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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (12)
  • Hoekman, Bernard  (12)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (12)
  • Macroeconomics and Economic Growth  (12)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Services Trade And Growth (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Services Trade And Growth
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: The competitiveness of firms in open economies is increasingly determined by access to low-cost and high-quality producer services - telecommunications, transport and distribution services, financial intermediation, etc. This paper discusses the role of services in economic growth, focusing in particular on channels through which openness to trade in services may increase productivity at the level of the economy as a whole, industries and the firm. The authors explore what recent empirical work suggests could be done to enhance comparative advantage in the production and export of services and how to design policy reforms to open services markets to greater foreign participation in a way that ensures not just greater efficiency but also greater equity in terms of access to services
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  • 2
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    Regulatory Cooperation, Aid For Trade And The General Agreement On Trade In Services (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Regulatory Cooperation, Aid For Trade And The General Agreement On Trade In Services
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade
    Abstract: This paper discusses what could be done to expand services trade and investment through a multilateral agreement in the World Trade Organization. A distinction is made between market access liberalization and the regulatory preconditions for benefiting from market opening. The authors argue that prospects for multilateral services liberalization would be enhanced by making national treatment the objective of World Trade Organization services negotiations, thereby clarifying the scope of World Trade Organization commitments for regulators. Moreover, liberalization by smaller and poorer members of the World Trade Organization would be facilitated by complementary actions to strengthen regulatory capacity. If pursued as part of the operationalization of the World Trade Organization's 2006 Aid for Trade taskforce report, the World Trade Organization could become more relevant in promoting not just services liberalization but, more importantly, domestic reforms of services policies
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  • 3
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    Canada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, And State Trading Enterprises (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Canada-Wheat
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Domestic market ; Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export markets ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Market price ; Marketing ; Marketing boards ; Markets and Market Access ; Price discrimination ; Private Sector Development ; Sale ; Sales ; Trade Law ; Access to Markets ; Domestic market ; Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export markets ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Market price ; Marketing ; Marketing boards ; Markets and Market Access ; Price discrimination ; Private Sector Development ; Sale ; Sales ; Trade Law ; Access to Markets ; Domestic market ; Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export markets ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Market price ; Marketing ; Marketing boards ; Markets and Market Access ; Price discrimination ; Private Sector Development ; Sale ; Sales ; Trade Law
    Abstract: Statutory marketing boards that have exclusive authority to purchase domestic production, sell for export, and set purchase and sales prices of commodities are a type of state trading enterprise that is subject to World Trade Organization disciplines. This paper assesses a recent dispute brought by the United States against Canada, alleging that WTO rules require state trading enterprises to operate solely in accordance with commercial considerations and that the Canadian government did not require the Canadian Wheat Board to do so. The panel and Appellate Body found that the primary discipline of the WTO regarding state trading enterprises was nondiscrimination, and that operating on the basis of "commercial considerations" was not an independent obligation. Instead, WTO disciplines regarding the pricing behavior of state trading enterprises use a "commercial considerations" test as a possible indicator of discrimination. Although a significant degree of price discrimination is observed in the case of Canadian wheat exports, there are economic arguments why this might also be pursued by a private, profit maximizing firm
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  • 4
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    European Community--Sugar : Cross-Subsidization And The World Trade Organization (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard European Community--Sugar
    Keywords: Agribusiness and Markets ; Agriculture ; Consumers ; Cost functions ; Cross subsidization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Net exports ; Rural Development ; Subsidization ; Tax Law ; Trade Law ; Uruguay Round ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Agribusiness and Markets ; Agriculture ; Consumers ; Cost functions ; Cross subsidization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Net exports ; Rural Development ; Subsidization ; Tax Law ; Trade Law ; Uruguay Round ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Agribusiness and Markets ; Agriculture ; Consumers ; Cost functions ; Cross subsidization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Net exports ; Rural Development ; Subsidization ; Tax Law ; Trade Law ; Uruguay Round ; WTO ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: An important recent World Trade Organization dispute settlement case for many developing countries concerned European Union exports of sugar. Brazil, Thailand, and Australia alleged that the exports have substantially exceeded permitted levels as established by European Union commitments in the WTO. This case had major implications for both European Union sugar producers and developing countries that benefited from preferential access to the European Union market. It was also noteworthy in the use of economic arguments by the WTO dispute settlement panel, which held that the excess sugar exports were in part a reflection of illegal de facto cross-subsidization-rents from production that benefited from high support prices being used to cover losses associated with exports of sugar to the world market. Although in principle the economic arguments of the panel could apply to many other policy areas, in practice WTO provisions greatly limit the scope to bring similar arguments for trade in products that are not subject to explicit export subsidy reduction commitments of the type that were made for sugar and other agricultural commodities
