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  • 2015-2019  (18)
  • 1975-1979  (88)
  • 1978  (88)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
  • Dordrecht : Springer
Materialart
Sprache
Erscheinungszeitraum
Jahr
  • 1
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Den Haag : Junk ; 5.1957 -
    ISSN: 0077-0639
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 5.1957 -
    Suppl.: 18=1; 19=2 von Biogeography and ecology in South America The Hague, 1968
    Paralleltitel: Online-Ausg. Monographiae biologicae
    Vorheriger Titel: Vorg. Physiologia comparata et oecologia
    DDC: 570
    Schlagwort(e): Monografische Reihe ; Physiologie ; Medizin
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Dazugehörige Bände/Artikel
    ISSN: 0304-4092
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Paralleltitel: Online-Ausg Dialectical anthropology
    DDC: 100
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Paralleltitel: Online-Ausg. Dialectical anthropology
    Schlagwort(e): Anthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786 , 1573-0786
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Dialectical anthropology
    DDC: 100
    Schlagwort(e): Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie ; Anthropologie
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Den Haag : Junk ; 5.1957 -
    ISSN: 0077-0639
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 5.1957 -
    Suppl.: 18=1; 19=2 von Biogeography and ecology in South America The Hague, 1968
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Monographiae biologicae
    Vorheriger Titel: Vorg. Physiologia comparata et oecologia
    DDC: 570
    Schlagwort(e): Monografische Reihe ; Physiologie ; Medizin
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786 , 1573-0786
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Dialectical anthropology
    DDC: 100
    Schlagwort(e): Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie ; Anthropologie
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , ISSN 1573-0786 , ISSN 1573-0786
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Dialectical anthropology
    DDC: 100
    Schlagwort(e): Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie ; Anthropologie
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1974 -
    Dazugehörige Bände/Artikel
    ISSN: 0304-2421 , 1573-7853 , 1573-7853
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1974 -
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Theory and society
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Sozialwissenschaft ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Theorie ; Soziologische Theorie ; Logik der Sozialwissenschaft ; Zeitschrift
    Anmerkung: Index 1/10.1974/81 in: 10.1981,6; 11/19.1982/90 in: 19.1990,6
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  • 9
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Dazugehörige Bände/Artikel
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786 , 1573-0786
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Dialectical anthropology
    DDC: 100
    Schlagwort(e): Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie ; Anthropologie
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Dordrecht [u.a.] : Reidel | Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer ; 1.1974 -
    ISSN: 0921-8599 , 0169-7323
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1974 -
    Suppl.: 11=1 von Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter (ZDB) Papers presented at the ... Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1978 0333-5135
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Philosophical studies series
    Vorheriger Titel: Philosophical studies series in philosophy
    Vorheriger Titel: an international journal for philosophy in the analytic tradition
    DDC: 100
    Schlagwort(e): Monografische Reihe
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Den Haag : Junk ; 5.1957 -
    ISSN: 0077-0639
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 5.1957 -
    Suppl.: 18=1; 19=2 von Biogeography and ecology in South America The Hague, 1968
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Monographiae biologicae
    Vorheriger Titel: Vorg. Physiologia comparata et oecologia
    DDC: 570
    Schlagwort(e): Monografische Reihe ; Physiologie ; Medizin
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Kluwer | Dordrecht : Springer ; 1.1974 -
    Dazugehörige Bände/Artikel
    ISSN: 0304-2421 , 1573-7853 , 1573-7853
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1974 -
    Paralleltitel: Online-Ausg. Theory and society
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Zeitschrift
    Anmerkung: Index 1/10.1974/81 in: 10.1981,6; 11/19.1982/90 in: 19.1990,6
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer | Dordrecht : Springer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786 , 1573-0786
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Paralleltitel: Online-Ausg. Dialectical anthropology
    Schlagwort(e): Anthropologie ; Zeitschrift
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , ISSN 1573-0786
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Paralleltitel: Online-Ausg. Dialectical anthropology
    Schlagwort(e): Anthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Dordrecht [u.a.] : Reidel | Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer ; 1.1971 -
    Dazugehörige Bände/Artikel
    ISSN: 0167-7276
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1971 -
    Suppl.: 3=2; 5=3 von International Husserl and Phenomenological Research Society Papers and debate of the ... international conference held by the International Husserl and Phenomenological Research Society Dordrecht [u.a.] : Reidel, 1974
    Suppl.: 7=5 von International Phenomenology Conference (ZDB) Selected papers from the ... International Phenomenology Conference Dordrecht [u.a.] : Reidel, 1975
    Suppl.: 6=4; 9=6 von International Phenomenology Conference (ZDB) Papers read at the International Phenomenology Conference Dordrecht [u.a.] : Reidel, 1977
    Suppl.: 2=[1] von International Phenomenological Conference (ZDB) Papers and debate of the International Phenomenological Conference Dordrecht : Reidel Publishing, 1972
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Analecta Husserliana
    Vorheriger Titel: Vorg. Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung
    DDC: 100
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Monografische Reihe ; Husserl, Edmund 1859-1938 ; Phänomenologie
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Leiden : Brill | 's-Gravenhage : Mouton | Dordrecht [u.a.] : Reidel | Dordrecht : Kluwer | Dordrecht : Springer ; 1.1957 -
    ISSN: 0019-7246 , 1572-8536
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1957 -
    Paralleltitel: Online-Ausg. Indo-Iranian journal
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Indoiranisch ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Indoiranisch ; Zeitschrift
    Anmerkung: Index 1/20.1957/78=26.1983,1/3
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Paralleltitel: Online-Ausg. Dialectical anthropology
    Schlagwort(e): Anthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Paralleltitel: Online-Ausg. Dialectical anthropology
    DDC: 100
    Schlagwort(e): Anthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401197854
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (157p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 26
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Metaphysics. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Kurzfassung: I. Faith and Counterfaith -- II. The Positive Function of Atheism -- III. Transcendence of the Finite -- IV. The Rational Basis of Theism -- V. The Idea of God -- VI. Evil and Transfiguration -- VII. Incarnation.
    Kurzfassung: Professor Errol E. Harris presented the first three chapters of Atheism and Theism as public lectures at Tulane University on January 20-22, 1975. The lecture series was made possible by a grant from the Franklin J. Matchette Foundation of New York City. Those of us who had the pleasure of hearing the lectures formed the judgment that they deserved publication to reach a wider audience and to assure a more permanent reeord. We invited Professor Harris to allow us to publish his lectures in Tulane Studies in Philosophy. On his part, he de­ veloped the themes of the lectures into a more comprehensive and lasting work. With Professor Harris's approval, we are taking the unprecedented step of devoting Volume XXVI of Tulane Studies in Philosophy to the publication of Atheism and Theism. We are certain that it will advance the fundamentally philosophical argument surrounding theism and Christianity. We are also convinced that it will add substantialIy to the prestige of our series of annua1 volumes of philosophy, now in its twenty-sixth year. 'Ve wish to express our thanks to the Franklin J. Matchette Foundation for the original grant sup­ porting the lectures and to Professor Harris for presenting first the lectures and then the book. R. C. W. A. J. R.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789400996724
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (108p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas, Series Minor 19
    Serie: Archives Internationales D'Histoire Des Idées Minor 19
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of mind. ; History.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Historical Background of Sartor Resartus -- 1. The Kantian Compromise -- 2. Kant, Fichte, and the Dilemma of Idealism -- II. Sartor Resartus and the Historicity of Idealism -- 1. The Style of Dogmatic Idealism -- 2. Carlyle’s “British Reader” and the Structure of Sartor Resartus -- III. Carlyle and Hegel -- List of Texts Cited.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789400998681
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (308p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 8
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Introductory Essay -- Phenomenology and Philosophy in Japan -- I / Present Day Phenomenology in Japan -- Husserl’s Manuscript ‘A Nocturnal Conversation’: His Phenomenology of Intersubjectivity -- The Paradox of the Phenomenological Method -- The Potential Plurality of the Transcendental Ego of Husserl and Its Relevance to the Theory of Space -- Philosophy and Phenomenological Intuition -- Is Time Real? -- Phenomenology and Grammar: A Consideration of the Relation Between Husserl’s Logical Investigations and Wittgenstein’s Later Philosophy -- Phänomenologische Betrachtung vom Begriff der Welt -- Wahrheit und Unwahrheit oder Eigentlichkeit und Uneigentlichkeit: Eine Bemerkung zu Heideggers Sein und Zeit -- II / Phenomenology in the Japanese Inheritance -- The Kyoto School of Philosophy and Phenomenology -- Affective Feeling -- The Concrete World of Action in Nishida’s Later Thought -- Appendix: Selected Bibliography of the Major Phenomenological Works Translated into Japanese and of the Major Phenomenological Writings by Japanese Authors (Hirotaka Tatematsu) -- Index of Names.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789400997899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (476p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 13a
    Serie: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 13a
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Kurzfassung: The ‘Tracing Procedure’ and a Theory of Rational Interaction -- Variety Among Hierarchies of Preference -- Conflict and Structure in Multi-Level Multiple Objective Decision-Making systems -- Inadequacies in the Decision Analysis Model of Rationality -- Counterfactuals and Two Kinds of Expected Utility -- Coordination Theory -- A Piagetian Approach to Decision and Game Theory -- Axiomatizing the Logic of Decision -- On Indeterminate Probabilities -- Irrelevance -- On a Decision Theoretic Method for Social Decisions -- Consensus and Comparison: A Theory of Social Rationality -- Conjoint Measurement: A Brief Survey -- The Minimax Theory and Expected-Utility Reasoning -- Newcomb’s Many Problems -- Newcomb’s Problem, Dominance and Expected Utility -- The Copernican Revelation -- Prolegomena to a Theory of Rational Motives -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: 1. INTRODUCTION In the Spring of 1975 we held an international workshop on the Foundations and Application of Decision Theory at the University of Western Ontario. To help structure the workshop into ordered and manageable sessions we distri­ buted the following statement of our goals to all invited participants. They in turn responded with useful revisions and suggested their own areas of interest. Since this procedure provided the eventual format of the sessions, we include it here as the most appropriate introduction to these collected papers result­ ing from the workshop. The reader can readily gauge the approximation to our mutual goals. 2. STATEMENT or OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE (Attached to this statement is a bibliography; names of persons cited in the statement and writing in this century will be found referenced in the biblio­ graphy - certain 'classics' aside. ) 2. 1. Preamble We understand in the following the Theory of Decisions in a broader sense than is presently customary, construing it to embrace a general theory of deciSion-making, induding social, political and economic theory and applica­ tions. Thus, we subsume the Theory of Games under the head of Decision Theory, regarding it as a particularly clearly formulated version of part of the general theory of decision-making.
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400998797
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (208p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Sovietica, Publications and Monographs of the Institute of East-European Studies at the University of Fribourg / Switzerland and the Center for East Europe, Russia and Asia at Boston College and the Seminar for Political Theory and Philosophy at the University of Munich 41
    Serie: Sovietica 41
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: A. Aleksandr Bogdanov -- B. Toward a New Approach to Bogdanov and the Russian Machists -- C. Studying Bogdanov -- D. The Philosophy of Living Experience -- I. The Contemporary Problem of Philosophy and Philosophy’s Career -- A. Philosophy and Life -- B. The Rise and Development of Worldviews -- C. “What is Materialism?” -- D. Ancient and Modern Materialisms -- II. Empiriocriticism -- A. Empiriocriticism Depicted -- B. Empiriocriticism Criticized -- C. The Social Roots of Empiriocriticism -- III. Dialectical Materialism -- A. Bogdanov’s Dialectic -- B. Dialectics Prior to Marx and the Meaning of the Idealist Dialectic -- C. The Materialist Dialectic and Marx’s Truly Active Worldview -- D. Joseph Dietzgen and the Russian Dialectical Materialists -- E. The Real Dialectic and the Task of Philosophy -- IV. Empiriomonism -- A. “Labor Causality” -- B.The Elements of Experience -- C. Objectivity -- D. Sociomorphism -- E. Substitution -- F. The “Empiriomonistic” Worldpicture -- V. The Science of the Future -- Conclusion -- Notes.
    Kurzfassung: A. ALEKSANDR BOGDANOV On April 7, 1928 the career of one of the most extraordinary figures of Russian and early Soviet intellectual life came to an abrupt and premature end. In the process of an experiment on blood transfusion, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Malinovsky, better known as Bogdanov, had exchanged his blood with that of a critically ill malaria victim in hopes of saving both the patient and his blood. The outcome of this may be guessed: both doctor and patient died forthwith. ! Although an extraordinary venture on Bogdanov's part, for it was part of a search for the means to immortality,2 the transfusion experiment was only one of a host of startling things he had done in his thirty years in Russian politics and public life. In actuality, the activities and achievement of his two years as director of the Soviet Union's first institute for the study of blood transfusion seem virtually insignificant beside the events of earlier years. 3 It would be fair to say that Aleksandr Bogdanov stood in a singularly prominent position in the political and intellectual life of Russia from the turn of the century to 1930. Politically, he had been Lenin's only serious rival for leadership among the Bolsheviks before 1917. In the early years of the Soviet regime, Bogdanov stood head and shoulders above any other public figure operating outside the ranks of the Party. Only a handful of men, i. e.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789400997929
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 13b
    Serie: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 13b
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Kurzfassung: Policy-Formation with Issue-Processing and Transformation of Issues -- A Diagrammatic Exposition of the Logic of Collective Action -- Decision-Theoretic Analysis of Rawls’ Original Position -- The Social Contract: Individual Decision or Collective Bargain? -- On Relating Individual and Social Decisions -- Distributive Justice -- Toward a Theory of Sociality -- Evolution and Fine-Grained Environmental Runs -- Power in Electoral Games -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: 1. INTRODUCTION In the Spring of 1975 we held an international workshop on the Foundations and Application of Decision Theory at the University of Western Ontario. To help structure the workshop into ordered and manageable sessions we distri­ buted the following statement of our goals to all invited participants. They in turn responded with useful revisions and suggested their own areas of interest. Since this procedure provided the eventual format of the sessions, we include it here as the most appropriate introduction to these collected papers result­ ing from the workshop. The reader can readily gauge the approximation to our mutual goals. 2. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE (Attached to this statement is a bibliography; names of persons cited in the statement and writing in this century will be found referenced in the biblio­ graphy - certain 'classics' aSide. ) 2. 1. Preamble We understand in the following the Theory of Decisions in a broader sense than is presently customary, construing it to embrace a general theory of decision-making, including social, political and economic theory and applica­ tions. Thus, we subsume the Theory of Games under the head of Decision Theory, regarding it as a particularly clearly formulated version of part of the general theory of decision-making.
