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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mini Grids for Half a Billion People : Market Outlook and Handbook for Decision Makers (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Keywords: Electric Power ; Energy ; Energy Finance ; Power and Energy Conversion ; Renewable Energy ; Solar Energy
    Abstract: This book is packed with actionable information for decision-makers, and it is the World Bank's most comprehensive and authoritative publication on mini grids to date. The objective of this comprehensive knowledge package is to present road-tested options and examples from the leading edge of mini grid development. Decision-makers can draw on these options and examples to scale up mini grid deployment in their own contexts. By acknowledging different national approaches to mini grids and providing context-specific considerations for implementation, this suite of knowledge products offers an adaptive approach to helping countries achieve their electrification targets. The book is structured as follows. The overview presents a global market outlook for mini grids and introduces the 10 building blocks that need to be in place if mini grids are to be scaled up in any country. These building blocks also represent the 10 frontiers for innovation for the sector, where, with disruptive digital solutions across all 10 frontiers, the services offered to end users can be raised to a level substantially better than what would be possible with alternatives. In the Handbook, the terms "building blocks" and "frontiers" are used interchangeably. Chapters 1-10 present the 10 building blocks in detail and answer the question how do we scale up mini grid deployment to connect half a billion people by 2030 Chapter 11 is our call to action
    DOI: 10.1596/38082
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Gender Equality in the Off-Grid Solar Sector : Operational Handbook (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Energy ; Solar Energy
    Abstract: The off-grid solar (OGS) sector has the potential to increase universal access to energy, alleviate poverty, support economic development, and increase gender equality. Nevertheless, although considerable advances have been made in closing gaps in access to energy, women's presence in the sector as consumers and active participants in OGS value chains remains limited. By adopting inclusive practices, governments, businesses, stakeholders, and market actors can unleash significant economic opportunities and hasten progress toward empowerment and equality and given the concessional investments that have been made in the sector, appropriate projects are an opportunity to pioneer dynamic, innovative ways to approach gender equality. This Gender Equality and Off-Grid Solar Operational Handbook responds to sectoral needs by providing operational guidance based on case studies demonstrating promising approaches to closing gender gaps in the OGS sector. The primary objective of the operational handbook is to increase the focus on off-grid energy and women's role in it at the consumer and enterprise levels. It seeks to increase productive uses of energy with a focus on women as workers in the sector, as farmers, and as business owners. It provides a practical overview of the OGS sector observed through an inclusive lens and highlights flagship projects, promising practices, and lessons learned from practitioners worldwide
    DOI: 10.1596/38194
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 3
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    Leveraging Global Value Chains for growth in Turkey (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Economic Crisis ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Framework ; Global Value Chains ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Turkey saw phenomenal growth in the 2000s as economic reforms ushered in FDI, GVCs expanded, and productivity increased. The early 2000s saw Turkey exit from major economic crisis with a strengthened fiscal framework, a strengthened, inflation-targeting mandate for the Central Bank, the establishment of an independent bank regulator, and importantly, a recently agreed Customs Union agreement with the EU. From 2001 to 2017, incomes per capita in Turkey doubled in real terms and tripled in current dollar terms. Turkey transformed from a lower-middle-income country (LMIC) at the start of the 2000s to very nearly reaching high-income status by 2014. This drove a rapid fall in poverty from above 30 percent to just 9 percent1. Very few other countries matched Turkey's growth over this period, and almost all of them were new EU member states
    DOI: 10.1596/37095
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  • 4
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    Georgia Power Sector : Maximizing Finance for Development (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Electric Power ; Energy ; Energy Finance ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Energy Privatization ; Energy Production and Transportation
    Abstract: Over the past two decades, the leveraging of private-sector expertise and commercial capital has helped turn around Georgia's power sector from near-complete operational and financial collapse to a sector that provides secure, affordable, and reliable electricity services to Georgian customers. However, the government may not be able to sustain the current model of financing of electricity sector investments given the expected public debt and fiscal impacts. This study develops recommendations for optimizing available financing for electricity generation and transmission investments while limiting the impacts on public finance needs and fiscal risks. To this end, the study presents: (i) a summary of the historical and required investment needs in the power generation and transmission segments; (ii) a review of the constraints to mobilizing private and commercial financing with limited impact on fiscal risks; and (iii) the development of a reform roadmap to enable sustainable financing of investments in electricity generation and transmission. The objectives of this study are to: (a) identify the obstacles to optimizing available financing for power generation and transmission investments while limiting the impacts on the public finances, and (b) present recommendations to overcoming those obstacles
