to as Volume I) which covers the physico-chemical principles of the subject, as well as introductory technical economics and chemical engineering. Processes considered include the large-scale production of polymers (up to 1000 tonnes per day for a single plant); the chlor-alkali, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus industries; and the production, on a smaller scale, of dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The rapidly developing area of biotech­ nology is dealt with under biological catalysis. The consequences of scale of operation are also highlighted in Chapter 7. Each chapter includes common themes, such as brief history, present position, major products and the future. The final chapter links together the predictions made for the future of each sector, to give an overall projection for the whole chemical industry; the quadrupling of oil prices in 1974 and the widespread recession at the beginning of the 1980s provide a salutary lesson about the difficulty of such projections.

Abstract: 1: Review of some basic ideas -- Cartesian coordinates -- Use of vectors -- Some simple geometric shapes -- Use of matrix notation -- The standard linear equation -- Non-linear equations -- 2: Simple datastructures and transformations -- Use of nodes -- Node and edge lists -- Transformations of the nodes -- Three-dimensional coordinates -- Transformations in three dimensions -- Homogeneous coordinates -- Homogeneous transformation matrices -- View transformations -- Application to assemblies of shapes -- Application to robotics -- 3: Representation of curves -- Implicit equations -- Use of parameters -- The Bézier formulation -- More general Bézier forms -- Manipulating Bézier segments -- Bézier segments with homogeneous coordinates -- The de Casteljau algorithm -- to B-spline curves -- B-spline basis functions -- B-splines and some of their properties -- Extensions of B-spline ideas -- Joining curve segments together -- Curves through given points -- 4: Intersection of curves -- Intersection of straight line segments -- Non-linearity and the intersection of curves -- Subdivision and box-testing techniques -- Closed curves -- A data structure for closed curves -- The merging of closed curves -- 5: Representation of surfaces -- Ruled surfaces -- Coons’ patches -- Surfaces through given points -- Bézier surface patches -- B-spline surfaces -- The DUCT system -- Problems involved in putting patches together -- 6: MODCON: an example system -- Background to the system -- The use of primitive shapes -- Putting primitives together -- A simple example -- Operation of the system -- Limitations of the system -- Conclusions -- 7: Introduction to surface and solid modelling -- Types of geometric modeller -- Solid modelling -- Obtaining volumetric properties -- Defining primitive volumetric shapes -- Hidden line removal and surface shading -- References.

Abstract: Intersection of straight line segments 103 Non-linearity and the intersection of curves 109 Subdivision and box-testing techniques 114 Closed curves 120 A data structure for closed curves 123 The merging of closed curves 125 Chapter 5: Representation of surfaces 133 Introduction 133 Ruled surfaces 134 Coons' patches 136 Surfaces through given points 141 Bezier surface patches 143 B-spline surfaces 148 The DUCT system 149 Problems involved in putting patches together 153 Chapter 6: MODCON: an example system 159 Background to the system 159 The use of primitive shapes 160 Putting primitives together 165 A simple example 170 Operation of the system 171 Limitations of the system 174 Conclusions 176 Chapter 7: Introduction to surface and solid modelling 177 Introduction 177 Types of geometric modeller 177 Solid modelling 181 Obtaining volumetric properties 186 Defining primitive volumetric shapes 188 Hidden line removal and surface shading 190 References 197 Index 199 CHAPTER 1 Review of some basic ideas Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to review some of the standard notation and concepts that underlie the material to be presented later. These are the ideas of mathematics and of numerical mathematics. They are important from a computer­ aided design (CAD) point of view because the only way in which we can persuade a computer system to deal with geometry for us is by reducing it to a set of numbers which can then be stored and manipulated.

Abstract: 1 Manufacturing Engineering: Definition and Purpose -- 2 Fundamentals of Supervising -- 3 Work Simplification -- 4 Manufacturing Engineering Methods -- 5 Manufacturing Standards for Setting Labor Costs -- 6 Standard Manufacturing Process -- 7 Soldering -- 8 Mechanical Assembly -- 9 Plastic-Coated Electronic Equipment -- 10 Adhesive Bonding -- 11 Rework and Repair -- 12 Printed Circuit Processing and Assembly -- 13 Safety -- 14 Reference Tables -- 15 Terminology.

Abstract: 1 Random Signals -- 1.0 Introduction -- 1.1 Characterization and Classification -- 1.2 Correlation and Covariance Functions -- 1.3 Gaussian Processes and Wiener Processes -- 1.4 Poisson Process -- 1.5 Mean Square Calculus -- 1.6 Markov Process -- 1.7 Renewal Process -- 1.8 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- 2 Stationary Random Signals -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Linear Systems with Random Signal Input -- 2.3 Cross Covariance and Coherence -- 2.4 Narrowband Noise Process -- 2.5 Orthogonal Expansion and Sampling -- 2.6 Ergodicity and Entropy -- 2.7 Zero Crossing Detectors -- 2.8 Nonlinear Systems -- 2.9 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- 3 Estimation, Optimization, and Detection -- 3.0 Introduction -- 3.1 Sampling Distribution -- 3.2 Estimation of Parameter: Point Estimation -- 3.3 Estimation Criteria -- 3.4 Maximum Likelihood Estimation -- 3.5 Linear Mean Square Estimation -- 3.6 Method of Least Squares: Regression Models -- 3.7 Interval Estimation: Confidence Interval -- 3.8 Cramer-Rao Inequality -- 3.9 Estimation in Colored Noise -- 3.10 Optimum Linear Filters -- 3.11 Signal Detection -- 3.12 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- 4 Spectral Analysis -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1 The Periodogram Approach -- 4.2 Spectral Windows -- 4.3 Autoregressive Method -- 4.4 The Maximum Entropy Method -- 4.5 Maximum Likelihood Estimator -- 4.6 Pisarenko and Prony Methods -- 4.7 Adaptive Lattices Method -- 4.8 Cross Spectral Estimation -- 4.9 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- 5 Prediction, Filtering, and Identification -- 5.0 Introduction -- 5.1 State Space Representation -- 5.2 The Innovation Process -- 5.3 Linear Prediction and Kalman Filtering -- 5.4 Smoothing -- 5.5 Extended Kalman Filtering -- 5.6 System Identification -- 5.7 Bibliographical Notes -- Exercises -- Appendix 1. Linear Systems Analysis -- Appendix 2. Probability -- Appendix 3. Stochastic Integrals -- Appendix 4. Hilbert Space.

Abstract: The techniques used for the extraction of information from received or ob­ served signals are applicable in many diverse areas such as radar, sonar, communications, geophysics, remote sensing, acoustics, meteorology, med­ ical imaging systems, and electronics warfare. The received signal is usually disturbed by thermal, electrical, atmospheric, channel, or intentional inter­ ferences. The received signal cannot be predicted deterministically, so that statistical methods are needed to describe the signal. In general, therefore, any received signal is analyzed as a random signal or process. The purpose of this book is to provide an elementary introduction to random signal analysis, estimation, filtering, and identification. The emphasis of the book is on the computational aspects as well as presentation of com­ mon analytical tools for systems involving random signals. The book covers random processes, stationary signals, spectral analysis, estimation, optimiz­ ation, detection, spectrum estimation, prediction, filtering, and identification. The book is addressed to practicing engineers and scientists. It can be used as a text for courses in the areas of random processes, estimation theory, and system identification by undergraduates and graduate students in engineer­ ing and science with some background in probability and linear algebra. Part of the book has been used by the author while teaching at State University of New York at Buffalo and California State University at Long Beach. Some of the algorithms presented in this book have been successfully applied to industrial projects.

Abstract: 1 Introduction and Background History -- 2 The Code of Federal Regulations -- 3 The Regulation of Hazardous Materials -- 4 Shipping and Marking Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Waste -- 5 Hazardous Materials in Transit -- 6 Hazardous Classes and Properties -- 7 Recognizing and Identifying Hazardous Materials -- 8 Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents -- 9 The Code of Federal Regulations—CFR Title 40 -- 10 Polychlorinated Biphenyls—PCBs -- 11 Asbestos, the Curse and Cure -- 12 Pesticides -- 13 Heavy Metal Wastes and Other Toxic Pollutants -- 14 Acid Rain -- 15 Oil Spills -- 16 Hospital Handling of Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Waste -- 17 Handling Radioactive Waste -- 18 Superfund, a Remedial Response Program -- 19 The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) -- 20 The Toxic Substances Control Act -- Appendices.

Abstract: This book deals with the safe and legal handling of hazardous materials and waste from the manufacturer's plant through the storage, transportation and distribution channels to the user, and, ultimately, to the disposal of the product or waste materials. There is increasing pressure today from the public, academia, government at all levels, and industry to improve the handling and management of hazardous materials. A knowledge of the methods required to safely handle and manage those materials in all of their various aspects, together with an understanding of the many governmental regulations that apply to those materials in the various stages of the distribution chain, is absolutely essential to their proper handling and disposal. Efficient handling and the safe management of hazardous materials requires an expertise in the skills and techniques of the latest innovations, which in turn are often based upon the firm foundation of data and experience in those areas. Personal and public safety require that the information concerning hazardous materials be disseminated as widely as possible. This document should not be used to determine compliance with the u.s. DOT hazardous material regulations, or with any other regulations imposed by loca\, State, or Federal regulatory bodies. T.H. Allegri, Sr.

Abstract: 1. Liner Service and Tramp Shipping -- 2. Tramp Shipping -- 3. The Management of Tramp Shipping -- 4. Chartering and Tramp Ship Operation -- 5. Organization of a Liner-Service Company -- 6. Terminal Management -- 7. Terminal Operation -- 8. The Stevedore Contract -- 9. Procurement of Vessel Stores and Supplies -- 10. Containerization: The Beginning -- 11. The Ramifications of Containerization -- 12. The Ocean Bill of Lading -- 13. How Freight Rates Are Made -- 14. The Traffic Study -- 15. Steamship Conferences -- 16. The Logic of Steamship Scheduling -- 17. Scheduling and Bunkering -- 18. Planning for a New Ship -- 19. Passenger Cruises -- 20. Industrial and Special Carriers -- 21. Tanker Management -- 22. The American Shipping Subsidy System -- 23. The Business of Shipping -- Notes -- About the Author.

Abstract: T HIS VOL U M E has been written to describe the business side of a commercial enterprise whose field is the entire civilized world. Historically, the theory and knowledge of shipping management, as distinguished from the practical skills of seaman­ ship, have been transmitted from one generation to the next by word of mouth. Little has been put on paper, primarily because the finest exponents of the art of steamship management have been too busy with their day-to-day concerns to do so. The "working level" personnel often are superbly competent, but rarely qualify as liter­ ary craftsmen. It has been my aim, in preparing this analysis of the principles of the "business" of commercial shipping, to describe that which trans­ pires in the various divisions of a shipowning and operating organi­ zation. Insofar as possible, the procedures followed in the offices have been described and explained, as well as the underlying prin­ ciples of management by which their decisions are reached. In the process of learning the principles and practices that are set forth in these pages, I have spent ajoy-filled lifetime in associa­ tion with ships. It has been my good fortune to work in large and small American steamship offices, to operate a major cargo termi­ nal, to participate in establishing and putting into effect the policies of a world-girdling American steamship organization, and to teach young men these principles learned from experience as well as from precept.

Abstract: Session I The European Joint Colloborative Project -- Assessment, Architecture and Performance of Industrial Programmable Electronic Systems, with Particular Reference to Robotic Safety -- Presentation of Objectives 1 and 2 of the Joint Collaborative Project on Programmable Electronic Systems: Collection and Data Banking of Information -- Analysis of Accidents and Disturbances Involving Industrial Robots -- Collection and Assessment of Current Standards and Guidelines for Programmable Electronic Systems: CEC Collaborative Project, Objective 3 -- The Inadequacies of Research into Programmable Electronic Systems in Industrial Robots -- Guideline Framework for the Assessment of Programmable Electronic Systems -- Case Study Using the Guidelines Framework -- Session II Programmable Electronic Systems In Nuclear Applications -- Use of Programmable Electronic Systems in Indian Nuclear Power Plants -- Failsafe Operation of a Programmable Electronic System in a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Refuelling System -- Software Safety Using Fault Tree Analysis Technique -- Programmable Controller Fault Tree Models for use in Nuclear Power Plant Risk Assessments -- The Integrated Protection System: High Integrity Design as a Response to Safety Issues -- Session III Industrial Applications Of Programmable Electronic Systems -- Enhancing System Reliability by Improving Component Reliability -- Improving the Safety of Programmable Electronic Systems -- Session IV Assessment Methodologies -- PASS II — Program for Analysing Sequential Circuits -- Experience with Computer Assessment -- Safety Assessment Methods for New AGR Fuel Route Control Systems -- Session V Software For Programmable Electronic Systems -- Guidelines for the Synthesis of Software for Distributed Processors -- Experiences with the Diverse Redundancy in Programmable Electronic Systems -- Session VI Experience With Emc, Signature Analysis, Fault Simulation And Safety Of Machine Tools -- Effects of Electromagnetic Interferences on Programmable Electronic Systems -- Improving the Safety Level of Programmable Electronic Systems by Applying the Concept of Signature Analysis -- The Physical Simulation of Fault: A Tool for the Evaluation of Programmable Controller’s Behaviour on Internal Failure -- Safety with Numerically Controlled Machine Tools -- Session VII National And Industrial Guidelines For Programmable Electronic Systems -- Requirements for Microcomputer Systems in Safety Relevant Application — State of the Art in the Federal Republic of Germany -- Use of Microprocessors in Safety Critical Applications — Guidelines for the Nordic Factory Inspectorates -- Standardisation for Computer Safety — The Current Situation in Germany -- Harmonisation of Safety Standards for Programmable Electronic Systems -- Guidance on the Use of Programmable Electronic Systems in Safety Related Applications.