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  • 25
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400957961
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Chapman and Hall Mathematics Series
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Kurzfassung: 1 Optimization problems; introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Transportation network -- 1.3 Production allocation model -- 1.4 Decentralized resource allocation -- 1.5 An inventory model -- 1.6 Control of a rocket -- 1.7 Mathematical formulation -- 1.8 Symbols and conventions -- 1.9 Differentiability -- 1.10 Abstract version of an optimal control problem -- References -- 2 Mathematical techniques -- 2.1 Convex geometry -- 2.2 Convex cones and separation theorems -- 2.3 Critical points -- 2.4 Convex functions -- 2.5 Alternative theorems -- 2.6 Local solvability and linearization -- References -- 3 Linear systems -- 3.1 Linear systems -- 3.2 Lagrangean and duality theory -- 3.3 The simplex method -- 3.4 Some extensions of the simplex method -- References -- 4 Lagrangean theory -- 4.1 Lagrangean theory and duality -- 4.2 Convex nondifferentiable problems -- 4.3 Some applications of convex duality theory -- 4.4 Differentiable problems -- 4.5 Sufficient Lagrangean conditions -- 4.6 Some applications of differentiable Lagrangean theory -- 4.7 Duality for differentiable problems -- 4.8 Converse duality -- References -- 5 Pontryagin theory -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Abstract Hamiltonian theory -- 5.3 Pointwise theorems -- 5.4 Problems with variable endpoint -- References -- 6 Fractional and complex programming -- 6.1 Fractional programming -- 6.2 Linear fractional programming -- 6.3 Nonlinear fractional programming -- 6.4 Algorithms for fractional programming -- 6.5 Optimization in complex spaces -- 6.6 Symmetric duality -- References -- 7 Some algorithms for nonlinear optimization -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Unconstrained minimization -- 7.3 Sequential unconstrained minimization -- 7.4 Feasible direction and projection methods -- 7.5 Lagrangean methods -- 7.6 Quadratic programming by Beale’s method -- 7.7 Decomposition -- References -- Appendices -- A.1 Local solvability -- A.2 On separation and Farkas theorems -- A.3 A zero as a differentiable function -- A.4 Lagrangean conditions when the cone has empty interior -- A.5 On measurable functions -- A.6 Lagrangean theory with weaker derivatives -- A.7 On convex functions.
    Kurzfassung: In a mathematical programming problem, an optimum (maxi­ mum or minimum) of a function is sought, subject to con­ straints on the values of the variables. In the quarter century since G. B. Dantzig introduced the simplex method for linear programming, many real-world problems have been modelled in mathematical programming terms. Such problems often arise in economic planning - such as scheduling industrial production or transportation - but various other problems, such as the optimal control of an interplanetary rocket, are of similar kind. Often the problems involve nonlinear func­ tions, and so need methods more general than linear pro­ gramming. This book presents a unified theory of nonlinear mathe­ matical programming. The same methods and concepts apply equally to 'nonlinear programming' problems with a finite number of variables, and to 'optimal control' problems with e. g. a continuous curve (i. e. infinitely many variables). The underlying ideas of vector space, convex cone, and separating hyperplane are the same, whether the dimension is finite or infinite; and infinite dimension makes very little difference to the proofs. Duality theory - the various nonlinear generaliz­ ations of the well-known duality theorem of linear program­ ming - is found relevant also to optimal control, and the , PREFACE Pontryagin theory for optimal control also illuminates finite dimensional problems. The theory is simplified, and its applicability extended, by using the geometric concept of convex cones, in place of coordinate inequalities.
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  • 26
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    ISBN: 9789400998308
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XII, 154 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioural Sciences 123
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 123
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction -- 1. Concept Explication -- 2. Objectives and Survey -- 2. Cognitive Rationality -- 1. On the Explication of the Concept of Rationality -- 2. Cognitive Rationality and Patterns of Expectation -- 3. Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Probability Theory -- 3. Logico-Mathematical Preliminaries -- 1. Logical Vocabulary -- 2. Set-theoretical Vocabulary -- 3. Some Elements of Probability Theory -- 4. Formally Rational Expectation in a Paradigmatic Context -- 1. Paradigmatic Contexts -- 2. Two Conditions for Rational Expectation -- 3. A Framework for a Paradigmatic Context -- 4. First Analysis of a Rational Expectation Pattern -- 5. A Framework for a Paradigmatic Context (continued) -- 6. Third Formal Condition for Rational Expectation -- 7. Decidable Contexts -- 5. Generalized Carnapian Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Constitutive Principles and Definition of GC-systems -- 3. General Analysis of GC-systems -- 4. Analysis of Positive Inductive GC-systems (0 〈 ? 〈 oo) -- 5. Analysis of Negative Inductive GC-systems (? 〈 0) -- Appendix to Section 2 (Proof of T2) -- 6. Hintikka and Universalized Carnapian Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. NH-systems -- 3. Hintikka-systems (H-systems) -- 4. Some Fundamental Properties of H-systems -- 5. An Urn-model for H-systems -- 6. The Equivalence of NH- and SH-systems: Universalized Carnapian systems (UC-systems) -- 7. Analysis of UC-systems -- 8. Fundamental Discussion Related to Applications -- 9. Finite Parameters for H-systems -- 10. Reformulation of H-systems; k ? ? -- 11. GH-systems and G UC-systems -- 12. Survey of Systems -- Appendix to Section 2 (Proof of T1 ) -- 7. Rational Expectation in Multinomial Contexts -- 1. Carnap’s Intended Application -- 2. The Multinomial Context -- 3. Formally Rational Patterns for Open Multinomial Contexts -- 4. Material Conditions of Adequacy; UC-systems as Expectation Pattern for Open Multinomial Contexts -- 5. Constitutional Distributions for Open Multinomial Contexts -- 6. The Hypergeometric Context -- 8. Some Problems and Related Topics -- 1. PER-systems -- 2. On Weakening WPERR -- 3. *UC*-systems and k ? ? -- 4. Confirmation Theory -- 5. Falsification -- 6. Rules of Acceptance in UC-systems -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects -- Recurring Symbols -- Conditions/Principles/Axioms -- Definition of Systems.
    Kurzfassung: 3 in philosophy, and therefore in metaphilosophy, cannot be based on rules that avoid spending time on pseudo-problems. Of course, this implies that, if one succeeds in demonstrating convincingly the pseudo-character of a problem by giving its 'solution', the time spent on it need not be seen as wasted. We conclude this section with a brief statement of the criteria for concept explication as they have been formulated in several places by Carnap, Hempel and Stegmiiller. Hempel's account ([13J, Chapter 1) is still very adequate for a detailed introduction. The process of explication starts with the identification of one or more vague and, perhaps, ambiguous concepts, the so-called explicanda. Next, one tries to disentangle the ambiguities. This, however, need not be possible at once. Ultimately the explicanda are to be replaced (not necessarily one by one) by certain counterparts, the so-called explicata, which have to conform to four requirements. They have to be as precise as possible and as simple as possible. In addition, they have to be useful in the sense that they give rise to the formulation of theories and the solution of problems. The three requirements of preciseness, simplicity and usefulness. have of course to be pursued in all concept formation.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789400998858
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (170p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 128
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I: The Trace Theory of Memory -- One / An Introduction to Trace Theory -- Two / Trace Theory Criticized -- II: Broadening The Attack -- One / Another Problem for Trace Theory -- Two / Stimulus-Response and Information Processing Computer Theories of Memory -- III: Trace Theory as Philosophy -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: The subject of the following study is theories of memory. The first part is a study of one broad type of theory which is very widely adhered to at this time. It enjoys great popularity among neuro­ physiologists, neuropsychologists, and, more generally, among scientifically oriented people who have directed their attention to questions about memory. Further, this way of looking at the matter is not confined to scientific professionals. Indeed, we can find popularized versions of the view in magazines like Time and Reader's Digest. So in the first part of the book, I will give a presentation of the view in its general form. The theory will be presented in such a way as to reveal the features which make it tempting, which make it seem to be a very natural way to explain the phenomena of memory. (And, clearly, from the number of adherents the view has won, it is tempting, and it does seem to be to go about explaining memory. ) After setting forth a natural way this generalized version of the theory, I will next present material by various authors who hold this view. This will allow the reader to get some idea of the different forms which the theory (the 'memory trace' or 'engram' theory) takes. The last step is a critic­ ism of the theory. In the second part of the book, the attack on trace theory will be strengthened by a further criticism.
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  • 28
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    ISBN: 9789400999008
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (179p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Suppl.: Rezensiert in McBRIDE, WILLIAM LEON TECHNOLOGY SHAPES, BUT DOES IT FIX? 1979
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 24
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 24
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Division One / A Program in the Philosophy of Technology -- 1. The Experience of Technology: Human-Machine Relations -- 2. A Phenomenology of Instrumentation: Perception Transformed -- 3. A Phenomenology of Instrumentation: The Instrument as Mediator -- 4. A Phenomenology of Instrumentation: Technics and Telos -- Division Two / Implications of Technology -- 5. The Existential Import of Computer Technology -- 6. Technology and the Transformation of Experience -- 7. Vision and Objectification -- 8. Bach to Rock, a Musical Odyssey -- Division Three / Pioneers in the Philosophy of Technology -- 9. Heidegger’s Philosophy of Technology -- 10. Technology and the Human: Hans Jonas -- 11. The Secular City and the Existentialists -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: Depending on how one construes the kinship relations, technology has been either the stepchild of philosophy or its grandfather. In either case, technology has not been taken into the bosom of the family, but has had to wait for attention, care and feeding, while the more unclear elements - science, art, politics, ethics - were being nurtured (or cleaned up). Don Ihde puts technology in the middle of things, and develops a philosophy of technology that is at once distinctive, revealing and thought­ provoking. Typically, philosophy of technology has existed at, or beyond, the margins of the philosophy of science, and therefore the question of technology has come to be posed (when it is) either by historians of technology or by social critics. The philosophy of technology, as analysis and critique of the concepts, methodologies, implicit epistemologies and ontologies of technological praxis and thought, has remained underdeveloped. When philosophy does turn its attention to the insistent presence of technology, it inevitably casts the question in one or another of the dominant modes of philosophical interpretation and reconstruction. Thus, the logic of technological thinking and practice has been a subject of some systematic work (e. g. , in the Praxiology of Kotarbinski and Kotarbinska, among others). And the question of technology's relation to science has been posed in the framework of the nomological model of explanation in the sciences - e. g.
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  • 29
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    ISBN: 9789400998711
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (157p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 126
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Philosophy and science.
    Kurzfassung: 1 / The Hilbert Space Formulation of Quantum Physics -- 1.1 The Hilbert Space -- 1.2 The Lattice of Subspaces of Hilbert Space -- 1.3 Projection Operators -- 1.4 States and Properties of a Physical System -- 2 / The Logical Interpretation of the Lattice Lq -- 2.1 The Quasimodular Lattice Lq -- 2.2 The Relation of Commensurability -- 2.3 The Material Quasi-implication -- 2.4 The Relation between Lattice Theory and Logic -- 3 / The Material Propositions of Quantum Physics -- 3.1 Elements of a Language of Quantum Physics -- 3.2 Argument-rules for Compound Propositions -- 3.3 Commensurability and Incommensurability -- 3.4 The Material Dialog-game -- 4 / The Calculus of Effective Quantum Logic -- 4.1 Formally True Propositions -- 4.2 Formal Dialogs with Material Commensurabilities -- 4.3 The Formal Dialog-game -- 4.4 The Calculus Qeff of Effective Quantum Logic -- 5 / The Lattice of Effective Quantum Logic -- 5.1 The Quasi-implicative Lattice Lqi -- 5.2 Properties of the Lattice Lqi -- 5.3 The Relation between Lqi and the Lattice Li -- 5.4 The Relation between Lqi and the Lattice Lq -- 6 / The Calculus of Full Quantum Logic -- 6.1 Value-definite Material Propositions -- 6.2 The Value-definiteness of Compound Propositions -- 6.3 The Extension of the Calculus Qeff -- 6.4 The Principle of Excluded Middle -- Concluding Remarks: Classical Logic and Quantum Logic.
    Kurzfassung: In 1936, G. Birkhoff and J. v. Neumann published an article with the title The logic of quantum mechanics'. In this paper, the authors demonstrated that in quantum mechanics the most simple observables which correspond to yes-no propositions about a quantum physical system constitute an algebraic structure, the most important proper­ ties of which are given by an orthocomplemented and quasimodular lattice Lq. Furthermore, this lattice of quantum mechanical proposi­ tions has, from a formal point of view, many similarities with a Boolean lattice L8 which is known to be the lattice of classical propositional logic. Therefore, one could conjecture that due to the algebraic structure of quantum mechanical observables a logical calculus Q of quantum mechanical propositions is established, which is slightly different from the calculus L of classical propositional logic but which is applicable to all quantum mechanical propositions (C. F. v. Weizsacker, 1955). This calculus has sometimes been called 'quan­ tum logic'. However, the statement that propositions about quantum physical systems are governed by the laws of quantum logic, which differ from ordinary classical logic and which are based on the empirically well-established quantum theory, is exposed to two serious objec­ tions: (a) Logic is a theory which deals with those relationships between various propositions that are valid independent of the content of the respective propositions. Thus, the validity of logical relationships is not restricted to a special type of proposition, e. g. to propositions about classical physical systems.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789400998285
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (308p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Sociology of the Sciences A Yearbook 2
    Serie: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 2
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    Schlagwort(e): Humanities ; Science—History.
    Kurzfassung: I Science and Technology The Conceptual Distinction Reconsidered -- Physics — Natural Science or Technology? -- Goal Direction of Scientific Research -- II The Interrelation between Science and Technology A Close-up View at Determining Factors -- Millwrights and Engineers, Science, Social Roles, and the Evolution of the Turbine in America -- Science, Technology and Economics: The Invention of Radio as a Case Study -- On the Relation between Technology and Science — Goals of Knowledge and Dynamics of Theories. The Example of Combustion Technology, Thermodynamics and Fluidmechanics -- III Science and Technology in Their Social Context -- Technology Academised: Education and Training of the Engineer in the 19th Century -- The Coming of the Assembly Line to Europe -- Ideologies of ‘Art’ and ‘Science’ in Medicine: The Transition from Medical Care to the Application of Technique in the British Medical Profession -- IV The Scientification of Technology -- The ‘Scientification’ of Technology -- The Relation between Science and Technology — A Sociological Explanation.
    Kurzfassung: The interrelations of science and technology as an object of study seem to have drawn the attention of a number of disciplines: the history of both science and technology, sociology, economics and economic history, and even the philosophy of science. The question that comes to mind is whether the phenomenon itself is new or if advances in the disciplines involved account for this novel interest, or, in fact, if both are intercon­ nected. When the editors set out to plan this volume, their more or less explicit conviction was that the relationship of science and technology did reveal a new configuration and that the disciplines concerned with 1tS analysis failed at least in part to deal with the change because of conceptual and methodological preconceptions. To say this does not imply a verdict on the insufficiency of one and the superiority of any other one disciplinary approach. Rather, the situation is much more complex. In economics, for example, the interest in the relationship between science and technology is deeply influenced by the theoretical problem of accounting for the factors of economic growth. The primary concern is with technology and the problem is whether the market induces technological advances or whether they induce new demands that explain the subsequent diffusion of new technologies. Science is generally considered to be an exogenous factor not directly subject to market forces and, therefore, appears to be of no interest.
