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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iacovone, Leonardo Bayesian Impact Evaluation with Informative Priors: An Application to a Colombian Management and Export Improvement Program
    Keywords: Bayesian Impact Evaluation ; Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Competitiveness ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Management ; Prior Elicitation ; Private Sector Development ; Randomized Experiment ; Social Policy Evaluation Method
    Abstract: Policymakers often test expensive new programs on relatively small samples. Formally incorporating informative Bayesian priors into impact evaluation offers the promise to learn more from these experiments. A Colombian government program which aimed to increase exporting was trialed experimentally on 200 firms with this goal in mind. Priors were elicited from academics, policymakers, and firms. Contrary to these priors, frequentist estimation can not reject 0 effects in 2019, and finds some negative impacts in 2020. For binary outcomes like whether firms export, frequentist estimates are relatively precise, and Bayesian credible posterior intervals update to overlap almost completely with standard confidence intervals. For outcomes like increasing export variety, where the priors align with the data, the value of these priors is seen in posterior intervals that are considerably narrower than frequentist confidence intervals. Finally, for noisy outcomes like export value, posterior intervals show almost no updating from the priors, highlighting how uninformative the data are about such outcomes
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cortina, Juan J The Internationalization of China's Equity Markets
    Keywords: Emerging Markets ; Equity Financing ; Equity Issuance Activity ; Equity Market Liberalization ; Firm Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investors ; International Economics and Trade ; International Investors ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Stock Connect
    Abstract: The internationalization of China's equity markets started in the early 2000s but accelerated after 2012, when Chinese firms' shares listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen gradually became available to international investors. This paper documents the effects of the post-2012 internationalization events by comparing the evolution of equity financing and investment activities for (i) domestic listed firms relative to firms that already had access to international investors and (ii) domestic listed firms that were directly connected to international markets relative to those that were not. The paper shows significant increases in financial and investment activities for domestic listed firms and connected firms, with sizable aggregate effects. The evidence also suggests that the rise in firms' equity issuances was primarily and initially financed by domestic investors. Foreign ownership of Chinese firms increased once the locally issued shares became part of the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Emerging Markets Index in 2018
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ana P., Cusolito Capacity Building as a Route to Export Market Expansion: A Six-Country Experiment in the Western Balkans
    Keywords: Broadcast and Media ; Consulting ; Customer Acquisition ; Digital Presence ; Export Competitiveness ; Export Market Expansion ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics and Trade ; Marketing Training ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Training
    Abstract: The limited market size of many small emerging economies is a key constraint to the growth of innovative small and medium enterprises. Exporting offers a potential solution, but firms may struggle to locate and appeal to foreign buyers. A six-country randomized experiment was conducted with 225 firms in the Western Balkans to test the effectiveness of 30 hours of live group-based training and 5 hours of one-on-one remote consulting in overcoming these constraints. Treated firms used techniques such as search engine optimization and improved Facebook content to increase their digital presence and better reach foreign customers. A year later, positive and significant impacts are found on the number of customers, and a significant intensive margin increase in export sales. Qualitative interviews suggest this improvement came from a combination of sector-specific advice on market expansion, and through an encouragement effect which gave entrepreneurs the confidence to try new sales strategies
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9781464803567
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (248 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Latin America and Caribbean Studies
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Latin America and the rising South
    DDC: 332.098
    RVK:
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftslage ; Lateinamerika ; Karibischer Raum ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Weltwirtschaft ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Süden ; Emerging Market ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Außenhandel ; Finanzwirtschaft ; Investition ; domestic savings ; FDI ; Financial integration ; Foreign direct investment ; Global financial network ; Global trade network ; Global value chains ; Globalization ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor market dynamics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate dynamics ; Rise of the south ; Trade Integration ; Trade structure ; Erde ; Lateinamerika
    Abstract: The world economy is not what it used to be twenty years ago. For most of the 20th century, the world economy was characterized by developed (North) countries acting as 'center' to a 'periphery' of developing (South) countries. However, the recent rise of developing economies suggests the need to go beyond this North-South dichotomy. This tectonic re-configuration of the global landscape has brought about significant changes to countries in the Latin America and Caribean (LAC) region. The time is ripe for an in-depth analysis of the dynamics and nature of LAC's external connections.This latest volume in the World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies series will focus on the implications of these trends for the economic development of LAC countries. In particular, trade, financial, macroeconomic, and sectoral shifts, as well as labor-market aspects will be systematically analyzed
    Note: Description based on print version record
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David Does It Pay Firms To Register For Taxes ?