Abstract: The use of programmable electronic systems (PES) in industry has grown considerably with the availability of microcomputers. These systems offer many benefits to the designer and user in providing more comprehensive control of industrial processes, enviroments, machine tools and in robot installations. As confidence grows with the application of PES, users and manufacturers are considering incorporating safety functions within the requirements and functions of the PES. This book represents the proceedings of the Programmable Electronic Systems Safety Symposium (PES-3) held in Guernsey, Channel Islands, May 28th - 30th 1986, which presented the guidance available to users, designers and safety assessors of programmable electronic systems. This guidance is applicable for many real and potential risk and safety situations in a wide variety of industries ranging from nuclear power plants and industrial robotics, to machine tools and chemical process controllers. The original impetus to hold the Symposium came from a two year collaborative project partially funded by the Commission of the European Communities under the 1979-83 Informatics Initiative. The sponsors of the Symposium studied the assessment, architecture and performance of industrial programmable electronic systems, with particular reference to robotics. The group of papers in the first session give the first public report of the results of this project. The session was Chaired by H Fangmeyer from the Commission's Joint Research Centre at Ispra, Italy, who was the Commission's Project Manager throughout the collaboration.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 The structure of the nucleic acids -- 2.1 Monomeric components -- 2.1.1 Pyrimidine bases -- 2.1.2 Purine bases -- 2.1.3 Pentose and deoxypentose sugars -- 2.1.4 Nucleosides -- 2.1.5 Nucleotides -- 2.2 The primary structure of the nucleic acids -- 2.3 Shorthand notation -- 2.4 Base composition analysis of DNA -- 2.5 Molecular weight of DNA -- 2.6 The secondary structure of DNA -- 2.6.1 The basic structures -- 2.6.2 Variations on the B-form of DNA -- 2.6.3 Z-DNA -- 2.6.4 The dynamic structure of DNA -- 2.7 Denaturation and renaturation -- 2.7.1 DNA denaturation: the helix-coil transition -- 2.7.2 The renaturation of DNA: C0t value analysis -- 2.7.3 The buoyant density of DNA -- 2.8 Supercoils, cruciforms and triple-stranded structures -- 2.9 The secondary and tertiary structure of RNA -- 2.10 Chemical reactions of bases, nucleotides and polynucleotides -- 2.10.1 Reactions of ribose and deoxyribose -- 2.10.2 Reactions of the bases -- 2.10.3 Phosphodiester bond cleavage -- 2.10.4 Photochemistry -- References -- 3 Chromosome organization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Eukaryote DNA -- 3.2.1 The eukaryote cell cycle -- 3.2.2 Eukaryote chromosomes -- 3.2.3 The allocation of specific genes to specific chromosomes -- 3.2.4 Haploid DNA content (C value) -- 3.2.5 Gene frequency -- 3.2.6 Eukaryote gene structure -- 3.3 Chromatin structure -- 3.3.1 Histones and non-histone proteins -- 3.3.2 The nucleosome -- 3.3.3 Nucleosome phasing -- 3.3.4 Higher orders of chromatin structure -- 3.3.5 Loops, matrix and the chromosome scaffold -- 3.3.6 Lampbrush chromosomes -- 3.3.7 Polytene chromosomes -- 3.4 Extranuclear DNA -- 3.4.1 Mitochondrial DNA -- 3.4.2 Chloroplast DNA -- 3.4.3 Kinetoplast DNA -- 3.5 Bacteria -- 3.5.1 The bacterial chromosome -- 3.5.2 The bacterial division cycle -- 3.5.3 Bacterial transformation -- 3.6 Viruses -- 3.6.1 Structure -- 3.6.2 Virus classification -- 3.6.3 Life cycle -- 3.6.4 The Hershey-Chase experiment -- 3.6.5 Virus mutants -- 3.6.6 Virus nucleic acids -- 3.6.7 The information content of viral nucleic acids -- 3.6.8 Lysogeny and transduction -- 3.6.9 Tumour viruses and animal cell transformation -- 3.6.10 Viroids -- 3.6.11 Prions -- 3.7 Plasmids and transposons 77 -- References -- 4 Degradation and modification of nucleic acids -- 4.1 Introduction and classification of nucleases -- 4.2 Non-specific nucleases -- 4.2.1 Non-specific endonucleases -- 4.2.2 Non-specific exonucleases -- 4.3 Ribonucleases (RNases) -- 4.3.1 Endonucleases which form 3?-phosphate groups -- 4.3.2 Endonucleases which form 5?-phosphate groups -- 4.3.3 RNA exonucleases -- 4.3.4 Ribonucleases which act on RNA:DNA hybrids (RNase H) -- 4.3.5 Double-stranded RNA-specific ribonucleases -- 4.3.6 Ribonuclease inhibitors -- 4.4 Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) -- 4.5 Deoxy ribonucleases (DNases) -- 4.5.1 Endonucleases -- 4.5.2 Exonucleases -- 4.5.3 Restriction endonucleases -- 4.6 Nucleic acid methylation -- 4.6.1 DNA methylation -- 4.6.2 RNA methylation and other RNA nucleotide modifications -- 4.7 Nucleic acid kinases and phosphatases -- 4.7.1 Bacteriophage polynucleotide kinase -- 4.7.2 Eukaryotic DNA and RNA kinases -- 4.8 Base exchange in RNA and DNA -- References -- 5 The metabolism of nucleotides -- 5.1 Anabolic pathways -- 5.2 The biosynthesis of the purines -- 5.3 Preformed purines as precursors -- 5.4 The biosynthesis of the pyrimidines -- 5.5 The biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides and its control -- 5.6 The biosynthesis of thymine derivatives -- 5.7 Aminopterin in selective media -- 5.8 Formation of nucleoside triphosphates -- 5.9 General aspects of catabolism -- 5.10 Purine catabolism -- 5.11 Pyrimidine catabolism -- References -- 6 Replication of DNA -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Semiconservative replication -- 6.3 The replication fork -- 6.3.1 Discontinuous synthesis -- 6.3.2 Okazaki pieces -- 6.3.3 Direction of chain growth -- 6.3.4 Initiation of Okazaki pieces -- 6.3.5 Continuous synthesis -- 6.4 Enzymes of DNA synthesis -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 DNA polymerases -- 6.4.3 DNA ligases -- 6.4.4 Helix-destabilizing proteins (HD) or single-stranded DNA- binding proteins (ssb) -- 6.4.5 DNA unwinding proteins or DNA helicases (DNA-dependent ATPases) -- 6.4.6 Topoisomerases -- 6.5 Fidelity of replication -- 6.6 In vitro systems for studying DNA replication -- 6.6.1 dna mutants -- 6.6.2 Permeable cells -- 6.6.3 Cell lysates -- 6.6.4 Soluble extracts -- 6.6.5 Reconstruction experiments -- 6.7 Molecular biology of the replication fork -- 6.7.1 Lagging-strand synthesis -- 6.7.2 Leading-strand synthesis -- 6.7.3 RF replication -- 6.8 Initiation of replication-general -- 6.8.1 Methods of locating the origin and direction of replication -- 6.8.2 Replicons -- 6.8.3 Rate of replication -- 6.8.4 Origin strategies -- 6.8.5 Positive or negative control of initiation -- 6.9 Initiation of replication-specific examples -- 6.9.1 Small single-stranded phage -- 6.9.2 Double-stranded phage -- 6.9.3 Plasmids -- 6.9.4 Bacteria -- 6.9.5 Mitochondria -- 6.9.6 Double-stranded cyclic DNA viruses (SV40 and polyoma) -- 6.9.7 Adenoviruses -- 6.9.8 Yeast -- 6.9.9 Higher eukaryotes -- 6.9.10 Retroviruses -- 6.10 Termination of replication -- 6.10.1 Cyclic chromosomes -- 6.10.2 Small linear chromosomes -- 6.10.3 Telomeres -- 6.11 Replication complexes -- 6.12 Chromatin replication -- References -- 7 Repair, recombination and DNA rearrangement -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Mutations and mutagens -- 7.2.1 Base and nucleoside analogues -- 7.2.2 Alkylating agents -- 7.2.3 Intercalating agents -- 7.2.4 The effects of ionizing radiation -- 7.2.5 Ultraviolet radiation -- 7.3 Repair mechanisms -- 7.3.1 Reversal of damage -- 7.3.2 Excision repair -- 7.3.3 Mismatch repair -- 7.3.4 Post-replication repair -- 7.4 Recombination -- 7.4.1 E. coli rec system and single-strand invasion -- 7.4.2 Reciprocal recombination between duplex DNA molecules -- 7.4.3 Site-specific recombination -- 7.5 Gene amplification -- 7.5.1 Developmental amplification -- 7.5.2 Amplification by chemical selection -- 7.5.3 Mechanism of amplification -- 7.6 Gene duplication and pseudogenes -- 7.6.1 Multiple related copies of eukaryotic genes -- 7.6.2 Mechanism of tandem gene duplication -- 7.6.3 Pseudogenes -- 7.6.4 Concerted evolution of duplicated genes -- 7.7 Transposition of DNA -- 7.7.1 Transposable elements -- 7.7.2 Transposition in prokaryotes -- 7.7.3 Transposition in eukaryotes -- 7.8 Gene conversion -- 7.8.1 Yeast mating-type locus -- 7.8.2 Variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes in trypanosomes -- 7.9 Gene rearrangements -- 7.9.1 Immunoglobulin genes -- 7.9.2 T-cell receptor genes -- 7.9.3 Other gene rearrangements -- 7.10 Chromosomal translocations -- References -- 8 RNA biosynthesis -- 8.1 DNA-dependent RNA polymerases -- 8.1.1 Bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase -- 8.1.2 Eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases -- 8.2 Prokaryotic RNA synthesis -- 8.2.1 Prokaryotic initiation of transcription -- 8.2.2 Elongation of RNA transcripts -- 8.2.3 Termination of transcription in prokaryotes -- 8.3 Eukaryotic RNA synthesis -- 8.3.1 Initiation by RNA polymerase II -- 8.3.2 Initiation by RNA polymerase III -- 8.3.3 Initiation by RNA polymerase I -- 8.3.4 Eukaryotic termination -- 8.3.5 Transcription of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes -- 8.4 RNA polymerases and RNA synthesis in DNA viruses -- 8.5 The replication of RNA viruses by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Replicase) -- 8.5.1 RNA bacteriophage -- 8.5.2 Eukaryotic RNA viruses -- References -- 9 The arrangement of genes, their transcription and processing -- 9.1 Transcription and processing of prokaryotic and bacteriophage mRNA -- 9.2 The organization of eukaryotic protein-encoding genes -- 9.2.1 Genes are often discontinuous -- 9.2.2 Gene families and gene clustering -- 9.3 Transcription and processing of eukaryotic pre-messenger RNA -- 9.3.1 The nature of gene transcripts -- 9.3.2 Caps and 5?-leader sequences of eukaryotic mRNA -- 9.3.3 Poly adenylate tails, 3? -processing and 3? -non-coding sequences of eukaryotic mRNAs -- 9.3.4 Removal of intron transcripts from pre-mRNA -- 9.4 The arrangement of rRNA genes, their transcription and processing -- 9.4.1 The prokaryotic rRNA genes and their processing -- 9.4.2 The rRNA genes of eukaryotes -- 9.4.3 The transcription and processing of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA -- 9.5 The arrangement and expression of tRNA genes -- 9.5.1 tRNA genes -- 9.5.2 The processing of tRNA -- 9.6 The arrangement and expression of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes -- 9.6.1 Protein-encoding genes of mitochondria and chloroplasts -- 9.6.2 Mitochondrial and chloroplast rDNA -- 9.6.3 Mitochondrial and chloroplast tRNA genes -- 9.6.4 The introns of mitochondrial genes and their splicing -- 9.7 A postscript on splicing -- References -- 10 Control of transcription and mRNA processing -- 10.1 The regulation of prokaryotic RNA chain initiation -- 10.1.1 Induction of the lac operon - a negative control system -- ...

Abstract: When the first edition of this book was published in 1950, it set out to present an elementary outline of the state of knowledge of nucleic acid biochemistry at that time and it was the first monograph on the subject to appear since Levene's book on Nucleic Acids in 1931. The fact that a tenth edition is required after thirty five years and that virtually nothing of the original book has been retained is some measure of the speed with which knowledge has advanced in this field. As a result of this vast increase in information it becomes increasingly difficult to fulfil the aims of providing an introduction to nucleic acid biochemistry and satisfying the requirements of advanced undergraduates and postgraduates in biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology. We have attempted to achieve these aims by con­ centrating on those basic aspects not normally covered in the general biochemistry textbooks and by providing copious references so that details of methodology can readily be retrieved by those requiring further information. The first seven editions emerged from the pen of J. N. Davidson who died in September 1972 shortly after completing the seventh edition. The subsequent editions have been produced by various colleagues who have tried to retain something of the character and structure of the earlier editions while at the same time introducing new ideas and concepts and eliminating some of the more out -dated material.

Abstract: Section I: In Situ Hybridization: Approaches and Applications -- 1. Cellular Location and Regulation of Proenkephalin mRNA in Rat Brain -- 2. Vasopressin and Somatostatin mRNA In Situ Hybridization -- 3. Opioid Peptides and Vasopressin: The Application of In Situ Hybridization to Studies of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary -- 4. Detection of Neuropeptide mRNAs by In SituHybridization Histochemistry -- 5. In Situ Hybridization as a Quantitative Autoradiographic Method: Vasopressin and Oxytocin Gene Transcription in the Brattleboro Rat -- 6. Glucocorticoid Regulation of Vasopressin Messenger RNA -- 7. Neuro Anatomical and Developmental Expression of Novel Brain mRNAs Determined by In Situ Hybridization -- 8. In Situ Detection of GAD mRNA in Mouse Brain -- 9. The Cellular Localization of Preprotachykinin, Preproenkephalin A and Beta Prepronerve Growth Factor mRNA -- 10. Molecular Approaches to Human Neurological Diseases and Their Animal Models -- 11. In Situ Hybridization of Somatostatin and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide mRNA in the Rat Nervous System: Contrasting Patterns of Ontogeny -- 12. Use of In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry to Analyze Gene Transcription in Individual Cells -- 13. In Situ Hybridization for Detection of Viral Nucleic Acid in Cell Cultures and Tissues -- Section II: Methodological Issues -- 14. Probes -- 15. Hybridization and Wash Conditions -- 16. Quantitative In Situ Hybridization and Determination of mRNA Content -- 17. In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry as a Supplement to Immunohistochemistry -- 18. Determination of Specificity in In Situ Hybridization -- Section III: Appendix -- Index and Glossary.

Abstract: The explosion of interest in specific molecules important for brain function and dysfunction has drawn individuals from diverse backgrounds toward the use of in situ hybridization techniques. Study of the brain demands the anatomic precision and biochemical specificity that this approach can potentially bring. Workers with backgrounds in peptide neuroanatomy, neuropharmacology, molecular biology, neurovirology, neuropathology, and neurophysiology have joined together in this volume to discuss their initial experiences in applying ill situ hybridization techniques to the study of the brain. The work, although still in an early phase of development, is worthy of initial summary and dissemination. In the area of neuropeptide gene expression alone, investigators represented here describe studies of vasopressin, opiate peptides, oxytocin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin. Other contributions provide insight into applications of the technique to studies of the expression of genes for neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes, viral-encoded genes, trophic factor genes, and the genes selected on the basis of their special roles in the brain. The authors provide an important series of technical perspectives, and describe specific experimental protocols. This volume should be of interest to individuals seeking an introduction to these methods, as well to those desiring an up to date precis of work in this burgeoning area. Dr. Uhl, with the sponsorship of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, has done a superb job of assembling the leaders in this area, and in organizing the presen ta tion of their perspecti ves herein. Joseph B. Martin, M.D., Ph.D.

Abstract: Bending Perception to Wish: The Future as Froth and Fantasy -- The Clouded Crystal Ball: Creases of the Mind -- Great Discoveries Not Mentioned in Textbooks: N Rays -- Grand Illusions: Russian Water -- People Yearn to Believe: Dr. Fox Experiments -- Epilogue.

Abstract: To paraphrase Saul Bellow, it is extremely difficult to escape from the conceptual bottles into which we have been processed, or even to become aware that we are confined within them. Anthro­ pocentrism, an ancient tradition, is an intellectual constraint that has continually impeded objective probing of the universe around and within us. We are probably born with that constriction, perhaps as a result of evolutionary selection or because each of us has been created in the image of the Deity. But it is only the core of our mental "gestalt. " Around it we find additional shells of intellectual obstruc­ tions deposited by accretion from our family, our teachers, our experi­ ences and the society in which we are immersed. It is very hazardous to embrace novel scientific ideas. Personal and social experiences show that the vast majority turn out to be failures. What standards can one use to make judgments? There is a universal tendency to rely on "common sense;" but as Einstein pointed out, this is a collection of views, sensible or not, imprinted in us before the age of sixteen. I have found it a challenge to convince young students that much of what they are certain about and, in fact, correct about, is actually contrary to common sense. For example, on any bright day, anyone who is not blind or an idiot can see the sun literally moving around the earth, from east to west.

Abstract: In October, 1985, discussions were held in Santiago in regard to the possibility of organizing a minerals industry conference in Chile in November, 1986, under the auspices of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy and in association with other bodies and organizations. I, in turn, was asked to chair the Organizing Committee and at our first meeting in London in November, 1985, we realized how little time we had if we were to meet the date proposed. In the event, thanks to considerable support from the Organizing Committee and others, coupled with the very good response from authors, we were able to put together a programme on a variety of topics, with some particular emphasis on operations in South America, and with special reference to Chile, that we regard as attractive. This is the first conference to have been organized by the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy in Chile, but it is intended that it should initiate a series to be held in Latin American countries. Chile has a long and healthy mining tradition and it is fitting, therefore, that it should have been chosen for the first such conference.

Abstract: 1. Standard Form of Agreement between Owner and Engineer for Professional Services -- 1. Meeting of the Minds -- 2. Written Agreement Essential -- 3. Owner’s Form -- 4. Describing the Project -- 5. Estimating Construction Cost -- 6. General Description of Basic Services -- 7. Basic Services -- 8. Additional Services -- 9. Owner’s Responsibilities -- 10. Period of Service -- 11. Methods of Payment -- 12. Construction Cost and Opinions of Cost -- 13. General Considerations -- 14. Special Provisions -- 2. Standard Form of Agreement between Engineer and Associate Engineers for Professional Services -- General -- 1. Project Description and This Part of Project -- 2. Guide Sheet -- 3. Underlying Concepts -- 4. Basic Services -- 5. Additional Services -- 6. Engineer’s Responsibilities -- 7. Period of Service -- 8. Method of Payment -- 9. Construction Cost and Opinions of Costs -- 10. General Considerations -- 3. Construction Related Documents -- 1. General -- 2. Locator Guide -- 4. Owner-Contractor—Stipulated Price and Cost-Plus -- 1. General -- 2. Defined Terms -- 3. Materials and Equipment -- 4. Effective Date of the Agreement -- 5. Work -- 6. Engineer as Owner’s Representative -- 7. Contract Time -- 8. Timely Performance -- 9. Contract Price -- 10. Payment Procedures -- 11. Contractor’s Representations -- 12. Listing of Contract Documents -- 13. Assignments -- 5. Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract -- 1. General -- 2. Defined Terms -- 3. Preliminary Matters -- 4. Intent, Amendment, and Reuse of Contract Documents -- 5. Availability of Lands; Physical Conditions; Reference Points -- 6. Bonds and Insurance -- 7. Contractor’s Responsibilities -- 8. Multi-Prime Contracts -- 9. Owner’s Responsibilities -- 10. Engineer’s Status -- 11. Changes in the Work, Price, and Time -- 12. Warranties and Guarantees -- 13. Quality of Work -- 14. Payments to the Contractor -- 15. Suspension and Termination -- 16. Arbitration -- 17. Miscellaneous -- 6. Additional Comments re Supplementary Conditions -- 1. General -- 2. Schedule of Events -- 3. Subsurface Data -- 4. Insurance -- 5. Subcontractors and Suppliers -- 6. Multi-Prime Contracts -- 7. Unit Price Work -- 8. Special Guarantees -- 9. Conditions Precedent to Substantial Completion -- 10. Additional Matters -- 7. Additional Comments Concerning Instructions -- 1. Introduction to New Form -- 2. Definitions -- 3. Qualification of Bidders -- 4. Examination of Work Conditions and Site by Bidder -- 5. Issuing Addenda -- 6. Substitutes -- 7. Subcontractor and Suppliers -- 8. Form of Bid -- 9. Withdrawal of Bid -- 10. Bidding Procedure -- 11. Award -- 12. Supplementary Instructions -- Footnotes -- Appendices -- Cross Reference Index.

Abstract: 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In the late 1950s many members of the design professions-Engineers as well as Ar­ chitects-became concerned about their exposure to claims for professional malprac­ tice and particularly about the increasing number of claims that had been successfully brought against them arising out of their Construction Phase activities. This led to special studies sponsored by the American Institute of Architects and the Engineers joint Counsel. The outcome was twofold: the development of a policy of professional liability insurance to insure Engineers and Architects against errors and omissions in the performance of their professional services, and the review and development of the customary contractual arrangements defining the design profeSSional's undertakings vis a vis his client (the Owner), the Project to be designed, and the Contractor who was to implement that design. At the outset, the AlA's Owner-Architect Agreement (No. B131), General Conditions (No. A201) and the Owner-Contractor Agreements (Nos. A101 & 111) were the documents most frequently used by design professionals, and these received particular attention. In the early 1960s it became apparent that there was a need for a separate series of documents prepared to address these relationships when the Project to be designed involved primarily engineering considerations. The number of Projects for which the Engineer was employed by the Owner as the prime professional to handle the Project design and construction administration was increasing.

Abstract: 1 Analysis of membrane protein composition by gel electrophoresis -- 2 Analysis of membrane protein composition by isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional electrophoresis -- 3 Solubilization and purification of membrane proteins -- 4 Reconstitution of membrane proteins into vesicular membranes -- 5 Functional reconstitution of membrane proteins in planar lipid bilayer membranes -- 6 Topography of membrane proteins — determination of regions exposed to the aqueous phase -- 7 Topology of membrane proteins — determination of regions exposed to the lipid bilayer -- 8 Immunochemical analysis of membrane proteins -- 9 Sequence analysis of membrane proteins -- 10 Freeze-fracture and freeze-etch electron microscopy of membrane proteins -- 11 Three-dimensional structure of membrane proteins -- 12 Lateral motion of membrane proteins -- 13 Rotational diffusion of membrane proteins.

