Abstract: I. Lobbying in the kaiserreich -- II. Lobbyist in Saxony -- III. The organization of Saxon Business -- IV. Landtag Electoral Reform -- Conclusion.

Abstract: The old saw, "Gennany is the heart of Europe, Saxony the heart of Germany," Treitschke derided as that "favorite, self­ congratulatory phrase" parroted by reactionary Saxons. His ridicule is understandable. He was born a Saxon, yet adored Prussia, which forced his native kingdom into the Kaiserreich. Historians of this century, also loyal in a sense to the German Empire, have dismissed internal affairs of the federal states as parochial. Thus Saxony, though wracked by political agitation more severe than in any other German state during the last two decades of the Wilhelmian era, has been generally looked upon as peripheral to the great national issues of the day. Solid as Treitschke's grounds may in his time have been for scoffing at the anachronism of Saxon particularism, recent history has shown that Saxony was after all the heart of Gennany in more than the geographic sense. It was by far the most Lutheran region of Gennany and was often called the "model land" of Liberalism, a way of life not to be confused with liberal democracy in the M usterliindle, Baden, or in the Kingdom of Wiirttemberg. In Land Sachsen the small independent entre­ preneur did not vanish from the scene during the industrial boom of 1871-g0 as he did in Rhineland-Westphalia.

Abstract: I. From Autocracy to Democracy: Political Institutions at the End of the Ch’ing Dynasty -- 1. Transformation from Absolute to Constitutional Monarchy -- 2. Causes of the Constitutional Movement -- 3. Preparation for Constitutionalism -- 4. The Principles of Constitution, September 22, 1908 -- 5. The National Legislative Council (Tse-cheng Yüan) -- 6. The Provincial Assembly (Tse-I Chu) -- 7. The Beginning of Local Self-Government -- 8. The Revolution and the Nineteen Articles of November 3, 1911 -- II. Democracy in Experiment: Political Institutions During the Early Republican Period -- 1. Preparations for a Provisional Government -- 2. Analysis of the Organic Law of the Provisional Government -- 3. Inauguration of the Provisional Government at Nanking -- 4. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, March 11, 1912 -- 5. The Change of the Provisional Presidency and the Seat of Government -- 6. The Establishment of Parliament -- 7. The Drafting of the Constitution and the Election of President -- 8. The Judicial System of the New Republic -- 9. The Local Government System -- III. Monarchism VS. Republicanism: Political Institutions under the Dictatorship of Yüan Shihk’ai -- 1. Yüan Shih-k’ai vs. Constitutional Democracy -- 2. Yüan Shih-k’ai and the Constitutional Compact of 1914 -- 3. The Reorganized National Government Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 4. Th Local Government System Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 5. The Rise and Fall of Yüan’s Monarchial Movement -- IV. Split Between the North and the South: Political Institutions During the Period of Internal Dissensions -- 1. Developments Under the Regime in Peking -- 2. The New Parliament and the New Constitutional Draft -- 3. Parliament’s Second Restoration and its Adoption of the 1923 Constitution -- 4. The Constitution-Protecting Government in the Southwest -- 5. The Peking Government Under Provisional Chief Executive Tuan -- 6. The Local Government System -- V. The Nationalist Party in Power: Unification of China under Kuomintang Programs -- 1. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party in 1924 -- 2. Basic Principles and Programs of the Nationalist Party -- 3. The Northern Expedition and the Unification of China -- 4. The Beginning of Political Tutelage -- VI. The Five-Power Constitution at Work: Political Institutions During the Period of Political Tutelage -- 1. The National Government Before 1928 -- 2. The National Government Since 1928 -- 3. The National People’s Convention and the Promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China for the Period of Political Tutelage -- 4. Nationalist Efforts to Carry Out Party Principles and Programs -- 5. The Preparation for Constitutional Rule in China -- 6. The Local Government System During the Period of Political Tutelage -- VII. Communism Versus Nationalism: The Chinese Communist Party and Soviet Regimes (1921–1945) -- 1. The Formation of Communist Organizations in China -- 2. The First United Front of the Nationalists and Communists -- 3. Armed Uprisings and the Change of Leadership -- 4. The Establishment of Soviet Regimes in China -- 5. The Second United Front and Expansion of the Communist Regimes -- VIII. China at War: Political Institutions During the Period of the Sino-Japanese War -- 1. The Hostilities Between China and Japan -- 2. The Formal Establishment of Chiang Kai-shek’s Leadership -- 3. Wartime Party Alignments -- 4. The Supreme National Defense Council — The Highest Organ of Wartime China -- 5. The Triple-linked Administrative System -- 6. The Wartime National Government -- 7. The People’s Political Council -- 8. The Wartime Local Government -- 9. The Local Representative Bodies -- IX. From the Mainland to Taiwan (Formosa): Political Institutions During the Postwar Period -- 1. Peace Negotiations Through the Political Consultative Conference -- 2. The Convocation of the National Assembly and the Constitution of 1946 -- 3. The Central and Local Governments Under the Constitution of 1946 -- 4. The First Session of the First National Assembly -- 5. The Nationalist Debacle and Retreat to Taiwan -- 6. The National Government in Taiwan -- 7. The Local Government System in Taiwan -- 8. Taiwan Today -- X. The Communist Party in Power: Mao’s Political Thought and the Party Organization -- 1. On the Road to Victory -- 2. The Political Thought and Strategy of Mao Tse-tung -- 3. The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party and Its Guiding Principles -- 4. The Organization and Functions of the Communist Party -- 5. The Communist Youth League -- 6. The Communist Relationship with Minor Political Parties and Mass Organizations -- XI. Fundamental Laws of the People’s Republic: From the Common Program to the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) -- 2. The Common Program of 1949 in the Nature of a Provisional Constitution -- 3. The Central Government System, 1949–1954 -- 4. The Local Government System, 1949–1954 -- 5. The Adoption of the Constitution by the National People’s Congress -- 6. General Principles of the Constitution of 1954 -- XII. The Government of “Democratic Centralism”: Political Institutions under the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Present System of Government -- 2. The National People’s Congress -- 3. The Head of the State -- 4. The State Council -- 5. The People’s Courts and Procuratorates -- 6. Local People’s Congresses and Councils -- 7. Self-Government Organs of National Autonomous Areas -- 8. The Communist Government in Action -- Appendices.

