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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Towards an All-Hazards Approach to Emergency Preparedness and Response : Lessons Learnt from Non-Nuclear Events (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264289031
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The field of emergency management is broad, complex and dynamic. In the post-Fukushima context, emergency preparedness and response (EPR) in the nuclear sector is more than ever being seen as part of a broader framework. The OECD has recommended that its members “establish and promote a comprehensive, allhazards and transboundary approach to country risk governance to serve as the foundation for enhancing national resilience and responsiveness”. In order to achieve such an all-hazards approach to emergency management, a major step in the process will be to consider experiences from the emergency management of hazards emanating from a variety of sectors. The NEA Working Party on Nuclear Emergency Matters (WPNEM) joined forces with the OECD Working Group on Chemical Accidents (WGCA), the OECD Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate’s High-Level Risk Forum (HLRF) and the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) to collaborate on this report, which demonstrates similarities between emergency planning and preparedness across sectors, and identifies lessons learnt and good practices in diverse areas for the benefit of the international community. A set of expert contributions, enriched with a broad range of national experiences, are presented in the report to take into account expertise gathered from the emergency management of hazards other than those emanating from the nuclear sector in an effort to support and foster an all-hazards approach to EPR.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264289031-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Addressing Uncertainties in Cost Estimates for Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264284289
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p.)
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The cost estimation process of decommissioning nuclear facilities has continued to evolve in recent years, with a general trend towards demonstrating greater levels of detail in the estimate and more explicit consideration of uncertainties, the latter of which may have an impact on decommissioning project costs. The 2012 report on the International Structure for Decommissioning Costing (ISDC) of Nuclear Installations, a joint recommendation by the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the European Commission, proposes a standardised structure of cost items for decommissioning projects that can be used either directly for the production of cost estimates or for mapping of cost items for benchmarking purposes. The ISDC, however, provides only limited guidance on the treatment of uncertainty when preparing cost estimates. Addressing Uncertainties in Cost Estimates for Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities, prepared jointly by the NEA and IAEA, is intended to complement the ISDC, assisting cost estimators and reviewers in systematically addressing uncertainties in decommissioning cost estimates. Based on experiences gained in participating countries and projects, the report describes how uncertainty and risks can be analysed and incorporated in decommissioning cost estimates, while presenting the outcomes in a transparent manner.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264284289-en
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  • 3
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    Radiological Characterisation from a Waste and Materials End-State Perspective : Practices and Experience (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264286207
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (95 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Radiological characterisation is a key enabling activity for the planning and implementation of nuclear facility decommissioning. Effective characterisation allows the extent, location and nature of contamination to be determined and provides crucial information for facility dismantling, the management of material and waste arisings, the protection of workers, the public and the environment, and associated cost estimations. This report will be useful for characterisation practitioners who carry out tactical planning, preparation, optimisation and implementation of characterisation to support the decommissioning of nuclear facilities and the management of associated materials and waste. It compiles recent experience from NEA member countries in radiological characterisation, including from international experts, international case studies, an international conference, and international standards and guidance. Using this comprehensive evidence base, the report identifies relevant good practice and provides practical advice covering all stages of the characterisation process.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264286207-en
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Recycling and Reuse of Materials Arising from the Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264281271
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (66 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Large quantities of materials arising from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities are non-radioactive per se. An additional significant share of materials is of very low-level or low-level radioactivity and can, after having undergone treatment and a clearance process, be recycled and reused in a restricted or unrestricted way. Recycle and reuse options today provide valuable solutions to minimise radioactive waste from decommissioning and at the same time maximise the recovery of valuable materials. The NEA Co-operative Programme on Decommissioning (CPD) prepared this overview on the various approaches being undertaken by international and national organisations for the management of slightly contaminated material resulting from activities in the nuclear sector. The report draws on CPD member organisations’ experiences and practices related to recycling and reuse, which were gathered through an international survey. It provides information on improvements and changes in technologies, methodologies and regulations since the 1996 report on this subject, with the conclusions and recommendations taking into account 20 years of additional experience that will be useful for current and future practitioners. Case studies are provided to illustrate significant points of interest, for example in relation to scrap metals, concrete and soil.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264281271-en
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Sourcebook of International Activities Related to the Development of Safety Cases for Deep Geological Repositories (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264284333
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Large quantities of materials arising from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities are non-radioactive per se. An additional significant share of materials is of very low-level or low-level radioactivity and can, after having undergone treatment and a clearance process, be recycled and reused in a restricted or unrestricted way. Recycle and reuse options today provide valuable solutions to minimise radioactive waste from decommissioning and at the same time maximise the recovery of valuable materials. The NEA Co-operative Programme on Decommissioning (CPD) prepared this overview on the various approaches being undertaken by international and national organisations for the management of slightly contaminated material resulting from activities in the nuclear sector. The report draws on CPD member organisations’ experiences and practices related to recycling and reuse, which were gathered through an international survey. It provides information on improvements and changes in technologies, methodologies and regulations since the 1996 report on this subject, with the conclusions and recommendations taking into account 20 years of additional experience that will be useful for current and future practitioners. Case studies are provided to illustrate significant points of interest, for example in relation to scrap metals, concrete and soil.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264284333-en
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Communication on the Safety Case for a Deep Geological Repository (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264274150
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (87 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Communication has a specific role to play in the development of deep geological repositories. Building trust with the stakeholders involved in this process, particularly within the local community, is key for effective communication between the authorities and the public. There are also clear benefits to having technical experts hone their communication skills and having communication experts integrated into the development process. This report has compiled lessons from both failures and successes in communicating technical information to non-technical audiences. It addresses two key questions in particular: what is the experience base concerning the effectiveness or non-effectiveness of different tools for communicating safety case results to a non-technical audience and how can communication based on this experience be improved and included into a safety case development effort from the beginning?