Abstract: A preface should justify the existence of the book it precedes and this is invariably done in scientific texts by reference to the explosive growth of the field since the last such volume appeared. In molecular biology, most fields can be justifiably described as growing explosively, as should be the case for a young and vigorous science, but the study of membrane proteins stands out as one which has taken giant strides in the last few years. Ignorance of the structure and function of membrane proteins at the molecular level was certainly not due to lack of interest but rather was a result of lack of appropriate techniques. It has above all been the development of new experimental methods which has wrenched membrane biochemistry out of what Anthony Martonosi fetchingly called its 'romantic phase' (Le. lots of ideas and few facts), into an era when the determination of membrane protein structure and mechanism is a reasonable goal. Membrane proteins are generally classified as peripheral or integral. Peripheral proteins are relatively easily dissociated from membranes by mild treatments whence their study is essentially no different to that of soluble proteins. This book therefore concentrates on integral proteins which are strongly bound to the membrane by hydrophobic interactions with lipids. A crucial step in their study is of necessity the d~velopment of methods of solubilization and purification under non-denaturing conditions.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Diodes and Power Transistors -- 3. Thyristors -- 4. Important Circuit and Component Concepts -- 5. Transistor Switching Regulators -- 6. Transistor Inverters -- 7. Phase — Controlled Rectifiers and Line — Commutated Inverters -- 8. Cycloconverters -- 9. AC Phase Control -- 10. Thyristor Choppers -- 11. Self — Commutated Thyristor Inverters -- Appendix I — Semiconductor Parameters -- Appendix II — D62T Transistor -- Appendix III — Application Data — Power Switching Transistor D60T -- Appendix IV — GE C434/C435 SCR.

Abstract: Semiconductors have been used widely in signal-level or "brain" applications. Since their invention in 1948, transistors have revolutionized the electronics industry in computers, information processing, and communications. Now, however, semiconductors are being used more and more where consid­ erable "brawn" is required. Devices such as high-power bipolar junction tran­ sistors and power field-effect transistors, as well as SCRs, TRlACs, GTOs, and other semiconductor switching devices that use a p-n-p-n regenerative effect to achieve bistable action, are expanding the power-handling horizons of semicon­ ductors and finding increasing application in a wide range of products including regulated power supplies, lamp dimmers, motor drives, pulse modulators, and heat controls. HVDC and electric-vehicle propulsion are two additional areas of application which may have a very significant long range impact on the tech­ nology. The impact of solid-state devices capable of handling appreciable power levels has yet to be fully realized. Since it first became available in late 1957, the SCR or silicon-controlled rec­ tifier (also called the reverse blocking triode thyristor) has become the most popular member of the thyristor family. At present, SCRs are available from a large number of manufacturers in this country and abroad. SCR ratings range from less than one ampere to over three thousand amperes with voltage ratings in excess of three thousand volts.

Abstract: 1 Water and Man -- 1.1 Historical Setting -- 1.2 Management of the Water Cycle -- 2 Freshwater Ecosystems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Classification of Organisms -- 2.3 Food Chains and Trophic Pyramids -- 2.4 Distribution of Species -- 2.5 Ecological Balance -- 2.6 Community Structure -- 2.7 Still and Flowing Waters -- 2.8 Biological Productivity -- 3 Biological Indicators -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Selection of Indicators -- 3.3 Individuals and Populations as Indicators -- 3.4 Community Structure as an Indicator -- 3.5 Functional Changes in Communities -- 3.6 Bioaccumulative Indicators -- 4 Environmental Stress -- 4.1 Natural environmental stresses -- 4.2 Imposed Environmental Stresses -- 4.3 Environmental Manipulation -- 4.4 Combined Stresses -- 5 Effects of Physical Disturbances -- 5.1 Effects of Suspended Solids -- 5.2 Effects of the Addition of Heat -- 5.3 Effects of Changes in pH -- 6 The Effects of Organic Enrichment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 General Effects of Organic Discharges -- 6.3 Physical and Chemical Changes -- 6.4 Biological Changes -- 6.5 Field Studies of Organic Pollution -- 7 Effects of Toxic Materials -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physiological Responses to Poisons -- 7.3 Terminology and Criteria -- 7.4 Factors Which Affect Toxicity -- 7.5 Predicting the Toxicity of Combinations of Poisons -- 7.6 Inorganic Poisons -- 7.7 Organic Poisons -- 7.8 Heavy Metals -- 7.9 Pesticides -- 7.10 Polychlorinated Biphenyls -- 8 Laboratory Evaluation of Pollutants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Experimental and Laboratory Investigations -- 9 Field Assessments of Environmental Quality -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sampling Methods -- 9.3 Sampling Strategies and Programmes -- 9.4 Biotic Indices and Data Analysis -- 10 Biological Surveillance in Environmental Management -- 10.1 Aquatic Resource Management -- 10.2 Basin Management Concepts -- 10.3 Application and Implementation of Uniform Standards -- 10.4 Environmental Impact Statements and Conservation -- 10.5 Future Developments -- Appendices -- 1 Trent Biotic Index -- 2 Chandler Biotic Score -- 3 Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) — Score -- ReferenceS.

Abstract: The preface of a book often provides a convenient place in which the author can tender his apologies for any inadequacies and affords him the facility to excuse himself by reminding the reader that his art is long but life, or at least the portion of it in which he has the opportunity for writing books, is short. I, too, am deeply conscious that I have undertaken a task which I could not hope to complete to my own satisfaction but I offer, in self­ defence, the observation that, inadequate though it is, there is no other book extant, so far as I am aware, which provides the information contained herein within the covers of a single volume. Often during the last decade, in discharging my responsibilities for the environmental aspects of the water authority's operations and works, I should have been deeply grateful to have had access to a compendium such as this. The lack of a convenient source of data made me aware of the need which I have attempted to fill and in doing so I have drawn on my experiences of the kinds of problem which are presented to biologists in the water industry. The maxim 'half a loaf is better than none' seems particularly apt in this context.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 The Technology and its Diffusion -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 CNC lathe technology -- 2.3 Choice of technique in turning -- 2.4 The factor-saving bias of CNC lathes -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 Growth and Market Structure in the International CNC Lathe Industry -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 A theoretical framework for analysing the industry -- 3.3 The Japanese expansion in the CNC lathe industry -- 3.4 The European response -- 3.5 A note on the US producers -- 3.6 Concluding remarks on the strategies pursued by firms based in the OECD -- Notes -- 4 Barriers to entry into the Overall Cost Leadership Strategy -- 4.1 Research and Development -- 4.2 Procurement of components -- 4.3 Manufacturing -- 4.4 Marketing and after-sales services -- 4.5 An attempt to specify the minimum efficient scale of production -- Notes -- 5 The position of the NICs within the CNC Lathe Industry -- 5.1 The position of eight NIC-based firms within the low-performance strategy -- Notes -- 6 The Case of Argentina -- 6.1 Growth and structure of the engineering industry -- 6.2 The Argentinian machine tool industry -- 6.3 Government policy -- 6.4 The diffusion of CNC lathes in Argentina -- 6.5 The firm producing CNC lathes -- 6.6 Summary and conclusions -- Notes -- 7 The Case of Taiwan -- 7.1 Growth and structure of the engineering industry -- 7.2 The Taiwanese machine tool industry -- 7.3 Government policy -- 7.4 The diffusion of CNC lathes in Taiwan -- 7.5 The firms producing CNC lathes -- 7.6 Government policy in the machine tool field -- 7.7 Evaluating the explicit governmental policy -- 7.8 Summary and conclusions -- Note -- 8 The Case of Korea -- 8.1 Growth and structure of the engineering industry -- 8.2 The Korean machine tool industry -- 8.3 Government policy -- 8.4 The Korean market for CNC lathes -- 8.5 The firms producing CNC lathes -- 8.6 Evaluating governmental policy -- 8.7 Summary and conclusions -- Notes -- 9 Government Policy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Survey of the main arguments -- 9.3 Government policy and industry performance in Argentina, Korea and Taiwan -- 9.4 Industry performance and implications for government policy in small developed countries -- 9.5 Conclusions -- Notes -- 10 Summary -- 10.1 The diffusion of CNC lathes -- 10.2 The international CNC lathe producing industry -- 10.3 The NIC experience -- 10.4 Government policies -- References.

Abstract: There is a rapidly expanding literature on the economics of the so­ called 'new technologies' - especially on those using microelectronic systems. Dr. Jacobsson's book deals with microelectronics-based innovation in machine tools: with the production and use of computer numerically controlled machine tools in the world economy and especially in the Third World. Jacobsson is mainly interested in the implications which CNC machine tools may be expected to have for users and producers in the Newly Industrialising Countries. He approaches this as a problem in applied economics and the book will have a primary interest for those economists whose concern is with the problems of industrialisation in developing countries. It will be parti­ cularly valuable to those who are preoccupied with the role of local capital goods manufacture and with the technological preconditions for this kind of production. Jacobsson is able to give detailed and specific arguments on these matters as far as CNC machine tools are concerned. In my view, the book has a considerably wider interest and relevance than its specification may at first sight suggest. Jacobsson's achieve­ ment is not just that he has provided valuable and convincing quantita­ tive arguments about policy in setting up production of CNC machine tools. In addition, he has set a new and much needed methodological standard for analysis of the impacts of 'new technologies' on the international economy.

Abstract: One: The algebra of matrices -- Two: Some applications of matrices -- Three: Systems of linear equations -- Four: Invertible matrices -- Five: Vector spaces -- Six: Linear mappings -- Seven: The matrix connection -- Eight: Determinants -- Nine: Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

Abstract: H, as it is often said, mathematics is the queen of science then algebra is surely the jewel in her crown. In the course of its vast development over the last half-century, algebra has emerged as the subject in which one can observe pure mathe­ matical reasoning at its best. Its elegance is matched only by the ever-increasing number of its applications to an extraordinarily wide range of topics in areas other than 'pure' mathematics. Here our objective is to present, in the form of a series of five concise volumes, the fundamentals of the subject. Broadly speaking, we have covered in all the now traditional syllabus that is found in first and second year university courses, as well as some third year material. Further study would be at the level of 'honours options'. The reasoning that lies behind this modular presentation is simple, namely to allow the student (be he a mathematician or not) to read the subject in a way that is more appropriate to the length, content, and extent, of the various courses he has to take. Although we have taken great pains to include a wide selec­ tion of illustrative examples, we have not included any exer­ cises. For a suitable companion collection of worked examples, we would refer the reader to our series Algebra through practice (Cambridge University Press), the first five books of which are appropriate to the material covered here.

Abstract: 1. An Introduction to Computer Graphics -- 1.1 The beginnings of computer graphics -- 1.2 What is computer graphics? -- 1.3 Computer graphics and biology -- 1.4 The elements of a computer graphics system -- 1.5 Computer graphics in perspective -- 1.6 References -- 2. Graphics Hardware -- 2.1 An overview -- 2.2 Input devices -- 2.3 Display devices -- 2.4 Display processors -- 2.5 The computer -- 2.6 References and bibliography -- 3. Graphics Software -- 3.1 Connecting computers and graphic devices -- 3.2 Graphics software packages -- 3.3 Graphics packages on mini computers and mainframe computers -- 3.4 Microcomputer graphics software -- 3.5 Graphics workstations -- 3.6 The applications program -- 3.7 References and bibliography -- 4. Two-dimensional Graphics -- 4.1 The elements of two-dimensional transformations -- 4.2 Representation of points -- 4.3 Straight line transformations -- 4.4 Rotation -- 4.5 Reflection -- 4.6 Multi-operation transformations (composition) -- 4.7 Two-dimensional homogeneous coordinates -- 4.8 Two-dimensional rotation about an arbitrary axis -- 4.9 References -- 5. Three-dimensional Graphics -- 5.1 Basic concepts -- 5.2 Three-dimensional homogeneous coordinates -- 5.3 Three-dimensional scaling -- 5.4 Three-dimensional shearing -- 5.5 Three-dimensional rotations -- 5.6 Reflection in three dimensions -- 5.7 Three-dimensional translation -- 5.8 Three-dimensional rotation about an arbitrary axis -- 5.9 Projections -- 5.10 Conclusions -- 5.11 References -- 6. Hidden Lines and Hidden Surfaces -- 6.1 An introduction to hidden lines and surfaces -- 6.2 A simple hidden lines algorithm -- 6.3 The Galimberti and Montanari algorithm -- 6.4 The hidden surface problem -- 6.5 A preliminary classification -- 6.6 Surface representation and hidden surface methods -- 6.7 Conclusions -- 6.8 References and bibliography -- 7. Graphical Representation of Biological Data -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Graphs and histograms -- 7.3 Point plots and transforms -- 7.4 Graphics data structures -- 7.5 A data structure for hidden lines treatment -- 7.6 References -- 8. Reconstruction Methods for Cell Systems -- 8.1 Tissue reconstruction -- 8.2 The role of computer graphics -- 8.3 Input of data -- 8.4 Two-dimensional analyses -- 8.5 Three-dimensional reconstruction -- 8.6 Three-dimensional reconstruction of neurones (CELL) -- 8.7 Three-dimensional reconstruction of non-neural tissue (RECON) -- 8.8 Other three-dimensional reconstruction programs -- 8.9 References and bibliography -- 9. Image Capture and Image Analysis -- 9.1 Biological images -- 9.2 Image capture devices -- 9.3 Analysis of periodic images -- 9.4 The Joyce-Loebl Magiscan -- 9.5 Reconstruction from X-ray data -- 9.6 References and bibliography -- 10. Molecular Graphics -- 10.1 An introduction to molecular graphics -- 10.2 Components of a molecular graphics system -- 10.3 Molecular data -- 10.4 Examples of molecular graphics packages -- 10.5 Some existing systems -- 10.6 References and bibliography -- 11. Simulation and Animation -- 11.1 Moving pictures -- 11.2 Hardware for real-time animations -- 11.3 Concepts of graphic animation -- 11.4 Dynamic graph construction -- 11.5 Simulation of cell division and cell interaction processes -- 11.6 Animation of genetic events -- 11.7 References and bibliography -- Appendix 1: Matrix Manipulations -- A1.1 Basic definitions -- A1.2 Vectors -- A1.3 Matrix addition -- A1.4 The trace of a matrix -- A1.5 The determinants of a matrix -- A1.6 Multiplication by a scalar -- A1.7 Matrix multiplication -- A1.8 References -- Appendix 2: A Graphics Glossary.

Abstract: Computer graphics is being used to an increasing extent in the biological disciplines. As hardware costs drop and technological developments intro­ duce new graphics possibilities, researchers and teachers alike are becoming aware of the value of visual display methods. In this book we introduce the basics of computer graphics from the standpoints of both hardware and software, and review the main areas within biology to which computer graphics have been applied. The com­ puter graphics literature is vast, and we have not been able to give a full course on graphics techniques in these pages. We have instead tried to give a fairly balanced account of the use of graphics in biology, suitable for the reader with some elementary grounding in computer programming. We have included extensive references both to material cited in the text and to other relevant publications. One of the factors that has fuelled the increase in graphics use is the ease with which the more simple graphics techniques may be implemented on microcomputers. We hav.e, therefore, paid attention to microcomputer graphics as well as graphics techniques suitable for larger machines. Our examples range from simple two-dimensional graph plots to highly complex surface representations of molecules that require sophisticated graphics devices and mainframe computers on which to run. The book is separated into two logical sections. The first part con­ centrates on general graphics techniques, giving an overview from which the reader will be able to refer to other more specialised texts as required.

Abstract: 1. Aerospace Engineering -- 2. Agricultural Economics, Sciences, and Engineering -- 3. Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning -- 4. Astronomy -- 5. Astrophysics -- 6. Ceramic Engineering -- 7. Chemical Engineering -- 8. Chemistry and Biochemistry -- 9. Civil Engineering -- 10. Communications Engineering and Computer Science -- 11. Cryogenic Engineering -- 12. Electrical Engineering -- 13. Engineering Mechanics -- 14. Engineering Physics -- 15. Engineering Science -- 16. Fuels, Combustion, and Air Pollution -- 17. General and Environmental Engineering -- 18. Geochemistry and Soil Science -- 19. Geological Sciences and Geophysical Engineering -- 20. Geology and Earth Science -- 21. Geophysics -- 22. Industrial Engineering and Operations Research -- 23. Irrigation Engineering -- 24. Marine and Ocean Engineering -- 25. Materials Science and Engineering -- 26. Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering -- 27. Metallurgy -- 28. Meteorology and Atmospheric Science -- 29. Mineralogy and Petrology -- 30. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering -- 31. Missile and Space Systems Engineering -- 32. Nuclear Engineering -- 33. Nuclear Physics -- 34. Nuclear Science -- 35. Oceanography and Marine Science -- 36. Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering -- 37. Photogrammetric and Geodetic Engineering -- 38. Physics and Biophysics -- 39. Plastics Engineering -- 40. Wood Technology, Forestry, and Forest Science -- 41. Reactor Science -- 42. Sanitary Engineering, Water Pollution and Resources -- 43. Textile Technology -- 44. Transportation Engineering -- Theses without Specification of School or Department.

Abstract: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) * at Purdue University in 1 957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all con­ cerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an interna­ tional publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Cor­ poration of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 29 (thesis year 1984) a total of 12,637 theses titles from 23 Canadian and 202 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 29 reports theses submitted in 1984, on occasion, certain univer­ sities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Abstract: 1 Prospects for knowledge-based robots -- 2 Robots and artificial intelligence: parallel developments -- 3 Expert systems and knowledge-based languages -- 4 Production-rule expert systems -- 5 Introduction to search techniques -- 6 Heuristic graph searching -- 7 AND/OR graphs -- 8 First order predicate logic -- 9 Future prospects for knowledge-based robots.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Structure of the book -- Understanding fields -- 2 Electrical conduction and currents -- Current and charge -- Conduction equations -- Current as an example of flux -- Models of electrical conduction -- Resistive circuit components -- 3 Potential and the electric field -- Potential (voltage) in a circuit -- Electric field -- Conduction and charge mobility -- Potential and field in space -- Acceleration of charged particles in an electric field -- 4 Charge and electric flux -- Capacitance -- Electric flux and permittivity -- Calculations in electrostatics -- 5 Electric fields in materials -- Polarization and dielectrics -- Electrostatic force and energy -- Capacitor design -- Further applications -- 6 Magnetic flux and circuits -- Electromagnetic induction -- Magnetomotive force, flux and reluctance -- Magnetic circuits -- 7 Magnetic vectors -- Vector B and flux -- Directional rules and Lenz’ law -- Magnetic scalar potential and vector H -- Predicting magnetic fields -- 8 Inductance and magnetic materials -- Self and mutual inductance -- Air-cored inductors -- Calculations in magnetism -- Magnetization -- Electromagnetic machinery -- Some applications -- 9 Magnetic energy and force -- Magnetic energy -- Reluctance force -- Permanent magnets -- Force from the motor effect -- 10 Electromagnetism and charged particles -- The Lorentz force -- The Hall effect -- Applications of the Hall effect -- Electron streams -- Acceleration of electrons -- Deflection and focusing of electron streams -- Some applications of electron streams -- 11 The electromagnetic field -- The time needed to establish a current -- Electromagnetic waves -- Electromagnetism and relativity -- Final comments -- The fundamental rules of electromagnetism -- Appendix: A brief note on integration -- Answers to problems.

