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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789400990456
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 145
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Section I: The Structure of Theory Change -- The Growth of Theories: Comments on the Structuralist Approach -- Logic and the Theory of Scientific Change -- What Have They Done to Kuhn? An Ideological Introduction in Chiaroscuro -- Comment on Zev Bechler’s Paper ‘What Have They Done to Kuhn?’ -- Comments on Bechler, Niiniluoto and Sadovsky -- The Sociological and the Methodological in the Study of Changes in Science -- Section II: The Early History of the Axiomatic Method -- Concerning the Ancient Greek Ideal of Theoretical Thought -- Was There an Eleatic Background to Pre-Euclidean Mathematics? -- Aristotelian Axiomatics and Geometrical Axiomatics -- On the Early History of Axiomatics: The Interaction of Mathematics and Philosophy in Greek Antiquity -- Some Remarks on the Controversy between Prof. Knorr and Prof. Szabó -- On the Early History of Axiomatics: A Reply to Some Criticisms -- Limitations of the Axiomatic Method in Ancient Greek Mathematical Sciences -- On Axiomatic and Genetic Construction of Mathematical Theories -- On the Role of Axiomatic Method in the Development of Ancient Mathematics -- Section III: The Philosophical Presuppositions and Shifting Interpretations of Galileo -- Galilée et la Mécanisation du Système du Monde -- Galileo and the Post-Renaissance -- Galileo and the Methods of Science -- Philosophical Presuppositions and Shifting Interpretations of Galileo -- Creative Work as an Object of Theoretical Understanding -- Galileo and the Emergence of a New Scientific Style -- Philosophy of Science and the Art of Historical Interpretation -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400989443
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (290p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 135
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Preface to the English edition -- Preface to the Polish edition -- I Introduction -- 1.1. Mathematical notation -- 1.2. Numerical systems -- 1.3. Elementary systems -- 1.4. States and histories -- 1.5. Complex systems -- 1.6. Empirical phenomena -- 1.7. Phase-space of a phenomenon and some related technical notions -- 1.8. Semi-interpreted languages -- 1.9. Fundamental semantic concepts -- 1.10. Formalized languages and the deductive concept of a theory -- 1.11. A criterion of consistency -- 1.12. The concept of a theory -- II Regularities -- 2.0. Two conventions -- 2.1. Two types of regularities -- 2.2. State-determined phenomena -- 2.3. Mathematical models for state transformations -- 2.4. History-determined phenomena -- 2.5. Definability -- 2.6. Ontological versus semantic definability -- 2.7. Surrounding conditions -- 2.8. Self-determined phenomena -- 2.9. Invariancy -- 2.10. Notes -- III Empirical Theories -- 3.1. Axiomatic versus set theoretical way of defining theories -- 3.2. Theories as deductive systems -- 3.3. The concept of truth -- 3.4. Empirical theories -- 3.5. Two examples of empirical theories -- 3.6. Models and theories of empirical phenomena -- IV Measurement -- 4.1. Semantic conception of measurement -- 4.2. Complete measurement structures -- 4.3. Approximate measurement -- 4.4. Theoretical versus operational conception of measurement -- 4.5. Notes -- V Operational Structures -- 5.0. Introductory assumptions -- 5.1. Verification procedures -- 5.2. Operational structures -- 5.3. A revised notion of regularity -- 5.4. The concept of truth as related to operational structures -- 5.5. Truth by convention -- 5.6. Confirmation procedures -- 5.7. Probabilistic models -- 5.8. Dispersive operational structures -- 5.9. Evolution of empirical theories -- VI Appendix -- 6.1. Complementary tests -- 6.2. Physical systems -- Index of Symbols -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: 11 original. Modifications which I introduced are radical and often far going. In my opinion the Polish text had two main drawbacks. It was overloaded with informal considerations and at the same time formal concepts included in some parts of the book were presented in a too complicated way. Of course one of the motives to revise it was also the fact that much time has passed since I finished writing the Polish version and obviously certain decisions and ideas contained in the first edition seem not quite relevant now. So it is not only the desire to make the exposition clearer but also the reasons of substantial nature which motivated writing a revised version. I do not think it desirable to bother the reader with a detailed discussion of all changes to which the Polish version was subjected and that is why I will confine myself to pointing out only the most significant ones. Explanations concerning logical and set-theoretical notions applied in the book have been shortened as much as possible, in the Polish version one whole chapter was devoted to the discussion of them.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400990159
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (404p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 60
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 60