    DOI: 10.1596/37733
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  • 5
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    Preparing Feasibility Studies for the Financing of Geothermal Projects : An Overview of Best Practices (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This document offers guidelines for the preparation of feasibility studies for geothermal power projects in accordance with best industry practices. A geothermal feasibility study is a document, prepared by the project developer, that collects and presents information necessary to determine the technical and financial viability of a geothermal energy project and its compliance with environmental and social safeguards. In a broad sense, a feasibility study is a living document that evolves over the course of the project preparation phase. Such studies may also have specific purposes, such as to guide the internal business decisions of a project's owners or to demonstrate the economic viability of a project and its alignment with the country's energy strategy to public stakeholders. The guidelines presented here refer, specifically, to feasibility studies prepared for the purpose of securing financing, both debt and equity. A project developer prepares a feasibility study using reliable data so that financiers can assess the risks associated with a project. A feasibility study should identify the main risks and describe how they will be managed. A necessary condition for receiving funding is that financiers can assess project risks and their magnitude and whether these are in a range they are willing to accept. The guidelines offered in this document have two purposes. The first is to help project developers understand the required content and structure of a feasibility study. The second is to suggest how financing entities may assess whether a feasibility study is of adequate quality and scope. The topics addressed in a feasibility study for any power generation project are quite similar irrespective of the energy conversion technology. However, several aspects of geothermal projects set them apart from other power generation projects. For example, geothermal projects need significant investments in drilling relatively early in the project lifetime to reduce resource uncertainty. Even though the focus here is on geothermal projects for electricity production, most of the recommendations presented are equally valid for direct-use geothermal projects
    DOI: 10.1596/36016
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
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    Learning from Power Sector Reform : The Case of Ukraine (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Keywords: Electric Power ; Energy ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Energy Sector Regulation ; Power Generation ; Power Sector Reform ; Utilities
    Abstract: At the time of independence, in 1991, Ukraine had a monolithic state-run power sector. Its main concern was to transform the sector into a more efficient and competitive system that can be consistent with eventual European Union membership. A series of steps were taken in this direction - some unbundling of the sector; limited privatization; establishing a regulator; and creating a wholesale power market. Unfortunately, these reform steps did not achieve the reform objectives, and, at the time, there was no political consensus on the path forward. The changing regional political landscape, especially driven by the Crimea crisis, raised a fresh impetus for the reforms as the sector faced new concerns. Security of supply concerns, particularly over gas from Russia and limited access to high quality coal mines, were suddenly centerstage for a country where the inherited system had excess supply even at peak demand. Sector reforms were undertaken to align more closely with the second and third European Union energy packages. This case study follows Ukraine power sector's reform process and presents lessons learned that can be useful for other developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/37069
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  • 7
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    What Drives the Transition to Modern Energy Cooking Services? : A Systematic Review of the Evidence (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Some 4 billion people still cook with traditional polluting fuels and technologies. The adverse development impacts from households continued use of polluting stove-and-fuel combinations are significant. Transitioning this population to modern cooking services (MECS) - part of United Nation (UN) sustainable development goal 7 - remains a significant challenge. This report presents the findings of a systematic review of published evidence on demand- and supply-side drivers of and barriers to transitioning populations to MECS. The barriers and drivers identified include, but are not limited to, education levels and wealth status; peer influence and trust in stove information source; competition with existing fuels and technologies; and program design features, including technology, training, and after sales support. The report provides key recommendations for overcoming the challenges that inhibit large-scale transition to MECS: (i) better focused programs that consider the socioeconomic realities of the target groups, such as financial mechanisms that address affordability constraints; (ii) incorporating measures that concurrently tackle existing stove technologies and current fuel use practices that programs aim to displace; and (iii) address awareness creation as a separate MECS intervention, with public sector investments on this component
    DOI: 10.1596/35199