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  • 31
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    ISBN: 9789400996854
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (264p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Studies in Social History 3
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    Schlagwort(e): History ; Political science.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Prehistory of the Marxian Concept of the Asiatic Mode of Production -- The Legacy of Aristotle -- Travellers’ Tales -- Oriental Despotism and French Politics, the First Phase: A Negative Model for Europe -- Oriental Despotism and French Politics, the Second Phase: A Positive Model for Europe -- Empires Belonging to Space and not to Time -- The Contribution of Political Economy: The Relation of Private Property to Progress -- II. The Marxian Concept of the Asiatic Mode of Production -- Marx’s Perception of the Non-Western World -- Alternative Interpretations: The Question of the Continuity or Discontinuity of Marx’s Model of Asiatic Society -- Marx’s Analysis of Asiatic Society in the General Perspective of his Social Theory -- The City in East and West -- The Ancient East -- The Asiatic Village System: Passport to the Future? -- The Contribution of Engels to the Marxian Analysis of the Non-Western World -- ‘Asiatic Feudalism’ -- The Asiatic Mode of Production and Sino-Soviet Relations -- The Impact of the Sino-Soviet Rift -- III. The Asiatic Mode of Production in Relation to the Place of Geographical Factors in Historical Materialism -- Marx on the Role of Geographical Factors in Historical Development -- Engels’ Account of Laws of Nature -- The ‘Geographical Deviation’: Plekhanov -- The ‘Geographical Deviation’: Wittfogel -- Historical Materialism Versus Geographical Determinism: Stalin and Beyond -- The Revolt of the Soviet Geographers against Stalin 129 -- The Reassessment of the Place of Geographical Factors in Historical Materialism -- A Note on the Population Factor -- IV. Marxist Perspectives on Russian History: The Practical Application of the Concept of the Asiatic Mode of Production -- Marx’s Conception of the Character of the Russian State: Russia Contrasted with Europe -- Marx and the Service-State Theory of Russian History: A Parallel Theory of the Non-European Character of Russian History -- Russian History in European Dress: The Orthodox Marxist Approach -- Plekhanov on Russian History: The Alternative Marxist Approach -- Modernisation in a Non-Western Milieu: Trotsky on Russia’s Past and Present -- V. The Asiatic Mode of Production in Relation to the Marxist Analysis of Progress and Modernisation -- The Unilinear Schema of Social Development -- The Hegelianised Version of the Unilinear Schema -- Chronological and Logical Problems Associated with the Progressive Ranking of Socio-Economic Formations -- The Multilinear Schema of History as Found in Marx -- Variations of the Multilinear Schema as Applied to Pre-Capitalist Societies -- The Dynamics of Modernisation in the Non-Western World: Towards a New Marxist Historiography -- VI. Epilogue -- Select Bibliography -- Works by Marx and Engels -- Other Works Consulted.
    Kurzfassung: Wherever possible in this monograph I have referred to English trans­ lations of works originally appearing in other languages. Where this has not been possible, for example with Russian material, I have followed the Library of Congress system of transliteration, but omitted the diacritics. I have also retained the conventional use of 'y' for the ending of certain Russian proper names (e.g., Trotsky not Trotskii). In accordance with the policy of using existing English translations, I have referred to the Martin Nicolaus translation of Marx's Grundrisse, which is relatively faithful to the text. (The Grundrisse, although the Dead Sea Scroll of Marxism, bear all the characteristics of a rough draft, characteristics which are preserved in the Nicolaus translation.) The term 'Marxian' has been employed in the conventional way in this book, to distinguish the views of Marx and Engels from those of their 'Marxist' followers. In preparing this work I have received bibliographical assistance from Professor Israel Getzler, now of the Hebrew University, and critical assistance from Mr Bruce McFarlane of the University of Adelaide and especially from Professor Eugene Kamenka of the Aus­ tralian National University. Professor Jean Chesneaux of the Sorbonne, as one of the leading participants in the more recent debates discussed here, provided me with some further insight into the issues, and Pro­ fessor K.A. Wittfogel of Columbia also supplied some valuable in­ formation.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789400998254
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (488p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 122
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I Proof Theory -- Some Facts from the Theory of Proofs and Some Fictions from General Proof Theory -- Proofs and the Meaning and Completeness of the Logical Constants -- Theory of Quantification and ‰-calculi -- Two Kinds of Extensions of Primitive Recursive Arithmetic -- Equality in the Presence of Apartness -- II Infinitary Languages -- Game-Theoretical Semantics and Back-and-Forth -- Infinitary Languages N?? and Generalized Partial Isomorphisms -- III Set Theory and Model Theory -- Generalizing Set-Theoretical Model Theory and an Analogue Theory on Admissible Sets -- Hierarchies of Model Theoretic Definability — An Approach to Second Order Logics -- Open Problems in the Theory of Ultrafilters -- IV Generalized Quantifiers -- The Reals Cannot Be Characterized Topologically with Strictly Local Properties and Countability Axioms -- On the Expressive Power of the Language Using the Henkin Quantifier -- Remarks on Free Quantifier Variables -- V Recursion Theory -- Recursion in 3E and a Splitting Theorem -- Retracts of Post’s Numbering and Effectivization of Quantifiers -- VI Logic and Natural Language -- Quantifiers in Natural Languages: Some Logical Problems, I -- Models for Natural Languages -- Backwards-Looking Operators in Tense Logic and in Natural Language -- VII Philosophical Logic -- Paradoxes in a Semantic Perspective -- Hintikka’s Possible Worlds and Rigid Designators -- On the Content Analysis of Two Normative Notions -- Singular Terms, Existence and Truth: Some Remarks on a First Order Logic of Existence -- VIII Truthlikeness -- On Distance From the Truth as a True Distance -- Truthlikeness in First-Order Languages -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: The Fourth Scandinavian Logic Symposium and the First Soviet-Finnish Logic Conference were held in JyvaskyIa, Finland, June 29-July 6, 1976. The Conferences were organized by a committee which consisted of the editors of the present volume. The Conferences were supported financially by the Ministry of Education of Finland, by the Academy of Finland, and by the Division of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History of Science. The Philosophical Society of Finland and the Jyvaskyla Summer Festival gave valuable help in various practicalities. 35 papers by authors representing 10 countries were presented at the two meetings. Of those papers 24 appear here. THE EDITORS v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v PART 1/ PROOF THEORY GEORG KREISEL / Some Facts from the Theory of Proofs and Some Fictions from General Proof Theory 3 DAG PRAWITZ / Proofs and the Meaning and Completeness of the Logical Constants 25 v. A. SMIRNOV / Theory of Quantification and tff-calculi 41 LARS SVENONIUS/Two Kinds of Extensions of Primitive Recursive Arithmetic 49 DIRK VAN DALEN and R. STATMAN / Equality in the Presence of Apartness 95 PART II / INFINITARY LANGUAGES VEIKKO RANTALA / Game-Theoretical Semantics and Back-and- Forth 119 MAARET KAR TTUNEN / Infinitary Languages N oo~.
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789400997127
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XVII, 441 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Idees 91
    Serie: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 91
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    Schlagwort(e): History
    Kurzfassung: I. The Presuppositions of Whig Historical Writing -- A. The ‘pre-Namier’ period and the growing criticism of the features of Whig historical interpretation: anachronism, finalism and historical continuity -- B. The Relativization of Constitutional History -- II. Whig Historiography in the Nineteenth Century. A. Myth about a Myth? -- A. Medieval studies in the first half of the nineteenth century: F. Palgrave, J. Allen and H. Hallam -- B. The Glorious Revolution and George III; Cromwell and the Civil War -- C. Medieval studies in the second half of the nineteenth century: The Oxford School: W. Stubbs, E.A. Freeman and J.R. Green -- III. Tradition Discredited -- A. The Crisis within the House of Commons -- B. Old liberalism as conservative realism -- C. Whiggery versus Gladstonian liberalism -- D. The New Liberalism: idealism and realism. Efficiency used as an ideology against tradition -- IV. Law and History: F. W. Maitland -- A. Maitland’s road to History -- B. Law and History incompatible? -- C. Maitland versus anachronisms -- V. A Liberal Revaluation of the Tudor Monarchy: A.F. Pollard -- A. A.F. Pollard and English historiography -- B. A Liberal Revaluation of the New Monarchy: English Freedom and its Fettered Birth -- C. Parliament’s unparliamentary origin and evolution -- D. Tollardism’: The Reformation Parliament -- VI. Administrative History: T.F. Tout -- A. Administrative history as a reaction to Whig historiography -- B. Administrative history: a mirror of the times -- C. T.F. Tout and the French Histoire Événementielle -- D. T.F. Tout and his Administrative History -- E. The Reaction: the limits of administrative history and the illusions of specialization -- Bibliography of A.F. Pollard’s Writings -- Sources and literature -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: Several ofthe themes of this study have been treated in earlier publica­ tions, some by means of a general analysis and some through a detailed handling of problems raised by a particular theme or historian. Both the more general theoretical treatment of the theme and the concrete historiographical treatment are, I think, indispensable aids to the proper understanding of the development of historical scholarship in nineteenth-and twentieth-century England. There are a number of problems in a concrete historiographical approach: there is first the mass of historians to be faced, and then the immense amount of historical themes dealt with in various periods. As a guideline through the tangle of themes we chose the historiography on the development of the English parliament. We can only hope that we have made a responsible choice of the historians concerned. Un­ fortunately it was not always possible for us to give extensive biogra­ phies of some of the more recent historians, as several 'papers' are still firmly in the possession of families, and a number of them mus- despite of years - still be labelled 'confidential.' The Pollard Papers in the London Institute of Historical Research thus remained inaccessible. Fortunately the lack was partly compen­ sated by some important material being found apart from these Papers.
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  • 34
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    ISBN: 9789401743846
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (IX, 349 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Law ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law.
    Kurzfassung: Contributors -- I: General Introduction -- II: Dutch Law -- III: English Law -- IV: French Law -- V: German Law -- VI: Greek Law -- VII: Italian Law -- VIII: Luxembourg Law -- IX: Scandinavian Law -- X: Socialist Law -- XI: Civil Procedure -- XII: Private International Law -- XIII: Problems of Migrant Workers in Europe.
    Kurzfassung: In the last few years European Family Law has undergone considerable changes. Although in the past law reform was slow, since 1969 the impetus for reform has gathered momentum. It is no exaggeration to say that the changes that have occurred in Europe in the last six or seven years have radically altered the very concept of the family in Europe. As a distinguished scholar and former editor of the Family Law volume of the International Encyclopaedia of Com­ parative Law, Professor Max Rheinstein, has put it: 'These transformations are not fully completed anywhere. They have gone farthest in the countries of highest industrialization and in those of socialist rule. But they have set in wherever industrialization has obtained a foothold. The degree of 'modernization' offamily law may indeed be used as an index of a society's degree of Westernization. 'l Yet, such is the force of traditional patterns of thought that, although we are aware of distinct changes in various legal systems, the underlying and implied assumption is that family law can still move within the traditional framework. This is not surprising for, until comparatively recently at least family law was not thought of as a suitable subject of unification. It was claimed that there is a peculiar and distinct element which derives from the mores and innermost beliefs of each people, from a sort of family Volksgeist that renders impossible the approximation or unification of family law.
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  • 35
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften GmbH | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783663143710
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (187 pages)
    DDC: 309.26309
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    Schlagwort(e): Sozialgeschichte ; Landleben ; Electronic books
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  • 36
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    Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780816655571
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (234 pages)
    DDC: 302.5
    Schlagwort(e): Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: In Segmented Worlds and Self, Yi-Fu Tuan is sensitive to the fact that "the isolated, critical and self-conscious individual is a cultural artifact" whose development "is closely tied to the evolution of aworld that is progressively more complex, specialized, and segmented." (p. 139) He argues that in the West this process of segmentation began at the end of the Middle Ages when communal forms of life started to disintegrate and gave way to more individualistic modes of experience and perception. Tuan explores certain manifestations of this process, particularly how the increasing preoccupation with individuality, privacy, and interiority is mirrored in the transformation of eating habits, living arrangements, and the nature of the theatre.
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783110801798
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (438 pages)
    Serie: World Anthropology
    DDC: 301.36
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    Schlagwort(e): Stadtsoziologie ; Stadtplanung
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783110835946
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (191 pages)
    Ausgabe: 3rd ed.
    Serie: Sammlung Göschen v.2102
    DDC: 301
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    Schlagwort(e): Soziologie
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  • 39
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783110814453
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (527 pages)
    DDC: 303.4
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  • 40
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783110800043
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (390 pages)
    Serie: World Anthropology
    DDC: 573.2
    RVK:
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    Schlagwort(e): Genetik ; Evolution ; Differenzierung ; Mensch
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783110877885
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (284 pages)
    Serie: Janua Linguarum. Series Minor v.200
    DDC: 302.34
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  • 42
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Toronto : University of Toronto Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9781442654112
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (65 pages)
    Serie: Heritage
    DDC: 301
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    Schlagwort(e): Lévi-Strauss, Claude ; Mythos ; Mythologie ; Strukturalismus ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Bedeutung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Gespräch ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Gespräch
    Kurzfassung: In these five lectures originally prepared for the CBC, Claude Lévi-Strauss, one of the world's greatest living thinkers, offers the insights of a lifetime spent interpreting myths and trying to discover their significance for human understanding.
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  • 43
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780816655236
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (574 pages)
    DDC: 305.2/6
    Schlagwort(e): Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: The increasing number of older people in the United States has served to focus attention upon the processes of aging and the effectiveness of social programs for the elderly. In order to plan effective programs, accurate social measures are necessary. Now, more than ever before, researchers need conceptually explicit instruments designed to assess individual and social behaviors, attitudes, and traits in the elderly population. This three-volume work is designed to serve the needs of researchers, evaluators, and clinicians in assessing the instruments used in the field of aging. The measures reviewed in Volume 1 focus on the cognitive reactions of older people to aging and on the assessments of aging made by people who are not yet old. This volume also contains the series introduction which explains the methods used for evaluating the instruments and assesses the status of gerontological measurement today. Each chapter is devoted to instruments in a particular subject area such as intellectual functioning, personality, self-esteem, and ethnic group identification. Volume 2 focuses on the range of social roles filled by older people. Specific topics include the family, work and retirement, religion, and friendships. Volume 3 deals with demography, social policy, and health concerns. Most chapters are composed of three parts. First, there is a concise narrative review of the major theoretical concerns and measurement strategies within that particular research domain. The second part is a collection of abstracts, each of which presents a conceptual definition and a description of a specific instrument together with data about samples, reliability, validity, scaling properties, and correlations with age. Whenever possible the instruments themselves constitute the third part of the chapter.
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  • 44
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780816655243
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (350 pages)
    DDC: 306.8/5
    Schlagwort(e): Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: This revised edition of Family Structure and Interaction makes available again in a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in family sociology; as a concise overview of comparative family studies, the book will also be a useful reference for professionals in related fields. Gary Lee's objective is to apply the method of comparative sociology to the study of the family, integrating material from the fields of sociology and anthropology. The book is organized in three parts. The first discusses the nature and methodology of comparative sociology, emphasizing both its contribution to the development of explanatory social and behavioral theory, and the pitfalls one may encounter in the conduct and interpretation of comparative research. Part two takes up the application of the comparative method to the subject of family organization. Lee's intent is not to describe family practices in any specific society but rather to explain why societies differ in many of these practices. The third part examines interactions between members of families and kinship systems, focussing on premarital and marital relations and parent-child relationships. In revising this text, Lee has taken into account the wealth of historical data published since the mid-seventies. He shows how historical and comparative research complement each other and points to the shared interests of social historians and comparative sociologists in the antecedents of change in family form and structure. Though he has not added new chapters to the second edition, each chapter is now a more comprehensive and thorough treatment of its subject.
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780816655229
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (516 pages)
    DDC: 306/.3
    Schlagwort(e): Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: Of Time and the Enterprise was first published in 1982. Of Time and the Enterprise is the result of 12 years' research in the Canadian sector of the northern Great Plains -- a 7,000-square-mile region that was one of the last areas in North America to be populated by agricultural settlers. This late settlement permitted a reconstruction of the area's history and economic and social development unparalleled in the literature. This book has several dimensions. It is, first, a meticulous study of the North American family farm. Bennett considers such aspects of the family farm as the ways that family members relate to one another and how the various members, especially the wife, participate in management of the enterprise. The book is also a study of agricultural management as an adaptive process. Farm operators must juggle the demands of their families, communities, and the national market in determining the conduct of the business. Finally, the book is a study of the development process on a recent frontier and thus has many implications for agricultural and community development in the Third World. As the first detailed study of entrepreneurial agriculture in North America, Of Time and the Enterprise combines quantitative and qualitative analysis and looks at the family farm as a form of social behavior, not merely as a form of economic performance. Bennett presents a new interpretation of decision-making, resource allocation, and the influence of family, community, and cultural traditions which he argues must be seen as part of a larger social system.