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium Enterprises ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Small Firms ; Stores ; Supplier ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium Enterprises ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Small Firms ; Stores ; Supplier ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium Enterprises ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Small Firms ; Stores ; Supplier ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of registering for taxes on firm profits in Bolivia, the country with the highest levels of informality in Latin America. A new survey of micro and small firms enables the authors to control for a rich set of measures of owner ability and business motivations that can affect both profits and the decision to formalize. The paper identifies the impact of tax registration on business profitability using the distance of a firm from the tax office where registration occurs, conditional on the distance to the city center, as an instrument for registration. Proximity to the tax office provides firms with more information about registration, but is argued to not directly affect profits. The findings show that tax registration leads to significantly higher profits for the firms that the instrument affects. However, there is also evidence of heterogeneous effects of tax formality on profits. Tax registration is found to increase profits for the mid-size firms in the sample, but to lower profits for both the smaller and larger firms, in contrast to the standard view that formality increases profits. The analysis shows that owners of large firms who have managed to stay informal have higher entrepreneurial ability than formal firm owners, in contrast to the standard view (correct among smaller firms) that informal firm owners have low ability
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Yeyati, Eduardo Levy Emerging Market Liquidity And Crises
    Keywords: Bid ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Illiquidity ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Liquidity ; Markets and Market Access ; Mutual Funds ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Trading ; Trading Costs ; Bid ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Illiquidity ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Liquidity ; Markets and Market Access ; Mutual Funds ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Trading ; Trading Costs ; Bid ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Illiquidity ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Liquidity ; Markets and Market Access ; Mutual Funds ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Trading ; Trading Costs
    Abstract: Whereas conventional wisdom argues that markets shut down during crises, with sellers struggling to find buyers, we find that markets continue to operate during financial turmoil, even in narrow and volatile emerging economies. Simple event studies indicate that both trading volume and trading costs increase in crisis times. Prices change more with each dollar transacted (pushing the Amihud illiquidity measure up) and bid-ask spreads widen. More generally, econometric estimates show that large price downturns, typical of crises, are associated with higher trading activity and increased trading costs, with trading activity declining only later as crises progress. Thus, while trading activity tends to be negatively related to trading costs during tranquil times (and across securities), this relation appears to break down during crises. These results are consistent with the analytical literature on portfolio rebalancing by heterogeneous agents in times of crises
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Woodruff, Christopher Measuring Microenterprise Profits
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Fungible ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Returns ; Tax ; Trust Fund ; Bank Policy ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Fungible ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Returns ; Tax ; Trust Fund ; Bank Policy ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Fungible ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Returns ; Tax ; Trust Fund
    Abstract: A large share of the world's poor is self-employed. Accurate measurement of profits from microenterprises is therefore critical for studying poverty and inequality, measuring the returns to education, and evaluating the success of microfinance programs. But a myriad of problems plague the measurement of profits. The authors report on a variety of different experiments conducted to better understand the importance of some of these problems and to draw recommendations for collecting profit data. In particular, they (1) examine how far we can reconcile self-reported profits and reports of revenue minus expenses through more detailed questions; (2) examine recall errors in sales and report on the results of experiments which randomly allocated account books to firms; and (3) ask firms how much firms like theirs underreport sales in surveys like this, and have research assistants observe the firms at random times 15-16 times during a month to provide measures for comparison. The authors conclude that firms underreport revenues by about 30 percent, that account diaries have significant effects on both revenues and expenses but not on profits, and that simply asking profits provides a more accurate measure of firm profits than detailed questions on revenues and expenses
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (82 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: de la Torre, Augusto Innovative Experiences In Access To Finance
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial markets ; International Bank ; Investment projects ; Market Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Public banks ; Return ; Transaction ; Transaction Cost ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial markets ; International Bank ; Investment projects ; Market Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Public banks ; Return ; Transaction ; Transaction Cost ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial markets ; International Bank ; Investment projects ; Market Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Public banks ; Return ; Transaction ; Transaction Cost
    Abstract: Interest in access to finance has increased significantly in recent years, as growing evidence suggests that lack of access to credit prevents lower-income households and small firms from financing high return investment projects, having an adverse effect on growth and poverty alleviation. This study describes some recent innovative experiences to broaden access to credit. These experiences are consistent with an emerging new view that recognizes a limited role for the public sector in financial markets, but contends that there might be room for well-designed, restricted interventions in collaboration with the private sector to foster financial development and broaden access. The authors illustrate this view with several recent experiences in Latin America and then discuss some open policy questions about the role of the public and private sectors in driving these financial innovations
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David Using The Global Positioning System In Household Surveys For Better Economics And Better Policy