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  • 8
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    From Sun to Roof to Grid : Distributed PV in Energy Sector Strategies (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy and Environment ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Solar Energy
    Abstract: As the world's fastest-growing local energy technology, distributed photovoltaics (DPV) has upended the traditional paradigm of one-way power flow from the grid to consumers. Solar electricity systems located close to grid consumers known here as DPV empower consumers to produce electricity for themselves and for the grid. Thanks mainly to falling PV costs, DPV has become a viable way to meet energy needs for a widening array of consumers. Worldwide, installed capacity of DPV exploded from just a few megawatts (MW) in 2000 to 250 gigawatts (GW) in 2019; and it is forecast to exceed 500 GW by 2025. Poorly managed, DPV scale-up can then erode utility finances and interfere with grid operation. Yet, as explained in this report, well-managed DPV can benefit not only DPV owners but also contribute to reliable grid operation and a financially sound electricity sector. DPV offers multiple types of benefits relevant for low- and middle-income countries, especially when it can reduce electricity costs and widespread dependence on diesel generators. This report is an overview of DPV in different country contexts, and it is aimed at energy ministries and other decision-makers. Chapter 1 introduces key concepts and the recent status of the DPV market. It also highlights key potential value propositions of DPV for different stakeholders, including consumers, utilities, governments, and society as a whole. Chapter 2 presents nine specific ways in which distributed photovoltaics (PV) is or could be used to solve problems faced in low and middle-income country contexts
    DOI: 10.1596/36537
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  • 9
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    Coal Plant Repurposing for Ageing Coal Fleets in Developing Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Keywords: Coal and Lignite ; Energy ; Energy and Environment ; Energy Demand ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Renewable Energy
    Abstract: Coal plants worldwide are grappling with low-capacity utilization levels and environmental issues; and have not only become unprofitable to utilities, but also uneconomical to customers. Developed countries with significant coal capacities such as Australia, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US), are taking different approaches to wean away from coal. One such approach includes retiring and repurposing coal plants for various productive end uses, including solar plants, wind plants, data centers, and energy storage. Developing countries may gain much from the experience of their developed counterparts. Against this backdrop, the authors briefly examine the power situation in three developing countries, namely, South Africa, Chile, and India, based on their economic prowess within respective regions, predominance of coal in economic activities, and vulnerability to climate change, which make an interesting case for an analysis of repurposing coal plants in developing countries. This study presents the concepts and components of a cost-benefit analysis needed for a coal plant repurposing project
    DOI: 10.1596/36238
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  • 10
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    Assessing and Mapping Renewable Energy Resources, Second Edition (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy Resources Development ; Hydro Power ; Hydropower ; Renewable Energy ; Solar Energy ; Thermal Energy ; Windpower
    Abstract: Understanding the location and potential of renewable energy resources is a crucial pre-requisite to their utilization, and to scaling up clean and secure sources of electricity generation such as biomass, small hydropower, solar, and wind. However many countries do not have high quality, publicly available data on renewable energy resource potential and this limits the potential for informed policy development, including zoning guidance, transmission network planning, and price regulation or incentives. It also narrows the field of potential commercial developers, and raises the cost of undertaking preliminary site identification and financial analyses. This report draws on many years of experience within the World Bank Group and among other development partners in carrying out renewable energy resource assessment and mapping at the country level, in particular from 12 projects funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) under a major global initiative launched in 2012. The report's purpose is to explain, for a wide range of audiences, the importance of resource assessment and mapping, key steps and good practices, methodological issues, and potential sources for further advice and support
    DOI: 10.1596/36799
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  • 11
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    Funding the Sun : New Paradigms for Financing Off-Grid Solar Companies (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This report elucidates the role of financial innovation in the off-grid solar sector and provides a roadmap for practitioners, financiers, and entrepreneurs navigating capital raises for companies active in the sector. It examines a full range of established and frontier financing options. It illustrates that some technology-enabled financial innovations, such as peer-to-peer business lending, are already playing an important role in the sector. It was prepared by the World Bank Group and the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, the University of Cambridge Judge Business School, with support from ESMAP
    DOI: 10.1596/33331
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  • 12