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  • 46
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780816655212
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (668 pages)
    Serie: Clinical & Social Psychology
    DDC: 305.2/6
    Schlagwort(e): Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: The increasing number of older people in the United States has served to focus attention upon the processes of aging and the effectiveness of social programs for the elderly. In order to plan effective programs, accurate social measures are necessary. Now, more than ever before, researchers require conceptually explicit instruments designed to assess individual and social behaviors, attitudes, and traits in the elderly population. This is the first in a three-volume series designed to serve the needs of researchers, evaluators, and clinicians in assessing the instruments used in the field of aging. The measures review in Volume 1 focus on the cognitive reactions of older people to aging and on the assessments of aging made by people who are not yet old. This volume also contains the series introduction which explains the methods used for evaluating the instruments and assesses the status of gerontological measurement today. Each chapter is devoted to instruments in a particular subject area such as intellectual functioning, personality, self-esteem, and ethnic group identification. Most chapters are composed of three parts. First, there is a concise narrative review of the major theoretical concerns and measurement strategies within that particular research domain. The second part is a collection of abstracts, each of which presents a conceptual definition and a description of a specific instrument together with data about samples, reliability, validity, scaling properties, and correlations with age. Whenever possible the instruments themselves constitute the third part of the chapter.
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  • 47
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    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400996601
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (192p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idées International Archives of the History of Ideas 89
    Serie: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 89
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    Schlagwort(e): History
    Kurzfassung: I. The Publication of the Supplément -- II. The Rationalist and Empirical Spirit -- III. Anti-mechanism and Sensibility -- IV. Utility and Reform -- Conclusion -- Index of Contributors.
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  • 48
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400997752
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (392p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 4
    Serie: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 4
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Conditionals, Generic Quantifiers, and Other Applications of Subgames -- Ambiguous Coreference With Quantifiers -- Negative Coreference: Generalizing Quantification for Natural Language -- Syntactic Domains for Semantic Rules -- Variable Binding and Relative Clauses -- Adverbs of Space and Time -- Time Schemes, Tense Logic and the Analysis of English Tenses -- A System of Chronological Tense Logic -- Semantics versus Pragmatics -- Implication Reversal in a Natural Language -- Structure and Function of the Grammatical Component of the Text-Structure World-Structure Theory -- Questions and Answers in a Context-dependent Montague Grammar -- The Introduction of Truth Predicates into First-Order Languages -- List of Participants.
    Kurzfassung: The essays in this collection are the outgrowth of a workshop, held in June 1976, on formal approaches to the semantics and pragmatics of natural languages. They document in an astoundingly uniform way the develop­ ments in the formal analysis of natural languages since the late sixties. The avowed aim of the' workshop was in fact to assess the progress made in the application of formal methods to semantics, to confront different approaches to essentially the same problems on the one hand, and, on the other, to show the way in relating semantic and pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena. Several of these papers can in fact be regarded as attempts to close the 'semiotic circle' by bringing together the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties of certain constructions in an explanatory framework thereby making it more than obvious that these three components of an integrated linguistic theory cannot be as neatly separated as one would have liked to believe. In other words, not only can we not elaborate a syntactic description of (a fragment of) a language and then proceed to the semantics (as Montague pointed out already forcefully in 1968), we cannot hope to achieve an adequate integrated syntax and semantics without paying heed to the pragmatic aspects of the constructions involved. The behavior of polarity items, 'quantifiers' like any, conditionals or even logical particles like and and or in non-indicative sentences is clear-cut evidence for the need to let each component of the grammar inform the other.
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  • 49
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    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400998384
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (351p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 17
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library 17
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: 1 / Philosophy and Ethical Principles -- Rule Utilitarianism and Decision Theory -- Marx and the Utility Approach to the Ethical Foundation of Microeconomics -- Endogenous Changes in Tastes: A Philosophical Discussion -- 2 / Social and Collective Choice Theory -- Nice Decision Schemes -- The Distribution of Rights in Society -- Acceptable Social Choice Lotteries -- Social Decision, Strategic Behavior, and Best Outcomes -- Cyclically Mixed Preferences—A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Transitivity of the Social Preference Relation -- Comparative Distributive Ethics: An Extension of Sen’s Examination of the Pure Distribution Problem -- Rawls’s Theory of Justice: An Impossibility Result -- Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem: Some New Aspects -- Two Proofs of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem on the Possibility of a Strategy-Proof Social Choice Function -- 3 / Special Topics in Social Choice -- Ethics, Institutions and Optimality -- Complexity and Social Decision Rules -- Discrete Optimization and Social Decision Methods -- The Equity Principle in Economic Behavior -- The Distributive Justice of Income Inequality -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: Ethics, as one of the most respectable disciplines of philosophy, has undergone a drastic and revolutionary change in recent time. There are three main trends of this development. The first trend can be described as a tendency towards a rigorous formal and analytical language. This means simply that ethics has created beside its own formalized set­ theoretical language a variety of new formalized, logical and mathemati­ cal methods and concepts. Thus ethics has become a formalized meta­ or epidiscipline which is going to replace the traditional concepts, principles and ethical methods in the realm of social sciences. It is clear that a formalized form of ethics can be used more easily in social, economic and political theories if there are ethical conflicts to be solved. This first trend can be regarded as a conditio sine qua non for application in, and imposing ethical solutions on, social scientific theories. The second trend may be characterized as an association- or unification-tendency of a formalized and analytical ethics with decision theory. Decision theory as a new interdiscipline of social sciences is actually an assemblage of a variety of subtheories such as value-utility theory, game theory, collective decision theory, etc. Harsanyi has called this complex of subtheories a general theory of human behavior. Analytical or formal ethics is actually using this general theory of human behavior as a vehicle simply because this theory deals from the beginning with conflict solution, i. e.
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  • 50
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400998940
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philisophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 19
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library 19
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: The Evaluation of Revolutions -- The Evaluation of Revolutions: a Comment on Michael Scriven’s Paper -- Systems Analysis in Politics and Its Critics -- A Note on Mr. Easton’s Revolutions -- The Economics of Revolution -- Self-Interest in Times of Revolution and Repression: Comment on Professor Tullock’s Analysis -- Ethics and Politics -- Reply to Professor Taylor -- Ethics and Politics: a Rejoinder to Professor Rapoport -- The Logic and Metaphysics of Evaluation in Political Theory: a Response to Professor Rapoport -- Attending to Interdependencies -- Politics, Political Philosophy and the Politics of Philosophy -- On the Choice between Reform and Revolution -- Commentary on Professor Nielsen’s Paper.
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  • 51
    ISBN: 9789401569095
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XXII, 302 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophy and Medicine 4
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Kurzfassung: Section I / American Legal Perspectives on Insanity: Some Roots in the Nineteenth Century -- American Medico-Legal Traditions and Concepts of Mental Health: The Nineteenth Century -- Philosophical Reflections in the Nineteenth Century Medicolegal Discussion -- Section II / Mental Illness and Mental Complaints: Some Conceptual Presuppositions -- How Much Neurosis Should We Bear? -- Psychic Health, Mental Clarity, Self-Knowledge and Other Virtues -- Models and Mental Illness -- Disease Viewed as a Symbolic Category -- Health and Disease: The Holistic Approach -- Section III / Phenomenological and Speculative Views of Mental Illness -- A Metabletic-Philosophical Evaluation of Mental Health -- Synchronism and Therapy -- Commemorative Remarks in Honor of Erwin W. Straus -- Bibliography of the Works of Erwin W. Straus -- Environments of the Mind -- Luminosity: The Unconscious in the Integrated Person -- Body, Mind, and Conditions of Novelty: Some Remarks on Leonard C. Feldstein’s Luminosity -- Section IV / Acting Freely and Acting in Good Health -- Motivational Disturbances and Free Will -- Towards an Understanding of Motivational Disturbance and Freedom of Action: Comments on ‘Motivational Disturbances and Free Will’ -- Section V / The Myth of Mental Illness: A Further Examination -- The Concept of Mental Illness: Explanation or Justification? -- Szasz on Mental Illness -- Section VI / Reappraising the Concepts of Mental Health and Disease -- H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. / Chairman’s Remarks -- Closing Reflections -- Notes on Contributors.
    Kurzfassung: The concept 'health' is ambiguous [18,9, 11]. The concept 'mental health' is even more so. 'Health' compasses senses of well-being, wholeness, and sound­ ness that mean more than the simple freedom from illness - a fact appreci­ ated in the World Health Organization's definition of health as more than the absence of disease or infirmity [7]. The wide range of viewpoints of the con­ tributors to this volume attests to the scope of issues placed under the rubric 'mental health. ' These papers, presented at the Fourth Symposium on Philos­ ophy and Medicine, were written and discussed within a broad context of interests concerning mental health. Moreover, in their diversity these papers point to the many descriptive, evaluative, and, in fact, performative functions of statements concerning mental health. Before introducing the substance of these papers in any detail, I want to indicate the profound commerce between philosophical and psychological ideas in theories of mental health and disease. This will be done in part by a consideration of some conceptual developments in the history of psychiatry, as well as through an analysis of some of the functions of the notions of mental illness and health. 'Mental health' lays a special stress on the wholeness of human intuition, emotion, thought, and action.
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789401094313
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 15
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library 15
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Do Scientists Need Epistemology? -- 1.2 Towards a Philosophy of Applied Science -- 1.3 Management Science and the Philosophy of Applied Science -- 1.4 Conclusion -- 2 Systems Analysis as a Tool of Philosophical Investigation -- 2.1 In Need of an Expanded Analytical Superstructure -- 2.2 The Essence of the Systems Approach -- 2.3 Incorporating and Externalizing Value Judgements -- 2.4 The Method of Neutralizing Systems -- 2.5 Management Science as a System: Normative or Positive? -- 2.6 Reduction of Value Judgements -- 2.7 Institutionalized Facts as Values -- 2.8 Institutions as Systems -- 3 Philosophy and Evolution of Logic from a Systems Point of View -- 3.1 Some Ontological Considerations -- 3.2 On the Nature of Logic -- 3.3 Historical Development of Modern Logic -- 3.4 Some Highlights in the Evolution of Semantics -- 4 Modern Deductive Logic -- 4.1 Sentence Logic or the Theory of Truth Functions -- 4.2 Predicate Logic -- 4.3 Multivalued and Modal Logic -- 4.4 Imperative Arguments and Deontic Modalities -- 5 The Controversy Around Inductive Logic -- 5.1 Essence and Early Evolution of Induction -- 5.2 Modern Views on Induction -- 5.3 Probability and Its Interpretation -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 6 Decision Theory and the Economists’ Methodological Endeavors -- 6.1 An Appraisal of Carnap’s Inductive Logic -- 6.2 Formal Decision Theory and Its Evolution -- 6.3 Information Economics as an Extension of Decision Theory -- 6.4 Episterno-Economics -- 6.5 Other Methodological Explorations by Economists -- 7 Philosophy of Science and the Systems Approach -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Epistemology: The Received View -- 7.3 Reaction and Alternatives -- 7.4 The Systems Approach, Its Criticism, and Its Potential -- 7.5 Systems Approach as a Methodology -- Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Indices -- Some Journals of Philosophy, Applied and Social Sciences -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: This book has been written primarily for the applied and social scientist and student who longs for an integrated picture of the foundations on which his research must ultimately rest; but hopefully the book may also serve philosophers interested in applied disciplines and in systems methodology. If integration was the major motto, the need for a method­ ology, appropriate to the teleological peculiarities of all applied sciences, was the main impetus behind the conception of the present work. This need I felt a long time ago in my own area of analytical and empirical research in accounting theory and management science; later I had the opportunity to teach, for almost a decade, graduate seminars in Methodology which offered particular insight into the methodological needs of students of such applied disciplines as business administration, education, engineering, infor­ matics, etc. Out of this effort grew the present book which among other things tries, on one side, to illuminate the difference and relationship between methods of cognition and methods of decision and on the other, to sketch a framework suitable for depicting means-end relationships in a holistic setting. I believe that a systems methodology which incorporates recent endeavours of deontic logic, decision theory, information economics and related areas would be eminently suited to break the ground for such a future framework. Yet systems theory has two major shortcomings which might prevent it from evolving into the desired methodology of applied science.
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789400997837
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (357p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophy and Medicine 7
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Kurzfassung: Prometheus Unbound? A New World in the Making -- Section I / Humanity, History, and Medicine -- The System of Anthropina -- Philosophy and Medicine in Medieval and Renaissance Italy -- Care of the Healthy and the Sick from the Attending Physician’s Perspective: Envisioned and Actual (1977) -- The Conflict Between the Desire to Know and the Need to Care for the Patient -- The Execution of Euthanasia: The Right of the Dying to a Re-Formed Health Care Context -- Section II / Philosophy of Organism -- Teleology and Darwin’s The Origin of Species: Beyond Chance and Necessity? -- Individuals and Their Kinds: Aristotelian Foundations of Biology -- The Organism According to Process Philosophy -- Whitehead and Jonas: On Biological Organisms and Real Individuals -- The Redefinition of Death -- Section III/ Science, Infirmity, and Metaphysics -- Descartes and Mastery of Nature -- The Philosopher and the Scientist: Comments on the Perception of the Exact Sciences in the Work of Hans Jonas -- Life, Disease, and Death: A Metaphysical Viewpoint -- Ontology and the Body: A Reflection -- Intentionality and the Mind/Body Problem -- Epilogue -- Metaphor and the Ineffable: Illumination on “The Nobility of Sight” -- Bibliography of the Works of Hans Jonas -- Notes on Contributors.
    Kurzfassung: This Festschrift is presented to Professor Hans Jonas on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday, as affirmation of the contributors' respect and admiration. As a volume in the series 'Philosophy and Medicine' the contributions not only reflect certain interests and pursuits of the scholar to whom it is dedi­ cated, but also serve to bring to convergence the interests of the contributors in the history of humanity and medicine, the theory of organism, medicine in the service of the patient's autonomy, and the metaphysical, i.e., phenome­ nological foundations of medicine. Notwithstanding the nature of such personal gifts as the authors' contributions (which, with the exception of the late Hannah Arendt's, appear here for the first time), the essays also transcend the personal and serve to elaborate specific themes and theses disclosed in the numerous writings of Hans Jonas. The editor owes a personal debt of gratitude to many, including Hannah Arendt, who offered their assistance during the preparation of the volume.
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  • 54
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    ISBN: 9789401732437
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (367 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 17
    Serie: Synthese Historical Library 17
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    Schlagwort(e): Humanities ; Philosophy, classical ; History ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Kurzfassung: 1. The early history of the theory of irrationals -- Part, 2. The pre-Euclidean theory of proportions -- 3. The construction of mathematics within a deductive framework -- Postscript -- 1 The prevailing view -- 2 My own view -- 3 Elements of a Pythagorean theory about the areas of parallelograms -- 4 How to find a square with the same area as a given rectangle -- 5 Conclusion -- Index of names.
    Kurzfassung: When this book was first published, more than five years ago, I added an appendix on How the Pythagoreans discovered Proposition 11.5 of the 'Elements'. I hoped that this appendix, although different in some ways from the rest of the book, would serve to illustrate the kind of research which needs to be undertaken, if we are to acquire a new understanding of the historical development of Greek mathematics. It should perhaps be mentioned that this book is not intended to be an introduction to Greek mathematics for the general reader; its aim is to bring the problems associated with the early history of deductive science to the attention of classical scholars, and historians and philos­ ophers of science. I should like to conclude by thanking my translator, Mr. A. M. Ungar, who worked hard to produce something more than a mechanical translation. Much of his work was carried out during the year which I spent at Stanford as a fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. This enabled me to supervise the work of transla­ tion as it progressed. I am happy to express my gratitude to the Center for providing me with this opportunity. Arpad Szabo NOTE ON REFERENCES The following books are frequently referred to in the notes. Unless otherwise stated, the editions are those given below. Burkert, W. Weisheit und Wissensclzaft, Studien zu Pythagoras, Philo­ laos und Platon, Nuremberg 1962.