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264274150-en
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  • 7
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    Impacts of the Fukushima Daiichi Accident on Nuclear Development Policies (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264276192
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident has had an impact on the development of nuclear power around the world. While the accident was followed by thorough technical assessments of the safety of all operating nuclear power plants, and a general increase in safety requirements has been observed worldwide, national policy responses have been more varied. These responses have ranged from countries phasing out or accelerating decisions to phase out nuclear energy to countries reducing their reliance on nuclear power or on the contrary continuing to pursue or expand their nuclear power programmes. This study examines changes to policies, and plans and attempts to distinguish the impact of the Fukushima Daiichi accident from other factors that have affected policymaking in relation to nuclear energy, in particular electricity market economics, financing challenges and competition from other sources (gas, coal and renewables). It also examines changes over time to long-term, quantitative country projections, which reveal interesting trends on the possible role of nuclear energy in future energy systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264276192-en
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Five Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Accident : Nuclear Safety Improvements and Lessons Learnt (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264253131
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Countries around the world continue to implement safety improvements and corrective actions based on lessons learnt from the 11 March 2011 accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. This report provides a high-level summary and update on these activities, and outlines further lessons learnt and challenges identified for future consideration. It focuses on actions taken by NEA committees and NEA member countries, and as such is complementary to reports produced by other international organisations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264253131-en
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Implementation of Defence in Depth at Nuclear Power Plants : Lessons Learnt from the Fukushima Daiichi Accident (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264253001
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Regulation
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Defence in depth (DiD) is a concept that has been used for many years alongside tools to optimise nuclear safety in reactor design, assessment and regulation. The 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident provided unique insight into nuclear safety issues and raised questions about the tools used at nuclear power plants, including the effectiveness of the DiD concept, and whether DiD can be enhanced and its implementation improved. This report is intended primarily for nuclear regulatory bodies, although information included herein is expected to be of interest to licensees, nuclear industry organisations and the general public.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264253001-en
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Financing the Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264265325
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Decommissioning of both commercial and R&D nuclear facilities is expected to increase significantly in the coming years, and the largest of such industrial decommissioning projects could command considerable budgets. It is important to understand the costs of decommissioning projects in order to develop realistic cost estimates as early as possible based on preliminary decommissioning plans, but also to develop funding mechanisms to ensure that future decommissioning expenses can be adequately covered. Sound financial provisions need to be accumulated early on to reduce the potential risk for residual, unfunded liabilities and the burden on future generations, while ensuring environmental protection. Decommissioning planning can be subject to considerable uncertainties, particularly in relation to potential changes in financial markets, in energy policies or in the conditions and requirements for decommissioning individual nuclear installations, and such uncertainties need to be reflected in regularly updated cost estimates. This booklet offers a useful overview of the relevant aspects of financing the decommissioning of nuclear facilities. It provides information on cost estimation for decommissioning, as well as details about funding mechanisms and the management of funds based on current practice in NEA member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264265325-en
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  • 11
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    Online Resource
    The Safety Culture of an Effective Nuclear Regulatory Body (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264252967
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Regulation
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The fundamental objective of all nuclear safety regulatory bodies is to ensure that activities related to the peaceful use of nuclear energy are carried out in a safe manner within their respective countries. In order to effectively achieve this objective, the nuclear regulatory body requires specific characteristics, one of which is a healthy safety culture. This regulatory guidance report describes five principles that support the safety culture of an effective nuclear regulatory body. These principles concern leadership for safety, individual responsibility and accountability, co-operation and open communication, a holistic approach, and continuous improvement, learning and self-assessment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264252967-en
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  • 12
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    Online Resource
    National Inventories and Management Strategies for Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste : Methodology for Common Presentation of Data (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264265431
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (67 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Radioactive waste inventory data are an important element in the development of a national radioactive waste management programme since these data affect the design and selection of the ultimate disposal methods. Inventory data are generally presented as an amount of radioactive waste under various waste classes, according to the waste classification scheme developed and adopted by the country or national programme in question. Various waste classification schemes have thus evolved in most countries, and these schemes classify radioactive waste according to its origin, to criteria related to the protection of workers or to the physical, chemical and radiological properties of the waste and the planned disposal method(s). The diversity in classification schemes across countries has restricted the possibility of comparing waste inventories and led to difficulties in interpreting waste management practices, both nationally and internationally. To help improve this situation, the Nuclear Energy Agency proposed to develop a methodology that would ensure consistency of national radioactive waste inventory data when presenting them in a common scheme. This report provides such a methodology and presenting scheme for spent nuclear fuel and for waste arising from reprocessing. The extension of the methodology and presenting scheme to other types of radioactive waste and corresponding management strategies is envisaged in a second phase.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264265431-en
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Radiological Protection Science and Application (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    ISBN: 9789264256880
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (117 p.)