Abstract: I have tried in this book to introduce the basic concepts of electromagnetic field theory at a level suitable for students entering degree or higher diploma courses in electronics or subjects allied to it. Examples and applications have been drawn from areas such as instrumentation rather than machinery, as this was felt to be more apt for the majority of such readers. Some students may have been following courses with a strong bias towards prac­ tical electronics and perhaps not advanced their understanding of the physics of electric and magnetic fields greatly since '0' level or its equivalent. The book there­ fore does not assume that 'A' level physics has been studied. Students of BTEC courses or 'A' level subjects such as technology might also find the material useful. At the other extreme, students who have achieved well on an 'A' level course will, it is hoped, find stimulating material in the applications discussed and in the marginal notes, which suggest further reading or comment on the deeper implica­ tions of the work.

Abstract: Preface -- The role of computer graphics in the design process -- Constructing the ideal system -- Acknowledgements -- 1: The Design Process -- An overview -- Computer aided design and manufacture (CAD and CAM) -- The relationship between activity, weight, control and role -- Product constraints -- Man-machine interactions -- Proposed design approach -- 2: Design Theory -- Fundamental requirements -- Spatial associations -- Functional associations -- 3: Local Space Modelling -- Logical spaces -- Interpretive geometric models -- 4: System Configuration -- Software -- Hardware -- 5: Design Records -- Hierarchical, networked and relational data bases -- Assembly records -- 6: Drawing Office Procedures -- Space allocation and role -- Application of HERMS -- Integration and control procedures -- Application examples -- 7: Mechanical Functions of Performance -- The functional design of mechanisms -- Kinematic modelling -- Dynamic modelling -- Conclusions -- 8: Future Developments -- The design base -- Tolerance modelling -- Modelling force fit -- Assemblability -- Standard parts and catalogues -- Factory layout and process control -- Electronics modelling -- References.

Abstract: The topic known as computer-aided design and manufacture has developed rapidly over the last 20 years. The range of hardware configurations and supporting software on offer to the potential user is bewildering. This extends from the inexpensive single-user micro-based system, through to the vast industrial networks which are supported by many remote mainframe machines and have been reported to service up to a thousand workstations. This advance in technology has been driven by, and in its turn has fuelled, the development of ever greater computing power and graphics capability. It is these features that all working in the field would now recognize as essential to any CADCAM system. Effort has thus been put into developing a range of structural and solid modellers which, in conjunction with the appropriate terminal configuration and ray tracing graphics technology, can construct pictures of uncanny realism. Complicated analysis programs have been developed that can calculate the stresses in complex structures and display the results as colour shaded maps upon the surface of a pictorial view of the object. If the time to process and the system cost are ignored, then the apparent ease with which these systems perform such analysis and generate such high quality images, leaves the observer awe struck.

Abstract: I Preparing a Project for Construction -- 1. Work Environments within the Construction Industry -- 2. Common Descriptions of Work -- 3. The Project Statement of Expectations -- 4. Single Data Capture and Integrated Systems -- 5. Management Information Systems -- 6. Computer Applications -- 7. Project Statement of Expectations and Performance Models -- 8. Estimates and Budgets as Performance Models -- 9. The Schedule as a Performance Model -- 10. The Cost Curve and the Production Curve as Performance Models -- 11. The Planned Schedule of Values and Cash Income Curves as Performance Models -- 12. The Planned Cash Requirements Curve as a Performance Model -- 13. Production Forecasting and Analysis and Cash Analysis -- II Administrative Project Activity Flow -- 14. Prebid Activities -- 15. Preconstruction Activities -- 16. The Construction Phase of the Project -- 17. Job Closeout -- 18. Contract Administration -- 19. Cash Management Information and Strategies -- III Construction and Production -- 20. The Construction Team and Its Working Relationships -- 21. Administrative Prerequisites to Starting Construction -- 22. The Game Plan and Making It Work -- 23. Production Management -- 24. The Turnaround Document and Its Use -- 25. Performance Measurements -- IV Project Monitoring and Control -- 26. Schedule Update and Control -- 27. Projections to Completion -- 28. Update of Production Projections -- 29. Exception Reporting -- 30. Cost Control -- 31. The Schedule and Other Informational Procedures -- Appendix A. Preconstruction Job Planning -- Appendix B. Summary Levels of Detail for Project Informational Processes -- Appendix C. Cost Types and Their Uses -- Appendix D. Performance Ratio Comparisons.

Abstract: Management and administrative processes within the construction industry have been undergoing major changes in the last several decades. These changes have involved significant adjustments in management science and manage­ ment techniques, brought about by the need for contemporary valid informa­ tion with which to manage the construction process. In short, management in the construction industry is changing significantly; change will continue at an accelerated pace at least through the next decade. The responses required of construction industry management are now resulting in a movement away from an entrepreneurial management style to professional management tech­ niques and procedures. THE COMPELLING ECONOMIC ISSUES The issues forcing these changes are economic. The rising costs of construction and of money are forcing the buyers of construction services to be more demanding. Their demands are for more construction economies, more pro­ duction, and more productivity than at any time in the past. Nowhere has this been more evident than in the Business Roundtable on construction and in the response of the construction industry to it.· To be successfully responsive, management in the construction industry will be required to use the best project management methods available for cost control, schedule control, and for financial and accounting controls. But responsive professional management can survive and will flourish within this more demanding eco­ nomic environment.

Abstract: Can you always tell the difference between anticlines and synclines, themselves. You can often tell whether you're dealing with joints and faults, unconformities and disconformities, concretions sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic rocks, and that's usually all and conglomerates, bedding and cleavage, strike and dip, you need in order to recognise structures and sort out their apparent dip and true dip? If your answer to all that is a firm yes, orientation. Details in the rocks themselves may enable you to then stop reading right now. If not . . . distinguish, say, a limestone from a sandstone or a granite from a This book offers entertainment and challenge, satisfaction and basalt, but you'll be surprised how often you can decipher the enlightenment, to anyone who knows a bit of geology but hasn't essentials of a story without needing to know just what the rocks had much chance to study rocks in outcrop. The entertainment are. and challenge come from looking at the pictures and trying the An outcrop can be interesting without being spectacular. The questions. The satisfaction comes from the answers you get right, superficially dull roadside cutting, for instance, generally repays a the enlightenment from finding out where you went wrong. second look

Abstract: 1: CAD — What is it All About? -- Concepts and descriptions -- The design process -- The origins of CAD -- Automated drafting: creating a model -- Representations and simulations -- Analytical programs: simulating performance -- Summary: CAD defined -- 2: CAM — An Introduction -- Design and manufacture: two processes or one? -- Numerical control: the basis of CAM -- Computer-assisted part programming -- Direct numerical control -- Computer numerical control -- The future of numerical control -- Flexible manufacturing systems -- Computer-integrated manufacturing -- Group technology -- Summary: from CAD/CAM to CADAM -- 3: The Elements of a CAD System -- From mainframe to mini -- Enter the micro — distributing ‘intelligence’ -- Memory and storage devices -- Machine communicates with man: the graphics display -- Stroke-writing display systems -- Raster display systems -- Man communicates with machine: menus and input arrangements -- Light pen input -- Cursor steering input devices -- Graphics tablet input -- Choosing an input system -- Plotters and other hard copy devices -- 4: Principal Types of CAD System -- Two-dimensional modellers -- Wire-frame modellers -- Surface modellers -- Solid modelling I: boundary representation -- Solid modelling II: constructive solid geometry -- Summary: making a choice of modelling system -- 5: The Software — What CAD Can Do -- Basic drafting -- Macros -- Parametrics -- Graphic conventions -- ‘Drafting’ with primitive solids -- Transformations -- Taking things apart — sectioning -- Putting things together — segmentation and assembly -- Moving things about — simulated operations -- Automatic dimensioning -- Testing things — analytical programs -- 6: A Look Ahead -- Towards standardization? -- Horses for courses: tailor-made CAD -- Extending CAM — computer-aided everything -- Building-in more knowledge — expert systems -- Trends (and limitations) in hardware development -- New roles for CAD -- Near relations: computer graphics and simulators -- 7: Justifying CAD/CAM -- The fallacy of productivity -- Not-so-simple arithmetic -- Saving waste — consistency of information -- Saving time — availability of information -- Saving trouble — analysis of information -- Doing what could not be done before -- 8: Identifying the Needs of a Company -- Who should conduct the feasibility study? -- Geometrical information — the vital commodity -- Where does the information originate? -- How is information stored, communicated and used? -- The place of CAD/CAM in the information structure -- Setting identifiable goals -- 9: Choosing a System and Persuading the Company to Buy It -- ‘Turnkey’ systems -- Assembled systems -- Sources of information -- The politics of CAD -- Making a shortlist -- Benchmarking -- The ‘best’ system? -- Ready, get set... -- 10: Buying and Installing a System -- Implementation: the role of the CAD manager -- Planning the installation: physical factors -- Planning the installation: psychological and organizational factors -- Selling CAD to the users -- Training -- The first six months -- Appendix I: Glossary of terms and acronyms used in CAD/CAM -- Appendix II: Checklist for potential purchasers of CAD systems -- Appendix III: Suppliers of turnkey CAD systems in the UK and USA -- Select bibliography.

Abstract: Little more than a decade ago computer-aided design and manufacture (CAD/CAM) was a very esoteric field indeed, not one that was of much practical concern to a manager or industrialist unless his business was on the scale of, say, a major automobile manufacturer or in a field of high technology such as aerospace. Like so much else, this situation was revo­ lutionized by the invention of the silicon chip, the arrival of the micro­ processor and the dramatic fall in the cost of computer hardware. Today, CAD/CAM has spread down the market, and down the price scale, to the point at which it is both a feasible and an affordable technology for a wide range of small-and medium-sized companies in areas as various as architec­ ture and general engineering, plastic moulding and consumer electronics. But the explosion - there is no other word for it - in the variety and capabilities of CAD/CAM systems, and their spectacular climb to the top of the hi-tech hit parade, has placed the potential purchaser and user of the new technology in a difficult position. On the one hand he is assured, not least by the manufacturers of CAD/CAM equipment, that a failure to invest in it will leave his company stranded in the industrial Stone Age.

Abstract: I: Systems, Processes and the Role of Process Control Hardware -- 1: Signals, systems and process control -- 2: The basic process unit -- 3: Stratification of control tasks and data communication -- II: The Role of Software in Process Control Systems -- 4: The relative roles of software and hardware -- 5: System software -- 6: Application programs and databases -- III: The Man-Machine Interface -- 7: Reduction and visualization of data and procedures -- 8: Process management and control -- 9: The role of the operator in process control systems -- IV: System Design -- 10: The feasibility study -- 11: Computer control system design -- 12: Cost-effective system selection -- 13: The integrated approach -- Author Index.

Abstract: Stratification of computer tasks 94 Example I 94 Example 2 96 Controllevels and computer input/output hardware 104 Leveli 105 Level 2 118 Level 3 118 Level4 118 Level5 119 Characteristics of process control computer systems 119 A survey of process control computer hardware 120 Communication codes and circuits 138 Channe1 capacity 138 Types of connection and communication hardware 140 Practical suggestions and recommendations 152 Rcferences 153 Part II: The Role of Software in Process Control Systems 155 Chapter 4: The relative roles of software and hardware 157 In troduction 157 Data processing 158 Hardware 159 Computingpower 163 Software for process control data processing 169 Process software 170 Intercomputer communication software 173 Message switching software 173 Software for engineering ca1culations 173 Extcnded real-time software 173 Software versus hardware 174 Program loop 175 References 183 Chapter 5: System software 185 Introduction 185 Basic concepts of real-time operating systems 186 Structure and functions of real-time operating systems 190 Data and symbols for the operating system 200 System software 204 Cost, safety and reliability of operating system software 208 References 209 Chapter 6: Application pro grams and databases 211 Introduction 211 Application program tasks 211 Structure and timing requirement of application programs 220 Direct communication 227 Multiprogramming constraints 228 Database and basic process software 233 Access to database 235 Basic faciJities of an on-line database 236 Database organization 240 Contention resolution 243 Distributed database 244 Extended real-time software 247 Referenees 257 Part III: The Man-Machine Interface 259.

Abstract: Plenary Sessions -- Socio-Cultural Bases for Mathematical Education -- Reflection and Recursion -- Discrete Mathematics -- Action Groups -- 1. Early Childhood Years -- 2. Elementary School (Ages 7–12) -- 3. Junior Secondary School (Ages 11–16) -- 4. Senior Secondary School (Ages 15–19) -- 5. Tertiary (Post-Secondary) Institutions (18 +) -- 6. Pre-Service Teacher Education -- 7. Mathematics in Adult, Technical and Vocational Education -- Theme Groups -- 1. Mathematics For All -- 2. The Professional Life of Teachers -- 3. The Role of Technology -- 4. Theory, Research and Practice in Mathematical Education -- 5. Curriculum Development -- 6. Applications and Modelling -- 7. Problem Solving -- Topic Areas -- 1. Evaluation, Examinations and Assessment -- 2. Competitions -- 3. The Teaching of Geometry -- 4. Relationship Between the History and Pedagogy of Mathematics -- 5. Language and Mathematics -- 6. Psychology of Mathematics Education -- 7. Research and Teaching -- 8. Theory of Mathematics Education -- 9. Teaching of Statistics -- 10. Women and Mathematics -- Invited Addresses -- Presidential Address -- Public Forum -- The Effects of Technology on Mathematics Education -- The Nature of Proof -- Debate: The Microcomputer: Miracle or Menace in Mathematics Education? -- Specially Invited Presentations -- The Work of ICMI -- List of Participants.

Abstract: International Congresses on Mathematical Education (ICMEs), under the auspices of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction, are held every four years. Previous Congresses have been held in France (Lyons), England (Exeter), the Federal Republic of Germany (Karlsruhe), and the United States of America (Berkeley). The Fifth International Congress on Mathematical Education (lCME 5) was held in Adelaide, Australia, from August 24-30, 1984. More than 1800 participants from over 70 countries participated in the Congress, while some additional 200 people attended social functions and excursions. The program for ICME 5 was planned and structured by an International Program Committee, and implemented by the National Program Committee in Australia. For the main body of the program, Chief Organisers, assisted by Australian Coordinators, were invited to plan and prepare the individual components of the program which addressed a wide range of topics and interest areas. Each of these teams involved many individuals from around the world in the detailed planning and preparation of the working sessions for their area of program responsibility. For the actual working sessions at the Congress, the smallest group had some 60 members, while the largest had well over 300. In addition to the working sessions, there were three major plenary addresses, several specially invited presentations, and over 420 individual papers in the form of short communications, either as posters or brief talks.

Abstract: One: Bases of Behaviour -- 1. Genetic Basis of Fish Behaviour -- 2. Motivational Basis of Fish Behaviour -- 3. Development of Behaviour in Fishes -- Two: Sensory Modalities -- 4. Role of Vision in Fish Behaviour -- 5. Underwater Sound and Fish Behaviour -- 6. Role of Olfaction in Fish Behaviour -- 7. Role of the Lateral Line in Fish Behaviour -- Three: Behavioural Ecology -- 8. Foraging in Teleost Fishes -- 9. Constraints Placed by Predators on Feeding Behaviour -- 10. Teleost Mating: Systems and Strategies -- 11. Williams’ Principle: an Explanation of Parental Care in Teleost Fishes -- 12. Functions of Shoaling Behaviour in Teleosts -- 13. Individual Differences in Fish Behaviour -- 14. Fish Behaviour by Day, Night and Twilight -- 15. Intertidal Teleosts: Life in a Fluctuating Environment -- 16. Behavioural Ecology of Sticklebacks -- 17. Behavioural Ecology of Cave-dwelling Fishes -- Four: Applied Fish Behaviour -- 18. Fish Behaviour and Fishing Gear -- 19. Fish Behaviour and the Management of Freshwater Fisheries -- Author Index -- Fish Index.

Abstract: This book is about the behaviour of teleosts, a well-defined, highly successful, taxonomic group of vertebrate animals sharing a common body plan and forming the vast majority of living bony fishes. There are weH over 22000 living species of teleosts, including nearly all those of importance in com­ mercial fisheries and aquaculture. Teleosts are represented injust about every conceivable aquatic environment from temporary desert pools to the deep ocean, from soda lakes to sub-zero Antarctic waters. Behaviour is the primary interface between these effective survival machines and their environment: behavioural plasticity is one of the keys to their success. The study of animal behaviour has undergone revolutionary changes in the past decade under the dual impact of behavioural ecology and sociobiology. The modern body of theory provides quantitatively testable and experi­ mentaHy accessible hypotheses. Much current work in animal behaviour has concentrated on birds and mammals, animals with ostensibly more complex structure, physiology and behavioural capacity, but there is a growing body of information about the behaviour of fishes. There is now increasing awareness that the same ecological and evolutionary rules govern teleost fish, and that their behaviour is not just a simplified version of that seen in birds and mammals. The details of fish behaviour intimately reflect unique and efficient adaptations to their three-dimensional aquatic environment.