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  • 5
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    Liberalizing Trade In Services : A Survey (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (62 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Liberalizing Trade In Services
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Distribution ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Incentives ; Income ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Distribution ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Incentives ; Income ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Distribution ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Incentives ; Income ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Since the mid 1980s a substantial amount of research has been undertaken on trade in services. Much of this is inspired by the World Trade Organization or regional trade agreements, especially the European Union, but an increasing number of papers focus on the impacts of services sector liberalization. This paper surveys the literature, focusing on contributions that investigate the determinants of international trade and investment in services, the potential gains from greater trade (and liberalization), and efforts to cooperate to achieve such liberalization through trade agreements. It concludes that there is increasing evidence that services liberalization is an important source of potential welfare gains, but relatively little research has been done that can inform the design of international cooperation-both trade agreements and development assistance-so as to more effectively promote development objectives
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  • 6
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    Preference Erosion and Multilateral Trade Liberalization (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Francois, Joseph Preference Erosion and Multilateral Trade Liberalization
    Keywords: Access ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Diversification ; Export Performance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Global Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization Of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Preferential Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Reciprocal Basis ; Reciprocity ; Tariff ; Tariff Reductions ; Tariffs ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade Preferences ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Access ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Diversification ; Export Performance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Global Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization Of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Preferential Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Reciprocal Basis ; Reciprocity ; Tariff ; Tariff Reductions ; Tariffs ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade Preferences ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Access ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Diversification ; Export Performance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Global Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization Of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Preferential Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Reciprocal Basis ; Reciprocity ; Tariff ; Tariff Reductions ; Tariffs ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade Preferences ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: Because of concern that OECD tariff reductions will translate into worsening export performance for the least developed countries, trade preferences have proven a stumbling block to developing country support for multilateral liberalization. The authors examine the actual scope for preference erosion, including an econometric assessment of the actual utilization and the scope for erosion estimated by modeling full elimination of OECD tariffs, and hence full most-favored-nation liberalization-based preference erosion. Preferences are underutilized due to administrative burden-estimated to be at least 4 percent on average-reducing the magnitude of erosion costs significantly. For those products where preferences are used (are of value), the primary negative impact follows from erosion of EU preferences. This suggests the erosion problem is primarily bilateral rather than a WTO-based concern
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  • 7
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    Initial Conditions and Incentives for Arab Economic Integration : Can the European Community's Success Be Emulated? (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Initial Conditions and Incentives for Arab Economic Integration
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Benchmarks ; Competition ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Goods ; Incentive ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Agriculture ; Benchmarks ; Competition ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Goods ; Incentive ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Agriculture ; Benchmarks ; Competition ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Goods ; Incentive ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: Hoekman and Messerlin compare the European Community's "trade fundamentals" prevailing in the 1960s with those applying in Arab countries today. The fundamentals differ significantly—Arab countries trade much less with each other than EC members did, and the importance of such trade in GDP varies greatly. This suggests that a viable Arab integration strategy must follow a path that differs from the preferential trade liberalization-led approach implemented by the European Community. An alternative is to complement long-standing attempts to liberalize merchandise trade with an effort that revolves around service sector reforms and liberalization. This may prove to be an effective mechanism to support reforms as, in principle, there is a major constituency in each Arab country that has an interest in improving the performance of services—the natural resource-based and manufacturing sectors. A key condition for such an approach to be feasible is that Arab cooperation helps overcome political economy resistance to national, unilateral action, or, generates direct gains from cooperation in specific policy areas. The EC experience suggests that a services-based integration strategy will be complex and must be carefully designed and sequenced. Given the importance of services-related trade and logistics transactions costs, a first step might focus on bringing such costs down through a concerted joint effort. This paper—a product of Trade, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the economics of regional integration
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  • 8
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    Economic Development and the World Trade Organization After Doha (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Economic Development and the World Trade Organization After Doha
