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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401723008
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 510 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 226
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Social sciences Methodology ; Science—Philosophy. ; Probabilities. ; Sociology—Methodology. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: This book publishes 31 of the author's selected papers which have appeared, with one exception, since 1970. The papers cover a wide range of topics in the philosophy of science. Part I is concerned with general methodology, including formal and axiomatic methods in science. Part II is concerned with causality and explanation. The papers extend the author's earlier work on a probabilistic theory of causality. The papers in Part III are concerned with probability and measurement, especially foundational questions about probability. Part IV consists of several papers, including two historical ones, on the foundations of physics, with the main emphasis being on quantum mechanics. Part V, the longest part, is on the foundations of psychology and includes papers mainly on learning and perception. The book is aimed at philosophers of science, scientists concerned with the methodology of the social sciences, and mathematical psychologists interested in theories of learning, perception and measurement
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401026505
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (444p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs of Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 56
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 56
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Causality and Time -- Causal Models and Space-Time Geometries -- Temporally Symmetric Causal Relations in Minkowski Space-Time -- Notes on the Causal Theory of Time -- Earman on the Causal Theory of Time -- Kant’s Formulation of the Laws of Motion -- On Travelling Backward in Time -- The Flow of Time -- II / Geometry of Space and Time -- Poincaré’s Philosophy of Space -- On the Structure of Space-Time -- Topology, Cosmology and Convention -- Grünbaum on the Conventionality of Geometry -- Reflections on a Relational Theory of Space -- The Ontology of the Curvature of Empty Space in the Geometrodynamics of Clifford and Wheeler -- Relativity Principles, Absolute Objects and Symmetry Groups -- Nondirected Light Signals and the Structure of Time -- Coordinate-Free Relativity -- Some Open Problems in the Philosophy of Space and Time -- The Naive Conception of the Topology of the Surface of a Body.
    Abstract: The articles in this volume have been stimulated in two different ways. More than two years ago the editor of Synthese, laakko Hintikka, an­ nounced a special issue devoted to space and time, and articles were solicited. Part of the reason for that announcement was also the second source of papers. Several years ago I gave a seminar on special relativity at Stanford, and the papers by Domotor, Harrison, Hudgin, Latzer and myself partially arose out of discussion in that seminar. All of the papers except those of Griinbaum, Fine, the second paper of Friedman, and the paper of Adams appeared in a special double issue of Synthese (24 (1972), Nos. 1-2). I am pleased to have been able to add the four additional papers mentioned in making the special issue a volume in the Synthese Library. Of these four additional articles, only the one by Fine has pre­ viously appeared in print (Synthese 22 (1971),448--481); its relevance to the present volume is apparent. In preparing the papers for publication and in carrying out the various editorIal chores of such a task, I am very much indebted to Mrs. Lillian O'Toole for her extensive assistance. INTRODUCTION The philosophy of space and time has been of permanent importance in philosophy, and most of the major historical figures in philosophy, such as Aristotle, Descartes and Kant, have had a good deal to say about the nature of space and time.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401032964
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Hallett, Garth [Rezension von: Hintikka, Jaakko, Information and Inference] 1972
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 28
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Information and Induction -- On Semantic Information -- Bayesian Information Usage -- Experimentation as Communication with Nature -- II. Information and Some Problems of the Scientific Method -- On the Information Provided by Observations -- Quantitative Tools for Evaluating Scientific Systematizations -- Qualitative Information and Entropy Structures -- III. Information and Learning -- Learning and the Structure of Information -- IV. New Applications of Information Concepts -- Surface Information and Depth Information -- Towards a General Theory of Auxiliary Concepts and Definability in First-Order Theories -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In the last 25 years, the concept of information has played a crucial role in communication theory, so much so that the terms information theory and communication theory are sometimes used almost interchangeably. It seems to us, however, that the notion of information is also destined to render valuable services to the student of induction and probability, of learning and reinforcement, of semantic meaning and deductive inference, as~well as of scientific method in general. The present volume is an attempt to illustrate some of these uses of information concepts. In 'On Semantic Information' Hintikka summarizes some of his and his associates' recent work on information and induction, and comments briefly on its philosophical suggestions. Jamison surveys from the sub­ jectivistic point of view some recent results in 'Bayesian Information Usage'. Rosenkrantz analyzes the information obtained by experimen­ tation from the Bayesian and Neyman-Pearson standpoints, and also from the standpoint of entropy and related concepts. The much-debated principle of total evidence prompts Hilpinen to examine the problem of measuring the information yield of observations in his paper 'On the Information Provided by Observations'. Pietarinen addresses himself to the more general task of evaluating the systematizing ('explanatory') power of hypotheses and theories, a task which quickly leads him to information concepts. Domotor develops a qualitative theory of information and entropy. His paper gives what is probably the first axiomatization of a general qualitative theory of information adequate to guarantee a numerical representation of the standard sort.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789401731737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 475 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 22
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Methodology: Models and Measurement -- 1. A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences (1960) -- 2. Models of Data (1962) -- 3. A Set of Independent Axioms for Extensive Quantities (1951) -- 4. Foundational Aspects of Theories of Measurement (1958) -- 5. Measurement, Empirical Meaningfulness, and Three-Valued Logic (1959) -- II: Methodology: Probability and Utility -- 6. The Role of Subjective Probability and Utility in Decision-Making (1956) -- 7. The Philosophical Relevance of Decision Theory (1961) -- 8. An Axiomatization of Utility Based on the Notion of Utility Differences (1955) -- 9. Behavioristic Foundations of Utility (1961) -- 10. Some Formal Models of Grading Principles (1966) -- 11. Probabilistic Inference and the Concept of Total Evidence (1966) -- III: Foundations of Physics -- 12. Axioms for Relativistic Kinematics with or without Parity (1959) -- 13. Probability Concepts in Quantum Mechanics (1961) -- 14. The Role of Probability in Quantum Mechanics (1963) -- 15. The Probabilistic Argument for a Nonclassical Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1966) -- IV: Foundations of Psychology -- 16. Stimulus-Sampling Theory for a Continuum of Responses (1960) -- 17. On an Example of Unpredictability in Human Behavior (1964) -- 18. Behaviorism (1965) -- 19. On the Behavioral Foundations of Mathematical Concepts (1965) -- 20. Towards a Behavioral Foundation of Mathematical Proofs (1965) -- 21. The Psychological Foundations of Mathematics (1967) -- 22. On the Theory of Cognitive Processes (1966) -- 23. Stimulus-Response Theory of Finite Automata (1969) -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The twenty-three papers collected in tbis volume represent an important part of my published work up to the date of this volume. I have not arranged the paper chronologically, but under four main headings. Part I contains five papers on methodology concerned with models and measurement in the sciences. This part also contains the first paper I published, 'A Set of Independent Axioms for Extensive Quantities', in Portugaliae Mathematica in 1951. Part 11 also is concerned with methodology and ineludes six papers on probability and utility. It is not always easy to separate papers on probability and utility from papers on measurement, because of the elose connection between the two subjects, but Artieles 6 and 8, even though they have elose relations to measurement, seem more properly to belong in Part 11, because they are concerned with substantive questions about probability and utility. The last two parts are concerned with the foundations of physics and the foundations of psychology. I have used the term foundations rather than philosophy, because the papers are mainly concerned with specific axiomatic formulations for particular parts of physics or of psychology, and it seems to me that the termfoundations more appropriately describes such constructive axiomatic ventures. Part 111 contains four papers on the foundations of physics. The first paper deals with foundations of special relativity and the last three with the role ofprobability in quantum mechanics.
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