    Keywords: Accessibility ; Air ; Aircraft ; Costs ; E-Business ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Railway ; Railway Lines ; Road ; Road Network ; Roads ; Roads and Highways ; Signals ; Training ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Accessibility ; Air ; Aircraft ; Costs ; E-Business ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Railway ; Railway Lines ; Road ; Road Network ; Roads ; Roads and Highways ; Signals ; Training ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Accessibility ; Air ; Aircraft ; Costs ; E-Business ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Railway ; Railway Lines ; Road ; Road Network ; Roads ; Roads and Highways ; Signals ; Training ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Distance and location are important determinants of many choices that economists study. While these variables can sometimes be obtained from secondary data, economists often rely on information that is self-reported by respondents in surveys. These self-reports are used especially for the distance from households or community centers to various features such as roads, markets, schools, clinics, and other public services. There is growing evidence that self-reported distance is measured with error and that these errors are correlated with outcomes of interest. In contrast to self-reports, the Global Positioning System (GPS) can determine almost exact location (typically within 15 meters). The falling cost of GPS receivers (typically below US
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (49 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn International Financial Integration Through Equity Markets
    Keywords: Access To Capital ; Bank Policy ; Budget ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Equity Markets ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Globalization ; International Economy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Access To Capital ; Bank Policy ; Budget ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Equity Markets ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Globalization ; International Economy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Access To Capital ; Bank Policy ; Budget ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Equity Markets ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Globalization ; International Economy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises
    Abstract: The authors study international financial integration analyzing firms from various countries raising capital, trading equity, and cross-listing in major world stock markets. Using a large sample of 39,517 firms from 111 countries covering the period 1989-2000, they find that, although international financial integration increases substantially over this period, only relatively few countries and firms actively participate in international markets. Firms more likely to internationalize are from larger and more open economies, with higher income, better macroeconomic policies, and worse institutional environments. These firms tend to be larger, grow faster, and have higher returns and more foreign sales. While changes occur with internationalization, these firm attributes are present before internationalization takes place. The results suggest that international financial integration will likely remain constrained by country and firm characteristics
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schmukler, Sergio L Capital Market Development
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Bond ; Bond Market ; Bond Market Development ; Capital Market ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Bond ; Bond Market ; Bond Market Development ; Capital Market ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Bond ; Bond Market ; Bond Market Development ; Capital Market ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Over the past decades, many countries have implemented significant reforms to foster capital market development. Latin American countries were at the forefront of this process. The authors analyze where Latin American capital markets stand after these reforms. They find that despite the intense reform effort, capital markets in Latin America remain underdeveloped relative to markets in other regions. Furthermore, stock markets are below what can be expected, given Latin America's economic and institutional fundamentals. The authors discuss alternative ways of interpreting this evidence. They argue that it is difficult to pinpoint which policies Latin American countries should pursue to overcome their poor capital market development. Moreover, they argue that expectations about the outcome of the reform process may need to be revisited to take into account intrinsic characteristics of emerging economies. The latter may limit the scope for developing deep domestic capital markets in a context of international financial integration
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schmukler, Sergio L Stock Market Development Under Globalization
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Capital Raising ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Market ; Domestic Market ; Domestic Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Capital Raising ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Market ; Domestic Market ; Domestic Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Capital Raising ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Market ; Domestic Market ; Domestic Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Over the past decades, many countries have implemented significant reforms to foster domestic capital market development. These reforms included stock market liberalization, privatization programs, and the establishment of regulatory and supervisory frameworks. Despite the intense reform efforts, the performance of capital markets in several countries has been disappointing. To study whether reforms have had the intended effects on capital markets, the authors analyze the impact of six capital market reforms on domestic stock market development and internationalization using event studies. They find that reforms tend to be followed by significant increases in domestic market capitalization, trading, and capital raising. Reforms are also followed by an increase in the share of activity in international equity markets, with potential negative spillover effects on domestic markets
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lane, Philip R The International Financial Integration of China And India
    Keywords: Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Borrowers ; Capital Flows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; External Assets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Developments ; Financial Liberalization ; Financial Literacy ; Holdings ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Borrowers ; Capital Flows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; External Assets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Developments ; Financial Liberalization ; Financial Literacy ; Holdings ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Borrowers ; Capital Flows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; External Assets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Developments ; Financial Liberalization ; Financial Literacy ; Holdings ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Three main features characterize the international financial integration of China and India. First, while only having a small global share of privately-held external assets and liabilities (with the exception of China's foreign direct investment liabilities), these countries are large holders of official reserves. Second, their international balance sheets are highly asymmetric: both are "short equity, long debt." Third, China and India have improved their net external positions over the past decade although, based on their income level, neoclassical models would predict them to be net borrowers. Domestic financial developments and policies seem essential in understanding these patterns of integration. These include financial liberalization and exchange rate policies, domestic financial sector policies, and the impact of financial reform on savings and investment rates. Changes in these factors will affect the international financial integration of China and India (through shifts in capital flows and asset and liability holdings) and, consequently, the international financial system
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