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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are not Machines (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401009737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Philosophy and science. ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: An important collection of studies providing a fresh and original perspective on the nature of mind, including thoughtful and detailed arguments that explain why the prevailing paradigm - the computational conception of language and mentality - can no longer be sustained. An alternative approach is advanced, inspired by the work of Charles S. Peirce, according to which minds are sign-using (or `semiotic') systems, which in turn generates distinctions between different kinds of minds and overcomes problems that burden more familiar alternatives. Unlike conceptions of minds as machines, this novel approach has obvious evolutionary implications, where differences in semiotic abilities tend to distinguish the species. From this point of view, the scope and limits of computer and AI systems can be more adequately appraised and alternative accounts of consciousness and cognition can be more thoroughly criticised. Readership: Intermediate and advanced students of computer science, AI, cognitive science, and all students of the philosophy of the mind
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0973-7
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  • 2
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    The New Theory of Reference : Kripke, Marcus, and Its Origins (1998)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401152501
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (393p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 270
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Metaphysics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: This collection of essays is the definitive version of a widely discussed debate over the origins of the New Theory of Reference. In new articles written especially for this volume, Quentin Smith and Scott Soames, the original participants in the debate, elaborate their positions on who was responsible for the ideas that Saul Kripke presented in his Naming and Necessity. They are joined by John Burgess, who weighs in on the side of Soames, while Smith adds a further dimension in discussing the contributions of philosophers such as Føllesdal, Geach, Hintikka, and Plantinga. Also included are lengthy excerpts from Føllesdal's 1961 Harvard dissertation and a careful examination by Sten Lindström of the respective contributions of Kripke and Stig Kanger to the development of modal semantics. The collection will be essential reading for anyone acquainted with these influential ideas
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-5250-1
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  • 3
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    Program Verification : Fundamental Issues in Computer Science (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401117937
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 458 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 14
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Humanities ; Science Philosophy ; Software engineering ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematical optimization
    Abstract: Among the most important problems confronting computer science is that of developing a paradigm appropriate to the discipline. Proponents of formal methods - such as John McCarthy, C.A.R. Hoare, and Edgar Dijkstra - have advanced the position that computing is a mathematical activity and that computer science should model itself after mathematics. Opponents of formal methods - by contrast, suggest that programming is the activity which is fundamental to computer science and that there are important differences that distinguish it from mathematics, which therefore cannot provide a suitable paradigm. Disagreement over the place of formal methods in computer science has recently arisen in the form of renewed interest in the nature and capacity of program verification as a method for establishing the reliability of software systems. A paper that appeared in Communications of the ACM entitled, `Program Verification: The Very Idea', by James H. Fetzer triggered an extended debate that has been discussed in several journals and that has endured for several years, engaging the interest of computer scientists (both theoretical and applied) and of other thinkers from a wide range of backgrounds who want to understand computer science as a domain of inquiry. The editors of this collection have brought together many of the most interesting and important studies that contribute to answering questions about the nature and the limits of computer science. These include early papers advocating the mathematical paradigm by McCarthy, Naur, R. Floyd, and Hoare (in Part I), others that elaborate the paradigm by Hoare, Meyer, Naur, and Scherlis and Scott (in Part II), challenges, limits and alternatives explored by C. Floyd, Smith, Blum, and Naur (in Part III), and recent work focusing on formal verification by DeMillo, Lipton, and Perlis, Fetzer, Cohn, and Colburn (in Part IV). It provides essential resources for further study. This volume will appeal to scientists, philosophers, and laypersons who want to understand the theoretical foundations of computer science and be appropriately positioned to evaluate the scope and limits of the discipline
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-1793-7
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  • 4
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    Definitions and Definability: Philosophical Perspectives (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401133463
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 335 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodolgy, and Philosophy of Science 216
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 216
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Aspects of the Theory of Definition -- I / Preliminary Considerations -- Real and Nominal Definitions -- Primitive Concepts: Habits, Conventions, and Laws -- II / Definitional Desiderata -- Vagueness and the Desiderata for Definition -- Definition in a Quinean World -- III / Formal Developments -- Definitions and Definability -- Towards a General Theory of Identifiability -- IV / Epistemic Dimensions -- Epistemic Terms and the Aims of Epistemology -- Rational Definitions and Defining Rationality -- V / Specialized Conceptions -- Idealized Definitions in Physics and Idealized Dispositions -- Inverted Definitions and Their Uses -- VI / Disciplinary Conceptions -- Definitions in Law -- Defining the Divine -- Philosophical Analyses: An Explanation and Defense -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3346-3
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Epistemology and Cognition (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401137164
