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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401719780
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 272 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 177
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. The Nature of Science -- 2. How is Philosophy Possible as a Science? -- 3. Notes on Popper as Follower of Whewell and Peirce -- 4. The Evolution of Knowledge -- 5. Scientific Progress -- 6. The Growth of Theories: Comments on the Structuralist Approach -- 7. Truthlikeness, Realism, and Progressive Theory-Change -- 8. The Growth of Knowledge in Mathematics -- 9. Realism, Worldmaking, and the Social Sciences -- 10. Finalization, Applied Science, and Science Policy -- 11. Paradigms and Problem-Solving in Operations Research -- 12. Remarks on Technological Progress -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This collection brings together several essays which have been written between the years 197 5 and 1983. During that period I have been occupied with the attempt to find a satisfactory explicate for the notion of tnithlike­ ness or verisimilitude. The technical results of this search have partly appeared elsewhere, and I am also working on a systematic presentation of them in a companion volume to this book: Truthlikeness (forthcoming hopefully in 1985). The essays collected in this book are less formal and more philos­ ophical: they all explore various aspects of the idea that progress in science is associated with an increase in the truthlikeness of its results. Even though they do not exhaust the problem area of scientific change, together they constitute a step in the direction which I find most promising in the defence of critical scientific realism. * Chapter 1 appeared originally in Finnish as the opening article of a new journal Tiede 2000 (no. 1 I 1980) - a Finnish counterpart to journals such as Science and Scientific American. This explains its programmatic character. It tries to give a compact answer to the question 'What is science?', and serves therefore as an introduction to the problem area of the later chapters. Chapter 2 is a revised translation of my inaugural lecture for the chair of Theoretical Philosophy in the University of Helsinki on April 8, 1981. It appeared in Finnish inParnasso 31 (1981), pp.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789400998254
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (488p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 122
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Proof Theory -- Some Facts from the Theory of Proofs and Some Fictions from General Proof Theory -- Proofs and the Meaning and Completeness of the Logical Constants -- Theory of Quantification and ‰-calculi -- Two Kinds of Extensions of Primitive Recursive Arithmetic -- Equality in the Presence of Apartness -- II Infinitary Languages -- Game-Theoretical Semantics and Back-and-Forth -- Infinitary Languages N?? and Generalized Partial Isomorphisms -- III Set Theory and Model Theory -- Generalizing Set-Theoretical Model Theory and an Analogue Theory on Admissible Sets -- Hierarchies of Model Theoretic Definability — An Approach to Second Order Logics -- Open Problems in the Theory of Ultrafilters -- IV Generalized Quantifiers -- The Reals Cannot Be Characterized Topologically with Strictly Local Properties and Countability Axioms -- On the Expressive Power of the Language Using the Henkin Quantifier -- Remarks on Free Quantifier Variables -- V Recursion Theory -- Recursion in 3E and a Splitting Theorem -- Retracts of Post’s Numbering and Effectivization of Quantifiers -- VI Logic and Natural Language -- Quantifiers in Natural Languages: Some Logical Problems, I -- Models for Natural Languages -- Backwards-Looking Operators in Tense Logic and in Natural Language -- VII Philosophical Logic -- Paradoxes in a Semantic Perspective -- Hintikka’s Possible Worlds and Rigid Designators -- On the Content Analysis of Two Normative Notions -- Singular Terms, Existence and Truth: Some Remarks on a First Order Logic of Existence -- VIII Truthlikeness -- On Distance From the Truth as a True Distance -- Truthlikeness in First-Order Languages -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The Fourth Scandinavian Logic Symposium and the First Soviet-Finnish Logic Conference were held in JyvaskyIa, Finland, June 29-July 6, 1976. The Conferences were organized by a committee which consisted of the editors of the present volume. The Conferences were supported financially by the Ministry of Education of Finland, by the Academy of Finland, and by the Division of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History of Science. The Philosophical Society of Finland and the Jyvaskyla Summer Festival gave valuable help in various practicalities. 35 papers by authors representing 10 countries were presented at the two meetings. Of those papers 24 appear here. THE EDITORS v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v PART 1/ PROOF THEORY GEORG KREISEL / Some Facts from the Theory of Proofs and Some Fictions from General Proof Theory 3 DAG PRAWITZ / Proofs and the Meaning and Completeness of the Logical Constants 25 v. A. SMIRNOV / Theory of Quantification and tff-calculi 41 LARS SVENONIUS/Two Kinds of Extensions of Primitive Recursive Arithmetic 49 DIRK VAN DALEN and R. STATMAN / Equality in the Presence of Apartness 95 PART II / INFINITARY LANGUAGES VEIKKO RANTALA / Game-Theoretical Semantics and Back-and- Forth 119 MAARET KAR TTUNEN / Infinitary Languages N oo~.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789400998605