Abstract: High Performance Polymers — Natural and Synthetic -- Engineering Plastics: The Concept that Launched an Industry -- Engineering Thermoplastics -- Polyamides -- The History and Development of Nylon-66 -- History and Development of Nylon 6 -- The History of Development of Nylons 11 and 12 -- Polyesters -- History — Aromatic Polycarbonates -- The History of Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Molding Resins -- Injection Moldable PET -- History of Polyarylates -- Acetals -- The History of Acetal Homopolymer -- Acetal Copolymer, A Historical Perspective -- Styrenics -- A Path to ABS Thermoplastics -- Styrene-Maleic Anhydride-Vinyl Monomer Terpolymers and Blends -- Sulfur-Containing Polymers -- History of Polyphenylene Sulfide -- The Development of Polysulfone and Other Polyarylethers -- Polysulfone — Early Market Development Activities -- Discovery and Development of the “Victrex” Polyarylethersulphones -- Polyaryletherketone -- Discovery and Development of the “Victrex” Polyaryletherketone PEEK -- Polyetherimides -- Discovery and Development of Polyetherimides -- Blends and Alloys -- Discovery and Commercialization of Noryl® Resins -- Xenoy® and Noryl® GTX Engineering Thermoplastic Blends -- History and Development of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks -- Liquid Crystalline Polymers -- Industrial Development of Thermotropic Polyesters -- Early Work on Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers Having a Rigid-Flexible Regularly Alternating Structure in the Main Chain -- Fluoroplastics -- The History of Polytetrafluoroethylene: Discovery and Development -- Polytetrafluoroethylene: History of its Development and Some Recent Advances -- Development of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers -- Development of Kynar Polyvinylidene Fluoride -- Thermosets -- History and Development of Epoxy Resins -- Cyanate Esters — High Performance Resins -- Polyimides -- UV/EB Curing Technology: A Short History -- Fibers -- Carbon Fibers, from Light Bulbs to Outer Space -- History and Development of Polybenzimidazoles -- High Performance Elastomers -- High Performance Elastomers -- History of Silicone Elastomers -- Advances in Fluoroelastomers -- PEBAX® Polyether Block Amide — A New Family of Engineering Thermoplastic Elastomers -- Engineering Polyester Elastomers and the Future for TPE’s -- High Barrier Packaging Materials -- PET — A Global Perspective -- Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymers -- Indices -- Author Index -- Company Index.

Abstract: According to Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe's (1740-1832) Mineralogy and Geology, "The history of science is science." A sesquicentennial later, one may state that the history of high performance polymers is the science of these important engineering polymers. Many of the inventors of these superior materials of construction have stood on the thresholds of the new and have recounted their experiences (trials, tribulations and satisfactions) in the symposium and in their chapters in this book. Those who have not accepted the historical approach in the past, should now recognize the value of the historical viewpoint for studying new developments, such as general purpose polymers and, to a greater degree, the high performance polymers. To put polymer science into its proper perspective, its worth recalling that historically, the ages of civilization have been named according to the materials that dominated that period. First there was the Stone Age eventually followed by the Tin, Bronze, Iron and Steel Ages. Today many historians consider us living in the Age of Synthetics: Polymers, Fibers, Plastics, Elastomers, Films, Coatings, Adhesives, etc. It is also interesting to note that in the early 1980's, Lord Todd, then President of the Royal Society of Chemistry was asked what has been chemistry's biggest contribution to society. He felt that despite all the marvelous medical advances, chemistry's biggest contribution was the development of polymeri­ zation. Man's knowledge of polymer science is so new that Professor Herman F.

Abstract: 1: Thermodynamics -- Thermodynamics and Engineering Needs -- Statistics of Surface Contact Distributions -- Polymer Melt and Glass: Thermodynamic and Dynamic Aspects -- A Fresh Look at Solutions of Polymer Mixtures -- Polymer-Polymer Interactions and Phase Diagrams of Compatible Polyblends by Gas-Chromatography -- Application of the Mean-Field Lattice-Gas Model to Partially-Miscible Polymer Systems -- Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Mixtures of Statistical Copolymers -- Characterization of Industrial Polymers and Polymer Mixtures by Turbidimetric Measurements at the Lower Critical Solution Temperature -- II: Characterization/Solution Behaviour -- Characterization of Copolymers: Chromatographic Cross-Fractionation Analysis of Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymers -- CPF: A New Method for Large Scale Fractionation -- Flow Birefringence of Associations of Polymers in Solution -- Theoretical Calculation of Diffusion Coefficient and Viscosity of Star Polymers in Solution -- A Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Investigation of Precipitation Polymerization in Liquid Vinyl Chloride -- III: Blends -- The Role of Specific Interactions in Polymer Miscibility -- Relation of Interdiffusion and Self-Diffusion in Polymer Mixtures -- Crystallization and Melting Studies on Poly(ethylene oxide)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Mixtures -- Specific Intermolecular Interactions in Polymer Blends -- Thermal and Morphological Analysis of Poly(?-caprolactam)—Poly(etherester) Mixtures -- Isochrone Viscoelastic Functions via Activation Energy of Flow: Charge Transfer Compatibilized Polyblends -- Modification of Thermosetting Resins by Thermoplastics -- The Toughness Behavior of Emulsion ABS: Effect of Rubber Concentration and Acrylonitrile Content on the Deformation Modes -- IV: Networks -- Thermodynamics of Casein Gels and the Universality of Network Theories -- Crosslinking Theory Applied to Industrially Important Polymers -- Reversible and Irreversible Deformation of Van der Waals Networks -- Photopolymerization of Diacrylates -- Simulation Model for Densely Cross-Linked Networks Formed by Chain-Reactions -- Nonlinear Viscoelasticity of EPDM Networks -- Some Comments on the Thermodynamics of Swelling -- Thermoreversible Gelation of Vinyl Polymers -- Static and Dynamic Lightscattering of Thermoreversible Gelling iota-Carrageenan -- Effects of Poly(acrylamide) on the Solution and Gel Properties of Water-Gelatin System -- Compatibility and Viscoelasticity of Mixed Biopolymer Gels -- Halato-Telechelic Polymers as Models of Ion-Containing Polymers and Thermoreversible Polymer Networks -- Ion-Containing Networks: Structural Modifications Induced by Lithium Ions -- Ion-Containing Networks: Recent Results Concerning Transport Properties -- V: Diffusion/Barrier Properties -- Diffusion of Gases and Liquids in Glassy and Semi-Crystalline Polymers -- Transport Regulated Electrochemical Reactions in Polyimide Films -- Processing of Barrier Film by Coextrusion -- VI: Chain Dynamics -- Single-Chain Dynamics in Polymer Characterization -- Non-Ideal Statistics and Polymer Dynamics -- Computation and Display of Polymer Chain Behaviour -- Deuteron-NMR Studies of Molecular Motions in Solid Polymers -- A Two-Dimensional NMR Study of Very Slow Molecular Motions in Polymers -- Transitions and Mobile Phases by NMR Normal Alkanes and Polyethylene -- Morphology and Chain Dynamics of Polymers as Reflected from Polymer-Dye Interactions -- Emission Spectroscopy and the Molecular Mobility of Polyepoxide Networks -- Mobility of Sidegroups in Polydimethylsiloxane -- Glass Transitions in Unsymmetrically Substituted Siloxanes -- VII: Processing/Rheology -- From Molecular Models to the Solution of Flow Problems -- Transient-Network Theories: New Developments and Applications -- Rheological Properties of a LDPE Melt in Transient Uniaxial Elongational Flow, Described with a Special Type of Constitutive Equation -- Physical Background of Mould Filling With and Without Crystallization -- On the Mathematical Modelling of the Injection Moulding Process -- Mixing Processes in Polymer Processing -- Blending of Incompatible Polymers -- Polymer Reactions During Melt-Processing -- Assessing Rubber Processing Aids Effectiveness -- Plastics Processing -- VIII: Structure and Morphology -- Some Facets of Order in Crystalline Polymers as Revealed by Polyethylene -- Investigation of the Crystallization Process of Polymers by Means of Neutron Scattering -- Lamellar Organization in Polymer Spherulites -- Considerations on the Crystallization with Chain Folding in Polymers -- Chain Mobility in Phase Transformations of Inorganic Polymers -- Ultra-Drawing of High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Cast from Solution. IV. Effect of Annealing/Re-crystallization -- Microhardness of Semicrystalline Polymers -- Model Calculations for WAXS Profiles from the Polymer Crystalline Particle Size Distribution -- Infrared Spectroscopy on PET Yarns -- Interaction Between Crystallization and Orientation -- Neutron Scattering of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) -- The Similarity Between Cellulose and Aramid Fibres -- Crystalline Order in Nylon 4,6 -- Pulsed EPR Study of the Trapping Process of Radicals in Polyethylene -- Analysis of Filled Rubbers Using SAXS -- SAXS Studies of Semi-Crystalline Polymer Blends Using Synchrotron Radiation -- Ultra-Drawing of Polypropylene -- Spinning of Fibers from Cellulose Solutions in Amine Oxides -- IX: New Developments -- Future Trends in Polymer Chemistry -- Recent Investigations of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks -- Polymers with Metal-like Conductivity: Structure, Properties and Applications -- The Mechanical Properties of Polypyrrole Plates -- High Modulus Flexible Polymers -- Radiation Treatment of Polymers -- High Precision Replication of Laservision Video Discs Using UV-Curable Coatings -- Fast Curing Low-Modulus Coatings for High-Strength Optical Fibres -- Replication of High Precision Aspherical Lenses Using UV-Curable Coatings.

Abstract: 'Integration of Fundamental Polymer Science and Technology' is a theme that admits of countless variations. It is admirably exemplified by the scientific work of R. Koningsveld and C. G. Vonk, in whose honour this meeting was organized. The interplay between 'pure' and 'applied' is of course not confined to any particular subdiscipline of chemistry or physics (witness the name IUPAC and IUPAP) but is perhaps rarely so intimate and inevitable as in the macromolecular area. The historical sequence may vary: when the first synthetic dye was prepared by Perkin, considerable knowledge of the molecular structure was also at hand; but polymeric materials, both natural and synthetic, had achieved a fair practical technology long before their macromolecular character was appreciated or established. Such historical records have sometimes led to differences of opinion as to whether the pure or the applied arm should deserve the first place of honour. The Harvard physiologist Henderson, as quoted in Walter Moore's Physical Chemistry, averred that 'Science owes more to the steam engine than the steam engine owes to Science'. On the other hand, few would dispute the proposition that nuclear power production could scarcely have preceded the laboratory observations of Hahn and Strassmann on uranium fission. Whatever history may suggest, an effective and continuous working relationship must recognize the essential contributions, if not always the completely smooth meshing, of both extremes.

Abstract: 1 History and Growth of Fruit Processing -- 2 Harvesting, Handling, and Holding Fruit -- 3 Fruit Washing, Peeling, and Preparation for Processing -- 4 Seasonal Suitability of Fruits for Processing -- 5 Factors Affecting Microflora in Processed Fruits -- 6 Canning of Fruits -- 7 Freezing Fruits -- 8 Dehydration of Fruits -- 9 Brining Cherries and Other Fruits -- 10 Other Products and Processes -- 11 Flavor and Color of Fruits as Affected by Processing -- 12 Composition and Nutritive Value of Raw and Processed Fruits -- 13 Grades and Standards for Raw and Processed Fruits -- 14 Storage Life of Canned, Frozen, Dehydrated, and Preserved Fruits -- 15 Plant Sanitation and Waste Disposal -- 16 Fruit Consumption Trends and Prospects.

Abstract: • use of fewer additives containing sodium, spices, artificial colors and flavors, and "energy" • continued use of fruits in cereals, salads, cakes, pies, and other com­ binations, as a source of minerals, vitamins, fiber, and natural flavors and colors An important recent innovation is low-moisture processing, in which fruit, with no added sugar, preservative, or carrier, is converted into convenient dehydrated forms. Development of this technology has been stimulated by high transportation rates, improvements in technology, and revolutionary new packages. In addition to raisins, prunes, and dehy­ drated apples, pears, peaches, and apricots, bananas are available in flakes, slices, and granules; pineapple and other tropical fruits also are available in new forms. Another low-moisture product is apple fiber sol­ ids, consisting of cell wall material (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin) and apple sugars. Low-moisture forms of other fruits are becom­ mg more common. Commercial Fruit Processing is a companion volume to Commercial Vegetable Processing, also edited by B. S. Luh and J. G. Woodroof; both are being updated and revised simultaneously. Grateful acknowledgments and thanks go to contributors who wrote in their own area of expertise on commercial fruit processing. Credit also goes to more than a dozen commercial companies and individuals who supplied photographs, charts, tables, and data from commercial opera­ tions. Thanks also to Ann Autry who typed, corrected, and edited the manu­ script; and to Naomi C. Woodroof, my wife, for assisting in research.

Abstract: Section 1: Introduction and Summary -- Section 2: General Topics (the Opening Session) -- Section 3: Sociocultural Aspects of Biogas Technology -- Section 4: Economic Aspects -- Section 5: Institutional and Financial Infrastructure -- Section 6: Regional Programs, Networks, and Aid Agencies -- Section 7: Technical Aspects -- Section 8: Country Programs and Projects -- Author Index.

Abstract: The International Conference on the State of the Art on Biogas Technology, Transfer and Diffusion was held in Cairo, Egypt, from 17 to 24 November 1984. The Conference was organized by the Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASR T), the Egyptian National Research Centre (NRC), the Bioenergy Systems and Technology project (BST) of the US Agency for International Development (US/AID) Office of Energy, and the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). A number of international organizations and agencies co-sponsored the Conference. More than 100 participants from 40 countries attended. The purpose of the Conference was to assess the viability of biogas technology (BGT) and propose future courses of action for exploiting BGT prospects to the fullest extent. The Conference emphasized a balanced coverage of technical, environ­ mental, social, economic and organizational aspects relevant to biogas systems design, operation and diffusion. It was organized to incorporate experiences that are pertinent, for the most part, to developing countries. In addition to the wide spectrum of presentations and country programs, structured and non-structured discussions among the participants were strongly encouraged in thematic sessions at round-table discussions, and through personal contacts during poster sessions and field trips. It was clear from the enthusiastic response of most participants that the Conference, in large measure, succeeded in fulfilling its mission. Although draft papers were distributed to all participants, it was felt that the results obtained were worthy of organized and refined documentation. And this is precisely what this book intends to do.

Abstract: 1. Physiology of Haemopoiesis -- 2. Mechanisms and Limitations of Fish Acid-Base Regulation -- 3. Physiological Investigations of Marlin -- 4. Fish Cardiology: Structural, Haemodynamic, Electromechanical and Metabolic Aspects -- 5. Control of Gill Blood Flow -- 6. Exercise -- 7. Gastro-intestinal Peptides in Fish -- 8. Gastro-intestinal Physiology: Rates of Food Processing in Fish -- 9. Filtration in the Perfused Hagfish Glomerulus -- 10. Physiological Methods in Fish Toxicology: Laboratory and Field Studies -- 11. Toxicity Testing Procedures.

Abstract: Fishes are very successful vertebrates and have adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions, from the deep ocean to the smallest brook or pond. The physiological background to these environmental adaptations is, obviously, far from clear, and provides fish physiologists with many challenges. The number of extant fish species has been estimated to be in excess of 20000, and only relatively few of these have been subject to physiological studies. Yet among these animals can be found many physiological systems different from those of the land-dwelling vertebrates, and also systems similar to those of the 'higher' vertebrates but at a different level of phylogenetic development. Apart from the rapidly increasing interest in basic fish physi­ ology, the last few years have seen a dramatic increase in applied research, aimed primarily in two directions: fish culture and envi­ ronmental toxicology. Physiological research is of vital importance in both these fields, and basic fish physiology is a necessary base for the applied research. This book is intended for a wide readership among senior undergraduate, postgraduate and research students, as well as uni­ versity teachers and researchers in zoology, physiology, aqua­ culture and biology generally. The book focuses on five major areas of basic and applied research: haemopoiesis, acid-base regu­ lation, circulation, gastro-intestinal functions and physiological toxicology. The chapters will serve as introductions to these fields, as well as up-to-date reviews of the most recent advances in the research areas.

Abstract: 1: Introduction -- What is an automated manufacturing system? -- Why is production planning and control important? -- 2: Automated Manufacturing Systems and Production Planning and Control -- Factors affecting production planning and control -- Conclusion -- 3: Traditional Production Planning and Control -- Planning hierarchy -- Master production scheduling (MPS): medium term -- Materials requirements planning (MRP) -- Job shop scheduling: short term -- Conclusion -- 4: Production Planning and Control Structure for Automated Manufacturing Systems -- Advanced factory management system -- Automated manufacturing research facility -- Comparison of AFMS and AMRF -- Conclusion -- 5: Factory Level Control -- Financial systems -- Computer aided design -- Process planning -- Master production scheduling I -- Materials requirements planning -- Data output to shop level -- Conclusion -- 6: Shop Level Control -- Master production scheduling II -- On-line scheduling -- Specific data requirements -- Mailbox approaches -- Conclusion -- 7: Cell Level Control -- CCS classification -- What is a cell? -- CCS operational modes -- Conclusion -- 8: Equipment Level Control -- What is meant by equipment? -- Equipment level control structure -- Conclusion -- 9: Conclusion and Future Trends -- Overall production planning and control functions -- Future trends -- Conclusion -- Appendix I: Master Production Scheduling II -- References.

Abstract: Master production scheduling II 60 On-line scheduling 65 Specific data requirements 69 Mailbox approaches 70 Conclusion 72 Chapter 7: Cell Level Control 75 Introduction 75 CCS classification 77 What is a cell? 78 CCS operational modes 80 Conclusion 86 Chapter 8: Equipment Level Control 89 Introduction 89 What is meant by equipment? 90 Equipment level control structure 92 Conclusion 94 Chapter 9: Conclusion and Future Trends 95 Overall production planning and control functions 98 Future trends 100 Conclusion 102 Appendix I: Master Production Scheduling II 103 References 107 Index 109 Preface This book is intended as an introduction to production planning and control of automated manufacturing systems. As such, it links together two diverse fields of interest: in the area of production planning and control there is a large body of work completed in analytical models, computer structures and overall systems; equally, for the hardware and detailed control aspects of the equipment used (for example, NC machines, robots, etc), comprehensive studies have also been completed. To cover each area fully would result in a work of several volumes. Instead, this book stresses the important elements of both areas that are vital to effective production planning and control of the whole automated manufacturing system.