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 302 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Genetic epistemology ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Prologue -- Connectionism and Three Levels of Nativism -- I / Concepts and Content -- Explanation and the Language of Thought -- Conceptual Dependency as the Language of Thought -- Functionalism and Inverted Spectra -- Concepts and Conceptual Change -- Beyond the Exclusively Propositional Era -- II / Semantics and Knowledge -- Can Semantics by Syntactic? -- Form and Content in Semantics -- Knowledge and the Regularity Theory of Information -- Melancholic Epistemology -- Human Understanding -- Epilogue -- Framing the Frame Problem -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information, and data-processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal, or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interest from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and philosophical psychology through issues in cognitive psychology and sociobiology (concerning the mental powers of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimen­ tal, and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. The present volume reflects the kind of insights that can be obtained when research workers in philosophy, artificial intelligence, and computer science explore problems of common concern. The issues here tend to fall into two broad but varied sets, namely: those concerned with content and concepts, on the one hand, and those concerned with semantics and epistemology, on the other. The collection begins with a prologue that focuses upon the relations between connectionism and alternative conceptions of nativism and ends with an epilogue that examines the significance of alternative conceptions of the Frame Problem for artificial intelligence. Because these papers are rich and diverse, they ought to appeal to a wide and heterogeneous audience. J.H.F.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3716-4
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  • 6
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    Philosophy, Mind, and Cognitive Inquiry : Resources for Understanding Mental Processes (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400918825
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (468p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education Philosophy ; Humanities ; Education—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Cognitive Inquiry and the Philosophy of Mind -- Prologue: What is Mind? -- Current Issues in the Philosophy of Mind -- I: Computational Conceptions -- Machines and the Mental -- What’s in a Mind? -- II: Connectionist Conceptions -- Connectionism, Eliminativism, and the Future of Folk Psychology -- On the Proper Treatment of Connectionism -- III: Representational Conceptions -- Semantics, Wisconsin Style -- Cognitive Science and the Problem of Semantic -- IV: Mentality and Intentionally -- The Primacy of the Intention -- Intentionality and Its Place in Nature -- V: Epistemology and Cognition -- Why Reason Can’t Be Naturalized -- The Relation Between Epistemology and Psychology -- VI: The Mental and the Physical -- Two Versions of the Identity Theory -- A Bridge Between Cognitive Science and Neuroscience: The Functional Architecture of Mind -- Epilogue: Conflicting Conceptions -- Language and Mentality: Computational, Representational, and Dispositional Conceptions -- Selected Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information, and data-processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human. (other) animal, or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and philosophical psychology through issues in cognitive psychology and sociobiology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimental, and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. No problem within the field of cognitive inquiry is more difficult than that of developing an adequate conception of the nature of mind and of its mode of operation. Our purpose in compiling the present volume has been to contribute to the pursuit of this objective by bringing together a repre­ sentative cross-section of the principal approaches and the primary players who are engaged in contemporary debate on these crucial issues. The book begins with a comprehensive introduction composed by David Cole, the senior editor of this work, which provides a background for understanding the major problems and alternative solutions, and ends with a selected bibliography intended to promote further research. If our efforts assist others in dealing with these issues, they will have been worthwhile. J. H. F. David J. Cole et at. (eds. ), Philosophy, Mind, and Cognitive Inquiry, ix.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1882-5
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  • 7
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    Artificial Intelligence: Its Scope and Limits (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400919006
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Humanities ; Science Philosophy ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: I: Metamentality -- 1. What is Artificial Intelligence? -- 2. Symbol Systems and Semiotic Systems -- 3. Theories of Language and Mentality -- II: Knowledge and Expertise -- 4. The Nature of Knowledge -- 5. Varieties of Knowledge -- 6. Expert Systems -- III: Representation and Verification -- 7. Knowledge Representation -- 8. Program Verification -- 9. Minds, Bodies, and Machines -- References -- Numbered Definitions -- List of Figures -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information, and data­ processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal, or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and philosophical psycholo­ gy through issues in cognitive psychology and sociobiology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial in­ telligence and to computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological aspects of these prob­ lems and domains, empirical, experimental, and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. The perspective that prevails in artificial intelligence today suggests that the theory of computability defines the boundaries of the nature of thought, precisely because all thinking is computational. This paradigm draws its inspiration from the symbol-system hypothesis of Newell and Simon and finds its culmination in the computational conception of lan­ guage and mentality. The "standard conception" represented by these views is subjected to a thorough and sustained critique in the pages of this book. Employing a distinction between systems for which signs are signif­ icant for the users of a system and others for which signs are significant for use by a system, I have sought to define the boundaries of what AI, in principle, may be expected to achieve.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1900-6
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  • 8
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    Aspects of Artificial Intelligence (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400926998
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: Prologue -- The Semantics of Clocks -- I / Ontological Foundations -- The Pseudorealization Fallacy and the Chinese Room Argument -- In Praise of Narrow Minds: The Frame Problem -- Syntactic Semantics: Foundations of Computational Natural-Language Understanding -- Signs and Minds: An Introduction to the Theory of Semiotic Systems -- Logic for the New AI -- II / Epistemological Dimensions -- Artificial Intelligence is Philosophy -- Artificial Intelligence as an Experimental Science -- Defeasible Reasoning: A Philosophical Analysis in Prolog -- When is Reasoning Nonmonotonic? -- Artificial Intelligence and Effective Epistemology -- Maintaining an Inductive Database -- Epilogue -- Automating Creativity -- Index of Names -- Index of Subject.