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Understanding Scientific Discovery -- Scientific Judgment: Creativity and Discovery in Scientific Thought -- Discussion of Wartofsky’s Paper -- The Rational Explanation of Historical Discoveries -- Theoretical and Methodological Innovation in the Copernican Era and Beyond: Social Factors -- The Legitimation of Scientific Belief: Theory Justification by Copernicus -- Wilhelm IV of Hesse-Kassel: Informal Commun-ication and the Aristocratic Context of Discovery -- The Clock Metaphor in the History of Psychology -- Biological Sciences From Darwin To Computer Diagnosis -- The Evolving Systems Approach to Creative Scientific Work: Charles Darwin’s Early Thought -- Ought Philosophers Consider Scientific Discovery? A Darwinian Case-Study -- Theory Construction in Genetics -- Discovery in the Biomedical Sciences: Logic or Irrational Intuition? -- Comment on Schaffner -- Reply -- Reductionistic Research Strategies and their Biases in the Units of Selection Controversy -- Physics and Chemistry in the Twentieth Century -- The Discovery of a New Quantum Theory -- The Personal Character of the Discovery of Mechanisms in Cloud Physics -- The Structure of Discovery: Evolution of Structural Accounts of Chemical Bonding -- The Revolution in Geology: Continental Drift -- The Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses and the Development of Plate Tectonic Theory -- Hess’s Development of his Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The history of science is articulated by moments of discovery. Yet, these 'moments' are not simple or isolated events in science. Just as a scientific discovery illuminates our understanding of nature or of society, and reveals new connections among phenomena, so too does the history of scientific activity and the analysis of scientific reasoning illuminate the processes which give rise to moments of discovery and the complex network of consequences which follow upon such moments. Understanding discovery has not been, until recently, a major concern of modem philosophy of science. Whether the act of discoyery was regarded as mysterious and inexplicable, or obvious and in no need of explanation, modem philosophy of science in effect bracketed the question. It concentrated instead on the logic of scientific explanation or on the issues of validation or justification of scientific theories or laws. The recent revival of interest in the context of discovery, indeed in the acts of discovery, on the part of philosophers and historians of science, represents no one particular method'ological or philosophical orientation. It proceeds as much from an empiricist and analytical approach as from a sociological or historical one; from considerations of the logic of science as much as from the alogical or extralogical contexts of scientific tho'¢tt and practice. But, in general, this new interest focuses sharply on the actual historical and contem­ porary cases of scientific discovery, and on an examination of the act or moment of discovery in situ.
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400989665
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 20
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: 1. The Basic Analysis of Conditionals -- 1.1. Conditionals and Formalization -- 1.2. Hypothetical Deliberation -- 1.3. Some Intuitively Valid Inference Patterns -- 1.4. Formal Semantics for Hypothetical Deliberation -- 1.5. The Weak Conditional Logic W -- 2. Classical vs Non-Classical Logics -- 2.1. Defining the Issues -- 2.2. The Case for Non-Classical Logic -- 2.3. The Non-Classical Logic H -- 2.4. An Evaluation of H -- 3. Alternative Model Theories -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. World-Selection-Function Models -- 3.3. System-of-Spheres Models -- 3.4. Relational Models -- 3.5. Class-Selection-Function Models -- 3.6. Neighborhood Models -- 3.7. Extensional Models -- 3.8. Summary of Equivalence Results -- 3.9. Depth -- 4. Classical Analyses of Conditionals -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Stalnaker and the Uniqueness Assumption -- 4.3. Lewis and Systems of Spheres -- 4.4. Gabbay and the Role of Consequents -- 4.5. Pollock and Justification Conditions -- 4.6. Adams and Probabilistic Entailment -- 5. Causation and the Temporal Regularity of Subjunctive Conditionals -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. The Counterfactual Analysis of Event Causation -- 5.3. A Miraculous Analysis and a Non-Miraculous Analysis -- 5.4. Lewis’s Miraculous Analysis -- 6. Subjunctive Probabilities -- 6.1. A New Species of Conditional Probability -- 6.2. Relative Reasonableness -- 6.3. General Semantics for Subjunctive Probabilities -- 6.4. Subjunctive Probabilities and Probabilistic Entailment -- 6.5. Conditionals, Probability, and Decision Theory -- 7. Algebraic Semantics -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Algebras -- 7.3. Algebras and Models -- 7.4. Some Independence Results -- 7.5. Non-Classical Logics -- List of Rules and Theses -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789400990562
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (496p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 149