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  • 55
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    ISBN: 9789400998209
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 2
    Serie: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 2
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Aims -- 1.2 Beyond Syntax -- 1.3 Bloomfield’s Dilemma -- 1.4 The Research Strategy of the Isolable Subsystem -- 1.5 Theories of Language vs. Language Analysis -- 1.6 Theories of Logic -- 1.7 Logico-Linguistics -- 2. Information and Language -- 2.1 Information States -- 2.2 Input and Output -- 2.3 Information Automata -- 2.4 Language Automata -- 2.5 Black-Box Methodology -- 2.6 The What-Do-You-Know? Game -- 2.7 The Behavior-Analytic Interpretation of Language Automata -- 2.8 The Linguistic Priority of the Language Automaton -- 2.9 Languages -- 2.10 Summary -- 3. On Describing Languages -- 3.1 Descriptive Strategies -- 3.2 Descriptive Equivalence -- 3.3 Language Descriptions as Scientific Theories -- 3.4 Basic Evidence Propeties -- 3.5 The Evidence-Gathering Process -- 4. Language and Deductive Logic -- 4.1 Idealizations -- 4.2 Logical Relationships -- 4.3 Properties of the Logical Relationships -- 4.4 Logics -- 4.5 Informative Languages have Incomplete Logics -- 4.6 Quasi-logical Relationships -- 4.7 Quasi-logical Relationships are often Logical -- 4.8 Logic in the Evidence-Gathering Process -- 5. Semantics, Axiomatics -- 5.1 Semantically Structuralizable Languages -- 5.2 Examples of Artifical Semantically Structuralizable Languages -- 5.3 A Fragment of English -- 5.4 Semantics and Deductive Logic -- 5.5 Axiomatic Language Descriptions -- 5.6 Other Language Families -- 5.7 Logic as a Branch of Linguistics -- 5.8 Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics -- 6. Meaning -- 6.1 Purports and Imports -- 6.2 Purport-Import Glossaries -- 6.3 Specialized Glossaries -- 6.4 Synonymy -- 7. Language and Inductive Logic -- 7.1 Credibility Weights -- 7.2 Probability Weights -- 7.3 Deductive Logic in Probability-Weighted Languages -- 7.4 The Semantics of Probability-Weighted Languages -- 7.5 Plausible Inference -- 7.6 Statistical Inference -- 7.7 Inductive Reasoning -- 7.8 Extended Semantics -- 8. ‘If-Then’: A Case Study in Logico-Linguistic Analysis -- 8.1 Preliminary Statement of Hypotheses to be Tested -- 82 History of Hypothesis A -- 8.3 History of Hypothesis B -- 8.4 History of Other Hypotheses -- 8.5 Delineation of Constructions of Interest -- 8.6 The Working Hypothesis of Extended Semantic Structuralizability -- 8.7 Exact Statement of Hypothesis A -- 8.8 Exact Statement of Hypothesis B -- 8.9 Remarks on Hypothesis B -- 8.10 Contraposition -- 8.11 Methodological Review -- 8.12 The Hypothetical Syllogism -- 8.13 Further Inference Patterns -- 8.14 The Paradoxes of Material Implication -- 8.15 The Second Paradox Re-examined Dynamically -- 8.16 Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens -- 8.17 Order of Premises -- 8.18 Incompatible Conditionals -- 8.19 Self-Contradictory Conditionals -- 8.20 Aristole’s Slip -- 8.21 Incompleteness of the Rules Governing Conditionals -- 8.22 Logically Disjunct Conditionals -- 8.23 Negations of Conditionals -- 8.24 Conjunctions of Conditionals -- 8.25 Conditionals Containing Other Conditionals -- 8.26 Lewis Carroll’s Barbershop Paradox -- 8.27 Disjunctions of Conditionals -- 8.28 Conclusions about If—then -- 8.29 Further Case Studies -- 8.30 Concluding Remark -- 9. Problem Areas and Computer Applications -- 9.1 Choice of Linguistic Unit -- 9.2 Ambiguity -- 9.3 Context-Dependence -- 9.4 Linguistic Incompleteness -- 9.5 Non-declarative Sentences -- 9.6 Physical Realizability -- 9.7 Automatic Question-Answering -- 9.8 Enthymemes, Analyticity -- 9.9 Further Computer Applications -- 9.10 Artificial Intelligence -- 9.11 The Future -- References.
    Kurzfassung: In 1962 a mimeographed sheet of paper fell into my possession. It had been prepared by Ernest Adams of the Philosophy Department at Berkeley as a handout for a colloquim. Headed 'SOME FALLACIES OF FORMAL LOGIC' it simply listed eleven little pieces of reasoning, all in ordinary English, and all absurd. I still have the sheet, and quote a couple of the arguments here to give the idea. • If you throw switch S and switch T, the motor will start. There­ fore, either if you throw switch S the motor will start, or, if you throw switch T the motor will start . • It is not the case that if John passes history he will graduate. Therefore, John will pass history. The disconcerting thing about these inferences is, of course, that under the customary truth-functional interpretation of and, or, not, and if-then, they are supposed to be valid. What, if anything, is wrong? At first I was not disturbed by the examples. Having at that time consider­ able personal commitment to rationality in general and formal logic in par­ ticular, I felt it my duty and found myself easily able (or so I thought) to explain away most of them. But on reflection I had to admit that my expla­ nations had an ad hoc character, varying suspiciously from example to example.
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  • 56
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    ISBN: 9789400998223
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (316p) , digital
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    Serie: Studies of Classical India 1
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Kurzfassung: I. Preface -- Notes to the Preface -- II. The Introduction to the Kha??anakha??akh?dya Translation and Commentary -- Notes to the Translation.
    Kurzfassung: Srihar~a is recognised as one of the greatest exponents of what is generally known as the Sarpkara school of Advaita Vedanta. The Advaita Vedanta of Sarpkara has been commented upon, explained, expounded and developed in its various ramifications by several generations of scholars, commentators and original thinkers for over a thousand years. Even today it is claimed to be one of the two traditional schools of Indian Philosophy which have survived and have modern adherents while most other schools have died of old age on Indian soil. The only other school that has survived is the Nyaya-Vaise~ika or what is now called the Navya-nyaya. Both Advaita Vedanta and Navya-nyaya have attracted the attention of modern scholars and philosophers (of both India and abroad), who are acquainted with Western philosophy and whose interest in the study of Indian philosophy has not simply been limited to the history of Indian thought or Indology. Modern exponents of Advaita Vedanta are numerous. With a few notable exceptions, however, most modern authors of Vedanta try to expound and modernise the Advaita system from either a speculative and personal point of view or from a superficial viewpoint of Kantian philosophy or Hegelian Absolutism. Such a method has seldom achieved the sophistication and respectability that is normally expected in the context of modern (chiefly western) philosophic activity.
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  • 57
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    ISBN: 9789400996632
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (172p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives 90
    Serie: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 90
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    Schlagwort(e): History
    Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- II. Politics in Shakespeare -- III. Macbeth and the Tyrannical Man -- IV. Bastards and Usurpers -- V. “Ciphers to this Great Accompt” -- VI. “The English Solomon” -- VII. Bacon’s “Wisdom of the Ancients” -- VIII. Rembrandt and the Human Condition.
    Kurzfassung: It was probably Rousseau who first thought of dreams as ennobling experiences. Anyone who has ever read Reveries du Promeneur Solitaire must be struck by the dreamlike quality of Rousseau's meditations. This dreamlike quality is still with us, and those who experience it find themselves ennobled by it. Witness Martin Luther King's famous "1 have a dream. " Dreaming and inspiration raise the artist to the top rung in the ladder ofhuman relations. That is probably the prevailing view among educated people of our time. Rousseau made that view respectable and predominant. Yet in another sense, the problem is much older. It is the problem of political philosophy and poetry, the problem of Socrates and Aristophanes, of Plato and Homer. Yet, while antiquity usually gives the crown to philosophy, since Rous­ seau, the alternative view tends to prevail. The distinction is not, however, a formal one. Sir Philip Sidney enlisted Plato on the side of poetry. The true distinction is between imagination and reason. If reason is to rule, as Aristotle points out,l the most architectonic of the sciences, that is political science, should rule. It is political philosophy which must determine the nature of the arts which will help or which will hinder the good of the city or the polity. That does not mean that a mere professor should stand in judgment of Shake­ speare, Bacon, and Rembrandt. It means that ifhe studies these three great artists, he is not over-stepping disciplinary limits.
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  • 58
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    ISBN: 9789400998537
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (230p) , digital
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    Serie: Studies in the History of Modern Science 3
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; History ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Kurzfassung: Section I Essay on Some Problems Concerning the Normal and the Pathological (1943) -- Preface to the Second Edition (1950) -- One. Is the Pathological State Merely a Quantitative Modification of the Normal State? -- I. Introduction to the problem -- II. Auguste Comte and ‘Broussais’s principle’ -- III. Claude Bernard and experimental pathology -- IV. The conceptions of René Leriche -- V. Implications of the theory -- Two. Do Sciences of the Normal and the Pathological Exist? -- I. Introduction to the problem -- II. A critical examination of certain concepts: the normal, anomaly, and disease; the normal and the experimental -- III. Norm and average -- IV. Disease, cure, health -- V. Physiology and pathology -- Conclusion -- Section II New Reflections on the Normal and the Pathological (1963–1966) -- Twenty years later… -- I. From the social to the vital -- II. On organic norms in man -- III. A new concept in pathology: error -- Epilogue -- Notes to Section I -- Bibliography to Section I -- Notes to Section II -- Bibliography to Section II -- Glossary of Medical Terms -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: by MICHEL FOUCAULT Everyone knows that in France there are few logicians but many historians of science; and that in the 'philosophical establishment' - whether teaching or research oriented - they have occupied a considerable position. But do we know precisely the importance that, in the course of these past fifteen or twenty years, up to the very frontiers of the establishment, a 'work' like that of Georges Canguilhem can have had for those very people who were separ­ ated from, or challenged, the establishment? Yes, I know, there have been noisier theatres: psychoanalysis, Marxism, linguistics, ethnology. But let us not forget this fact which depends, as you will, on the sociology of French intellectual environments, the functioning of our university institutions or our system of cultural values: in all the political or scientific discussions of these strange sixty years past, the role of the 'philosophers' - I simply mean those who had received their university training in philosophy department- has been important: perhaps too important for the liking of certain people. And, directly or indirectly, all or almost all these philosophers have had to 'come to terms with' the teaching and books of Georges Canguilhem. From this, a paradox: this man, whose work is austere, intentionally and carefully limited to a particular domain in the history of science, which in any case does not pass for a spectacular discipline, has somehow found him­ self present in discussions where he himself took care never to figure.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789401576345
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XVII, 333 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 13
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series 13
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Kurzfassung: Mill’s Theory of Justice -- The Interest in Liberty on the Scales -- On the Nature of Moral Values -- The Basic Structure as Subject -- Relevance -- Act-Utilitarian Agreements -- Intrinsic value -- The Goals of Action -- What is Moral Relativism? -- Intending -- Doing the Best One Can -- Are Epistemic Concepts Reducible to Ethical Concepts? -- Moral Reasons and Reasons To Be Moral -- Moral and Other Realisms: Some Initial Difficulties -- Meta-Ethics and Meta-Epistemology -- Some Problems in the Definition and Justification of Punishment -- Bibliographies -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: This Festschrift seeks to honor three highly distinguished scholars in the Department of Philosophy, University of Michigan: William K. Frankena, Charles L. Stevenson, and Richard B. Brandt. Each has made significant con­ tributions to the philosophic literature, particularly in the field of ethics. Michigan has been fortunate in having three such original and productive moral philosophers serving ob its faculty simultaneously. Yet they stand in a long tradition of excellence, both within the Department and in the University. Let us trace that tradition briefly. The University of Michigan opened in 184l.lts Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts at first resembled a typical American college ofthat period, with religious and ethical indoctrination playing a central role in course offerings. But when Henry Tappan, a Presbyterian clergyman and Professor of philosophy, became President in 1852, he succeeded in shifting the emphasis from indoctrination to inquiry and scholarship. Though he was dismissed for his policies in 1863, Tappan's efforts to establish a broad and liberal curriculum prevailed. Michigan was to take its place among the leading educational institutions in this country, and to achieve an international reputation as a research center. Several past philosophers are worthy of mention here. George Sylvester Morris, an absolute idealist, joined the Department in 1881, having served from 1870 as Chairman of the Department of Modern Languages and Literature. He assumed the Chairmanship of Philosophy in 1884.
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  • 60
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    ISBN: 9789400998018
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 57
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 57
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of mind
    Kurzfassung: General Introduction -- 1. The Theory of Persons Sketched -- One. Mind/Body Identity -- 2. The Relation of Mind and Body -- 3. The Identity Theory -- 4. Radical Materialism -- 5. Materialism without Identity -- Two. Toward a Theory of Persons -- 6. Problems Regarding Persons -- 7. Language Acquisition I: Rationalists vs. Empiricists -- 8. Language Acquisition II: First and Second Languages and the Theory of Thought and Perception -- 9. Propositional Content and the Beliefs of Animals -- 10. Mental States and Sentience -- Three. Sentience and Culture Psychophysical Interaction -- 11. Psychophysical Interaction -- 12. The Nature and Identity of Cultural Entities -- 13. Action and Ideology -- References -- General Index -- Index of References.
    Kurzfassung: Persons and Minds is an inquiry into the possibilities of materialism. Professor Margolis starts his investigation, however, with a critique of the range of contemporary materialist theories, and does not find them viable. None of them, he argues, "can accommodate in a convincing way the most distinctive features of the mental life of men and oflower creatures and the imaginative possibilities of discovery and technology" (p. 8). In an extraordinarily rich analysis, Margolis carefully considers and criticizes mind-body identity theories, physicalism, eliminative materialism, behaviorism, as inadequate precisely in that they are reductive. He argues, then, for ramified concepts of emergence, and embodiment which will sustain a philosophically coherent account both of the distinctive non-natural character of persons and of their being naturally embodied. But Margolis provokes us to ask, what is an em­ bodied mind? The crucial context for him is not the plain physical body as such, but culture. "Persons", he writes, "are in a sense not natural entities: they exist only in cultural contexts and are identifiable as such only by refer­ ence to their mastery of language and of whatever further abilities presuppose such mastery" (p. 245). The hallmark of persons, in Margolis's account, is their capacity for freedom, as well as their physical endowment. Thus he writes, " . . . their characteristic powers - in effect, their freedom - must inform the order of purely physical causes in a distinctive way" (p. 246).
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  • 61
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    ISBN: 9789400997950
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Vienna Circle Collection 9
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical logic.