    Abstract: This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information and data-processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and philosophical psychology through issues in cognitive psychology and sociobiology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and to computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual and epistemological aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimental and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. The present volume illustrates the approach represented by this series. It addresses fundamental questions lying at the heart of artificial intelligence, including those of the relative virtues of computational and of non-computational conceptions of language and of mind, whether AI should be envisioned as a philosophical or as a scientific discipline, the theoretical character of patterns of inference and modes of argumenta­ tion (especially, defeasible and inductive reasoning), and the relations that may obtain between AI and epistemology. Alternative positions are developed in detail and subjected to vigorous debate in the justifiable expectation that - here as elsewhere - critical inquiry provides the most promising path to discovering the truth about ourselves and the world around us. lH.F.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2699-8
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  • 9
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    Philosophy, Language, and Artificial Intelligence : Resources for Processing Natural Language (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400927278
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (440p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 2
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: Philosophy and Natural-Language Processing -- Prologue: Modes of Meaning -- Utterer’s Meaning, Sentence-Meaning, and Word-Meaning -- I: Formal Syntax of Natural Language -- Footlose and Context-Free -- Evidence Against the Context-Freeness of Natural Language -- II: Semantic Aspects of Natural Language -- Truth and Meaning -- Semantics for Propositional Attitudes -- III: Connecting Syntax with Semantics -- The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English -- Phrase Structure Grammar -- IV: Natural Language and Logical Form -- Quantifiers in Natural Languages: Some Logical Problems, I -- Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language -- V: Possible-Worlds and Situation Semantics -- From Worlds to Situations -- Possible Worlds and Situations -- Epilogue: From Semantics to Pragmatics -- Semantics versus Pragmatics -- Selected Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information and data-processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and phi­ losophical psychology through issues in cognitive psychology and socio­ biology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual and epistemologi­ cal aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimental and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. Among the most challenging and difficult projects within the scope of artificial intelligence is the development and implementation of com­ puter programs suitable for processing natural language. Our purpose in compiling the present volume has been to contribute to the foundations of this enterprise by bringing together classic papers devoted to crucial problems involved in understanding natural language, which range from issues of formal syntax and logical form to those of possible-worlds and situation semantics. The book begins with a comprehensive introduc­ tion composed by Jack Kulas, the senior editor of this work, which pro­ vides a systematic orientation to this complex field, and ends with a selected bibliography intended to promote further research. If our efforts assist others in dealing with these problems, they will have been worthwhile. J. H. F.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2727-8
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  • 10
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    Probability and Causality : Essays in Honor of Wesley C. Salmon (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400939974
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 192
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Prologue -- Dynamic Rationality: Propensity, Probability, and Credence -- I: Probability, Causality, and Modality -- Hume’s Refutation of Inductive Probabilism -- An Adamite Derivation of the Principles of the Calculus of Probability -- Probability, Possibility, and Plenitude -- Probabilistic Metaphysics -- Probabilistic Theories of Causation -- Conditional Chance -- II: Probability, Causality, and Decision -- How to Tell a Common Cause: Generalizations of the Conjunctive Fork Criterion -- Probabilistic Causal Interaction and Disjunctive Causal Factors -- The Principle of the Common Cause -- On Raising the Chances of Effects -- How to Probabilize a Newcomb Problem -- Non-Nietzschean Decision Making -- Epilogue -- Publications: An Annotated Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The contributions to this special collection concern issues and problems discussed in or related to the work of Wesley C. Salmon. Salmon has long been noted for his important work in the philosophy of science, which has included research on the interpretation of probability, the nature of explanation, the character of reasoning, the justification of induction, the structure of space/time and the paradoxes of Zeno, to mention only some of the most prominent. During a time of increasing preoccupation with historical and sociological approaches to under­ standing science (which characterize scientific developments as though they could be adequately analysed from the perspective of political movements, even mistaking the phenomena of conversion for the rational appraisal of scientific theories), Salmon has remained stead­ fastly devoted to isolating and justifying those normative standards distinguishing science from non-science - especially through the vindi­ cation of general principles of scientific procedure and the validation of specific examples of scientific theories - without which science itself cannot be (even remotely) adequately understood. In this respect, Salmon exemplifies and strengthens a splendid tradi­ tion whose most remarkable representatives include Hans Reichenbach, Rudolf Carnap and Carl G. Hempel, all of whom exerted a profound influence upon his own development.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3997-4