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    Compendium to the Primer for Space Cooling (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This compendium presents examples and analyses of space cooling interventions from across the world (from both developed and developing countries), with an aim to highlight the key insights learned. Interventions discussed in the compendium are meant to be options to inform strategies, implementation mechanisms, and road maps for countries that are seeking to address and increase sustainable space cooling. Interventions involve a combination of actions reducing cooling loads, serving cooling needs efficiently, and optimizing and controlling cooling loads. While each country will chart its own pathway toward sustainable space cooling, the need for a multipronged approach consistently applies. The best outcomes will emerge from a multipronged approach that incorporates information, policy and regulatory measures, clear leadership, financing and implementation models, training, and research and development. The objectives of the primer are to introduce a broad audience, including practitioners in different fields, to space cooling and to help initiate and advance sustainable space cooling into policy discussions and investment considerations in developing countries. The primer explains the foundational aspects of space cooling, makes the case that sustainable space cooling achieved through low-energy and low-climate-impact pathways is a critical priority, and emphasizes an integrative approach as essential to addressing space cooling sustainably
    DOI: 10.1596/34568
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  • 13
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    Primer for Cool Cities : Reducing Excessive Urban Heat - With a Focus on Passive Measures (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Cities are getting hotter as a result of growing urbanization and global climate change. The negative impacts of temperature increases are significant and touch nearly every aspect of urban life. Protecting populations from extreme heat is one of the key resiliency and sustainability challenges of the twenty- first century. Successfully implementing measures to cool cities will lead to many benefits, including for health, well-being, productivity, air quality, and energy systems. Urban cooling solutions can be deployed in the short term to help mitigate the risk of rising urban air temperatures. This primer and its companion report, Cool City Case Studies: Reducing Urban Heat, provide practical, actionable guidance and examples for implementers, policy makers, and planners tasked with mitigating urban heat impacts
    DOI: 10.1596/34218
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  • 14
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    Deploying Storage for Power Systems in Developing Countries : Policy and Regulatory Considerations (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Energy storage is particularly well suited to developing countries' power system needs. Developing countries frequently feature weak grids. These are characterized by poor security of supply, driven by a combination of insufficient, unreliable and inflexible generation capacity, underdeveloped or nonexistent grid infrastructure, a lack of adequate monitoring and controlequipment, and a lack of skilled human resources and adequate maintenance. In this context,energy storage can help enhance reliability. Deployed together with VRE, it can help displacecostly and polluting generation based on liquid fuels while increasing security of supply.Storage can also help defer and/or avoid the construction of new grid infrastructure
    DOI: 10.1596/34400
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  • 15
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    Integrating Behavior Change in Energy Efficiency Programs in Developing Countries : A Practitioner's Guide (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Energy efficiency is among the cheapest, cleanest, and most widely available of energy resources. Improved energy efficiency provides opportunities to sustainably expand energy services and support development and economic growth, contributing to higher living standards, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In developing countries, where demand for energy is growing rapidly, the potential for energy efficiency improvements is significant, particularly in the residential sector. The purpose of this guide is to raise awareness of behavioral approaches to achieving development outcomes, demonstrate the role that behavioral sciences can play in promoting energy efficiency, and provide guidance on how to integrate behavior change approaches into projects
    DOI: 10.1596/34788
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  • 16
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    Global Photovoltaic Power Potential by Country (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Solar radiation is essentially a free resource available anywhere on Earth, to a greater or lesser extent. Solar PV power plants convert solar radiation into electricity. In the current era of global climate change, PV technology becomes an opportunity for countries and communities to transform or develop their energy infrastructure and step up their low-carbon energy transition. Until now, a global and harmonized assessment of country-level PV potential has not existed. This report aims to provide an aggregated and harmonized view on solar resource and PV power potential from the perspective of countries and regions, assuming a utility-scale installation of monofacial modules fixed mounted at an optimum angle, which has been the prevailing setup of a PV power plant
    DOI: 10.1596/34102
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  • 17