    Keywords: Benchmarks ; Benefits ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Agencies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Generalized System of Preferences ; Goods ; Income ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regulatory Policy ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Benchmarks ; Benefits ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Agencies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Generalized System of Preferences ; Goods ; Income ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regulatory Policy ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Benchmarks ; Benefits ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Agencies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Generalized System of Preferences ; Goods ; Income ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regulatory Policy ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services
    Abstract: Hoekman analyzes what actions could be taken in the context of the World Trade Organization's Doha negotiations to assist countries in reaping benefits from deeper trade integration. He discusses the policy agenda that confronts many developing countries and identifies a number of focal points that could be used both as targets and as benchmarks to increase the likelihood that WTO negotiations will support development. To achieve these targets, Hoekman proposes a number of negotiating modalities for both goods and services-related market access issues, as well as rule-making in regulatory areas. Throughout the analysis, the author refers to the work of J. Michael Finger, whose numerous writings in this area have not only greatly influenced the thinking of policymakers and researchers on the interaction between trade policy, economic development, and the GATT/WTO trading system, but also provides a model for how to pursue effective policy research. This paper--a product of Trade, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze the development aspects of WTO rules. The author may be contacted at bhoekmanworldbank.org
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  • 9
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    Multilateral Disciplines for Investment-Related Policies (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Multilateral Disciplines for Investment-Related Policies
    Keywords: Costs ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Expectations ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Incentives ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Multilateral Trade ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Payments ; Positive Externalities ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Risk Averse ; Social Protections and Labor ; Subsidy ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transactions Costs ; Value ; Value Added ; WTO ; Welfare ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Expectations ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Incentives ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Multilateral Trade ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Payments ; Positive Externalities ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Risk Averse ; Social Protections and Labor ; Subsidy ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transactions Costs ; Value ; Value Added ; WTO ; Welfare
    Abstract: June 1999 - Is there a strong case for developing countries to support the creation of a multilateral agreement on investment? Probably not. Existing agreements offer ample scope for liberalizing foreign direct investment in the area that matters most to developing countries: services. Hoekman and Saggi evaluate the potential benefits of international disciplines on policies toward foreign direct investment for developing countries. They conclude that the case for initiating negotiations on investment policies is weak, at present. Negotiating efforts that center on further liberalizing market access on a nondiscriminatory basis-especially for services-are likely to be more fruitful in terms of economic welfare and growth. Existing multilateral instruments, although imperfect, are far from fully exploited and provide significant opportunities for governments opening further access to markets. Hoekman and Saggi conclude that priority should be given to expanding coverage of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) before seeking to negotiate general disciplines on investment policies. This paper-a product of Trade, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to prepare for the next round of WTO negotiations. The authors may be contacted at bhoekmanworldbank.org or ksaggi @mail.smu.edu
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  • 10
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    Competition Policy, Developing Countries, and the World Trade Organization (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Competition Policy, Developing Countries, and the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Barriers ; Competition ; Competition Policies ; Competition Policy ; Developing Countries ; Developing Country ; Domestic Competition ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Foreign Competition ; Free Trade ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Interest ; Interests ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Investment Policies ; Jurisdictions ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Traditional Market ; World Trade ; Access to Markets ; Barriers ; Competition ; Competition Policies ; Competition Policy ; Developing Countries ; Developing Country ; Domestic Competition ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Foreign Competition ; Free Trade ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Interest ; Interests ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Investment Policies ; Jurisdictions ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Traditional Market ; World Trade
    Abstract: October 1999 - Developing countries have a great interest in pursuing active domestic competition policy but should do so independent of the World Trade Organization - which they should use to improve market access through further reduction in direct barriers to trade in goods and services. Hoekman and Holmes discuss developing country interests in including competition law disciplines in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Developing countries have a great interest in pursuing active domestic competition policy, they conclude, but should do so independent of the WTO. Given the mercantilist basis of multilateral trade negotiations, the WTO is less likely to be a powerful instrument for encouraging adoption of welfare-enhancing competition rules than it is to be a forum for abolishing cross-border measures. Developing countries should therefore give priority to using the WTO to improve market access - to further reduce direct barriers to trade in goods and services. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze issues that may be the subject of WTO negotiations. The authors may be contacted at bhoekmanworldbank.org or p.holmes@sussex.ac.uk
