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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.575
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Based on 18 country reviews performed over the 2003-2005 period, this paper examines, the cross-country differences in policy approaches to product market competition and their consequences for product market rents. Against this background, the paper summarises OECD recommendations to further strengthen competition in various sectors and areas. These include: removing remaining barriers to trade and inward foreign direct investments; better securing deterrence of cartels through effective sanctions; facilitate market access to inherently competitive industries by easing zoning laws (the retail sector), abolishing reserved monopolies (sales of tobacco and alcohol), limiting the scope of trade associations’ self-regulation and easing residency or nationality requirements (professional services); meet competition challenges in network industries by facilitating the effective separation of monopoly components from competitive activities, reducing public ownership, clearly separating the government’s ownership and regulatory functions and creating the right incentives for investing in infrastructures.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 9, no. 1, p. 7-98
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 93 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competition Law and Policy in the European Union
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 9, no. 1, p. 7-98
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La politique de la concurrence a joué un rôle clé dans le développement de l’Union européenne et de ses institutions. La Commission européenne, avec l’appui des tribunaux européens, a mis en place le cadre de la politique de la concurrence en Europe. Ce cadre a été édifié depuis le traité de Rome de 1957 avec le souci fondamental de promouvoir l’ouverture du marché tout en renforçant les institutions communautaires. La politique de la concurrence de la Communauté européenne connaît actuellement une transition vers une orientation axée sur l’économie de marché et sa mise en oeuvre s’effectue par le réseau désormais étendu des autorités de la concurrence nationales. Les réformes destinées à la « modernisation » du processus d’application sont entrées en vigueur en mai 2004, ainsi que les modifications intervenues en matière de contrôle des fusions. La Commission envisage en outre de revoir son dispositif dans d’autres domaines, comme l’abus de position dominante et les aides publiques. À mesure que les États membres adaptent leurs règles substantielles aux principes communautaires, le rôle de la Commission européenne, des autorités nationales de la concurrence et des tribunaux évolue aussi. La coordination du processus d’application entre les nombreux organes de la Communauté européenne, notamment en ce qui concerne les demandes de clémence déposées dans le cadre d’enquêtes relatives aux ententes, est de plus en plus importante. La Commission a pris des mesures pour renforcer ses capacités d’analyse économique et pour corriger les faiblesses de son processus de décision qui étaient apparues à l’occasion d’importantes décisions de justice. Tout le problème pour ce dispositif, qui est adapté aux méthodes administratives d’application, est de produire des résultats convaincants pour les tribunaux, tout en préservant la cohérence de l’action des pouvoirs publics dans un contexte d’application décentralisée. Ce rapport a servi de base à l’examen par les pairs réalisé en 2005 dans le cadre du Comité de la concurrence.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 9, no. 1, p. 7-80
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Droit et politique de la concurrence dans l'Union européenne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 9, no. 1, p. 7-80
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Competition policy played a central role in the development of the EU and its institutions. The European Commission, supported by the European courts, developed the framework for competition policy in Europe. This framework has been built since the Treaty of Rome in 1957 on a foundation of promoting market opening while strengthening the institutions of the European Community. The competition policy of the European Community is now in transition toward a basis in market-centered economic considerations, as well as on application through the now-extensive network of nationallevel authorities. The “modernisation” reforms of the enforcement process became effective in May 2004, along with changes in the control of mergers, and the Commission has been considering revisions to its policies about other topics, notably abuse of dominance and state aid. As the Member States adapt their substantive rules to those of the Community, the roles of the European Commission, the national competition agencies and the courts are changing. Co-ordination of enforcement among many agencies in the European Community, particularly concerning applications for leniency as part of cartel investigations, is increasingly important. The Commission moved to strengthen its capacity for economic analysis and to correct weaknesses in its decision process that had been revealed in critical court decisions. The challenge to this system, well adapted for administrative application, is to produce results that are convincing to the courts while maintaining policy consistency in a system of decentralised enforcement. This report served as the basis for a peer review in the Competition Committee in 2005.