    Series Statement: Radiological Protection
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Since the discovery of radiation at the end of the 19th century, the health effects of exposure to radiation have been studied more than almost any other factor with potential effects on human health. The NEA has long been involved in discussions on the effects of radiation exposure, releasing two reports in 1994 and 2007 on radiological protection science. This report is the third in this state-of-the-art series, examining recent advances in the understanding of radiation risks and effects, particularly at low doses. It focuses on radiobiology and epidemiology, and also addresses the social science aspects of stakeholder involvement in radiological protection decision making. The report summarises the status of, and issues arising from, the application of the International System of Radiological Protection to different types of prevailing circumstances.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264256880-en
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  • 14
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    Online Resource
    Management of Radioactive Waste after a Nuclear Power Plant Accident (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264268456
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (225 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The NEA Expert Group on Fukushima Waste Management and Decommissioning R&D (EGFWMD) was established in 2014 to offer advice to the authorities in Japan on the management of large quantities of on-site waste with complex properties and to share experiences with the international community and NEA member countries on ongoing work at the Fukushima Daiichi site. The group was formed with specialists from around the world who had gained experience in waste management, radiological contamination or decommissioning and waste management R&D after the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents. This report provides technical opinions and ideas from these experts on post-accident waste management and R&D at the Fukushima Daiichi site, as well as information on decommissioning challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264268456-en
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  • 15
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    Online Resource
    Crisis Communication: Facing the Challenges : Workshop Proceedings, Madrid, Spain, 9-10 May 2012 (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264205055
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Regulation
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: As manifested by an increasingly globalised media, a nuclear accident anywhere quickly becomes a potential concern for people everywhere. It is therefore of prime importance that nuclear regulators’ communication strategies take into consideration the expectations and concerns of the public and provide sound information not only for the people of the affected country, but also for citizens worldwide. Public trust is a key element in being able to do so effectively and of particular importance when there are consequences for people or the environment. International co-operation can play a fundamental role in helping to improve crisis communication on national and global scales in the event of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency. These proceedings contain the papers, recommendations and conclusions of the workshop, which was attended by over 180 experts from 27 countries and 6 international organisations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264205055-en
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  • 16
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    Online Resource
    Stakeholder Confidence in Radioactive Waste Management : An Annotated Glossary of Key Terms (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264205062
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Forum on Stakeholder Confidence (FSC) Annotated Glossary is a review of concepts central to societal decision making about radioactive waste management. It records the evolution in understanding that has taken place in the group as the FSC has worked with these concepts over time. This should be a useful resource not only for new FSC participants but also for others: this annotated glossary forms a good reference handbook for future texts regarding societal aspects of radioactive waste management and its governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264205062-en
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  • 17
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    The Economics of Long-term Operation of Nuclear Power Plants (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264992054
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Refurbishment and long-term operation (LTO) of existing nuclear power plants (NPPs) today are crucial to the competitiveness of the nuclear industry in OECD countries as existing nuclear power plants produce baseload power at a reliable cost. A number of nuclear power plants, most notably 73 units in the United States (up to 2012), have been granted lifetime extensions of up to 60 years, a development that is being keenly watched in other OECD countries. In many of these (e.g. France, Switzerland), there is no legal end to the operating licence, but continued operation is based on the outcomes of periodic safety reviews. This study analyses technical and economic data on the upgrade and lifetime extension experience in OECD countries. A multi-criteria assessment methodology is used considering various factors and parameters reflecting current and future financial conditions of operation, political and regulatory risks, the state of the plants’ equipment and the general role of nuclear power in the country’s energy policy. The report shows that long-term operation of nuclear power plants has significant economic advantages for most utilities envisaging LTO programmes. In most cases, the continued operation of NPPs for at least ten more years is profitable even taking into account the additional costs of post-Fukushima modifications, and remains cost-effective compared to alternative replacement sources.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264992054-en
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