    Kurzfassung: The Infinite in Mathematics and its Elimination (1930) -- Preface -- Analytic Table of Contents -- 1. Basic Facts of Cognition -- II. Symbolism and Axiomatics -- III. Natural Number and Set -- IV. Negative Numbers, Fractions and Irrational Numbers -- V. Set Theory -- VI. The Problem of Complete Decidability of Arithmetical Questions -- VII. The Antinomies -- Remarks on the Controversy about the Foundations of Logic and Mathematics (1931) -- Questions of Logical Principle in the Investigation of the Foundations of Mathematics (ca. 1931) -- Bibliography of the Published Writings of Felix Kaufman -- Bibliography of Works cited in the Present Volume -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: The main item in the present volume was published in 1930 under the title Das Unendliche in der Mathematik und seine Ausschaltung. It was at that time the fullest systematic account from the standpoint of Husserl's phenomenology of what is known as 'finitism' (also as 'intuitionism' and 'constructivism') in mathematics. Since then, important changes have been required in philosophies of mathematics, in part because of Kurt Godel's epoch-making paper of 1931 which established the essential in­ completeness of arithmetic. In the light of that finding, a number of the claims made in the book (and in the accompanying articles) are demon­ strably mistaken. Nevertheless, as a whole it retains much of its original interest and value. It presents the issues in the foundations of mathematics that were under debate when it was written (and in some cases still are); , and it offers one alternative to the currently dominant set-theoretical definitions of the cardinal numbers and other arithmetical concepts. While still a student at the University of Vienna, Felix Kaufmann was greatly impressed by the early philosophical writings (especially by the Logische Untersuchungen) of Edmund Husser!' He was never an uncritical disciple of Husserl, and he integrated into his mature philosophy ideas from a wide assortment of intellectual sources. But he thought of himself as a phenomenologist, and made frequent use in all his major publications of many of Husserl's logical and epistemological theses.
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  • 62
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    ISBN: 9789400957909
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Serie: Outline Studies in Biology
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    Schlagwort(e): Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction -- 2 Solute transport at the cellular level -- 2.1 Driving forces -- 2.2 Carriers and pumps -- 2.3 Energy sources for active transport -- 2.4 Sensitive cells -- 3 Symplast and apoplast -- 3.1 The parallel pathways -- 3.2 Radial barriers — the endodermis -- 3.3 Transfer cells -- 4 The xylem pathway -- 4.1 Xylem structure -- 4.2 Ion movement in the xylem -- 4.3 Regulation of leaf nutrient content -- 5 The phloem pathway -- 5.1 Experiments to determine the pathway of assimilate translocation -- 5.2 Structural design of the sieve element -- 5.3 Composition of phloem sap -- 5.4 Movement in the phloem -- 5.5 Physiology of the phloem -- 6 Driving forces for long-distance transport -- 6.1 Transpiration and the cohesion theory -- 6.2 Postulated mechanisms for phloem transport -- References.
    Kurzfassung: Plants, in addition to their role as primary synthesizers of organic com­ pounds, have evolved as selective accumulators of inorganic nutrients from the earth's crust. This ability to mine the physical environment is restricted to green plants and some microorganisms, other life forms being direct1y or indirect1y dependent on this process for their supply of mineral nutrients. The initial accumulation of ions by plants is of ten spatially separated from the photosynthetic parts, necessitating the transport to these parts of the inorganic solutes thus acquired. The requirement for energy-rich materials by the accumulation process is provided by a transport in the opposite direction of organic solutes from the photosynthetic areas. These transport phenomena in plants have been studied at the cellular level, the tissue level, and the whole plant level. The basic problems of analysing the driving forces and the supply of energy for solute transport remain the same for alI systems, but the method of approach and the type of results obtained vary widely with the experimental material employed, reflecting the variation of the solute transporting properties which have se1ectively evolved in response to both internal and external environmental pressures.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789401745130
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Law ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law.
    Kurzfassung: Official Opening Session -- Speech by Prof. Dr. E. Krings, Chairman of the Congress -- Speech by Prof. Dr. W. Delva, Dean of the Faculty of Law, State University of Ghent -- Speech by Mr. R. van Elslande, Minister of Justice of Belgium -- Speech by Prof. Dr. M. Storme, Secretary General of the Congress -- General Reports -- Les principes fondamentaux du droit judiciaire privé -- Internationales Prozessrecht -- L’administration de la preuve en droit judiciaire -- Appellate proceedings -- Accessibility of legal procedures for the underprivileged: Legal aid and advice -- La Humanización del proceso (I) -- La Humanización del proceso (II) -- Accelerating the process of law -- ‘Small claim courts’ -- Le rôle et la compétence du juge -- Selección y nombramiento de jueces -- Tareas del Ministerio Publico en el proceso civil -- Jurists and paraprofessionals -- Summary Report on the Working Days -- Official Closing Ceremony -- Speech by Prof. Dr. M. Storme, Secretary General of the Congress -- Speech by Mr. A. Devreker, Rector of the University of Ghent -- Speech by Mr. L. Tindemans, Prime Minister of Belgium -- Speech by Prof. Dr. E. Krings, President of the Congress -- List of Participants -- Supporting Institutions.
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  • 64
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    ISBN: 9789401724685
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIV, 417 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction -- 2. An outline of the anatomy -- 3. Respiration, circulation and excretion -- 4. Feeding and digestion -- 5. Reproduction and growth -- 6. Endocrinology -- 7. An inventory of the sense organs -- 8. What an octopus sees -- 9. Touch and the role of proprioception in learning -- 10. Effectors and motor control -- 11. Learning and brain lesions: 1: Mainly tactile learning -- 12. Learning and brain lesions: 2: Visual learning -- References -- Author index.
    Kurzfassung: between the organ systems of cephalopods and those of less ambitious molluscs. Octopus does, as we would predict, live close to the limits set by its own physiology. The circulation, to take one example, is barely adequate for such an active animal, mainly because of the absence of any system for pack­ aging the blood pigment; haemocyanin in solution is a poor oxygen carrier. Cephalopod blood can transport less than 5 millilitres of oxygen per 100 ml of blood (compared with about 15 vol% in fish) and the whole supercharged system of triple hearts, high blood pressure and pulsating blood vessels succeeds only in returning blood that retains less than 30% of its dissolved oxygen by the time it reaches the gills. This at rest; the effect of exercise is immediate and surprisingly long­ lasting even in octopuses as small as 300 g, which must very swiftly run into oxygen debt when they flee from predators or pursue their prey (Sections 3.2.2, 3.2.4). Digestion, too would seem to be limiting. As with other molluscs, digestion in Octopus is based on secretion­ absorption cycles by a massive diverticulum of the gut, an adequate system in a less hectic past, but scarcely appropriate in a predator that must be an opportunist in the matter of feeding. Octopus feeds mainly at night, and spends a great deal of every day sitting at home.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789401744652
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XII, 172 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Law ; Law of the sea. ; International law. ; Aeronautics—Law and legislation.
    Kurzfassung: I: The Regulatory Framework of International Ratemaking -- II: Character of Iata -- III: Organization and Activities of Iata -- IV: Government Control of International Rate-Making -- V: The Making of Iata Fares and Rates -- VI: Non-Iata International Air Tariffs -- VII: The North Atlantic Battlefield -- VIII: Alternatives to the Present International Ratemaking System -- Postscriptum -- Appendices -- A. Books and Theses -- B. Articles -- C. Cases -- D. International Agreements -- E. Documents -- (i) ECAC -- (ii) IATA -- (iii) ICAO -- (iv) USA -- (v) Others.
    Kurzfassung: Ratemaking in international air transport is a matter of vital importance for airlines, consumers and Governments. For airlines, because the level of international air fares and rates forms one of the bases of their profit-making ability. For consumers, because that level determines whether they can afford the use of international air transport. For Governments, because they, as the guardians of the interests of both the airlines and the consumers, have the task to strike a just balance between those interests. International air fares and rates are of two kinds: scheduled and non-scheduled. The International Air Transport Association (lATA), the trade association of the world's scheduled international airlines, determines, under Governmental supervision and control, uniform fares and rates for scheduled international air services. These services account for approximately seventy-five percent of total international air traffic. The remaining twenty-five percent consists of non­ scheduled, or charter international air services. International charter air fares and rates are by and large set by the free forces of the marketplace, and compete with scheduled international (lATA) air fares and rates. This book studies both scheduled and charter international air fares and rates. It examines the role of airlines, airline asso­ ciations and Governments in the international ratemaking process. Furthermore, it analyses the competitive relationship between charter and scheduled international air fares and rates.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789400997998
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 14
    Serie: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 14
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Galileo’s Scientific Method: a Reexamination -- Some Tactics in Galileo’s Propaganda for the Mathematization of Scientific Experience -- Galileo Galilei and the Doctores Parisienses -- Descartes as Critic of Galileo -- Galileo and the Causes -- Galileo: Causation and the Use of Geometry -- Galileo’s Matter Theory -- The Conception of Science in Galileo’s Work.
    Kurzfassung: The essays in this volume (except for the contribution of Dr. Le Grand) are extremely revised versions of papers originally delivered at a workshop on Galileo held in Blacksburg, Virginia in October, 1975. The meeting was organized by Professor Joseph Pitt and sponsored by the Department of Philosophy and Religion, The College of Arts and Sciences, and the Division of Research of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The papers that follow deal with problems OIf Galileo's philosophy of science, specific and general problems connected with his methodology, and with historical and conceptual questions concerning the relationship of his work to that of contemporaries and both earlier and later scientists. New perspectives take many forms. In this book the 'newness' has, for the most part, two forms. First, in the papers by Wisan, Shea, Le Grand and Wallace (the concerns will also appear in some of the other contributions), greatly enriched historical discoveries of how Galileo's science and its method­ ology developed are provided. It should be stressed that these papers are attempts to recapture a deep sense of the kind of science Galileo was creating. Other papers in the volume, for example, those by McMullin, Machamer, Butts and Pitt, underscore the importance of this historical venture by discussing various aspects of the philosophical background of Galileo's thought. The historical and philosophical evaluations and analyses compliment one another.
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  • 67
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400999091
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (480p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 7
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: 1 / Background -- 1.0.1 Greek Geometry and Philosophy -- 1.0.2 Geometry in Greek Natural Science -- 1.0.3 Modern Science and the Metaphysical Idea of Space -- 1.0.4 Descartes’ Method of Coordinates -- 2 / Non-Euclidean Geometries -- 2.1 Parallels -- 2.2 Manifolds -- 2.3 Projective Geometry and Projective Metrics -- 3 / Foundations -- 3.1 Helmholtz’s Problem of Space -- 3.2 Axiomatics -- 4 / Empiricism, Apriorism, Conventionalism -- 4.1 Empiricism in Geometry -- 4.2 The Uproar of Boeotians -- 4.3 Russell’s Apriorism of 1897 -- 4.4 Henri Poincaré -- 1. Mappings -- 2. Algebraic Structures. Groups -- 3. Topologies -- 4. Differentiable Manifolds -- Notes -- To Chapter 1 -- To Chapter 2 -- 2.1 -- 2.2 -- 2.3 -- To Chapter 3 -- 3.1 -- 3.2 -- To Chapter 4 -- 4.1 -- 4.2 -- 4.3 -- 4.4 -- References.
    Kurzfassung: Geometry has fascinated philosophers since the days of Thales and Pythagoras. In the 17th and 18th centuries it provided a paradigm of knowledge after which some thinkers tried to pattern their own metaphysical systems. But after the discovery of non-Euclidean geometries in the 19th century, the nature and scope of geometry became a bone of contention. Philosophical concern with geometry increased in the 1920's after Einstein used Riemannian geometry in his theory of gravitation. During the last fifteen or twenty years, renewed interest in the latter theory -prompted by advances in cosmology -has brought geometry once again to the forefront of philosophical discussion. The issues at stake in the current epistemological debate about geometry can only be understood in the light of history, and, in fact, most recent works on the subject include historical material. In this book, I try to give a selective critical survey of modern philosophy of geometry during its seminal period, which can be said to have begun shortly after 1850 with Riemann's generalized conception of space and to achieve some sort of completion at the turn of the century with Hilbert's axiomatics and Poincare's conventionalism. The philosophy of geometry of Einstein and his contemporaries will be the subject of another book. The book is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 provides back­ ground information about the history of science and philosophy.
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  • 68
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    ISBN: 9789400998551
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (446p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Vienna Circle Collection 4b
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: V / Philosophy of Physics -- 44. The Present State of the Discussion on Relativity (1922) -- 45. The Theory of Motion According to Newton, Leibniz, and Huyghens (1924) -- 46. The Relativistic Theory of Time (1924) -- 47. The Causal Structure of the World and the Difference between Past and Future (1925) -- 48. The Aims and Methods of Physical Knowledge (1929) -- 49. Current Epistemological Problems and the Use of a Three-Valued Logic in Quantum Mechanics (1951) -- 50. The Logical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1952) -- 51. The Philosophical Significance of the Wave-Particle Dualism (1953) -- VI/Probability and Induction -- 52a. The Physical Presuppositions of the Calculus of Probability (1920) -- 52b. Appendix: A Letter to the Editor (1920) -- 53. A Philosophical Critique of the Probability Calculus (1920) -- 54. Notes on the Problem of Causality [A Letter from Erwin, Schrödinger to Hans Reichenbach] (1924) -- 55. Causality and Probability (1930) -- 56. The Principle of Causality and the Possibility of Its Empirical Confirmation (1932) -- 57. Induction and Probability: Remarks on Karl Popper’s The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1935) -- 58. The Semantic and the Object Conceptions of Probability Expressions (1939) -- 59. A Letter to Bertrand Russell (March 28, 1949) -- Bibliography of Writings oF Hans Reichenbach -- Index of Names to Volumes One and Two.
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  • 69
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400996915
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XXII, 545 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H. L. van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 76
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 76
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: One Philosophy as Descriptive Psychology -- I. Acts, Contents and the Relations between Them -- II. Genetic and Descriptive Psychology -- III. Philosophy as Analysis of Origins -- IV. The A Priori Sciences and the Problem of their Founding -- V. Brentano and Husserl -- VI. Preliminary Conclusions -- Two Philosophy as Descriptive Eidetic Psychology -- I. Acts, Objects and the Relations between Them -- II. Genetic and Descriptive Psychology -- III. The New Theory of Abstraction -- IV. Logic and Psychology -- V. Philosophy as Analysis of Origins -- VI. Conclusions -- Intermezzo from Descriptive Psychology to Transcendental Phenomenology -- I. The Negative Aspect of the Reduction — The Epoche -- II. The Positive Aspect of the Reduction — The Residue -- III. From Descriptive Psychology to Transcendental Phenomenology -- Three Philosophy as Transcendental Phenomenology -- I. An Analysis of the Phenomenological Fundamental Consideration -- II. Psychological and Transcendental Epistemology -- III. Psychology and Transcendental Phenomenology -- IV. Transcendental Phenomenology and the A Priori Sciences -- V. Conclusion -- Translation Table -- Name Index.
    Kurzfassung: Although this book is a translation from Dutch, the chief obstacle to be overcome was Husser!'s (German) technical terminology. As I sought English equivalents for German phenomenological terms, I made thankful use of Dorion Cairns' Guidefor Translating Husserl as well as existing translations of Husser!'s works, especially J. N. Findlay's rendering of Logische Untersuchungen. Since the technical terminology in the various translations and English studies of Husser! is far from uniform, I had to devise my own system of equivalents for key Husserlian terms. As I translated the quotations from Husserl's works into English, I did consult the available translations and draw on them, but I endeavored to keep the technical vocabulary uniform -sometimes by fresh translations of the passages quoted and sometimes by slight alterations in the existing translations. I made these changes not so much out of any basic disagreement with other translators as out of a desire to keep the terminology uniform throughout the book. 1 For the benefit of German and French readers not entirely at home with the English phenomeno logical vocabulary, I have included a small translation table in which my English equivalents for some central German terms are listed. Words with cognates or well-established phenomenological terms as their English equivalents have not been included. Finally, I should like to express my thanks to Prof.