Abstract: This book is prepared primarily for students who are interested in studying the constitutional development and government structure of twentieth-century China. Since the emergence of the Chinese consti­ tutional movement at the end of the nineteenth century, political institutions in China have undergone constant changes. The first four chapters treat of constitutional development and government systems from the latter part of the Ch'ing dynasty to the re-unification of China by the Nationalist Party in 1928. The other eight chapters deal with the policies, programs, and institutions of the Nationalist and Commu­ nist governments up to 1962. While treatises on various subjects have been consulted, the sources of this book are chiefly based on the official documents from the collections as indicated in the bibliography. Materials in the first few chapters are partly drawn from my previous works on government and politics in China. Because of the immense scope of the subject and the intricacy of the problems involved, this work is not intended to be exhaustive, but is rather a brief description and discussion of each topic under consideration. As there are many valuable works on China in general as well as on her history and inter­ national relations, I have tried not to cover what has already been dealt with by others. In my presentation of facts and views, I have endeavored to be as objective as possible, personal political convictions notwithstanding.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. The Historical Theoreticians -- Marx and Engels -- Lenin -- Trotsky -- Bukharin -- Stalin -- III. Contemporary Soviet Thought -- Work -- Res Publica -- Social Life -- IV. The Future Society — An Estimate -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: Neither of the founders and none of the subsequent leaders of the Communist movement ever wrote a full analysis of what he expected the future society to be. Throughout the vast literature of Marxism there is nothing in general or detail which devotes itself to this goal as such. There are several obvious reasons for this: Marxists, having excoriated utopian, Le. , pre-Marxist, socialism for its idealism and chimeras, for not being based on the only scientific analysis of society, historical materialism, have sedulously avoided going beyond that analysis themselves. The dynamic of this materialism is, consistently, self-restrictive, non-mechanistic, zeitgebunden; it develops the past in terms of actions and counteractions in social time, and sees naturallaw at work in each stage of social-economic organization - Le. , in history. It sees the exhaustion of an era in the completion of its logic and the unconscious creation of its successor. Therefore the discarding of capi­ talism as historically depleted and the rise of socialism-communism as the next stage, the next logic and law of economic development, are forecast. This is the given, the premise, the Naturnotwendigkeit of material society, the reason of social efficiency and of course one of the data of capitalism. According to E. H.

Abstract: I. A Post-War Phenomenon -- Emigration Prior to 1940 -- The Second World war -- The Situation in the Netherlands Immediately after the war -- Factors Connected with the Urge to Emigrate -- The General Situation in 1948 -- A Lost Generation? -- The Unsettled Emigration Climate -- II. The Government Versus Private Organizations -- Government Concern with Emigration Prior to 1940 -- The Denominational Emigration Organizations Prior to 1940 -- Clay and Sand: The two Poles of Agrarian Emigration -- Growing Government Interference after 1945 -- Two Guiding Principles for the Granting of Subsidies -- Collision with the Social Organizations -- Compromise and Strategy -- III. Policy, Planning and Prognoses -- The Fear of Poverty -- The Fear of “Over-Population” -- Population Problems and Emigration Policy -- Industrialization and Emigration -- The Bottle-Neck of “Emigration Planning” in a Democratic System -- “Planned Migration” in the Light of Actual Developments -- IV. Organized Emigration in Practice -- Vertical Ideological Pluralism in the Netherlands -- The Organization of the Voluntary Agencies -- Emigration Procedure -- Government Policy and Group Policy -- V. Socioreligious Group Characteristics -- Religious Denomination and Country of Destination -- Registration Organ and Country of Destination -- Registration Organ and Religious Denomination -- Emigrant, Registration Organ and Religious Denomination -- Socioreligious Structure and the Continuity of Emigration -- VI. At Group Level: Points of View and Attitudes Adopted with Reference to Emigration -- The Roman Catholics -- The Calvinists -- Remaining Groups -- VII. The Dynamics of Social Change -- Increased Prosperity and Communication -- The Integration of Parts. a New Frame of Reference -- New Conceptions Regarding the Population Problem -- The Netherlands and European Migration -- VIII. Adaptation of the Emigration Policy -- Increasing Isolation -- Two Specific Drawbacks -- Those who Returned -- Criticism of the Emigration Policy -- The Defence -- From “Active” Policy to “Positive” Policy -- Summary and Conclusions -- Thwarted Exodus -- The Group Character of Netherlands Emigration -- The Conservative Type of Migration -- Appendices -- 1. Adjoining chapter V, “Emigrant, registration organ and religious denomination.” Primary and/or sociologically relevant data -- 2. Idem. Questions directly connected with emigration -- 3. Migration to and from the Netherlands, 1900–1962 -- References.