Abstract: 1 Fundamentals of the Finite Element Method -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The concept of discretization -- 1.3 Steps in the finite element method -- References -- 2 Finite Element Analysis in Heat Conduction -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Review of basic formulations -- 2.3 Finite element formulation of transient heat conduction in solids -- 2.4 Transient heat conduction in axisymmetric solids -- 2.5 Computation of the thermal conductivity matrix -- 2.6 Computation of the heat capacitance matrix -- 2.7 Computation of thermal force matrix -- 2.8 Transient heat conduction in the time domain -- 2.9 Boundary conditions 45 2.10 Solution procedures for axisymmetric structures -- References -- 3 Thermoelastic-Plastic Stress Analysis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanical behavior of materials -- 3.3 Review of basic formulations in linear elasticity theory -- 3.4 Basic formulations in nonlinear elasticity -- 3.5 Elements of plasticity theory -- 3.6 Strain hardening -- 3.7 Plastic potential (yield) function -- 3.8 Prandtl-Reuss relation -- 3.9 Derivation of plastic stress-strain relations -- 3.10 Constitutive equations for thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis -- 3.11 Derivation of the [Cep] matrix -- 3.12 Determination of material stiffness (H’) -- 3.13 Thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis with kinematic hardening rule -- 3.14 Finite element formulation of thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis -- 3.15 Finite element formulation for the base TEPSAC code -- 3.16 Solution procedure for the base TEPSA code -- References -- 4 Creep Deformation of Solids by Finite Element Analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Theoretical background -- 4.3 Constitutive equations for thermoelastic-plastic creep stress analysis -- 4.4 Finite element formulation of thermoelastic-plastic creep stress analysis -- 4.5 Integration schemes -- 4.6 Solution algorithm -- 4.7 Code verification -- 4.8 Closing remarks -- References -- 5 Elastic-Plastic stress analysis with Fourier Series -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Element equation for elastic axisymmetric solids subject to nonaxisymmetric loadings -- 5.3 Stiffness matrix for elastic solids subject to nonaxisymmetric loadings -- 5.4 Elastic-plastic stress analysis of axisymmetric solids subject to nonaxisymmetric loadings -- 5.5 Derivation of element equation -- 5.6 Mode mixing stiffness equations -- 5.7 Circumferential integration scheme -- 5.8 Numerical example -- 5.9 Discussion of the numerical example -- 5.10 Summary -- References -- 6 Elastodynamic stress analysis with Thermal Effects -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Theoretical background -- 6.3 Hamilton’s variational principle -- 6.4 Finite element formulation -- 6.5 Direct time integration scheme -- 6.6 Solution algorithm -- 6.7 Numerical illustration -- References -- 7 Thermofracture Mechanics -- 1: Review of fracture mechanics concept -- 2: Thermoelastic-plastic fracture analysis page -- 3: Thermoelastic-plastic creep fracture analysis -- References -- 8 Thermoelastic-Plastic Stress Analysis By Finite Strain Theory -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinate systems -- 8.3 Green and Almansi strain tensors -- 8.4 Lagrangian and Kirchhoff stress tensors -- 8.5 Equilibrium in the large -- 8.6 Equilibrium in the small -- 8.7 The boundary conditions -- 8.8 The constitutive equation -- 8.9 Equations of equilibrium by the principle of virtual work -- 8.10 Finite element formulation -- 8.11 Stiffness matrix [K2] -- 8.12 Stiffness matrix [K3] -- 8.13 Constitutive equations for thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis -- 8.14 The finite element formulation -- 8.15 The computer program -- 8.16 Numerical examples -- References -- 9 Coupled Thermoelastic-Plastic Stress Analysis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The energy balance concept -- 9.3 Derivation of the coupled heat conduction equation -- 9.4 Coupled thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis -- 9.5 Finite element formulation -- 9.6 The y matrix -- 9.7 The thermal moduli matrix ? -- 9.8 The internal dissipation factor -- 9.9 Computation algorithm -- 9.10 Numerical illustration -- 9.11 Concluding remarks -- References -- 10 Application of Thermomechanical Analyses in Industry -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Thermal analysis involving phase change -- 10.3 Thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis -- 10.4 Thermoelastic-plastic stress analysis by TEPSAC code -- 10.5 Simulation of thermomechanical behavior of nuclear reactor fuel elements -- References -- Appendix 1 Area coordinate system for triangular simplex elements -- Appendix 2 Numerical illustration on the implementation of thermal boundary conditions -- Appendix 3 Integrands of the mode-mixing stiffness matrix -- Appendix 4 User’s guide for TEPSAC -- Appendix 5 Listing of TEPSAC code -- Author Index.

Abstract: The rapid advances in the nuclear and aerospace technologies in the past two decades compounded with the increasing demands for high performance, energy-efficient power plant components and engines have made reliable thermal stress analysis a critical factor in the design and operation of such equipment. Recently, and as experienced by the author, the need for sophis­ ticated analyses has been extended to the energy resource industry such as in-situ coal gasification and in-situ oil recovery from oil sands and shales. The analyses in the above applications are of a multidisciplinary nature, and some involve the additional complexity of multiphase and phase change phenomena. These extremely complicated factors preclude the use of classical methods, and numerical techniques such as the finite element method appear to be the most viable alternative solution. The development of this technique so far appears to have concentrated in two extremes; one being overly concerned with the accuracy of results and tending to place all effort in the implementation of special purpose element concepts and computational algorithms, the other being for commercial purposes with the ability of solving a wide range of engineering problems. However, to be versatile, users require substantial training and experience in order to use these codes effectively. Above all, no provision for any modifi­ cation of these codes by users is possible, as all these codes are proprietary and access to the code is limited only to the owners.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Magnetotransduction -- 1.2 Discussion Boundaries -- 1.3 Model -- 1.4 Audience -- 1.5 Theme -- I: Environments Experienced by Moving Electric Charges -- 2. Basic Laws and Definitions -- 3. Chemical Effects -- 4. Magnetic Hysteresis -- 5. Thermal Effects -- 6. Mechanical Effects -- 7. Magnetic Measurements -- 8. Magnetic Resonance -- 9. Radiant Energy -- II: The Effects of Magnetic Field Changes on MovingCharged Particles -- 10. Moving Conductor -- 11. Electromagnetic Induction -- 12. Reflected Impedance -- 13. Reluctance Variations -- 14. Composite Targets -- 15. Motor Phenomena -- III: Magnetons Moving Under Tight Constraints As in a Solid or Liquid -- 16. Magnetostriction -- 17. Galvanomagnetic Effects -- 18. Magneton Order Effects -- 19. Hysteretic Effects -- 20. Size Effects -- 21. Strong Magnetic Field Effects -- IV: Magnetons Moving Under Loose Constraints As in a Vacuum or Gas -- 22. Ionic Currents -- 23. Magnetron Effects in Gas -- V: Magnetons Moving in Environments with a Very Low Energy Content -- 24. Chemical Environment -- 25. Flux Quantization -- 26. Tunneling -- Glossary of Terms.

Abstract: The general theory of magnetism and the vast range of individual phe­ nomena it embraces have already been examined in many volumes. Spe­ cialists hardly need help in charting their way through the maze of pub­ lished information. At the same time, a nonspecialist might easily be discouraged by this abundance. Most texts are restricted in their coverage, and their concepts may well appear to be disorganized when the uninitiated attempt to consider them in their totality. Since the subject is already thoroughly researched with very little new information added year by year, this is hardly a satisfactory state of affairs. By now, it should be possible for anyone with even a minimum of technical competence to feel com­ pletely at home with all of the basic magnetic principles. The present volume addresses this issue by stressing simplicity-sim­ plicity of order and simplicity of range as well as simplicity of detail. It proposes a pattern of logical classification based on the electronic con­ sequences that result whenever any form of matter interacts with any kind of energy. An attempt has been made to present each phenomenon of interest in its most visually graphic form while reducing the verbal de­ scription to the minimum needed to back up the illustrations. This might be called a Life magazine type of approach, in which each point is prin­ cipally supported by a picture. The illustrations make use of two (perhaps unique) conventions.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What are numerical methods? -- 1.2 Numerical methods versus numerical analysis -- 1.3 Why use numerical methods? -- 1.4 Approximate equations and approximate solutions -- 1.5 The use of numerical methods -- 1.6 Errors -- 1.7 Non-dimensional equations -- 1.8 The use of computers -- 2 The solution of equations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Location of initial estimates -- 2.3 Interval halving -- 2.4 Simple iteration -- 2.5 Convergence -- 2.6 Aitken’s extrapolation -- 2.7 Damped simple iteration -- 2.8 Newton-Raphson method -- 2.9 Extended Newton’s method -- 2.10 Other iterative methods -- 2.11 Polynomial equations -- 2.12 Bairstow’s method 56 Worked examples 58 Problems -- 3 Simultaneous equations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Elimination methods -- 3.3 Gaussian elimination -- 3.4 Extensions to the basic algorithm -- 3.5 Operation count for the basic algorithm -- 3.6 Tridiagonal systems -- 3.7 Extensions to the Thomas algorithm -- 3.8 Iterative methods for linear systems -- 3.9 Matrix inversion -- 3.10 The method of least squares -- 3.11 The method of differential correction -- 3.12 Simple iteration for non-linear systems -- 3.13 Newton’s method for non-linear systems -- Worked examples -- Problems -- 4 Interpolation, differentiation and integration -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Finite difference operators -- 4.3 Difference tables -- 4.4 Interpolation -- 4.5 Newton’s forward formula -- 4.6 Newton’s backward formula -- 4.7 Stirling’s central difference formula -- 4.8 Numerical differentiation -- 4.9 Truncation errors -- 4.10 Summary of differentiation formulae -- 4.11 Differentiation at non-tabular points: maxima and minima -- 4.12 Numerical integration -- 4.13 Error estimation -- 4.14 Integration using backward differences -- 4.15 Summary of integration formulae -- 4.16 Reducing the truncation error 146 Worked examples 149 Problems -- 5 Ordinary differential equations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Euler’s method -- 5.3 Solution using Taylor’s series -- 5.4 The modified Euler method -- 5.5 Predictor-corrector methods -- 5.6 Milne’s method, Adams’ method, and Hamming’s method -- 5.7 Starting procedure for predictor-corrector methods -- 5.8 Estimation of error of predictor-corrector methods -- 5.9 Runge-Kutta methods -- 5.10 Runge-Kutta-Merson method -- 5.11 Application to higher-order equations and to systems -- 5.12 Two-point boundary value problems -- 5.13 Non-linear two-point boundary value problems 198 Worked examples 199 Problems -- 6 Partial differential equations I — elliptic equations -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The approximation of elliptic equations -- 6.3 Boundary conditions -- 6.4 Non-dimensional equations again -- 6.5 Method of solution -- 6.6 The accuracy of the solution -- 6.7 Use of Richardson’s extrapolation -- 6.8 Other boundary conditions -- 6.9 Relaxation by hand-calculation -- 6.10 Non-rectangular solution regions -- 6.11 Higher-order equations 238 Problems -- 7 Partial differential equations II — parabolic equations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The conduction equation -- 7.3 Non-dimensional equations yet again -- 7.4 Notation -- 7.5 An explicit method -- 7.6 Consistency -- 7.7 The Dufort-Frankel method -- 7.8 Convergence -- 7.9 Stability -- 7.10 An unstable finite difference approximation -- 7.11 Richardson’s extrapolation 261 Worked examples 262 Problems -- 8 Integral methods for the solution of boundary value problems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Integral methods -- 8.3 Implementation of integral methods 271 Worked examples 278 Problems -- Suggestions for further reading.

Abstract: This book is designed for an introductory course in numerical methods for students of engineering and science at universities and colleges of advanced education. It is an outgrowth of a course of lectures and tutorials (problem­ solving sessions) which the author has given for a number of years at the University of New South Wales and elsewhere. The course is normally taught at the rate of 1i hours per week throughout an academic year (28 weeks). It has occasionally been given at double this rate over half the year, but it was found that students had insufficient time to absorb the material and experiment with the methods. The material presented here is rather more than has been taught in anyone year, although all of it has been taught at some time. The book is concerned with the application of numerical methods to the solution of equations - algebraic, transcendental and differential - which will be encountered by students during their training and their careers. The theoretical foundation for the methods is not rigorously covered. Engineers and applied scientists (but not, of course, mathematicians) are more con­ cerned with using methods than with proving that they can be used. However, they 'must be satisfied that the methods are fit to be used, and it is hoped that students will perform sufficient numerical experiments to con­ vince themselves of this without the need for more than the minimum of theory which is presented here.

Abstract: 1: Aspects of Robotics -- USA perspectives on the integration of robots into the factory of the future -- Research and development programmes in computer-integrated manufacturing in Europe -- Robotics research and development in 1985: a Japanese perspective -- Tactile sensors for robots: a review -- New manufacturing concepts — the plant engineer’s perspective -- Robotics — some wider implications -- 2: Current Developments: Overviews and National Funding Programmes -- 3: World Directory of Robotics Research and Development Activities -- 4: World Index of Research and Development Centres -- 5: World Index of Robotics Researchers -- 6: Subject Index to Research Activities -- 7: Further Information.

Abstract: How quickly the technological 'flavour of the month' changes. At the beginning of the 1980's many saw 'robotics' as being something of a pana­ cea for those problems in the manufacturing industries which had been exacerbated by the world recession. Those working at the time in the field of robotics stressed that robots themselves were only part of the solution. Yet in many quarters the 'hype' for the new technology apparently knew few bounds, resulting, inexorably, in many industries painfully discover­ ing for themselves a new realism, closely followed by disillusionment. In its wider sense the term 'robotics' covers an extremely broad spec­ trum of technologies ranging from extremely flexible, highly sensory and integrated systems capable of handling a very diverse product range, through to comparatively inflexible, high volume systems which can merely handle slightly different variations of the same basic product. As a result of the one 'buzzword' referring to such a variety of actual system­ types, the disillusionment which started to become apparent during the early 1980's acted as something of a double edged sword. A given com­ pany might consider a particular robotics-based technological solution to its production problems, find that it was unsuitable, and so renounce all robotics approaches as inappropriate. Yet just because one position on that spectrum of technological solutions was unsuitable for the company should not have led them to assume that there was no other robotics solu­ tion that was appropriate.

Abstract: Production Planning and Control -- Work Scheduling in Flexible Manufacturing Systems under Tool Availability Constraints -- Material Requirements Planning Packages: An Evaluation -- MRP II: Road to Success or Ruin? -- Production and Inventory Control: Effect of Sales Promotion -- JIT with Symphony -- Proved Sequence Planning -- Cutting-Pattern Enumeration on a Microcomputer: A Case Study -- Computer Integrated Manufacture -- Evolutionary Design of Computer-Integrated Manufacturing Systems -- A CIM System for Foundries -- Computer-Aided Design of Form-Rolls -- Computer-Integrated Manufacture for Cold Roll Forming -- Software Structures for Computer-Integrated Manufacture -- Cell Manufacture -- A Solution to Machine Group Analysis Employing Auxiliary Cell Formation -- A Methodology for Forming Group Technology Cells in Advanced Manufacturing Systems -- Flexibility in the Design and Application of Component Coding and Classification Systems -- Assembly -- Flexible Assembly Cell Design -- Automatic Rotary Table Assembly Machines — Prediction Techniques for Output Rates and Efficiency Levels -- Automatic Rotary Table Assembly Machines — Delay and Make Right or Combine and Reject -- Quality and Measurement -- The Way Forward from Statistical Process Control -- Establishing Effect of Machine Tool Errors on Accuracy of Turned Components -- Implementation of Quality-Assurance Systems in Small Companies -- The Surface Topography Produced by Deep Drilling Operations -- A Microcomputer-Based Quality Control Monitor for a High-Speed Cold-Heading Machine -- Simulation -- Manufacturing Cell Machine/Manning Performance Simulation by Using CAPS/ECSL -- Computer-Assisted Digital Simulation of an FMS by Using Graphics -- Simulation Improves Short-Term Planning in Large-Batch Manufacturing Industry -- Development of FMS Operations Procedures with Simulation -- Simulation Model of the Plunge Centreless Grinding Process -- Robotics -- Robot Applications Research for the Aerospace Industry -- Ultrasonic Sensors for Industrial Robots -- Industrial Application of Pneumatic Servo-Controlled Modular Robots -- A Voice-Controlled Planar Robot -- Local Area Network Link for Robots -- WRAPS System: A Tool for Welding Robot Adaptive Programming and Simulation -- A CAD/CAM System for Complex Path Trajectory Generation for a Robot -- Supervisory Control of Single Axis Controllers for Modular Robotic Systems Using a Serial Interface -- Feasibility Study into Use of Laser Scanning Measuring Device and Robot as Flexible Inspection Station -- Teaching and Training -- Integration of New Technology with the Aid of Educational and Training Videos -- A Flexible Manufacturing Facility for Teaching and Development of Advanced Manufacturing Techniques -- Low Cost Control for a Flexible Manufacturing Cell -- Linking Computer-Based Instruction and Simulators: Adjunct Training -- Design -- The Computer-Aided Design of Production Tooling -- A Morphological Approach to Machine System Design -- Factors Influencing Gripping Capacity of Chuck Jaws -- Materials -- Effect of Martempering on Thermal Stress and Strain -- PEEK as a Bearing Material -- Surface Modification of Materials -- Fabrication of Fibre-Reinforced Aluminium Alloy-Matrix Composites -- Evaluation of Pressure Die Castings Produced in a Graphitic Hypereutectic Aluminium — Silicon Alloy -- Processes -- Enhancement of a Hydraulic Press for Research into Metal Forming -- Electrochemical Machining of Orthopaedic Components -- Avoidance of Macro Surface Defects in Electrochemical Machining (ECM) of Steel Workpieces -- Automation in Plastics Manufacturing: A Review of Current Developments -- Production Costing -- Economic Advantages of Group Assembly -- A Comparison Between the Operating Costs and Characteristics of Flexible Manufacturing Systems and Conventional Manufacture -- Microcomputer Spreadsheets: A New Concept in Decision Making -- An Artless Attempt to Collect Quality-Related Costs -- Aspects of Life-Cycle Costs of an Asset -- Technology Change -- Managing Engineering Change -- Impact of NC Machinery on Manufacturing Industry -- Difficulties in Implementing Advanced Manufacturing Technology in Small Manufacturing Companies -- Work Design -- A Comparative Study of the Lateral Work Activities of Three Production Managers in the UK Manufacturing Industry and the Implications for Training Production Managers -- Manufacturing System Performance and Management in some Scottish Electronics Companies -- Organizational Choice in Work Design -- Ergonomic Design of Industrial Sewing Machines -- Process Planning -- A System to Aid Design by Planning Manufacturing Operations -- A Microcomputer-Aided Interactive Process Planning and Estimation System for Use in a Jobbing Foundry -- Process Specification for Flexible Manufacture.