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  • 70
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    ISBN: 9789400998742
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (198p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 14
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series 14
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: One: Attributes -- One/Attribute-Agreement and the Problem of Universals -- Two/Predication and Universals -- Three/Resemblance and Universals -- Four/Abstract Reference and Universals -- Five/Towards A Realistic Ontology -- Two: Substances -- Six/Two theories of substance -- Seven/The Bundle Theory -- Eight/Bare Substrata -- Nine/Towards A Substance-Theory Of Substance -- Epilogue -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: In this book I address a dichotomy that is as central as any in ontology - that between ordinary objects or substances and the various attributes (Le. , properties, kinds, and relations) we associate with them. My aim is to arrive at the correct philosophical account of each member of the dichotomy. What I shall argue is that the various attempts to understand substances or attri­ butes in reductive terms fail. Talk about attributes, I shall try to show, is just that - talk about attributes; and, likewise, talk about substances is just tha- talk about substances. The result is what many will find a strange combina­ tion of views - a Platonistic theory of attributes, where attributes are univer­ sals or multiply exemplifiable entities whose existence is independent of "the world of flux", and an Aristotelian theory of substance, where substances are basic unities not reducible to metaphysically more fundamental kinds of things. Part One is concerned with the ontology of attributes. After distinguishing three different patterns of metaphysical thinking about attributes, I examine, in turn, the phenomena of predication, resemblance, and higher order quanti­ fication. I argue that none of these phenomena by itself is sufficient to establish the inescapability of a Platonistic interpretation of attributes. Then, I discuss the phenomenon of abstract reference as it is exhibited in the use of abstract singular terms.
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789400998483
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 12
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series 12
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Kurzfassung: Introduction: Through the Looking Glass -- Sellars on Practical Inference -- Sellars’ Defense of Altruism -- Basic Propositions, Empiricism and Science -- Sellarsian Scientific Realism Without Sensa -- The Problem of the Two Images -- Scientific Realism -- Peirce’s Conception of Truth -- Ordinary Knowledge and Scientific Realism -- Rules, Meaning and Behavior: Reflections on Sellars’ Philosophy of Language -- Linguistic Roles and Proper Names -- Sellars on Proper Names and Belief Contexts -- Rules, Roles, and Ontological Commitment: An Examination of Sellars’ Analysis of Abstract Reference 229 -- Logic: The Fundamentals of a Sellarsian Theory.
    Kurzfassung: In early November 1976 a workshop on the Philosophy of Wilfrid Sellars was held at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacks­ burg, Virginia. Sponsored by the Department of Philosophy and Religion, the College of Arts and Sciences and the Research Division of the University and organized by Professor Joseph C. Pitt, its aim was to provide a forum in which views of Professor Sellars could be discussed by a group of scholars fully acquainted with this work. Aside from the twelve invited participants, the workshop was attended by interested parties from as far away as Canada. The papers contained in the volume rep­ resent the results of the discussions held that weekend. With two excep­ tions the contents are extensively rewritten and revised versions of infor­ mal talks and presentations. (Rosenberg's paper is here in its original complete version. Rottschaefer was unable to attend. ) This collection is not then the proceedings but the final product derived from work initiated that weekend. The papers reftect both the spirit of the workshop and the work of Professor Sellars in that they represent the fruits of an intense and multi-faceted dialogue. Professor Sellar~' presence and whole hearted participation left us all with more than enough food for thought and a deepened appreciation of both the man and his philosophy. Special thanks are due Thomas Gilmer, Associate Dean of Research for The College of Arts and Sciences and Randal M.
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  • 72
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    ISBN: 9789400997691
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (351p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science 7
    Serie: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 7
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Process Philosophy and Quantum Dynamics -- Formal Languages and the Foundations of Physics -- Is the Hilbert space language too rich? -- Generalized Quantum Mechanics -- Quantum Logic -- The Operational Approach to Quantum Mechanics -- Completeness of Quantum Logic -- Quantum Logical Calculi and Lattice Structures -- An Operational Approach to Quantum Probability -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: In two earlier volumes, entitled The Logico-Algebraic Approach to Quan­ tum Mechanics (hereafter LAA I, II), I have presented collections of research papers which trace out the historical development and contem­ porary flowering of a particular approach to physical theory. One might characterise this approach as the extraction of an abstract logico-algebraic skeleton from each physical theory and the reconstruction of the physical theory as construction of mathematical and interpretive 'flesh' (e. g. , measures, operators, mappings etc. ) on this skeleton. The idea is to show how the specific features of a theory that are easily seen in application (e. g. , 'interference' among observables in quantum mechanics) arise out of the character of its core abstract structure. In this fashion both the deeper nature of a theory (e. g. , in what precise sense quantum mechanics is strongly statistical) and the deeper differences between theories (e. g. clas­ sical mechanics, though also a 'mechanics', is not strongly statistical) are penetratingly illuminated. What I would describe as the 'mainstream' logico-algebraic tradition is captured in these two collections of papers (LAA I, II). The abstract, structural approach to the characterisation of physical theory has been the basis of a striking transformation, in this century, in the understanding of theories in mathematical physics. There has emerged clearly the idea that physical theories are most significantly characterised by their abstract structural components.
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  • 73
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    ISBN: 9789400998452
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 6
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I Metascience: Philosophical Analysis of Scientific Truth -- 1 The Problem of Physical Explanation -- 2 Probability and Causality in Quantum Physics -- 3 Meaning and Scientific Status of Causality -- 4 Methodology of Modern Physics -- 5 Metaphysical Elements in Physics -- 6 Is the Mathematical Explanation of Physical Data Unique? -- II Fundamental Problems of 20th Century Physics -- 7 Probability, Many-Valued Logics and Physics -- 8 On the Frequency Theory of Probability -- 9 Can Time Flow Backwards? -- 10 Causality in Quantum Electrodynamics -- 11 Relativity: An Epistemological Appraisal -- 12 Philosophical Problems Concerning the Meaning of Measurement in Physics -- 13 Bacon and Modern Physics: a Confrontation -- III Science and Human Affairs -- 14 Western Culture, Scientific Method and the Problem of Ethics -- 15 Physical versus Historical Reality -- 16 The New View of Man in His Physical Environment -- 17 Science and Human Affairs -- 18 The New Style of Science -- IV Issues Beyond the Boundaries of Present Science -- 19 Phenomenology and Physics -- 20 Physics and Ontology -- 21 Faith and Physics -- 22 Metaethics -- 23 The Pursuit of Significance -- 24 Note on Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness -- 25 Religious Doctrine and Natural Science -- List of Publications.
    Kurzfassung: This book is intended for people interested in physics and its philosophy. for those who regard physics as an essential component of modern culture rather than merely a tool for industry or war. Indeed this volume is addressed to those students, teachers and research workers who enjoy learning, teaching or doing physics, and are in the habit of pausing once in a while to ponder over key physical concepts and hypotheses and to wonder whether received theories are as perfect as textbooks would have us believe and, if not, how they might be improved. Henry Margenau, recently retired from Yale University as Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics and Philosophy, is the most important philosopher of physics of his generation, and indeed one of the most eminent philosophers of science of our century. He introduced and elucidated the notion of the correspondence rule. He claimed and showed, in the heyday of positivism, that physics has metaphysical presuppositions. He was the first to realize that quantum mechanics can do without von Neumann's projection postulat- and that was as far back as 1936. He clarified the physics and the philosophy of Pauli's exclusion principle at a time when it seemed mysterious. He was the first physicist to publish a philosophical paper in a physics journal, which he did as early as 1941. He was also one of the rare scientists who proclaimed the need for a scientific approach to value theory and ethics.
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  • 74
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    ISBN: 9789400996984
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (334p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Selected Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy 7
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: Section One The Arena of Society -- Issues in Phenomenology and Critical Theory -- Renovating the Problem of Politics -- Structuralism Revisited: Lévi-Strauss and Diachrony -- Action, Interaction and Reflection in the Ontology of Ortega y Gasset -- Section Two The World of the Image -- The Phenomenological Approach to Poetry -- The Image/Sign Relation in Husserl and Freud -- Eidos: Universality in the Image or in the Concept? -- Section Three The Roots of Perception -- Some Reflections on Perceptual Consciousness -- Remarks on Wilfrid Sellars’ Paper on Perceptual Consciousness -- Perception, Knowledge and Contemplation -- Section Four Threshold Issues -- Psychopathology and Human Evil: Toward a Theory of Differentiation -- The Phenomenology of Guilt and the Theology of Forgiveness -- “Hermeneutics,” “Death of God” and “Dissolution of the Subject”: A Phenomenological Appraisal -- Authentic Time -- Life, Death and Self-Deception -- List of Contributors.
    Kurzfassung: One of the greatest and oldest of images for expressing living change is that of the movement of waters. Rivers particularly, in their relentless motion, in the constant searching direction of their travel, in the confluence of tributaries and the division into channels by which identity is constituted and dispersed and once more reestablished, have stood as metaphors for movements in a variety of realms-politics, religion, literature, thought. Among philosophic movements, phenomenology and existential­ ism are discernible as one such movement of ideas analogous in configuration to the flow of a river in its channel or network of channels. The course taken by the stream of phenomenology and existential philosophy in North America is easily seen from the contents of the six volumes of collected papers from the annual meetings of the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philo­ sophy that have preceded the present selection. What soon becomes clear in general, and is evident as well in the present volume, is that phenomenological and existential philosophies are far from being homogeneous, are far from showing an identity as to the sources from which they derive their energy, or the themes that they carry forward toward clarification. And yet there is a con­ fluence, a convergence of orientation, sympathy, and conceptuality, INTRODUCTION 4 SO that problematics harmonize and complement and mutually enrich.
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400997615
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (518p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Vienna Circle Collection 4a
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Memories of Hans Reichenbach -- 1. Autobiographical Sketches for Academic Purposes -- 2. Memories of Wendeli Erné, Hans Reichenbach’s Sister -- 3. At the End of School Days: A Look Backward and a Look Forward (1909) -- 4. Letter from Reichenbach to His Four Years Older Brother Bernhard -- 5. From a letter of Bernhard Reichenbach to Maria Reichenbach (1975) -- 6. Memories of Ilse Reichenbach, Hans Reichenbach’s Sister-in-Law -- 7. Memories of Uncle Hans: Nino Erné -- 8. Hans’ Speech at the Funeral of His Father -- 9. Aphorisms of a Docent Formally Admitted to Teach at a University (1924) -- 10. University Student: Carl Landauer -- 11. University Student: Hilde Landauer -- 12. Memories of Hans Reichenbach, 1928 and Later: Sidney Hook -- 13. A Young University Teacher [from a letter of Carl Hempel to Maria Reichenbach, March 21, 1976] -- 14. A Professor in Turkey, 1936: Memories of Matild Kamber -- 15. Concerning Reichenbach’s Appointment to the University of California at Los Angeles: Charles Morris -- 16. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Rudolf Carnap -- 17. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Herbert Feigl -- 18. Recollections of Hans Reichenbach: Ernest Nagel -- 19. U.C.L.A.: Donald Kalish -- 20. U.C.L.A.: Paul Wienpahl -- 21. U.C.L.A.: Norman Dalkey -- 22. U.C.L.A.: Hermann F. Schott -- 23. A Blind Student Recalls Hans Reichcnbach: H. G. Burns -- 24. Recollections of Hans Reichenbach: David Brunswick -- 25. U.C.L.A., 1945–1950: Cynthia Schuster -- 26. U.C.L.A., 1949: W. Bruce Taylor -- 27. 1950: Donald A.Wells -- 28. U.C.L.A., 1951–53: Ruth Anna Putnam -- 29. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Frank Leroi -- 30. Hans Reichenbach’s Definitive Influence on Me: Adolf Grünbaum -- 31. At the Chapel, 1953: Abraham Kaplan -- 32. Hans Reichenbach, a Memoir: Wesley C. Salmon -- 33. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Maria Reichenbach -- I / Early Writings on Social Problems -- Student Years: Introductory Note to Part I (M.R.) -- 1. The Student (1912–13) -- 2. The Student Body and Catholicism (1912) -- 3. The Free Student Idea: Its Unified Contents (1913) -- 4. Why do we Advocate Physical Culture? (1913) -- 5. The Meaning of University Reform (1914) -- 6. Platform of the Socialist Students’ Party (1918) -- 7. Socializing the University (1918) -- 8. Report of the Socialist Student Party, Berlin and Notes on the Program (1918) -- II / Popular Scientific Articles -- 9. The Nobel Prize for Einstein (1922) -- 10. Relativity Theory in a Matchbox: A Philosophical Dialogue (1922) -- 11. Tycho Brahe’s Sextants (1926) -- 12. The Effects of Einstein’s Theory (1926) -- 13. An Open Letter to the Berlin Funkstunde Corporation (1926) -- 14. Laying the Foundations of Chemistry: The Work of Marcellin Berthelot (1927) -- 15. Memories of Svante Arrhenius (1927) -- 16. A New Model of the Atom (1927) -- 17. On the Death of H. A. Lorentz (1928) -- 18. Philosophy of the Natural Sciences (1928) -- 19. Space and Time: From Kant to Einstein (1928) -- 20. Causality or Probability? (1928) -- 21. The World View of the Exact Sciences (1928) -- 22. New Approaches in Science: Physical Research (1929) -- 23. New Approaches in Science: Philosophical Research (1929) -- 24. New Approaches in Science: Mathematical Research (1929) -- 25. The New Philosophy of Science (1929) -- 26. Einstein’s New Theory (1929) -- 27. Johannes Kepler (1930) -- 28. The Present State of the Sciences: The Exact Natural Sciences (1930) -- 29. One Hundred Against Einstein (1931) -- 30. Is the Human Mind Capable of Giange? (An Interview) (1932) -- III / General Scientific Articles -- 31. Metaphysics and Natural Science (1925) -- 32. Bertrand Russell (1929) -- 33. The Philosophical Significance of Modern Physics (1930) -- 34. The Königsberg Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences (1930) -- 35. The Problem of Causality in Physics (1931) -- 36. The Physical Concept of Truth (1931) -- 37. Heinrich Scholz’History of Logic (1931) -- 38. Aims and Methods of Modern Philosophy of Nature (1931) -- 39. Kant and Natural Science (1933) -- 40. Carnap’sLogical Structure of the World (1933) -- 41. Theory of Series and Gödel’s Theorems (Sections 17–22) (1948) -- IV / Ethical Analysis -- 42. The Freedom of the Will (1959) -- 43. On the Explication of Ethical Utterances (1959) -- Bibliography of Writings of Hans Reichenbach -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: These two volumes form a full portrait of Hans Reichenbach, from the school boy and university student to the maturing and creative scholar, who was as well an immensely devoted teacher and a gifted popular writer and speaker on science and philosophy. We selected the articles for several reasons. Many of them have not pre­ viously been available in English; many are out of print, either in English or in German; some, especially the early ones, have been little known, and deal with subject-matters other than philosophy of science. The genesis and evolu­ tion of Reichenbach's ideas appeared to be of deep interest, and so we in­ cluded papers from four decades, despite occasional redundancy. We were, for example, pleased to include his extensive review article from the encyclo­ pedic Handbuch der Physik of 1929 on 'The Aims and Methods of Physical Knowledge', written at a time of creative collaboration between Reichenbach's Berlin group and the Vienna Circle of Schlick and Carnap. Reichenbach was a pioneer, opening new pathways to the solution of age-old problems in many fields: space, time, causality, induction and probability - philosophical analysis and interpretation of classical physics, relativity and quantum physics - logic, language, ethics, scientific explanation and methodology, critical appreciation and reconstruction of past metaphysical thinkers and scientists from Plato to Leibniz and Kant. Indeed, his own philosophical journey was initiated by his passage from Kant to anti-Kant.