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 7, no. 1, p. 7-81
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Droit et politique de la concurrence en France
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 1, p. 7-81
    Keywords: Governance ; France
    Abstract: Competition law in France applies EU norms about restrictive agreements and abuses. The two institutions that apply the law must deal with its conflicting purposes concerning unfair competition, and with subtleties of policy choice and jurisdiction concerning the reform of infrastructure monopolies. The Director General of the DGCCRF and the chair of the Conseil de la Concurrence from France made some remarks on the Secretariat report. These introductory remarks to the peer review of France by the Competition Committee in October 2003 are in annex to this report.
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.491
    Keywords: Economics ; Ireland
    Abstract: While Ireland’s economic performance has been impressive, there are too many sectors where producers are shielded from competition, at the expense of consumers. The loss in efficiency from these policies will become more noticeable as Ireland’s growth rate settles down towards more normal levels. International evidence suggests that enhancing competition is an important means for lowering prices and boosting productivity and innovation. This paper reviews the main areas for reform, including retail trade, pharmacies, professional services such as legal and medical services, and various network industries including electricity, telecommunications and inter-city buses. It also appraises the structure and enforcement of competition law.
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 7, no. 1, p. 7-91
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 86 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competition Law and Policy in France
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 1, p. 7-91
    Keywords: Governance ; France
    Abstract: Le droit de la concurrence en France reprend les normes européennes concernant les abus et les pratiques restrictives. Les deux institutions chargées de la mise en oeuvre de la législation de la concurrence doivent faire face à des objectifs contradictoires s’agissant de la concurrence déloyale et à des choix de politique et de compétence juridictionnelle délicats s’agissant de la réforme des monopoles d’infrastructure. Le directeur général de la DGCCRF et le président du Conseil de la concurrence ont formulé des remarques sur le rapport du Secrétariat. Ces remarques introductives à l’examen par les pairs de la France au Comité de la concurrence en octobre 2003 figurent en annexe de ce rapport.
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  • 7
    Language: French
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.473
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in France
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: La croissance économique française sur la dernière décade s'est avérée insuffisante pour résorber un taux de chômage élevé et persistant. Les études et comparaisons internationales disponibles suggèrent qu'un renforcement du degré de concurrence permettrait d'améliorer significativement la performance économique. La France n’est plus loin de la meilleure pratique pour ce qui est de la réforme de la politique de la concurrence. Pourtant, d’autres considérations de politique économique font souvent obstacle à l’émergence d’une véritable concurrence. Des pressions concurrentielles relativement faibles prévalent dans plusieurs secteurs, notamment les secteurs de services abrités. Les restrictions à la concurrence réduisent la croissance de la production et freinent la création d’emplois dans les secteurs réglementés. L’action des pouvoirs publics doit pondérer davantage le bien-être global des consommateurs face à l’opposition des groupes d’intérêt spéciaux de taille relativement restreinte mais très actifs. Le présent chapitre passe en revue les réformes qui renforceraient la concurrence en : i) consolidant les institutions et en clarifiant mieux les responsabilités de la mise en œuvre de la concurrence ; ii) donnant aux autorités sectorielles de réglementation une plus grande compétence pour l’amélioration de l’accès non discriminatoire des tiers et d’autres aspects de la concurrence dans les industries de réseau ; iii) abolissant les réglementations trop contraignantes dans le secteur de la distribution ; et iv) supprimant la protection inutile dans certains services professionnels. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l'Étude économique de l'OCDE de la France 2005 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/france).