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  • 11
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    Developing Country Agriculture and the New Trade Agenda (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Developing Country Agriculture and the New Trade Agenda
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Production ; Agricultural Protection ; Agriculture ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Resources ; Rural Communities ; Social Protections and Labor ; Standards ; Subsidies ; Tariffs ; Taxation ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Welfare Gains ; World Trade Organization ; Agribusiness ; Agricultural Production ; Agricultural Protection ; Agriculture ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Resources ; Rural Communities ; Social Protections and Labor ; Standards ; Subsidies ; Tariffs ; Taxation ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Welfare Gains ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: May 1999 - In the new round of World Trade Organization talks expected in late 1999, negotiations about access to agricultural and services markets should be given top priority, but new trade agenda issues should also be discussed. Including new trade agenda issues would increase market discipline's role in the allocation of resources in agriculture and would encourage nonagricultural groups with interests in the new issues to take part in the round, counterbalancing forces favoring agricultural protection. A new round of World Trade Organization negotiations on agriculture, services, and perhaps other issues is expected in late 1999. To what extent should those negotiations include new trade agenda items aimed at ensuring that domestic regulatory policies do not discriminate against foreign suppliers? Hoekman and Anderson argue that negotiations about market access should be given priority, as the potential welfare gains from liberalizing access to agricultural (and services) markets are still huge, but new issues should be included too. Including new trade agenda issues would increase the role of market discipline in the allocation of resources in agriculture and would encourage nonagricultural groups with interests in the new issues to take part in the round, counterbalancing forces in favor of agricultural protection. They also argue, however, that rule-making efforts to accommodate the new issues should be de-linked from negotiations about access to agricultural markets, because the issues affect activity in all sectors. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze options and priorities for developing countries in the run-up to a new round of WTO negotiations. Bernard Hoekman may be contacted at bhoekmanworldbank.org or kanderson@economics.adelaide.edu.au
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  • 12
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    Deep Integration, Nondiscrimination, and Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Deep Integration, Nondiscrimination, and Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade
    Keywords: Bilateral Free Trade Agreement ; Competition Laws ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Customs Clearance ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Regulatory Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Suppliers ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Access Costs ; Market Segmentation ; Market Segmenting ; Market Segmenting Effect ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade Agreements ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Integration ; Regionalism ; Regulatory Barriers ; Regulatory Stance ; Safety Regulations ; Tariff ; Tariff Barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Bilateral Free Trade Agreement ; Competition Laws ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Customs Clearance ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Regulatory Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Suppliers ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Access Costs ; Market Segmentation ; Market Segmenting ; Market Segmenting Effect ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade Agreements ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Integration ; Regionalism ; Regulatory Barriers ; Regulatory Stance ; Safety Regulations ; Tariff ; Tariff Barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: May 1999 - Preferential trade agreements that are limited to the elimination of tariffs for merchandise trade flows are of limited value at best and may be as easily welfare-reducing as welfare-enhancing. It is important that preferential trade agreements go beyond eliminating tariffs and quotas to eliminating regulatory and red tape costs and opening up service markets to foreign competition. Deep integration-explicit government actions to reduce the market-segmenting effect of domestic regulatory policies through coordination and cooperation-is becoming a major dimension of some regional integration agreements, led by the European Union. Health and safety regulations, competition laws, licensing and certification regimes, and administrative procedures such as customs clearance can affect trade (in ways analogous to nontariff barriers) even though their underlying intent may not be to discriminate against foreign suppliers of goods and services. Whether preferential trade agreements (PTAs) can be justified in a multilateral trading system depends on the extent to which formal intergovernmental agreements are technically necessary to achieve the deep integration needed to make markets more contestable. The more need for formal cooperation, the stronger the case for regional integration. Whether PTAs are justified regionally also depends on whether efforts to reduce market segmentation are applied on a nondiscriminatory basis. If innovations to reduce transaction or market access costs extend to both members and nonmembers of a PTA, regionalism as an instrument of trade and investment becomes more attractive. Using a standard competitive general equilibrium model of the Egyptian economy, Hoekman and Konan find that the static welfare impact of a deep free trade agreement is far greater than the impact that can be expected from a classic shallow agreement. Under some scenarios, welfare may increase by more than 10 percent of GDP, compared with close to zero under a shallow agreement. Given Egypt's highly diversified trading patterns, a shallow PTA with the European Union could be merely diversionary, leading to a small decline in welfare. Egypt already has duty-free access to the European Union for manufactures, so the loss in tariff revenues incurred would outweigh any new trade created. Large gains in welfare from the PTA are conditional on eliminating regulatory barriers and red tape-in which case welfare gains may be substantial: 4 to 20 percent growth in real GNP. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze regional integration agreements. The authors may be contacted at bhoekmanworldbank.org or konan@hawaii.edu
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