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    ISBN: 9789400996953
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
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    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H. L. Van Breda et Publiée Sous Le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 77
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 77
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- 1. The Lifeworld and Intersubjectivity -- 2. Typification -- 3. Social Action -- 4. Social Interaction -- 5. Provinces of Meaning -- 6. Relevance -- II. Some Fundamentals of Phenomenology -- III. Schutz’s Reflections on Relevance -- 1. Introductory Remarks -- 2. The Kinds of Relevance -- 3. Interdependency of the Kinds of Relevance -- 4. The Formation of the Stock of Knowledge -- 5. Disturbances of Sedimentation -- 6. The Structure of the Stock of Knowledge -- 7. The Articles and Relevance -- IV. Critical Remarks on Schutz’s Theory -- 1. Introduction: Synopsis of Critical Remarks -- 2. Reflection -- 3. Typification -- 4. Critique of Schutz’s Reflections on Relevance -- 5. Summary of Critical Remarks -- V. The Founding of Relevance -- 1. Typification and Relevance -- 2. Foundedness -- 3. The Relevances -- 4. Relevance and Judging -- VI. Relevance, Science, and the Social Sciences -- 1. The Province of Scientific Theory -- 2. The Domain of the Social Sciences -- 3. Critical Remarks -- 1. Schutz’s Works -- 2. Husserl’s Works -- 3. Other Works.
    Kurzfassung: The following is neither exclusively the study of a philosopher nor a problem, and yet is both as well. Alfred Schutz is now recogniz­ ed to have been a profoundly insightful philosopher who explor­ ed the nature of social reality and the social sciences. His works are exercising a great influence in a wide range of problems and disciplines, the latter including the social sciences themselves. All of this is testimony to the sagacity and penetrating character of his analyses as well as the fruitfulness and soundness of his con­ cepts. Philosophy proceeds, however, by not merely accepting the work of great philosophers, but by engaging them in critical philosophic dialogue. It is time for this interchange to begin with respect to Schutz's work. To some extent, then, this work is di­ rected to that task. It does not undertake a systematic treat­ ment of the whole of Schutz's philosophy, for much more work in many aspects of his thought is yet to be done before such a pro­ ject can reasonably be undertaken. Yet, the issue of concern in this study is, I now believe, the philosophic center of the whole of Schutz's work.
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    ISBN: 9783110802658
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (327 pages)
    Serie: World Anthropology
    DDC: 301.29
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    Schlagwort(e): Gesellschaft ; Gemeinschaft ; Individuum
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    ISBN: 9783110800067
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (689 pages)
    Serie: World Anthropology
    DDC: 301.2
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    ISBN: 9783110807721
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (289 pages)
    Serie: World Anthropology
    DDC: 301.2
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    Schlagwort(e): Volksliteratur
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    ISBN: 9783110810233
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (445 pages)
    Serie: World Anthropology
    DDC: 301.45
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    Schlagwort(e): Nomadismus
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    ISBN: 9783110806496
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (583 pages)
    Serie: World Anthropology
    DDC: 301.29/54
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    Schlagwort(e): Kultursoziologie ; Himalaja
    Anmerkung: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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    ISBN: 9783110807707
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (473 pages)
    Serie: World Anthropology
    DDC: 305.8
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    Schlagwort(e): Ethnologie ; Kulturanthropologie ; Sozialanthropologie
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    ISBN: 9783110808018
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (696 pages)
    Serie: World Anthropology
    DDC: 301.360973
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    Schlagwort(e): Geschichte ; Stadtentwicklung ; Verstädterung ; USA ; Nordamerika ; Amerika ; Lateinamerika
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    URL: Cover
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401712828
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (X, 458 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 113
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 113
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Dispositions and Definitions -- Counterfactuals and Dispositions -- Disposition Concepts and Extensional Logic -- In Defense of Dispositions -- Dispositions Revisited -- Dispositions, Grounds, and Causes -- Some Ways of Operationally Introducing Dispositional Predicates with Regard to Scientific and Ordinary Practice -- Dispositional Explanation -- Universals and Dispositions -- Disposition -- A World of Dispositions -- Capacities and Natures -- Powers -- Notes on the Doctrine of Chances -- The Propensity Interpretation of Probability -- Dispositional Probabilities -- Propensities and Probabilities -- Subjunctives, Dispositions, and Chances -- Dispositions and Occurrences -- Dispositions, Occurrences, and Ontology -- Belief and Disposition -- Beliefs as States -- Dispositions, Realism, and Explanation -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: This anthology consists of a collection of papers on the nature of dis­ positions and the role of disposition concepts in scientific theories. I have tried to make the collection as representative as possible, except that problems specifically connected with dispositions in various special sciences are relatively little discussed. Most of these articles have been previously published. The papers by Mackie, Essler and Trapp, Fetzer (in Section 11), Levi, and Tuomela appear here for the first time, and are simultaneously published in Synthese 34, No. 4, which is a special issue on dispositions. Of the previously published material it should be emphasized that the papers by Hempel and Fisk have been extensively revised specially for this anthology. The papers are grouped in four sections, partlyon the basis of their content. However, due to the complexity of the issues involved, there is considerable overlap in content between the different sections, especially between Sections land 11. I wish to thank Professors James Fetzer and Carl G. Hempel for helpful advicc in compiling this anthology.
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    ISBN: 9789400998605
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (396p) , digital
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    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 124
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. Semantics of Natural Language -- Grammar and Meaning -- Sense and Science -- Variable-Free Semantics for Negations with Prosodic Variation -- Informational Independence in Tntensional Context -- II. Mathematical Logic -- A Note on Distributive Normal Forms -- On the Metaphysics of the Real Line -- A Generalization of the Infinitely Deep Languages of Hintikka and Rantala -- III. Applications of Formal Methods -- On the Possibilities of Information Evaluation of Graphical Communications -- On Formal Aspects of Distributive Justice -- Some Reflections on Method in the Theory of Social Choice -- IV. Philosophical Logic -- A Problem about Permission -- Possible Worlds and Formal Semantics -- Continuity and Similarity in Cross-Identification -- V. Epistemology -- Serious Possibility -- On Knowing, Knowing that One Knows and Consciousness -- Knowing that One Sees -- VI. Philosophical Aesthetics -- Anything Viewed -- VII. History of Philosophy -- The ‘Master Argument’ of Diodorus -- Plato in infinitum remisse incipit esse albus -- A Problem for Kant -- Subjects, Predicates, Isomorphic Representation, and Language Games -- Husserl and Heidegger on the Role of Actions in the Constitution of the World -- Index of Names -- Tabula Gratulatoria.
    Kurzfassung: Jaakko Hintikka was born on January 12th, 1929. He received his doctorate from the University of Helsinki under the supervision of Professor G. H. von Wright at the age of 24 in 1953. Hintikka was appointed Professor of philosophy at the University of Helsinki in 1959. Since the late 50s, he has shared his time between Finland and the U.S.A. He was appointed Professor of philosophy at Stanford University in 1964. As from 1970 Hintikka has been permanent research professor of the Academy of Finland. He has published 13 books and about 200 articles, not to mention the various editorial and organizational activities he has played an active role in. The present collection of essays has been edited to honour Jaakko Hintikka on the occasion of his fiftieth birthday. By dedicating a Festschrift to Jaakko Hintikka, the contributors wish to pay homage to this remarkable man whom they see not only as a scholar of prodigious energy and insight, but as a friend, colleague and former teacher. The contributors hope the essays collected here will bring pleasure to the man they are intended to honour. All of the essays touch upon topics Hintikka has taken an direct or indirect interest in, ranging from technical problems of mathematical logic and applications of formal methods through philosophical logic, philosophy of language, epistemology and history of philosophy to philosophical aesthetics.
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    ISBN: 9789400998667
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (426p) , digital
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    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 58
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 58
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Objective Criteria of Scientific Progress? Inductivism, Falsificationism, and Relativism -- I: The LSE Position -- The Popperian Approach to Scientific Knowledge -- The Ways in Which the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes Improves on Popper’s Methodology -- ‘Crucial’ Experiments: A Case Study -- The Objective Promise of a Research Programme -- II: Reflections on the LSE Position -- Popper vs Inductivism -- In Defence of Aristotle: Comments on the Condition of Content Increase -- Evidential Support, Falsification, Heuristics, and Anarchism -- Science and the Search for Truth -- Philosophy of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions -- Towards a New Theory of Scientific Inquiry -- Some Critical Comments on Current Popperianism on the Basis of a Theory of System Sets -- The Problem of Verisimilitude -- Objectivism vs Sociologism -- III: The LSE Reply -- Research Programmes, Empirical Support, and the Duhem Problem: Replies to Criticism -- Corroboration and the Problem of Content-Comparison -- Unified Bibliography for Parts I And III -- IV: Two Brief Rejoinders -- The Gong Show — Popperian Style -- Reply to Watkins -- Biographical Notes -- Author Index.
    Kurzfassung: This collection of essays has evolved through the co-operative efforts, which began in the fall of 1974, of the participants in a workshop sponsored by the Fritz Thyssen Foundation. The idea of holding one or more small colloquia devoted to the topics of rational choice in science and scientific progress originated in a conversation in the summer of 1973 between one of the editors (GR) and the late Imre Lakatos. Unfortunately Lakatos himself was never able to see this project through, but his thought-provoking methodology of scientific research programmes was ably expounded and defended by his successors. Indeed, this volume continues and deepens the debate inaugurated in Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave), a book which grew out of a conference held in 1965. That debate has continued during the years that have passed since that conference. The group of discussions about the place of rationality in science which have been held between those who emphasize the history of science (with Feyerabend and Kuhn as the most prominent exponents) and the critical rationalists (Popper and his followers), with Imre Lakatos defending a middle ground, these discussions were seen by almost all commentators as the most important event in the philosophy of science in the last decade. This problem area constituted the central theme of our Thyssen workshop. The workshop operated in the following manner.
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    ISBN: 9789400998766
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    Serie: Sovietica, Publications and Monographs of the Institute of East-European Studies at the University of Fribourg / Switzerland and the Center for East Europe, Russia and Asia at Boston College and the Seminar for Political Theory and Philosophy at the University of Munich 40
    Serie: Sovietica 40
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: One / Marxism and Ethical Theory: A Brief History -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Feuerbachian and Marxian humanism -- 3. Engels, Kautsky, and neo-Kantian ethical theory -- 4. Marx and Hegelian ethical theory -- Two / Soviet Philosophy: The Ambiguous Inheritance of Materialism -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Feuerbachian materialism as a critique of Hegel -- 3. Marxian naturalism and materialism -- 4. Engels, Plekhanov, and Lenin on dialectical materialism -- 5. Dialectical materialism and the critique of dialectical idealism in Soviet thought -- Three / The Origins of Soviet Ethical Theory -- Four / Ethical Theory and its Object, Morality -- 1. Morality as an aspect of social consciousness -- 2. The science of ethics and its object -- 3. Universal norms and class norms of morality -- Five / Discussions of Value Theory in Soviet Marxism -- 1. The origins of the discussion and the distinction of value from fact -- 2. Analyses of value -- 3. Value judgments and truth -- 4. Good and evil -- 5. Conclusion: Soviet theories of value and metanormative naturalism -- Six / Society and the Individual -- 1. Social utilitarianism -- 2. The concept of interest -- 3. Duty, responsibility, and freedom -- 4. Patriotism -- Seven/Historical Progress and Intrinsic Value -- 1. The problem of a criterion of progress in Soviet philosophy -- 2. The criterion of progress in Marx’s philosophy of history -- 3. Philosophy of history and cosmology in Marx -- 4. Cosmos and value, society and progress -- Eight / Soviet Criticisms of ‘Bourgeois’ Ethical Theory -- 1. Kantian ethics and Soviet deontological theories -- 2. The influence of Hegel on Soviet ethical theory -- 3. The critique of neopositivist ethical theory -- 4. The critique of existentialist ethical theory -- Nine / Conclusions -- References -- Selected Bibliography.
    Kurzfassung: A survey of the intellectual history of Marxism through its several phases and various national adaptations suggests, for any of at least three reasons, that the attempt to provide a widely acceptable summary of 'Marxist ethics' must be an enterprise with little prospect of success. First, a number of prominent Marxists have insisted that Marxism can have no ethics because its status as a science precludes bias toward, or the assumption of, any particular ethical standpoint. On this view it would be no more reasonable to expect an ethics of Marxism than of any other form of social science. Second, basing themselves on the opposite assumption, an equally prominent assortment of Marxist intellectuals have lamented the absence of a coherently developed Maryist ethics as a deficiency which must be remedied. ! Third, less com­ monly, Marxism is sometimes alleged to possess no developed ethical theory because it is exclusively committed to advocacy of class egoism on behalf 2 of the proletariat, and is thus rooted in a prudential, not a moral standpoint. The advocacy of proletarian class egoism - or 'revolutionary morality- may, strictly speaking, constitute an ethical standpoint, but it might be regarded as a peculiar waste of time for a convinced and consistent class egoist to develop precise formulations of his ethical views for the sake of convincing an abstract audience of classless and impartial rational observers which does not happen to exist at present.
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    ISBN: 9789400997776
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (526p) , digital
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    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 119
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    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: On Clear and Obscure Styles of Philosophical Writing -- Symbolomania and Pragmatophobia -- On the Content and Object of Representations -- Actions and Products. Comments on the Border Area of Psychology, Grammar, and Logic -- Issues in the Logic of Adjectives -- A Survey of Logical and Semantic Problems -- The Reistic or Concretistic Approach -- Comments on the Meaning of Words -- The Controversy Over Designata -- Token-reflexive Words Versus Proper Names -- Connotation and Denotation -- Proposition as the Connotation of Sentence -- Intensional Expressions -- Concerning the So-called Empty Names -- Issues in the Philosophy of Proper Names -- Truth and the Concept of Language -- Ambiguity and the Language of Science -- Significano ‘per se’ and ‘per aliud’ in Anselm -- An Analysis of the Concept of Sign -- The Controversy over the Limits of the Applicability of Logical Methods -- Puzzles of Existence -- Vague Words -- Names and Predicates translated by P. T. Geach -- On the Antinomy of the Liar and the Semantics of Natural Language -- Normal and Non-normal Classes in Current Language -- Normal and Non-Normal Classes Versus the Set-Theoretical and the Mereological Concept of Class -- The Semantics of Open Concepts -- Languages and Theories Adequate to the Ontology of the Language of Science -- A Functional Approach to the Logical Semiotics of Natural Language -- The Principle of Transparency and Semantic Antinomies -- The Semantic Functions of Oblique Speech -- The Semantic Conception of Truth in the Methodology of Empirical Sciences translated by Z. Wójcicka -- The Attribute and the Class translated by B. Stanosz -- Analyticity and Apriority -- Sources of the Texts -- Biographical and Bibliographical Notes.
    Kurzfassung: In the Introduction to the Polish-language version of the present book I expressed the hope that Polish studies in semiotics would before long be numerous enough to make possible another anthology on semiotics in Poland containing material published since 1970. That hope has in fact come true. The fact that semiotic research has been gaining momentum in this country is reflected in the growing interest in the discipline, in expanding international contacts, and in the steady increase in the number of publications. Thus, 1972 saw the setting up of the Department of Logical Semiotics, headed by the present writer, at Warsaw University Institute of Phi­ losophy. The seminar on semiotics, which I started in 1961, had met more than two hundred times by the end of 1976; since 1968, meetings have been held jointly with the Polish Semiotic Society. Another semi­ nar, confined to university staff and concerned with logical semiotics, which was inithted in 1970, had met more than fifty times by the end of 1976. The former seminar often plays host to foreign visiting pro­ fessors; so far scholars from Australia, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, the German Democratic Republic, Italy, the Netherlands, the Soviet Union, and the United States have attended.
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