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.473
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence sur les marchés de produits et performance économique en France
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: Over the past decade, French economic growth has been insufficient to bring down high and persistent unemployment. Available cross-country evidence suggests that enhancing competition is an important means to improve economic performance. France is catching up with best practice in competition policy reform. However, other policy considerations often hamper the emergence of effective competition. Relatively weak competitive pressures remain in a number of sectors, particularly in sheltered service industries. Restrictions on competition reduce productivity growth and hinder job creation in regulated sectors. Policy must focus on giving more weight to overall consumer welfare in the face of opposition from relatively small but vocal special interest groups. This paper discusses reforms that would increase competition by: i) strengthening institutions and better clarifying their responsibilities with respect to competition enforcement; ii) reinforcing the ability of sector regulators to improve non-discriminatory third-party access and other aspects of competition in the network industries; iii) abolishing overly prescriptive regulation in the retail sector; and iv) removing unnecessary protection in some professional services. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of France (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/france).
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 7, no. 2, p. 7-66
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 2, p. 7-66
    Keywords: Governance ; Germany
    Abstract: Germany's post-war competition law has been notably successful, and the enforcement body, the Bundeskartellamt, is widely respected. German institutions are now challenged to adapt to the modernised EU enforcement approach. Germany's institutional structure has supported competition well within its defined sphere; however, it may not be as well adapted to promoting competition in liberalising network sectors
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  • 10
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.422
    Keywords: Economics ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This paper assesses what role product market competition and reforms may have played in the performance of the Dutch economy over the past decade, and discusses what further product market reforms might contribute to enhancing growth. In general, competitive pressures appear to be relatively strong in the Netherlands, particularly in the traded goods sector. Competition in product markets has been strengthened through the creation of a competition authority (NMa) and the Competition, Deregulation and Legislative Quality project (MDW). A planned reduction in the administrative burden will also help to strengthen competition, by reducing barriers to business start-ups and the expansion of small businesses, as well as lowering business costs. However, competitive pressures and productivity growth are weaker in the Dutch services sector. Planning restrictions are inhibiting competition and productivity growth in the retail sector and there is considerable scope to eliminate practices that restrict competition in professional services, even though both are relatively liberalised in the Netherlands. Reforms in electricity, gas and telecoms are recent and market power on the part of incumbent firms remains a concern. Competitive pressures in these industries could be increased by enhancing the powers of the regulators and eliminating barriers to entry.
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.451
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia
    Abstract: The OECD Growth Study and other empirical work have shown that the strength of competition in product markets plays an important role in the economic growth process as well as contributing to a more efficient allocation of resources in a static sense. More intense competition is likely to encourage stronger efforts of managers to improve efficiency and induce higher innovative activity, leading to higher multi-factor productivity. This paper begins with a short review of Australia’s growth performance since the early 1990s and its possible link to strengthened competitive pressures and their interaction with other economic reforms. Attention is then turned to indicators of product market competition to gauge the strength of competitive pressures. This is followed by an assessment of the general competition policy framework and its role in promoting competition. The next section presents the framework of the National Competition Policy and reviews the completeness of the reform programme and the areas requiring further action. The paper then examines a number of sectors where regulatory policies can be expected to have particularly large impacts. The implications of trade liberalisation on Australia’s economic performance and the scope for further improvements are also discussed in some detail. The paper concludes with a set of policy recommendations. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Australia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/australia).
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.433
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This paper assesses what role product market competition and regulatory reforms may have played in the performance of the British economy over the past decade. Competitive pressures appear to be relatively strong in the United Kingdom, with regulations inhibiting competition and barriers to trade amongst the lowest in the OECD. Nevertheless, there is scope for improvement and the recent overhaul of competition legislation should help to further promote competition. Much progress has been made in the professional services sector. Self-regulatory bodies are no longer exempt from competition legislation and professional bodies have undertaken a number of actions towards removing or easing restrictions that inhibit competition. In the retail sector, market power remains a problem and the competition authorities will need to remain vigilant. The government’s recent approach to planning has made new large scale entry very difficult, impeding competition and inhibiting entry. Industry regulators also need to remain vigilant in the electricity, gas and telecommunications sectors. Reforms in these sectors have led to increased productivity, though international comparisons suggest that there is scope for prices to fall. While recent steps by the government overcome the most serious weaknesses of the privatised rail system, continuing problems regarding incentives and responsibilities remain to be resolved.