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (396p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 124
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Semantics of Natural Language -- Grammar and Meaning -- Sense and Science -- Variable-Free Semantics for Negations with Prosodic Variation -- Informational Independence in Tntensional Context -- II. Mathematical Logic -- A Note on Distributive Normal Forms -- On the Metaphysics of the Real Line -- A Generalization of the Infinitely Deep Languages of Hintikka and Rantala -- III. Applications of Formal Methods -- On the Possibilities of Information Evaluation of Graphical Communications -- On Formal Aspects of Distributive Justice -- Some Reflections on Method in the Theory of Social Choice -- IV. Philosophical Logic -- A Problem about Permission -- Possible Worlds and Formal Semantics -- Continuity and Similarity in Cross-Identification -- V. Epistemology -- Serious Possibility -- On Knowing, Knowing that One Knows and Consciousness -- Knowing that One Sees -- VI. Philosophical Aesthetics -- Anything Viewed -- VII. History of Philosophy -- The ‘Master Argument’ of Diodorus -- Plato in infinitum remisse incipit esse albus -- A Problem for Kant -- Subjects, Predicates, Isomorphic Representation, and Language Games -- Husserl and Heidegger on the Role of Actions in the Constitution of the World -- Index of Names -- Tabula Gratulatoria.
    Abstract: Jaakko Hintikka was born on January 12th, 1929. He received his doctorate from the University of Helsinki under the supervision of Professor G. H. von Wright at the age of 24 in 1953. Hintikka was appointed Professor of philosophy at the University of Helsinki in 1959. Since the late 50s, he has shared his time between Finland and the U.S.A. He was appointed Professor of philosophy at Stanford University in 1964. As from 1970 Hintikka has been permanent research professor of the Academy of Finland. He has published 13 books and about 200 articles, not to mention the various editorial and organizational activities he has played an active role in. The present collection of essays has been edited to honour Jaakko Hintikka on the occasion of his fiftieth birthday. By dedicating a Festschrift to Jaakko Hintikka, the contributors wish to pay homage to this remarkable man whom they see not only as a scholar of prodigious energy and insight, but as a friend, colleague and former teacher. The contributors hope the essays collected here will bring pleasure to the man they are intended to honour. All of the essays touch upon topics Hintikka has taken an direct or indirect interest in, ranging from technical problems of mathematical logic and applications of formal methods through philosophical logic, philosophy of language, epistemology and history of philosophy to philosophical aesthetics.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401025966
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (269p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, And on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 53
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 53
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Theoretical concepts and inductive Inference -- 1. Problems of Inductive Systematization: the Transitivity Dilemma -- 2. Inductive Systematization Established by Theories -- 3. A Logical Framework for the Dynamics of Conceptual Change and Induction -- 2. Hintikka’s Two-Dimensional Continuum of Inductive Logic -- 1. Summary of Hintikka’s Two-dimensional Continuum -- 2. The Treatment of Incomplete Evidence -- 3. Inductive Probabilities of Weak Generalizations -- 1. Probabilities in the Observational Language -- 2. Evidential Theoretical Concepts -- 3. Non-Evidential Theoretical Concepts -- 4. Inductive Probabilities of Strong Generalizations -- 5. Piecewise Definable Theoretical Concepts -- 6. Epistemic Utilities and Inductive Systematization -- 1. Measures of Information and Systematic Power -- 2. Expected Epistemic Utilities of Generalizations -- 3. Competing Generalizations -- 7. Theoretical Concepts and Inductive Explanation -- 1. Explanatory Power of Theories -- 2. Inductive Explanation Illustrated -- 3. Positive Inductive Relevance, Supersessance, and Screening Off -- 4. Inductive Explanation within Hintikka’s System -- 8. Corroboration and Theoretical Concepts -- 1. Theoretical and Observational Support -- 2. Measures of Corroboration Based on Positive Inductive Relevance -- 3. Hintikka’s Measure of Corroboration -- 9. The Logical Indispensability of Theoretical Concepts within Inductive Systematization -- 1. The Theoretician’s Dilemma: Methodological Instrumentalism Refuted -- 2. Logical Indispensability and Positive Inductive Relevance -- 3. Logical Indispensability and Rules of Acceptance -- 10. Linguistic Variance in Inductive Logic -- 1. Linguistic Invariance and Linguistic Variance -- 2. Probability Kinematics -- 3. Goodman’s New Riddle of Induction -- 11. Towards a Non-Inductivist Logic of Induction -- 1. Deductivism and Inductivism -- 2. Hypothetico-Deductive and Hypothetico-Inductive Inference -- 3. The Atheoretical Thesis -- 4. Converse Deduction and Indirect Support -- 5. Conjectures.