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- The General Sense and Character of Modern Logic -- The Growth of Logic Out of the Foundational Research in Mathematics -- 2: Pure Logic -- Proof Theory -- Model Theory -- Constructivist Approaches to Logic -- Inflnitary Logics -- Many-Valued Logics -- Modal and Relevance Logics: 1977 -- 3: The Interplay Between Logic and Mathematics -- Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics -- Logic and Set Theory -- Recursion Theory -- The Interplay Between Logic and Mathematics: Intuitionism -- Logic and Probability -- Logic and Category Theory -- 4: The Relevance of Logic to Other Scientific Disciplines -- Logic and Methodology of Empirical Sciences -- Standard Vs. Nonstandard Logic: Higher-Order, Modal, and First-Order Logics -- Logic and Computers -- Logic and Linguistics -- Logical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics -- Inductive Logic 1945–1977 -- 5: Logic and Philosophical Topics -- Logic and Ontology -- Problems and Prospects of Deontic Logic — A Survey -- Report on Tense Logic -- Logical Semiotic -- Logic and Rhetoric -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Logic has attained in our century a development incomparably greater than in any past age of its long history, and this has led to such an enrichment and proliferation of its aspects, that the problem of some kind of unified recom­ prehension of this discipline seems nowadays unavoidable. This splitting into several subdomains is the natural consequence of the fact that Logic has intended to adopt in our century the status of a science. This always implies that the general optics, under which a certain set of problems used to be con­ sidered, breaks into a lot of specialized sectors of inquiry, each of them being characterized by the introduction of specific viewpoints and of technical tools of its own. The first impression, that often accompanies the creation of one of such specialized branches in a diSCipline, is that one has succeeded in isolating the 'scientific core' of it, by restricting the somehow vague and redundant generality of its original 'philosophical' configuration. But, after a while, it appears that some of the discarded aspects are indeed important and a new specialized domain of investigation is created to explore them. By follOwing this procedure, one finally finds himself confronted with such a variety of independent fields of research, that one wonders whether the fact of labelling them under a common denomination be nothing but the contingent effect of a pure historical tradition.
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400988200
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 85 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Institute of Philosophy Symposium in Düsseldorf / Institut International de Philosophie Entretiens de Düsseldorf, 27 August - 1 September 1979/ 27 août - 1er septembre 1978 5
    Series Statement: Institut International de Philosophie 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Contents/Table des Matières -- Intuitionistic Logic: A Philosophical Challenge -- Comments on Professor Prawitz’s Paper -- Some Epistemological Interpretations of Modal Logic -- Hilpinen’s Interpretations of Modal Logic -- Two Successor Concepts to the Notion of Statistical Explanation -- Some Remarks on Statistical Explanations -- Comment on “Some Remarks on Statistical Explanations” by Professor Suppes -- Epistemic Reasoning and the Logic of Epistemic Concepts -- On Certainty, Evidence and Probability -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The Entretiens of the Institut International de Philosophie for 1978 were held in connection with the World Congress of Philosophy in Dusseldorf, from August 27 to September 1. The theme of the Entretiens was Logic and Philosophy (Logique et philosophie). The undersigned, then President of LI.P., was responsible for the planning of the programme. The programme was designed to consist of four sections with the headings Classical and Intuitionist Logic, Modal Logic and its Applications, Inductive Logic and its Applications, and Logic and Epistemology. The aim was also to convey to philosophers who are not experts in logic an informative and representative impression of some of the main sectors of the vast and rapidly expanding field of philosophical logic. At the same time it was thought that this impression should not be conveyed in the form of a series of survey papers but through presentations and discussions of specific topics falling under the main headings men­ tioned above. For each section a rapporteur was nominated to read a paper and an interlocuteur to comment on it. The programme chairman is grateful that he was able to engage a representative selection of front rank philosophi­ cal logicians to perform the various tasks. The papers and the comments are printed in this volume in the order in which they appeared in the Programme of the Entretiens.
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400990197
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 144
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: One: Methods of Concept Formation -- I. Metrical Concepts and Measurement in the Humanities -- II. Concepts with Family Meanings in the Humanities -- III. Persuasive Function of Language -- Two: Applications -- A. Aesthetics and Art Theory -- IV. Informational Aesthetics -- V. The Concept of Kitsch -- VI. The Concept of Happening -- VII. Interpretation of Art Works -- VIII. Beauty and its Socio-Psychological Determinants -- B. Social Sciences -- IX. The Concept of Indicator in the Social Sciences -- X. Semiotic Theory of Culture -- XI. Theory of Questions and its Applications in the Social Sciences -- Author Index.