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  • 13
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 7-67
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 7-67
    Keywords: Governance ; Finland
    Abstract: Competition policy was at the centre of market-driven reforms since the late 1980s that restructured Finland’s network monopolies and eliminated the many vestiges of corporatist control. The pace of change is slower now, as the role of market institutions in providing traditional government services presents novel and difficult issues about quality, equity, efficiency, and choice. The role of the competition body, the Finnish Competition Authority (FCA), is also changing. In the previous stages, its principal path of influence, after it made a mark with a strong early enforcement program against tolerated price fixing, was through advice and advocacy. As competitive markets are...
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.437
    Keywords: Economics ; New Zealand
    Abstract: The paper examines the current state of competition in a number of sectors that are important for the economy. Because of the country’s small size and isolation, the analysis focuses on barriers to entry, investment and external trade, rather than some standard indicators of competition stance. The competition law and institutions are generally well-conceived, although high-profile litigation about mergers and market-power problems hasstretched their capacities and until recently, diverted attention from enforcement against price fixing. Overall, markets appear to function well in New Zealand, but progress towards liberalisation seems recently to have lost momentum. In particular, improvement could be made in three main areas: in the energy sector, lifting current barriers to investment and developing forward markets are necessary to ensure the economy will be able to cope with long-term challenges; in telecommunications markets, concerns have been mounting regarding high prices and slow deployment of broadband; and in the public sector, there is scope for further use of private delivery for public services and reducing state ownership, especially in potentially competitive markets. Some adjustments to the regulatory framework and policies in a number of other sectors would also be beneficial. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/nz).
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  • 15
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.426
    Keywords: Economics ; Iceland
    Abstract: This paper discusses the current state of product market competition in Iceland, including the legal and regulatory framework, and suggests directions for further improvement. Given the size of the economy, efficiency considerations dictate high concentration in many markets, and preventing abuse of market dominance is therefore a challenging task. Changes to competition law since the early 1990s have strengthened competitive forces in many sectors of the economy, and proposed amendments to that law would further improve market surveillance. The changes in the regulatory framework for telecommunications have helped vigorous competition to develop in most segments, but there remain problems in pricing of access to the local loop. In the still publicly owned electricity sector, however, competition in generation and sales is so far virtually non-existent despite new legislation. Other policies discussed include agricultural support, policies towards foreign direct investment, and public procurement and provision of publicly funded services.
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  • 16
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.389
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: Norwegian growth has been strong over the past decade. This development has been supported by the off-shore sector, but depleting oil reserves implies that growth will have to rely increasingly on the mainland economy. Empirical work shows that competition is important for promoting economic growth. Recognising the benefits of competition, the government wants to introduce regulatory reforms to stimulate economic growth. However, the promotion of competition has often conflicted with other policy objectives, such as maintaining a regionally dispersed population and a high degree of public ownership. This has lead to weak competition in a number of sectors, resulting in high prices, weak innovative activity and inefficient resource allocation. Reforms to promote product market competition in Norway should therefore inter alia focus on separating the public sector’s roles and functions as owner and regulator. This requires an increase in the independence of sector ...
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  • 17
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 67-172
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 108 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Competition Law and Policy in the United Kingdom
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 67-172
    Keywords: Governance ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Les institutions de politique de concurrence du Royaume-Uni sont inhabituellement complexes. Elles comportent une commission qui se préoccupe « d’intérêt public » dans les monopoles et pratiques de marché, le directeur général du commerce équitable (Fair Trading) qui applique la législation de la concurrence désormais modelée sur la législation européenne, et de nombreux régulateurs qui sont également responsables de la mise en œuvre de la même législation dans leur secteur respectif. Des pouvoirs plus forts, au titre de la loi de 1998, rendent plus crédible maintenant l’application de la loi mais davantage de changements sont encore probables, notamment s’agissant des fusions et des monopoles...