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    The State of Access to Modern Energy Cooking Services (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: How we guide progress toward achieving access to modern-energy cooking solutions for all is more critical than ever before. To date, measurements of access have focused primarily on fuel penetration, overlooking many of the contextual factors that shape users' adoption of stoves and fuels. Over the past decade, much attention has focused on expanding access to clean cooking solutions, defined by the technical attributes of combustion and heat-transfer efficiency and emissions. However, the 2020 Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report finds that the annual increase in access to clean cooking fuels and technologies between 2010 and 2018 averaged just 0.8 percentage points. In Sub-Saharan Africa, population growth outpaced the annual growth in access. Most progress was in urban areas, with rural areas continuing to fall behind. Clearly, without a more complete understanding of the local context of cooking 'including users' cooking experience, their physical cooking environment, and the markets and energy ecosystems in which they live-the uptake and sustained use of the stove technology-and-fuel solutions available today will remain limited
    DOI: 10.1596/34565
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  • 18
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    Cooking with Electricity : A Cost Perspective (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Cooking with electricity could make a significant contribution to achieving Sustainable Development Goal No.7 by simultaneously enabling cost-effective access to modern energy and clean cooking, and proposing the steps needed to realize this opportunity. Five case studies are presented, comparing the current and projected costs to the consumer of a range of electric cooking (eCooking) solutions with current expenditures on cooking fuels. The findings show that eCooking can be a cost-effective option for some consumers in both off-grid and grid-connected settings and is likely to become increasingly viable in the near future. The use of energy efficient eCooking appliances can challenge the widespread perception that electricity is too expensive for cooking in developing country contexts. Innovative financing and delivery models are vital in making eCooking devices affordable. This will hinge upon private sector willingness-in particular solar companies, mini grid operators, and utilities-to adopt the technology as part of the services offered to customers. Unlocking these emerging opportunities could enable transformative impact for the 2.8 billion people still cooking with biomass. This will take concerted global effort to create an enabling environment that can facilitate the integration of electric cooking into electrification planning and renewable energy investments
    DOI: 10.1596/34566
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  • 19
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    Primer for Space Cooling (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Developed in the context of the rapidly growing demand for space cooling and the critical need for access to affordable space cooling solutions, this primer aims to introduce a broad audience to the topic of space cooling and its key considerations, and to help initiate and advance sustainable space cooling into policy discussions and investment considerations in developing countries. The global energy use for space cooling is projected to grow three-fold between 2016 and 2050, with a majority of this growth occurring in developing countries. While the growing need for space cooling is in alignment with the developmental needs of countries, this growth must be addressed with carefully designed strategies and solutions to avoid severe economic, power system, and environmental impacts. Underscoring an integrative approach to space cooling, the primer provides with an overview of strategies that reduce the cooling loads of buildings by applying building efficiency measures that enhance thermal performance, serve the cooling load as efficiently as possible through appropriate choice of cooling solution and utilization of most efficient cooling equipment available, and optimize the performance of cooling through their operation. Discussing the barriers to implement sustainable space cooling, the primer also presents demonstrated space cooling intervention strategies that can help overcome these barriers, with over 100 real-world examples and implementation considerations included in the Compendium
    DOI: 10.1596/34567
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  • 20
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    Green Hydrogen in Developing Countries (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: In the future, green hydrogen-hydrogen produced with renewable energy resources-could provide developing countries with a zero-carbon energy carrier to support national sustainable energy objectives, and it needs further consideration by policy makers and investors. Developing countries with good renewable energy resources could produce green hydrogen locally, generatingeconomic opportunities, and increasing energy security by reducing exposure to oil price volatility and supply disruptions. Support from development finance institutions and concessional funds could play an important role in deploying first-of-a-kind green hydrogen projects, accelerating the uptake of green hydrogen in developing countries, and increasing capacity and creating the necessary policy and regulatory enabling environment
    DOI: 10.1596/34398
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  • 21