    Abstract: Conceptual change and its connection to the development of new seien­ tific theories has reeently beeome an intensively discussed topic in philo­ sophieal literature. Even if the inductive aspects related to conceptual change have already been discussed to some extent, there has so far existed no systematic treatment of inductive change due to conceptual enrichment. This is what we attempt to accomplish in this work, al­ though most of our technical results are restricted to the framework of monadic languages. We extend Hintikka's system of inductive logic to apply to situations in which new concepts are introduced to the original language. By interpreting them as theoretica1 concepts, it is possible to discuss a number of currently debated philosophical and methodological problems which have previously escaped systematic and exact treatment. For instance, the role which seientific theories employing theoretical con­ cepts may play within inductive inference can be studied within this framework. From the viewpoint of seientific realism, sueh a study gives outlines for a theory of what we call hypothetico-induetive inference. Some parts of this work which are based on Hintikka's system of in­ ductive logic are fairly technical. However, no previous knowledge of this system is required, but, in general, acquaintance with the basic ideas of elementary logic and probability theory is suffieient. This work is part of a project, originated by Professors Jaakko Hintikka and Raimo Tuomela, concerning the role of theoretical concepts in science.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789401025683
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 51
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Mathematics ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Mathematical logic. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Logic (Section IV) -- An Intensional Interpretation of Truth-Values -- Intensional Descriptions and Relative Completeness in the General Interpreted Modal Calculus MCV -- Singular Terms and Statements of Identity -- Adequate Models for the Non-Fregean Sentential Calculus (SCI) -- Doubts about Some Standard Arguments for Church’s Thesis -- II: Probability (Section VI) -- On the Causal Structure of Random Processes -- The Paradox of Anomaly -- Some Problems in the Constructive Probability Theory -- Evidence and Conceptual Change -- Empirically Trivial Theories and Inductive Systematization -- Are Some Propensities Probabilities? -- Questions and Their Pragmatic Value -- Prediction, Complexity, and Randomness -- Rules for Reasonable Belief Change -- III: Language (Section XI) -- Models for Text Grammars -- Tolerance Spaces and Linguistics -- Modal Tic-Tac-Toe -- On Binary Relations in Linguistic and Other Semiotic and Social Systems -- Worlds, Games and Pragmemes: A Unified Theory of Speech Acts -- On Occasional Expressions -- Combinators and Deep Structure -- Linguistic Theory and ‘Meaning?Text’ Type Models -- Properties of the Derivations According to a Context- Free Grammar -- The Treatment of Reference in Linguistic Description -- Fregean Categorial Grammar -- A Model-Theoretic Approach to Some Problems in the Semantics of Empirical Languages -- Methodological Relevance of Language Models with Expanding Sets of Sentences -- A New Type of Syntactic Projectivity: SD Projectivity -- On the Representation of Generative Grammars as First-Order Theories -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The Fourth International Congress for Logic, Methodology, and Philos­ ophy of Science was held in Bucharest, Romania, on August 29-September 4, 1971. The Congress was organized, under the auspices of the Inter­ national Union for History and Philosophy of Science, Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, by the Academy of the Socialist Republic of Romania, the Academy of Social and Political Sciences of the Socialist Republic of Romania, and the Ministry of Education of Romania. With more than eight hundred participating scholars from thirty-four countries, the Congress was one of the major scientific events of the year 1971. The dedicated efforts of the organizers, the rich and carefully planned program, and the warm and friendly atmosphere contributed to making the Congress a successful and fruitful forum of exchange of scientific ideas. The work of the Congress consisted of invited one hour and half-hour addresses, symposia, and contributed papers. The proceedings were organized into twelve sections of Mathematical Logic, Foundations of Mathematical Theories, Automata and Programming Languages, Philos­ ophy of Logic and Mathematics, General Problems of Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Foundations of Probability and Induction, Methodology and Philosophy of Physical Sciences, Methodology and Philosophy of Biological Sciences, Methodology and Philosophy of Psychological Sciences, Methodology and Philosophy of Historical and Social Sciences, Methodology and Philosophy of Linguistics, and History of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science.
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