Abstract: 1 Role and function of seaports in the trading pattern of a nation -- Scope of book. -- Function of seaports. -- Factors determining the shipowner’s/shipper’s choice of port. -- Future trends in international trade. -- 2 Economics of international trade -- Function of international trade. -- Survey of international trade. -- Commodity trades. -- Flow of manufactured goods. -- Multinational companies. -- Major trading areas of the world. -- Preferential trading groups. -- 3 Economics of port design and layout -- Influence of cost, construction and safety factors. -- Factors determining berth layout. -- Types of berth. -- Port facilities. -- 4 Cargo-handling equipment -- Factors determining type of cargo-handling equipment. -- Conventional break-bulk handling. -- Types of general cargo-handling equipment. -- Unitized cargo-handling systems. -- LASH (lighter aboard ship). -- Roll-on/roll-off (Ro/Ro) vessels. -- Bulk handling systems for raw materials. -- 5 Container-handling equipment -- Palletization — fork lift trucks. -- Containerization. -- Range of container-handling equipment. -- Container lifters and movers. -- Back-up systems. -- Container cranes. -- Stowage within the container. -- 6 Free ports/free trade zones -- Features of free ports/free trade zones. -- Advantages of free ports/free trade zones. -- 7 Port investment criteria -- Economics of new and second-hand port equipment. -- Methods of finance. -- Factors determining port investment criteria. -- 8 Port traffic control -- Port operations and communications centre. -- Port traffic management. -- Ship turn-round time in port. -- Processing the consignment through the port. -- Port operational planning. -- 9 Port tariffs -- Theory of port tariffs. -- Factors influencing the level of port tariffs. -- Market pricing. -- Port tariffs. -- Customs entry charges. -- Miscellaneous charges. -- Port authority rates and charges policies. -- 10 Finance of international trade -- Export and import prices. -- Payments on ‘open account’. -- Bills of exchange. -- Documentary credits and allied documents. -- Transferable credits. -- Back-to-back credits. -- Revolving credits. -- Red clause credits. -- Acceptance credits. -- Factoring. -- Bank finance for exports. -- Less common forms of trade. -- Changing methods of payment. -- 11 Port management structure and dock labour -- Size and scope of the port authority. -- Port authority organization. -- Dock labour. -- 12 Budgetary control and marketing -- Revenue, expenditure and investment budgets. -- Marketing. -- Market analysis. -- Market structure. -- Market share. -- Market research. -- Media plan. -- Computerization. -- 13 Role of British and international port and cargo-handling organizations -- British Ports Association (BPA). -- International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH). -- International Cargo Handling Co-ordination Association (ICHCA). -- International Labour Organization (ILO). -- International Maritime Organization (IMO). -- National Association of Port Employers (NAPE). -- The future. -- Appendix A -- Further recommended textbook reading. -- Appendix B -- Addresses of organizations and institutes engaged in the fields of seaports and international trade. -- Appendix C -- Major ports of the world and their location. -- Appendix D -- Seaport and international trade terms and abbreviations.

Abstract: Since the publication of my books Elements of Shipping and more recently Economics of Shipping Practice and Management, both selling in over 130 countries, I have received numerous requests both from home and abroad for a companion volume on seaports. This book has been written to provide a practical, overall under­ standing of the elements of port operation and management of a competitive,~profitable port authority. It reflects the author's many years of experience in port and ship management, international trade and education. It deals in simple language with the role and function of seaports in a trading pattern, port investment criteria, port tariffs, free ports and free trade zones, port traffic control, budgetary control and marketing, port management structure and dock labour, computerization, cargo-handling equipment, the eco­ nomics of port design, the role of port cargo-handling organiza­ tions, the economics of international trade, finance of international trade, and many other aspects of this extensive subject. The import­ ance of complete professionalism in all areas of port practice as a means of providing the viable, high quality service required to sustain and expand international trade cannot be overemphasized. This book will help towards establishing that professionalism. The material assembled here is intended not only for students preparing for seaport examinations, but also for persons employed in port authorities. In short, it is an aide-memoire to those engaged in the industry throughout the world and may be regarded as 'the porr executive's handbook'.

Abstract: The Goal -- Warped Space-Time -- Early Unified Field Theories -- Star Death -- The Ultimate Abyss: The Black Hole -- The Early Universe -- Cosmological Controversy -- The Final Fate of the Universe -- The World of Particles and Fields -- A Unified Theory of the Universe -- Epilogue.

Abstract: Thirty years ago Albert Einstein died, his dream of a theory that would unify the universe unfulfilled. He spent the last decades of his life searching for such a theory-a theory that would explain everything from elementary particles and their interac­ tions to the overall structure of the universe. But he failed, not because he didn't try hard enough, but because the attempt was ahead of its time. When Einstein worked on the problem liter­ ally nothing was known about black holes, white holes, sin­ gularities, the Big Bang explosion and the early universe, quarks, gauge invariance, and weak and strong nuclear forces. Today we know that all these things are important in relation to a unified theory, and that they must be incorporated in and explained by such a theory. Thus, in a sense, our problem is much more complex today than it was in Einstein's day. But scientists have persevered and as a result we are now tan­ talizingly close to achieving this long-sought goal. Important breakthroughs have been made. In this book we will look at these breakthroughs and at recent unified theories-theories that go by the names supergravity, superstrings, GUTs, and twistor theory. In order to understand the problem, however, we must begin at the beginning.

Abstract: 1. Summarizing Data -- 2. Random Variables and Probability Distributions -- 3. Some Useful Distributions -- 4. Estimation and Hypothesis Testing -- 5. Regression -- 6. The Design of Experiments and the Analysis of Variance -- 7. Reliability and Survival Analysis -- 8. Order Statistics -- 9. Stochastic Processes -- 10. Time Series -- 11. Categorical Data -- 12. Epidemiology -- 13. Quality Control and Acceptance Sampling -- 14. Multivariate Analysis -- 15. Survey Sampling.

Abstract: Statistics is the accepted body of methods for summarizing or describing data and drawing conclusions from the summary measures. Everyone who has data to summarize thus needs some knowledge of statistics. The first step in gaining that knowledge is to master the professional jargon. This dictionary is geared to offer more than the usual string of isolated and independent definitions: it provides also the context, applications, and related terminology. The intended audience falls into five groups with rather different needs: (1) professional statisticians who need to recall a definition, (2) scientists in disciplines other than statistics who need to know the acceptable methods of summarizing data, (3) students of statistics who need to broaden their knowl­ edge of their subject matter and make constant reference to it, (4) managers who will be reading statistical reports written by their employees, and (5) journalists who need to interpret government or scientific reports and transmit the information to the public.

Abstract: One Introduction -- 1 Wildlife conservation evaluation: attributes, criteria and values -- 2 Assessing representativeness -- 3 Ecological succession and the evaluation of non-climax communities -- Two Approaches in different geographical areas -- 4 Evaluation of tropical land for wildlife conservation potential -- 5 Evaluation methods in the United States -- 6 Selection of important areas for wildlife conservation in Great Britain: the Nature Conservancy Council’s approach -- 7 Wildlife conservation evaluation in the Netherlands: a controversial issue in a small country -- 8 Evaluation at the local scale: a region in Scotland -- Three Specific habitats and groups of organisms -- 9 Forest and woodland evaluation -- 10 Evaluating the wildlife of agricultural environments: an aid to conservation -- 11 Ornithological evaluation for wildlife conservation -- 12 Assessments using invertebrates: posing the problem -- Four General principles -- 13 Conservation evaluation in practice -- 14 Design of nature reserves -- References -- Author index.

Abstract: In the mid 1970s two events led me to get to know the Yorkshire Dales better than I had previously. Since 1964 I had been to the Malham Tarn Field Centre with groups of students, first from the University of Edinburgh and then from the University of York, and my family very much enjoyed the summer days we spent amid this magnificent hill scenery. In 1976, the British Ecological Society and the National Trust jointly worked on a survey of the biological interest of the National Trust properties of the Kent, East Anglian and Yorkshire Regions. Malham Tarn itself, and the surrounding farms, formed one of the twenty properties of the Yorkshire Region. I spent the bank holiday, that commemorated the Queen's Silver Jubilee, at Malham, looking fairly closely at the National Trust's landholding there. Miss Sarah Priest, who also looked at the National Trust properties, and I produced a report in late 1977, attempting both to describe and to evaluate the nature resources of the National Trust in Yorkshire. In the following year, 1978, the Nature Conservancy Council wanted to survey the whole of the upland area that was known as the Malhaml Arncliffe SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest). A contract to look at such an exciting area, considering where boundaries should go, and looking to see if there were important areas of habitat that should be brought within the SSSI, was a superb practical antidote to an office in the University.

Abstract: 1 Standard enthalpies of formation derived from experimental data -- 1.1 Data tables -- 1.2 Processing of experimental data -- 2 Prediction of standard enthalpies of formation -- 2.1 Component enthalpies -- 2.2 Determination of values for component enthalpies -- 2.3 Summary -- 2.4 Uncertainties on values for component enthalpies -- 2.5 Comparison of calculated and experimental values -- 3 Group interactions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Derivation of values for group interactions -- 4 Interpretation of group interactions: prediction of unknown values for component enthalpies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Alkanes -- 4.3 Alkenes and alkynes -- 4.4 Monofunctional compounds -- 4.5 Polyfunctional compounds -- 4.6 Summary -- 5 Future developments -- 5.1 Experimental data files -- 5.2 Parametric schemes -- 5.3 Software development -- Table 1.2 Experimental thermochemical data -- Table 1.3 Standard enthalpies of formation for inorganic compounds -- References -- Name index -- Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number Index.

Abstract: The purpose of the material in this book is to enable users of thermochemical data to predict values for standard enthalpies ofreactions involving organic compounds ranging in complex­ ity from simple alkanes to biologically important compounds such as amino acids. Chapter 1 contains tables of values for standard enthalpies of formation derived from experimental data for approximately 3000 organic compounds of the elements C, H, 0, N, S and halogens; Chapters 2 to 4 describe a simple scheme for predicting unknown values of standard enthalpies of formation. Data presented in the book are stored in a data base at the University of Sussex and with associated software provides a simple but efficient method for dealing with thermochemical problems in organic chemistry. The experimental data used in the computer calculation of the values for standard enthal­ pies of formation are clearly indicated in Table 1.2. Where alternative values for a given standard enthalpy of formation may be derived, from independent measurements, we have clearly indicated those which are regarded by the assessors as definitive and which are therefore used to derive the value for the compound concerned. We do not, however, give reasons for the assessors choice nor are details given of experimental techniques. The literature search for suitable references was discontinued in 1983 to allow development of the predictive scheme and the computer techniques for handling the data.

Abstract: 1 An introduction to the problem of accuracy -- 1.1 Setting the scene -- 1.2 Some preliminary concepts -- 1.3 The accuracy of enzymes -- 1.4 The role of kinetics in accuracy -- 1.5 Molecular accuracy in evolution -- 1.6 Accuracy in other information systems -- References -- 2 Errors and the integrity of genetic information transfer -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Theory -- 2.3 Experimental observations on protein errors and error feedback -- 2.4 Errors in the control of transcription and in the timing of cell cycle events -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 The specificity of enzyme—substrate interactions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Kinetics and thermodynamics -- 3.3 Rates of reaction and accuracy -- 3.4 Discrimination through binding -- 3.5 Molecular mechanisms -- 3.6 Molecular fit -- References -- 4 The charging of tRNA -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The basic problem in amino acid selection -- 4.3 The basic kinetic equations of specificity -- 4.4 The discovery of editing during amino acid selection -- 4.5 The editing reaction pathway: hydrolysis of mischarged tRNA versus hydrolysis of misactivated amino acid -- 4.6 The double-sieve editing mechanism -- 4.7 The economics of editing -- 4.8 The relative importance of the pre-transfer and post- transfer pathways -- 4.9 Chemical reaction mechanisms of editing -- 4.10 Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases not requiring editing mechanisms -- References -- 5 The accuracy of mRNA-tRNA recognition -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 How specific is the process of translation? -- 5.3 Decoding of the third codon base -- 5.4 Tuning the codon-anticodon interaction -- 5.5 Concluding remarks -- References -- 6 The secret life of the ribosome -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Missense error frequencies -- 6.3 Bioenergetics of translation -- 6.4 Translation in vitro -- 6.5 Curious consequences of proofreading -- 6.6 Error coupling -- 6.7 Suppression of frameshift mutations -- 6.8 Modalities of error coupling -- 6.9 Concluding remarks -- References -- 7 The accuracy of RNA synthesis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Accuracy during RNA polymerization -- 7.3 Accuracy during initiation of RNA synthesis -- 7.4 Accuracy during termination of RNA synthesis -- 7.5 Accuracy during mRNA splicing -- 7.6 Accuracy during maturation of the 3? terminus of an mRNA -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- 8 DNA replication fidelity and base mispairing mutagenesis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Km discrimination model -- 8.3 Evidence in support of a Km discrimination model for fidelity -- 8.4 Further predictive potential of the Km model -- 8.5 Concluding remarks -- References -- 9 Stability and change through DNA repair -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Types of DNA damage and cellular responses -- 9.3 Removal repair -- 9.4 Recombinational repair -- 9.5 Replicative repair and induced mutagenesis -- 9.6 DNA damage and epigenetic change -- 9.7 Evolution of indirect mutagenesis -- 9.8 DNA repair effects in multicellular organisms -- References -- 10 Kinetic and probabilistic thinking in accuracy -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Hidden principles behind the kinetic formalism -- 10.3 The sequestration effect -- 10.4 Kinetic modulation -- 10.5 Kinetic amplification -- 10.6 Recipes for calculation -- 10.7 Outlook -- References -- 11 Kinetic costs of accuracy in translation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Kinetic proofreading revisited -- 11.3 Displacements in enzymic selections -- 11.4 Displacements in kinetic proofreading -- 11.5 Kinetic proofreading in translation -- 11.6 Efficiency of biochemical pathways -- 11.7 Low cost translations -- 11.8 Optimal accuracy in translation -- 11.9 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Selection for optimal accuracy and the evolution of ageing -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Evolution of accuracy in primitive organisms -- 12.3 Evolution of translational accuracy -- 12.4 The maintenance of the integrity of DNA -- 12.5 Balancing the costs and benefits of accuracy -- 12.6 Optimal accuracy of translation in reproductive and somatic cells -- 12.7 Evolution of ageing and longevity -- 12.8 Predictions and conclusions -- References -- 13 Diversity and accuracy in molecular evolution: sketches past, present and future -- 13.1 Sketch I -- 13.2 Sketch II -- 13.3 Sketch III -- 13.4 Sketch IV -- 13.5 Sketch V -- 13.6 Sketch VI -- 13.7 Sketch VII -- 13.7 Sketch VIII -- References.

Abstract: Molecular biology proceeds at unremitting pace to unfold new secrets of the living world. Biology, long regarded as an inexact companion to physics and chemistry, has undergone transformation. Now, chemical and physical principles are tools in understanding highly complex biomolecular processes, whose origin lies in a history of chance, constraint and natural selection. The accuracy of these processes, often remarkably high, is crucial to their self­ perpetuation, both individually and collectively, as ingredients of the organism as a whole. In this book are presented thirteen chapters which deal with various facets of the accuracy problem. Subjects covered include: the specificity of enzymes; the fidelity of synthesis of proteins; the replication and repair of DNA: general schemes for the enhancement of biological accuracy; selection for an optimal balance between the costs and benefits of accuracy; and the possible relevance of molecular mistakes to the process of ageing. The viewpoints are distinct, yet complementary, and the book as a whole offers to researchers and students the first comprehensive account of this growing field.

Abstract: 1 Basic Principles of Electron Spin Resonance -- 2 Basic Instrumentation of Electron Spin Resonance -- 3 Nuclear Hyperfine Interaction -- 4 Analysis of Electron Spin Resonance Spectra of Systems in the Liquid Phase -- 5 Interpretation of Hyperfine Splittings in ?-type Organic Radicals -- 6 Mechanism of Hyperfine Splittings in Conjugated Systems -- 7 Anisotropic Interactions in Oriented Systems with S = 1/2 -- 8 Interpretation of the ESR Spectra of Systems in the Solid State -- 9 Time-dependent Phenomena -- 10 Energy-level Splitting in Zero Magnetic Field; The Triplet State -- 11 Transition-metal Ions. I. -- 12 Transition-metal Ions. II. Electron Resonance in the Gas Phase -- 13. Double-resonance Techniques -- 14. Biological Applications of Electron Spin Resonance -- Appendix A. Mathematical Operations -- A-1 Complex Numbers -- A-2 Operator Algebra -- A-2a Properties of Operators -- A-2b Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions -- A-3 Determinants -- A-4 Vectors: Scalar, Vector, and Outer Products -- A-5 Matrices -- A-5a Addition and Subtraction of Matrices -- A-5b Multiplication of Matrices -- A-5c Special Matrices and Matrix Properties -- A-5d Dirac Notation for Wave Functions and Matrix Elements -- A-5e Diagonalization of Matrices -- A-6 Tensors -- A-7 Perturbation Theory -- A-8 Euler Angles -- Problems -- Appendix B. Quantum Mechanics of Angular Momentum -- B-1 Introduction -- B-2 Angular-momentum Operators -- B-3 The Commutation Relations for the Angular-momentum Operators -- B-6 Angular-momentum Matrices -- B-7 Addition of Angular Momenta -- B-8 Summary -- Problems -- C-1 The Hamiltonian for the Hydrogen Atom -- C-2 The Spin Eigenfunctions and the Energy Matrix for the Hydrogen Atom -- C-3 Exact Solution of the Determinant of the Energy Matrix (Secular Determinant) -- C-4 Selection Rules for High-field Magnetic-dipole Transitions in the Hydrogen Atom -- C-5 The Transition Frequencies in Constant Magnetic Field with a Varying Microwave Frequency -- C-6 The Resonant Magnetic Fields at Constant Microwave Frequency -- C-7 Calculation of the Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom by Perturbation Theory -- C-8 Wave Functions and Allowed Transitions for the Hydrogen Atom at Low Magnetic Fields -- Problems -- Appendix D. Experimental Methods; Spectrometer Performance -- D-1 Sensitivity -- D-2 Factors Affecting Sensitivity and Resolution -- D-2a Modulation Amplitude -- D-2b Modulation Frequency -- D-2c Microwave Power Level -- D-2d The Concentration of Paramagnetic Centers -- D-2e Temperature -- D-2g Microwave Frequency -- D-2h Signal Averaging -- D-3 Absolute Intensity Measurements -- Problems -- Table of Symbols -- Name Index.