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    Reuse and Recycling : Environmental Sustainability of Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: The call for urgent action to address climate change and develop more sustainable modes of energy delivery is generally recognized. It is also apparent that batteries, both in the transportation and the power sectors, need to play a predominant role if the global community is to limit global warming to two degrees Celsius. Simply put, nations' efforts will focus largely on electrifying transportation systems to be supported by power systems that deliver low carbon energy, using a range of renewable technologies. Stationary batteries will play a critical role in not only providing direct energy services, but also in acting as backup providers when renewable resources are only able to provide intermittent services, dependent on local climatic and other circumstances. The objective of this report is to provide an overview of the state of affairs with regards to reuse and recycling of lithium-ion or Li-ion batteries, in order to assess if and to what extent developing countries can and should play a larger role in this burgeoning area
    DOI: 10.1596/34446
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  • 22
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    Uganda Clean Cooking Behavioral Diagnostic (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This report integrates primary and secondary research with COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation - Behavior) theoretical framework for understanding and effecting behavior change and consumer decisions on usage of efficient biomass stoves. Organized around seven themes - awareness, consumer finance, trust, access, understanding, product features, and gender - the report presents the outcomes of stakeholder interviews, consumer focus groups, and household surveys aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of the factors that determine perception of improved stoves and drive consumer decisions. It then proposes behavioral levers that the authors believe may increase the likelihood of uptake of efficient stoves and that can be ultimately used to maximize effectiveness of marketing by the private sector, design awareness campaigns, and sharpen the focus of development projects. The report primarily focuses on issues around improvement of biomass fuel usage efficiency and does not directly consider alternate cooking solutions, which might merit a more comprehensive review
    DOI: 10.1596/31283
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    Mini Grids for Half a Billion People : Market Outlook and Handbook for Decision Makers (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Approximately 1.2 billion ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31926
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    Studies for Grid Connection of VRE Generation Plants (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This technical guide is the third in a series of four technical guides on variable renewable energy (VRE) grid integration produced by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) of the World Bank and the Global Sustainable Electricity Partnership (GSEP). It provides guidance on how to approach power system studies, which are required to ensure the stable interconnection of utility-scale VRE plants into the grid. The report, which focuses on the transmission grid, identifies the steps the grid operator and the VRE resource entity need to follow to integrate these resources safely and effectively. It shows how power system studies verify that adequate reserves and system resources exist or what additional measures are required to reliably serve demand under credible contingencies, such as the loss of a generating unit, a transformer, or a transmission facility. The requirements for integration are elaborated in Technical Guide 1 (Grid Integration Requirements for Variable Renewable Energy)
    DOI: 10.1596/32073
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    Roadmap for the Implementation of Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings of the Kyrgyz Republic (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: The objective of this document is to provide guidance for the development and implementation of a national energy efficiency (EE) investment program for public buildings in the Kyrgyz Republic. It begins by assessing the country's EE potential; analyzing its institutional, legislative and financial frameworks; reviewing the market for EE supply and services; and summarizing current barriers to EE implementation in the public sector. It then provides two forward-looking chapters: a vision 2040 list of medium- and long-term targets for a sustainable, climate-resilient, safe, and low-carbon stock of public buildings in the Kyrgyz Republic by 2040, with reference to the United Nation (UN) sustainable development goals and the draft concept for the development of the fuel and energy sector of the Kyrgyz Republic until 2040; and a roadmap and accompanying catalogue of recommended measures that sets out the steps and timeframe necessary to: improve the political and regulatory framework for EE; strengthen the delivery capacities of relevant institutions and sectoral stakeholders; and scale up the nation's EE investments in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31879
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    Using Forecasting Systems to Reduce Cost and Improve Dispatch of Variable Renewable Energy (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This technical guide is the fourth in a series of four technical guides on variable renewable energy (VRE) grid integration produced by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) of the World Bank and the Global Sustainable Electricity Partnership (GSEP). It provides guidance on the role and benefits of forecasting as a cost-effective operational solution to manage the uncertainty of VRE generation and facilitate the integration of larger shares of these resources in the energy mix. The guide focuses primarily on the types of forecasting methods and how physical and statistical models are used for developing short- to long-term forecasts. Technological advances in weather forecasting, together with better data on historical performance of renewable energy, allow significantly improved forecasting accuracy of VRE generation, which results in more efficient utilization. Examples from developing countries illustrate how the approach to forecasting varies depending on the country's electricity market structure and requirements