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  • 18
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 7-69
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politique et droit de la concurrence en Afrique du Sud
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 7-69
    Keywords: Governance ; South Africa
    Abstract: One of the elements of South Africa’s peaceful revolution over the last decade was reform of its competition policy institutions. The previous system had supported the previous economic system, characterised by autarky, protection, government direction, and high concentration. The new system promised to use competition policy to correct the faults of the old system and to promote policy goals of employment and empowerment. South Africa aspires to a modern competition policy regime, to deal with the well-resourced sophistication of much of the South African economy. Its new institutions, whose novelty responds in large part to the post-1994 imperative for fundamental restructuring of government institutions, have shown a capacity to deal confidently with complex structural issues in deciding dozens of merger cases. A legalistic business and government culture has challenged these new bodies to prove their competence and tested their jurisdiction. Now that the merger review process has been established, more attention should be paid to non-merger matters and probably to advocacy as well. Resources are stretched, and there is a critical need to improve the depth and strengthen the capacity of the professional staff. Maintaining consistent competition policy in regulated sectors will requiring reinforcing the relationships with sectoral regulators ...
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  • 19
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.387
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: Empirical work shows that competition is important for promoting economic growth. However, in Japan the promotion of competition has long been compromised by ministerial guidance and exemptions from the competition law. Thus, the level and growth of productivity have been low in many domestically oriented sectors and consumer welfare has suffered under high prices and the slow introduction of new goods and services. This misallocation of resources contributes to explaining why the Japanese economy had difficulty in coming out of the quasi-stagnation of the past decade. Recognising that gains from more pro-competition policies are substantial, the Japanese government has now made the promotion of competitive markets a cornerstone of its economic policy. Reforms to promote product market competition in Japan should inter alia focus on strengthening the legal framework by increasing fines to a deterrent level and introducing cartel destabilising measures, such as a leniency ...
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.398
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: Regulatory reform efforts in a broad range of industries have resulted in increased importance of competitive forces as a means to allocate resources and improve economic efficiency. A number of indicators suggest that such forces have been stronger in the United States than in most other OECD countries for some time. This has contributed to sizeable productivity gains and good economic performance over the past decade or so. Nonetheless, despite the generally pro-competitive thrust of policies, a number of challenges remain. Although there are few sectors of the economy from which competition policy and law are completely excluded, given the high risk of sanctions and damages for violation, many anomalous exemptions and special regimes have found their way into US legislation. Contrary to other OECD countries, government related firms are exempted from competition enforcement. Intellectual property rights create special challenges for competition policy and some problems have followed their strengthening over the past two decades, such as the soaring cost of patent litigation. The generally favourable experience with deregulation created pressures for liberalisation in network industries, where the United States has rather been a laggard, at least in the electricity sector. Reforms in the 1990s have entailed some positive results but also some setbacks, reflecting both the difficulties in ensuring competition in such industries and policy mistakes.
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.399
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Maintaining rapid economic growth depends increasingly on productivity gains, particularly in the service sector. Competition has an important role to play in achieving such gains. However, Korea’s development strategy has tended to weaken competition and has left a legacy of government intervention. Strengthening competition requires upgrading competition policy, increasing openness to international trade and foreign direct investment and improving the regulatory framework in network industries. In particular, the power of the Korea Fair Trade Commission should be expanded, while raising the level of sanctions and scaling back special treatment for certain sectors. Barriers to imports remain above the OECD average, particularly in agriculture, while the stock of inward direct investment is among the lowest in the OECD area. Restructuring plans in the network industries, notably electricity and gas, have lagged behind schedule. Price distortions and the absence of independent ...
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  • 22
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 57-140
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence au Royaume-Uni
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 57-140
    Keywords: Governance ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The unusually complex competition policy institutions of the UK include a Commission that is concerned about the “public interest” in monopolies and market practices, the Director General of Fair Trading who enforces a competition law that is now modelled on European law, and many regulators who are also responsible for enforcing the same competition law in their sectors. Stronger powers under the Competition Act 1998 make enforcement more credible now, but still more changes are likely, notably concerning mergers and monopolies...