Abstract: In the twenty-five years since its discovery by Zavoiskii, the technique of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has provided detailed struc­ tural information on a variety of paramagnetic organic and inorganic sys­ tems. It is doubtful that even much later than 1945 any chemist would have been so bold as to predict the great diversity of systems which have proved amenable to study by ESR spectroscopy. In this book we have attempted to provide numerous examples of actual ESR spectra to illus­ trate the wide scope of application. No attempt has been made to present a comprehensive coverage of the literature in any field, but references to reviews and key articles are given throughout the book. This introductory textbook had its origin in lecture notes prepared for an American Chemical Society short course on electron spin resonance. The present version is the result of extensive revision and expansion of the original notes. Experience with such courses has convinced us that there are large numbers of chemists, physicists, and biologists who have a strong interest in electron spin resonance. The mathematical training of most of the short-course students is limited to calculus. Their contact with theories of molecular structure is largely limited to that obtained in an elementary physical chemistry course. It is to an audience of such background that this book is directed.

Abstract: 1 Fundamental Considerations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Systems -- 1.3 Energy and Principles of Dynamics -- 1.4 The Conservation of Energy -- References -- 2 Thermodynamics -- 2.1 The Steady-Flow Energy Equation -- 2.2 The Nonflow Energy Equation -- 2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics -- 2.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 2.5 The Thermodynamic Engine -- 2.6 Gas Laws -- 2.7 Specific Heat -- 2.8 Gas Processes -- 2.9 The Carnot Cycle -- References -- 3 Power Measurement -- 3.1 Power -- 3.2 Torque -- 3.3 Indicated Power (IP) -- 3.4 Energy Balance -- 3.5 Measurement of Fuel Flow -- 3.6 Measurement of Air Flow -- 3.7 Tractor Performance -- 3.8 Drawbar Pull (FD) -- 3.9 Nebraska Tractor Tests -- References -- 4 Traction -- 4.1 Traction in Soils -- 4.2 Shear Strength -- 4.3 Plastic Limit -- 4.4 Coulomb and Micklethwaite Equations -- 4.5 Bekker Theory -- 4.6 Dimensional Analysis -- 4.7 Tractive Efficiency (?D) -- 4.8 Mobility Number -- References -- 5 Tires and Ballasting for Agricultural Tractors -- 5.1 Tire Development -- 5.2 Tire Function -- 5.3 Tire Terminology -- 5.4 Ballasting -- 5.5 Tire Selection -- References -- 6 Machinery Management -- 6.1 Fixed Costs -- 6.2 Operating Costs -- 6.3 Reliability -- 6.4 Selection of Machinery Capacity -- 6.5 Replacement Theory -- References -- 7 Vehicle Performance -- 7.1 Drawbar Performance -- 7.2 Engine Torque Requirement -- 7.3 Vehicle Speed -- 7.4 Vehicle Acceleration -- 7.5 Longitudinal Stability -- 7.6 Tractor Dynamics -- 7.7 Tractor-Implement Forces -- 7.8 Tractor-Implement Dynamics -- References -- 8 Connecting Tractor and Implement (Sverker Persson) -- 8.1 Pull-Type, Semimounted, or Mounted Implement -- 8.2 Hitch Point -- 8.3 Load Transfer Due to Pull -- 8.4 Effect of Load Transfer -- 8.5 Free-Link Three-Point Hitches -- 8.6 Powered Three-Point Hitch -- 8.7 Motions of Fully Mounted Implement in Three-Point Hitch -- 8.8 Lifting Capacity of the Hydraulic System -- 8.9 Draft-Sensing Hydraulic Systems -- 8.10 Position Control -- 8.11 Hydraulic Systems -- 8.12 Open- or Closed-Center Hydraulics -- 9 Operating the Tractor and the Implement (Sverker Persson) -- 9.1 The Tractor as a Workplace -- 9.2 Tractor Controls and Instruments -- 9.3 Operator Environment -- 9.4 Operator Safety -- 9.5 Systems for Hitching the Implement to the Tractor -- References -- 10 Developments in the “Tractor” Concepts -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Controlled-Traffic Farming -- 10.3 Battery-Powered Tractor -- 10.4 Systems Tractor -- References -- Appendix: Problems and Problem-Solving.

Abstract: Agriculture has benefited considerably from the wide-scale use of tractors and associated implements. Tractors have developed along two, at times contradictory, design paths. The first of these has resulted in functional improvements to the vehicle, making it capable of im­ proved performance in the often harsh environmental conditions in which it is required to operate. For example, agricultural tires have improved the versatility of tractors by allowing them to operate at relatively high speeds on a variety of terrains, and hydraulics have provided for flexibility in controlling and operating implements. It can also be seen that these particular functional design improvements have contributed significantly to the second design pathway, that of ergon­ omics, and the human-machine interface. Recent stress on the working environment for the tractor operator has led to design improvements relative to tractor cabs, the placement and labeling of controls, etc. This text discusses those factors relevant to the design, selection, and operation of tractor-implement systems. The audience for which it is intended is undergraduate and graduate students of agricultural engineering studying power and machinery. However, the text is suf­ ficiently applied to have relevance for those extension personnel in­ volved with advising farmers on the selection and operation of tractor­ implement combinations. The tractor cannot be regarded in isolation from the implement, nor from the environment in which both the tractor and implement are ix x Preface working.

Abstract: 1: Introduction -- Definitions of ‘robot’ and ‘robotics’ -- Other definitions in robotics -- Connections between robotics and some related subjects -- Bibliographic notes -- 2: Geometric configurations for robots -- The distinction between arms and vehicles -- Structural elements of manipulators -- Degrees of freedom and number of joints -- Types of joint -- Construction of joints -- Parallel linkages -- Constrained linkages -- Distributed manipulators -- Robot transporters and workpiece positioners -- Arm configuations -- Tension structures -- Wrists -- End effectors (grippers, tools and hands) -- Bibliographic notes -- 3: Operation, programming and control of industrial robots -- Types of industrial robot and their methods of operation -- Methods of teaching and programming -- Types of controller and program memory -- Analysis and control -- Programming languages for industrial robots -- Bibliographic notes -- 4: Actuators for robots -- Pneumatic actuation -- Hydraulic actuation -- Hydrostatic circuits -- Electric actuation -- Mechanical transmission methods -- Bibliographic notes -- 5: Sensing for robots -- Joint angle -- Joint angular velocity -- Rectilinear position -- Force and torque -- Proximity sensing and range measurement -- Touch sensing -- Vision -- Types of computer vision -- Non-visual sensing in welding and other processes -- Bibliographic notes -- 6: Performance specifications of industrial robots -- Geometric configuration; number of axes -- Positioning accuracy and repeatability -- Angular accuracy and repeatability -- Speed -- Speed and acceleration accuracy -- Spatial specifications: working volume, swept area, reach -- Payload (maximum load capacity) -- Control-related specifications -- Vibration -- Miscellaneous specifications -- Bibliographic notes -- 7: Applications of industrial robots -- Machine loading -- Pallet loading and unloading -- Investment casting -- Spot welding -- Arc welding -- Spraying (paint, enamel, epoxy resin and other coatings) -- Fettling (grinding, chiselling); polishing -- Cutting -- Inspection -- Training and education; hobby robots -- Robots in assembly -- New applications for industrial robots -- Integration of industrial robots into the workplace -- Bibliographic notes -- 8: Teleoperated arms -- Methods of control -- Special characteristics of teleoperators -- Applications of teleoperators -- Computer assisted teleoperation -- Bibliographic notes -- 9: Mobile robots -- Land surface robots -- Legged robots -- Robot submersibles -- Robots in air and space -- Bibliographic notes -- 10: Automated guided vehicles -- Automated guided vehicle technology -- Bibliographic notes -- 11: Robotics and artificial intelligence -- Vision -- Voice communication -- Planning -- Modelling -- Adaptive control -- Error monitoring and recovery -- Autonomy and intelligence in robots -- Expert systems in robotics -- Bibliographic notes -- 12: Economic and social aspects of robotics -- Reasons for installing robots -- Economic costs and benefits of installing industrial robots -- Acceptability of industrial robots by the workforce -- Employment -- Other social issues of robotics -- Bibliographic notes -- References and Bibliography.

Abstract: Methods of contro1151 Mechanical master-slave telemanipulators 151 Powered telemanipulators 152 Servo control of unilateral telemanipulators 152 Bilateral servo manipulators 155 Special characteristics of teleoperators 158 Design criteria for teleoperators 159 Vehicles and transporters 160 Applications of teleoperators 161 Remote handling of radioactive materials 161 Remote handling of explosive and toxic materials 161 Telemanipulation of heavy objects 163 Underwater teleoperation 163 Teleoperation in space and planetary exploration 164 Telemanipulators for the disabled 164 Computer assisted teleoperation 166 Bibliographic notes 170 Chapter 9: Mobile robots 171 Introduction 171 Land surface robots 171 Arrangements of wheels and tracks 171 Unusual wheel and track arrangements 172 Navigation for land vehicles 174 Teleoperation 174 Dead reckoning 175 Inertial navigation 175 Tracking from a fixed base; beacons 175 Satellite navigation 175 Map matching 175 Wall following 176 Route planning 176 Control and communication 176 Sensors for mobile robots 177 Body orientation and angular rates 1 77 Body position, speed and acceleration 177 Terrain scanning 178 Types and applications of mobile robots 179 Education and research 179 Remote handling 183 Military mobile robots 183 Fire-fighting and rescue 187 Construction 188 Mining 188 Planetary exploration 188 Legged robots 188 Comparison of legs and wheels 189 Leg number and arrangement 189 Leg number 189 Leg disposition 190 Relative leg length 190 Leg construction 190 Control 191 Climbing robots 195 Robot submersibles 196 Uses of submersible robots 199 Robots in air and space 201 Space 202 Bibliographic notes 204 Chapter 10: Automated guided vehicles 205.

Abstract: Impact of Computer-Aided Drafting on Design Office Management -- Design Considerations of the OMRAN System; a CAD-System for Construction Engineering in Micro-computer Environment -- Affordable CAD But is the £ 10,000 Workstation Capable ? -- CADCAM in the British Construction Industry -- Computer Synthesized Pictures for the Architect and in Scenography -- Education and Training in CAD -- Case Studies in Computer-Aided Visual Impact Analysis -- An Integrated Approach to the Use of Computers in Construction: The Nordic Effort -- Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Architecture -- Development of Advanced Construction Technology Systems utilizing Advanced Electronics -- Computer Aided Bridge Design.

Abstract: In any business, the essential element for the successful use of data processing is training. This represents the largest expense both at start-up and as CAD impacts design office procedures other than drafting. Training is also the most difficult cost item to quantify. Even more than the equip­ ment, training - or retraining in the case of professionals in practice - is the key to increased productivity. Recommendations for specific programs of training are beyond the scope of this paper. Once staff has been retrained to work at higher levels of productivity with data processing equipment, they are more valuable. They will be more difficult to replace. Their new capabilities represent a significant invest­ ment in modernization, both to the individual design office and to the design profession as a whole. There is a shortage of qualified people with both professional and computer skills. Competition among employers for people with these skills already exists and will probably continue into the foreseeable future. At the outset of training, an employment agreement is worth consider­ ing for the well-being of all parties.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objectives and reasons for the approach taken -- 1.2 Mineral deposit or mine? -- 1.3 A genetic model as the basis for exploration -- 1.4 The scientific study of mineral deposits -- References -- 2 Magmatic Deposits -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Chromite deposits -- 2.3 Nickel sulphide deposits -- 2.4 Kimberlites -- 2.5 Concluding statement -- References -- 3 Magmatic Hydrothermal Deposits -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Porphyry copper deposits -- 3.3 Exploration for porphyry copper deposits -- 3.4 Porphyry molybdenum deposits -- 3.5 Exploration for porphyry molybdenum deposits -- 3.6 Porphyry gold deposits -- 3.7 Porphyry tin deposits -- 3.8 Volcanic-associated massive sulphide deposits -- 3.9 Exploration for volcanogenic sulphide deposits -- 3.10 Concluding statement -- References -- 4 Hydrothermal Vein Deposits -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Classification of hydrothermal vein deposits -- 4.3 Classification of hydrothermal gold deposits -- 4.4 Hydrothermal gold deposits in Archaean terrain -- 4.5 Exploration for gold in Archaean terrain -- 4.6 Concluding statement -- References -- 5 Placers and Palaeo-Placers -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Placer deposits -- 5.3 Eluvial (residual), colluvial and fluvial (alluvial) deposits -- 5.4 Beach sand deposits -- 5.5 Marine placers -- 5.6 Palaeo-placer deposits -- 5.7 Concluding statement -- References -- 6 Sediment-Hosted Copper-Lead-Zinc Deposits -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sediment-hosted copper deposits -- 6.3 Syngenetic and diagenetic lead-zinc deposits in shales and carbonates (sedimentary-exhalative deposits) -- 6.4 Epigenetic carbonate-hosted lead-zinc deposits (Mississippi Valley-type) -- 6.5 Exploration for Mississippi Valley-type deposits -- 6.6 Concluding statement -- References -- 7 Ore Deposits Formed by Weathering -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Bauxite deposits -- 7.3 Lateritic nickcl deposits -- 7.4 Kaolin deposits -- 7.5 Supergene manganese deposits -- 7.6 Supergene sulphide enrichment -- 7.7 Concluding statement -- References -- 8 Iron Ores of Sedimentary Affiliation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Classification of iron ores -- 8.3 General characteristics of iron-formation -- 8.4 Genesis of iron-formation -- 8.5 Enriched haematitc ore deposits -- 8.6 The Hamersley Basin — an example of banded iron-formation and associated enrichment ores -- 8.7 Exploration -- 8.8 Evaluation -- 8.9 Concluding statement -- References -- 9 Uranium Ores of Sedimentary Affiliation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Geochemistry of uranium in the secondary environment -- 9.3 Unconformity-type uranium deposits of the Northern Territory, Australia and Northern Saskatchewan, Canada -- 9.4 Sandstone-hosted uranium deposits of the western USA -- 9.5 Concluding statement -- References -- 10 Ores Formed by Metamorphism -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Skarns -- 10.3 Skarn deposits -- 10.4 Classification of skarn deposits -- 10.5 Genesis of skarn deposits -- 10.6 Exploration for skarns -- 10.7 Concluding statement -- References -- 11 The Design and Implementation of Exploration Programmes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Who undertakes exploration? -- 11.3 Factors affecting exploration programmes -- 11.4 The exploration programme -- 11.5 Concluding statement -- References -- Mineral list.

Abstract: Why another book about Ore Deposits? There are a number of factors which motivated us to write this text and which may provide an answer to this question. Firstly our colleagues are predominantly mining engineers and minerals processing technologists, which provides us with a different perspective of ore deposits from many academic geologists. Secondly we have found that most existing texts are either highly theoretical or merely descriptive: we have attempted to examine the practical implications of the geological setting and genetic models of particular ore deposit types. We have written the text primarily for undergraduates who are taking options in Economic Geology towards the end of a Degree Course in Geology. However, we hope that the text will also prove valuable to geologists working in the mining industry. The text is to a large extent based on a review of the existing literature up to the end of 1984. However, we have visited most of the mining districts cited in the text and have also corresponded extensively with geologists to extend our knowledge beyond the published literature. Nonetheless writing a text-book on Ore Deposits is a demanding task and it is inevitable that sins of both omission and commission have been committed. We would therefore welcome comments from readers which can be incorporated in future editions. RICHARD EDW ARDS KEITH ATKINSON Cmnhome School (~n\1illcs April 1985 Glossary Adit A horizontal, or near horizontal, passage from the surface into a mme.

Abstract: One: Sets -- Two: Mappings -- Three: Equivalence relations -- Four: The integers -- Five: Permutations -- Six: Cardinals and the natural numbers.

Abstract: IT, as it is often said, mathematics is the queen of science then algebra is surely the jewel in her crown. In the course of its vast development over the last half-century, algebra has emerged as the subject in which one can observe pure mathe­ matical reasoning at its best. Its elegance is matched only by the ever-increasing number of its applications to an extraordinarily wide range of topics in areas other than 'pure' mathematics. Here our objective is to present, in the form of a series of five concise volumes, the fundamentals of the subject. Broadly speaking, we have covered in all the now traditional syllabus that is found in first and second year university courses, as well as some third year material. Further study would be at the level of 'honours options'. The reasoning that lies behind this modular presentation is simple, namely to allow the student (be he a mathematician or not) to read the subject in a way that is more appropriate to the length, content, and extent, of the various courses he has to take. Although we have taken great pains to include a wide selec­ tion of illustrative examples, we have not included any exer­ cises. For a suitable companion collection of worked examples, we would refer the reader to our series Algebra through practice (Cambridge University Press), the first five books of which are appropriate to the material covered here.

Abstract: System of units -- The Dictionary A-Z -- Appendices -- 1. Fundamental physical constants -- 2. Standardization committees and conferences -- 3. Tables of weights and measures -- 4. Conversion tables -- 5. Conversion factors for SI and CGS units -- References.

Abstract: and by the Librarians and Staffs ofthe University and the Public Libraries at Southampton. Finally, we wish to thank Mrs H. G. Jerrard and Miss A. J. Tutte for typing the manuscript. Department of Physics H. G. JERRARD University of Southampton D. B. McNEILL 1963 Preface to the fifth edition Since the publication of the fourth edition in 1980 advances in technology have led to more precise values of the fundamental physical constants and a movement towards definitions of the fundamental units of mass, length and time based on atomic parameters. More precise definitions of some other units such as the candela have been approved by the international committees. These changes, together with the definitions of several new units have been included in this edition, the text of which has been revised and which now contains over 850 units and dimensionless numbers. The authors wish to thank all those who have helped in this latest compilation by suggestion and kindly criticism and Margaret Wainwright who has had the difficult and tedious task of typing, retyping and copying the fragmented parts that arise from a text revision. At the time of going to press we believe this book to provide the most complete and up-to-date information of its kind available.