Abstract: Much has been written about Netherlands emigration since the Second World War. In the course of years opinions on the subject have been advanced by the Government, by political and religious groups, by employers' and workers' organizations and by represent­ atives of the sodal sdences. As times and drcumstances changed, certain of these opinions also changed. Befjer remarks in this connec­ tion : "Opinions as to whether or not it is a good thing to emigrate are divided and are strongly influenced by the good and bad trend of affairs in the political, sodal and economic fields, apart from subjective influences which contribute in considerable measure to the formation of such opinions. "l Thanks to a number of sdentific studies, actual knowledge of the emigration phenomenon in the Netherlands soon after the war gradually increased. But in various quarters stereotyped conceptions, rooted in the prevailing cultural systems, had taken hold round this process. Hence it could not be expected to move aside immediately to make room for the cautiously fotmulated discoveries of sodal research. Among the great merits 2 of Haveman is the fact that not only did he inspire and stimulate this research, he also lost no time in making full use of the results 3 thereof during his period of office.

Abstract: I. The policy of non-alignment -- The Indian case -- II. Sino-Indian relations prior to 1954 -- Tibet -- The conference at Simla -- Indian nationalism and China -- Independent India -- Communism in India -- China invades Tibet -- The search for a new relationship -- III. Five principles of peaceful coexistence -- IV. Panchsheel and Afro-Asian cooperation -- The Bandung conference -- V. India’s position in international conflict -- Junagadh and Hyderabad -- Kashmir -- Korea -- Suez and Hungary -- Goa -- Conclusions -- VI. The border dispute with China -- China probes the boundary -- Revolt in Tibet -- Challenge to the entire border -- The Premiers meet (April 1960) -- The Officials report -- Deadlock -- Further proposals -- The fighting starts -- The Colombo proposals -- The question of prisoners -- China’s agreements with other neighbours -- VII. Legal aspects of the border dispute -- The juridical status of Tibet -- Mountain boundaries -- Maps and boundary disputes -- Effective occupation -- Prescription -- Protest, acquiescence and estoppel -- The Western Sector -- The Eastern Sector -- VIII. Political motives in the border dispute -- China changes her evaluation of India -- Marxist ideology -- The Indian assessment of China’s motives -- Conclusions -- IX. Conclusions -- The boundary question -- The implications of the border dispute -- Panchsheel -- Prospects.

Abstract: Introduction: The Pre-legal Foundation of Nationalisation -- 1. The Social Foundation -- 2. The Economic Foundation -- 3. The Political Foundation -- 4. Conclusion -- I. — The Achievement -- Section I: Introduction -- Section II: Industry and Commerce -- Section III: General and Systematic Conclusions -- II. — The Legal Structure -- Section I: Introduction -- Section II: The Socialisation of Law -- Section III: The Socialisation of Property -- Section IV: The Legal Nature of Nationalisation -- Section V: Conclusions -- III. — Operation -- Section I: Introduction -- Section II: The Form of Nationalisation -- Section III: Place and Function -- Section IV: The State Plan -- IV. — International Law -- Section I: Private Property in Public International Law -- Section II: International Status of Nationalisation -- Section III: Compensation -- Section IV: Procedure -- Appendix: “Inter”-Nationalisation.

Abstract: In this book Professor Katzarov has made the first comprehensive study 0/ nationalisation /rom the legal point 0/ view. The author's knowledge 0/ European languages, in addition to his mother tongue 0/ Bulgarian, has enabled him to draw on material/rom England, France, the U.s.S.R. and the other communist countries 0/ Eastern Europe, and many countries 0/ Asia and Latin America. The book ranges widely in another sense. Professor Katzarov is a jurist in the best Continental tradition in that his work does not spring /rom a narrow technical outlook, but is a synthesis 0/ historical, philo­ sophic, political, economic and legal elements. Thus, he shows the way in which the constitutional and legal /ramework 0/ nationalisation has been in/luenced by extra-legal elements. It is difficult to imagine a legal scholar trained in one 0/ the Common Law countries producing a work as broadly conceived; and this is one 0/ several reasons why the publication 0/ an English edition is welcome.