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  • 23
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 7-79
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 74 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competition Law and Policy in South Africa
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 7-79
    Keywords: Governance ; South Africa
    Abstract: L’un des éléments de la révolution pacifique de l’Afrique du Sud au cours de la dernière décennie est la réforme de ses institutions de politique de la concurrence. Le système précédent avait appuyé un régime économique caractérisé par l’autarcie, la protection, le dirigisme et une forte concentration. Le nouveau dispositif comporte deux grands axes : utiliser la politique de la concurrence pour corriger les défauts de l’ancien système et promouvoir les objectifs généraux d’emploi et de partage du pouvoir économique. L’Afrique du Sud aspire à un régime de politique de la concurrence moderne, à la hauteur d’une économie dont une bonne partie est bien dotée en ressources. Les nouvelles instances de la concurrence, répondant dans une large mesure à la nécessité d’opérer à partir de 1994 une restructuration fondamentale des institutions publiques, ont fait la preuve de leur capacité à traiter des questions structurelles complexes lorsqu’il s’est agi de se prononcer sur un grand nombre de fusions. L’extrême juridisme qui régnait dans l’administration et les entreprises a mis ces nouvelles instances au défi de prouver leur savoir-faire et a testé leurs prérogatives. Maintenant que la procédure d’examen des fusions a été mise en place, il conviendrait de prêter davantage attention aux questions autres que les fusions et, probablement aussi à la promotion de la concurrence. Les ressources sont limitées et il est crucial d’élargir et de renforcer les compétences du personnel professionnel. Pour maintenir une politique de la concurrence cohérente dans les secteurs régulés, il est indispensable de consolider les liens avec les organismes sectoriels de régulation ...
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.413
    Keywords: Wettbewerbspolitik ; Wettbewerbsrecht ; Deregulierung ; Finnland ; Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: Following the deep recession in the early 1990s growth has been strong, but the scope for economic catch-up remains considerable and cross-country empirical evidence suggests that enhancing competition is an important means of achieving this. Structural reforms to strengthen competition in the early 1990s did boost growth and were also ahead of similar developments in the EU. However, indicators suggest that relatively weak competition remains in a number of sectors. Moreover, potential competition is reduced by a sparse population and relative long distances to large markets, which together with the prevalence of local monopolies and public ownership in many network industries, point to the need for greater vigilance to sustain and promote competition. Further reforms to promote product market competition should focus on fundamental changes in the regulatory approach as well as more incremental measures to intensify competition. The competition authority should concentrate ...
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 47-107
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence au Canada
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 47-107
    Keywords: Governance ; Canada
    Abstract: Important issues in competition policy in Canada today are the independence and powers of the institutions and the balance between competition policy principles and national interests. The foundations of policy are being tested in merger litigation over the meaning of efficiency. Enforcement against cartels is complicated by a need to show that restraints are “undue.” Canada's “conformity continuum” offers an important, distinctive contribution to enforcement practice. Responses to controversies sometimes appear ad hoc, but the outcomes, such as the laws about banking mergers and about airlines, have recognised competition concerns. Policy options for consideration include finding other means to promote the goals now served by ownership controls, reviewing the scope of federal and provincial regulatory constraints on competition, clarifying the scope of the Commissioner's decision-making independence, and making enforcement more efficient by providing for private action, improving the decision process, and clarifying the anti-cartel principle.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 53-127
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 77 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Competition Law and Policy in Canada
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 53-127
    Keywords: Governance ; Canada