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  • 11
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    Sociobiology and Epistemology (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400953703
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 180
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Prologue -- Gene-Culture Coevolution: Humankind in the Making -- I. Sociobiological Conceptions -- Sociobiology and the Information Metaphor -- Phenotypic Plasticity, Cultural Transmission, and Human Sociobiology -- Sociobiology and Human Culture -- Evolutionary Biology, Human Nature, and Knowledge -- Love and Morality: The Possibility of Altruism -- II. Epistemological Reflections -- Biological Reductionism and Genic Selectionism -- Adaptationalist Imperatives and Panglossian Paradigms -- Methodological Behaviorism, Evolution, and Game Theory -- Sociobiological Explanation and the Testability of Sociobiological Theory -- Science and Sociobiology -- Epilogue -- Evolutionary Epistemology: Can Sociobiology Help? -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The papers presented in this special collection focus upon conceptual, the­ oretical and epistemological aspects of sociobiology, an emerging discipline that deals with the extent to which genetic factors influence or control patterns of behavior as well as the extent to which patterns of behavior, in turn, influence or control genetic evolution. The Prologue advances a compre­ hensive acco/unt of the field of gene-culture co-evolution, where Lumsden and Gushurst differentiate between "classical" sociobiology (represented especially by Wilson's early work) and current research on human socio­ biology (represented by Lumsden and Wilson's later work), which emphasizes interplay between genes, minds, and culture. The specter of genetic deter­ minism, no doubt, has created considerable controversy, some of which may be laid to rest by Hanna's analysis of the (ambiguous) notion of a "genetic program", which indicates the necessity for distinguishing between descriptive and prescriptive dimensions of this complex concept. Brandon offers a framework for assessing the respective contributions of nature and of nurture by advancing a means for measuring genetic and cultural influences upon "inheritance", which supports the conclusion that evolving patterns of behavior do not always maximize inclusive fitness, contrary to what socio­ biologists have claimed. The influence of culture upon genetic evolution, of course, can be adequately appraised only when a suitable account of culture itself has been found, a desideratum Smillie attempts to satisfy by utilizing the notion of "cinfo" as culturally transmitted ecological informa­ tion, a resource other species tend not to exploit.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5370-3
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  • 12
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    Scientific Knowledge : Causation, Explanation, and Corroboration (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400985582
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (339p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 69
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 69
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Causation -- 1. The Knowledge Context Kzt -- 2. The Language Framework:L or L?? -- 3. Syntax. Semantics, and Ontology -- II: Explanation -- 4. Statistical Explanation and Statistical Relevance -- 5. A Single Case Theory of Causal Explanation -- 6. The Dispositional Construction of Theories -- III: Corroboration -- 7. The Justification of Induction -- 8. Confirmation and Corroboration -- 9. Acceptance and Rejection Rules -- 10. Rationality and Fallibility -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: With this defense of intensional realism as a philosophical foundation for understanding scientific procedures and grounding scientific knowledge, James Fetzer provides a systematic alternative to much of recent work on scientific theory. To Fetzer, the current state of understanding the 'laws' of nature, or the 'law-like' statements of scientific theories, appears to be one of philosophical defeat; and he is determined to overcome that defeat. Based upon his incisive advocacy of the single-case propensity interpretation of probability, Fetzer develops a coherent structure within which the central problems of the philosophy of science find their solutions. Whether the reader accepts the author's contentions may, in the end, depend upon ancient choices in the interpretation of experience and explanation, but there can be little doubt of Fetzer's spirited competence in arguing for setting ontology before epistemology, and within the analysis of language. To us, Fetzer's ambition is appealing, fusing, as he says, the substantive commitment of the Popperian with the conscientious sensitivity of the Hempelian to the technical precision required for justified explication. To Fetzer, science is the objective pursuit of fallible general knowledge. This innocent character­ ization, which we suppose most scientists would welcome, receives a most careful elaboration in this book; it will demand equally careful critical con­ sideration. Center for the Philosophy and ROBERT S. COHEN History of Science, MARX W. WARTOFSKY Boston University October 1981 v TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL PREFACE v FOREWORD xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv PART I: CAUSATION 1.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8558-2
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