    Abstract: Uniqueness of style versus plurality of styles: in terms of these aesthetic categories one of the most important differences between the recent past and the present can be described. This difference manifests itself in all spheres of life - in fashion, in everyday life, in the arts, in science. What is of interest for my purposes in this book are its manifestations in the processes of con­ cept formation as they occur in the humanities, broadly conceived. Here the following methodological approaches seem to dominate the scene. 1. A tendency to apply semiotic concepts in various fields of research. 2. Attempts to introduce metrical concepts and measurement, even into disciplines tra­ ditionally considered as unamenable to mathematical treatment, like aesthetics and theory of art. 3. Efforts to fmd ways of formulating empirically testable, operational criteria for the application of concepts, especially concepts which refer to objects directly not observable, like dispositions, attitudes, character or personality traits. Care is also taken to take advantage of the conceptual apparatus of methodology to express problems in the humanities with the highest possible degree of clarity and precision. 4. Analysis of the p~rsuasive function oflanguage and its possible uses in science and in everyday life. The above tendencies are present in this book. It is divided into two parts: I. Methods of Concept Formation, and II. Applications. In the first part some general methods of concept formation are presented and their merits discussed.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789400990104
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 142
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Social sciences
    Abstract: 1. Concerning Justice -- Five Lectures on Justice -- 2. Justice and Its Problems -- 3. Equity and the Rule of Justice -- 4. On the Justice of Rules -- 5. Justice and Justification -- 6. Justice and Reason -- 7. Justice and Reasoning -- 8. Equality and Justice -- 9. Justice Re-examined -- 10. The Use and Abuse of Confused Notions -- 11. The Justification of Norms -- 12. Law and Morality -- 13. Law and Rhetoric -- 14. Legal Reasoning -- 15. Law, Logic and Epistemology -- 16. Law, Philosophy and Argumentation -- 17. What the Philosopher May Learn from the Study of Law -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This collection contains studies on justice, juridical reasoning and argumenta­ tion which contributed to my ideas on the new rhetoric. My reflections on justice, from 1944 to the present day, have given rise to various studies. The ftrst of these was published in English as The Idea of Justice and the Problem of Argument (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1963). The others, of which several are out of print or have never previously been published, are reunited in the present volume. As justice is, for me, the prime example of a "confused notion", of a notion which, like many philosophical concepts, cannot be reduced to clarity without being distorted, one cannot treat it without recourse to the methods of reasoning analyzed by the new rhetoric. In actuality, these methods have long been put into practice by jurists. Legal reasoning is fertile ground for the study of argumentation: it is to the new rhetoric what mathematics is to formal logic and to the theory of demonstrative proof. It is important, then, that philosophers should not limit their methodologi­ cal studies to mathematics and the natural sciences. They must not neglect law in the search for practical reason. I hope that these essays lead to be a better understanding of how law can enrich philosophical thought. CH. P.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400989863
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 56
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 56
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Introductory Essay: Scientific Discovery and the Future of Philosophy of Science -- The Character of Scientific Change -- Discussion of Shapere -- Discovery and Rule-Books -- Discussion of Achinstein -- Analysis as a Method of Discovery During the Scientific Revolution -- The Method of Analysis in Mathematics -- Why Was the Logic of Discovery Abandoned? -- The Rationality of Discovery -- The Logic of Discovery: An Analysis of Three Approaches -- The Logic of Invention -- Scientific Discoveries as Growth of Understanding: The Case of Newton’s Gravitation -- The Vanishing Context of Discovery: Newton’s Discovery of Gravity -- The Role of Models in Theory Construction -- Can Scientific Constraints Be Violated Rationally? -- Why Philosophers Should Not Despair Of Understanding Scientific Discovery -- Productive Reasoning and the Structure of Scientific Research -- Structural Explanations in Social Science -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: It is fast becoming a cliche that scientific discovery is being rediscovered. For two philosophical generations (that of the Founders and that of the Followers of the logical positivist and logical empiricist movements), discovery had been consigned to the domain of the intractable, the ineffable, the inscrutable. The philosophy of science was focused on the so-called context of justification as its proper domain. More recently, as the exclusivity of the logical reconstruc­ tion program in philosophy of science came under question, and as the critique of justification developed within the framework of logical and epistemological analysis, the old question of scientific discovery, which had been put on the back burner, began to emerge once again. Emphasis on the relation of the history of science to the philosophy of science, and attention to the question of theory change and theory replacement, also served to legitimate a new concern with the origins of scientific change to be found within discovery and invention. How welcome then to see what a wide range of issues and what a broad representation of philosophers and historians of science have been brought together in the present two volumes of the Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science! For what these volumes achieve, in effect, is the continuation of a tradition which had once been strong in the philosophy of science - namely, that tradition which addressed the question of scientific discovery as a central question in the understanding of science.
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