    Abstract: Les questions importantes aujourd'hui au Canada dans le domaine de la concurrence sont l'indépendance et les pouvoirs des autorités, et l'équilibre entre principes de politique de concurrence et intérêts nationaux. Les fondements de la politique ont été mis à l'épreuve s'agissant de la signification de l'efficience dans des procès concernant des fusions. L'application de la loi à l'encontre des ententes se complique de la nécessité de démontrer que les restrictions sont injustifiées. Le « continuum d'observation de la loi » offre au Canada une contribution importante et originale à la façon dont la loi est mise en œuvre. Les réponses apportées aux controverses paraissent ad hoc mais le résultat, comme les lois concernant les fusions bancaires et les compagnies aériennes, prend en compte les préoccupations de concurrence. Les options politiques à examiner comportent la recherche d'autres moyens pour promouvoir les objectifs pour le moment remplis par le contrôle des détenteurs du capital, l'examen du champ des contraintes réglementaires tant fédérales que provinciales, la clarification du degré d'indépendance du Commissaire en matière de pouvoir de décision, une efficacité accrue de l'application de la loi en permettant le recours à l'action privée, l'amélioration du processus de décision et la clarification du principe de lutte contre les ententes.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 95-149
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 57 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Competition Law and Policy in Poland
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 95-149
    Keywords: Governance ; Poland
    Abstract: Le droit de la concurrence polonais des années 90 qui a accompagné la restructuration du pays durant la période de transition, suit maintenant en substance les règles du Traité de l’Union européenne. L’application de la législation, cependant, se concentre toujours sur les abus perpétrés par ceux qui ont succédé aux monopoles pré existant à la réforme. L’Office de défense de la concurrence et des consommateurs (OPCC) combine la mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence avec la protection des consommateurs et le contrôle des aides d’État, tandis que le tribunal antimonopole traite des politiques réglementaires à partir de cas portant sur la réglementation d’infrastructure. Clarifier l’indépendance de l’OPCC vis-à-vis du gouvernement confortera l’intégrité de la mise en œuvre de la loi et rendra son plaidoyer en faveur de la concurrence plus visible.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 83-132
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en Pologne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 83-132
    Keywords: Governance ; Poland
    Abstract: Poland’s 1990 competition law, which supported its transition restructuring, now substantively follows the rules of the EU treaty. But enforcement still focuses on abuses by successors to pre-reform monopolies. Competition enforcement agency by the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (OCCP) is combined with consumer protection and monitoring state aids, while Antimonopoly Court integrates regulatory policies by deciding cases about infrastructure regulation. Clarifying the OCCP’s independence from the government will support the integrity of law enforcement as well as a more publicly visible advocacy role.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7-64
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 59 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Competition Law and Policy in the Czech Republic
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7-64
    Keywords: Governance ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: La législation de la concurrence en République tchèque repose sur les principaux concepts européens de fond. Les éléments qui étaient essentiels à une économie de transition sont en cours de révision dans le cadre du processus d’accession à l’Union européenne. L’autorité chargée de l’application de la loi était à l’époque un ministère alors que maintenant, le Bureau tchèque de la protection de la concurrence économique est une agence indépendante. Les clauses d’exemption sont bien contrôlées, et les mécanismes d’application fonctionnent bien. Cependant des pouvoirs plus forts pourraient être nécessaires pour traiter les ententes secrètes. L’amélioration de la compétitivité qui passe par l’achèvement de la réforme des structures industrielles héritées, nécessite la résolution des problèmes de financement et de gouvernement d’entreprise. A cet égard, la politique de la concurrence jouera un rôle modeste.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7-58
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en République tchèque
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7-58
    Keywords: Governance ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The Czech Republic competition law is based on familiar European substantive concepts. Features that were appropriate for a transition setting are being revised in anticipation of EU accession. The enforcement body was at one time a separate Ministry; now, the Czech Office for the Protection of Economic Competition is an independent agency. Provisions for exemption are well controlled, and the processes for applying it are working well; however, stronger enforcement powers may be needed to deal with secret cartels. The major challenge of improving competitiveness by completing the reform of the inherited industrial structure requires solving problems of corporate governance and financing. The role of competition policy in that task will be modest.
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