    DOI: 10.1596/32072
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    Compensation Devices to Support Grid Integration of Variable Renewable Energy (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This technical guide is the second in a series of four technical guides on variable renewable energy (VRE) grid integration produced by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) of the World Bank and the Global Sustainable Electricity Partnership (GSEP). It focuses on the main functionalities, differences and benefits of various compensation devices that can be employed to increase system transfer capacity, system stability, power quality and flexibility to cope with increasing penetrations of renewables in the system. The applications of FACTS devices are associated with four essential technical enhancements of system capacity, system reliability, power quality and system controllability. The application of the FACTS devices for these enhancements would depend on the system needs which would be identified and recommended through the power system studies during the interconnection process. Power system studies are further elaborated in "STUDIES FOR GRID CONNECTION OF VARIABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION PLANTS - Technical Guide 3"
    DOI: 10.1596/32074
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    Where Sun Meets Water : Floating Solar Handbook for Practitioners (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) technology is considered commercially viable, given the number of largescale projects that have been implemented. Challenges to its deployment remain, however, including the lack of a robust track record; uncertainty about costs; uncertainty about the environmental impact; and the technical complexity of designing, building, and operating on and in water (especially electrical safety, anchoring and mooring issues, and operation and maintenance). This handbook provides developers, utilities, contractors, investors, regulators, and decision makers with practical guidelines on FPV projects. Most of the handbook focuses on technical aspects relating to developing and operating FPV projects; some sections focus on commercial and legal aspects. Most of the observations are made for inland water bodies or near-shore coastal FPV installations. Many observations incorporate learning and opinions from the industry, but they are also based on the experience from the 1 megawatt-peak (MWp) floating solar testbed in the Tengeh Reservoir in Singapore. The testbed has a comprehensive monitoring system that tracks more than 500 parameters in real time, ranging from electrical to meteorological and module-related factors. Given the early stage development of the technology, this handbook cannot answer all questions about FPV. Further studies and field data analysis are needed to better understand some of the risks of FPV systems, especially their environmental impact and long-term performance. All recommendations provided in this report are based on past and current experiences, which are limited to several years of operating data for most projects. A longer operating lifetime of FPV installations will lead to new and improved recommendations and best practices; new developments in technology,testing, certification, and equipment/materials deployed are likely to evolve as the industry grows and diversifies. An active dialogue among all stakeholders, public and private, is required to further the global understanding of FPV technologies and the development of well-designed projects while minimizing possible negative environmental and social impacts. Through this handbook, the World Bank Group, the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), and the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) hope to contribute to this goal and to disseminate lessons learned from early projects
    DOI: 10.1596/32804
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    Going Global : Expanding Offshore Wind to Emerging Markets (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: For many years, offshore wind was the expensive cousin of onshore wind with generation costs in the range of USD 150 to USD 200 per megawatt hour (MWh). This changed dramatically between 2016 and 2017 when a series of competitive tenders in Europe witnessed strike prices fall below USD 100/MWh, culminating in projects that bid into merchant markets with no subsidy at all. Prices have continued to drop thanks to technological improvements, economies of scale, maturation of supply chains, better procurement strategies, and the efforts of large and sophisticated project developers, including several from the utility and oil and gas sectors. However, to date the offshore wind industry has remained largely confined to Europe and China. As prices continue to drop, offshore wind is increasingly gaining traction in emerging markets. Projections suggest that offshore wind will add between 7 to 11 gigawatts (GW) per year from 2019 to 2024, reaching between 15 to 21 GW/year from 2025 to 2030. While much of the growth is expected in Europe, China, and new Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) markets including Japan, South Korea, and the United States, there is ample potential for developing countries to ride on this momentum and ramp up their local offshore markets. This report presents eight case studies on the technical potential for offshore wind in Brazil, India, Morocco, the Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Vietnam (here, technical potential is calculated on the basis of wind speed and water depth). Considering offshore areas within 200 kilometers (km) of the coast, 3 these eight countries have a total technical potential of approximately 3.1 terawatts, including 1,016 GW of fixed capacity and 2,066 GW of floating capacity
    DOI: 10.1596/32801
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    Paving the Way to a Sustainable Heating Sector : A Roadmap for Ulaanbaatar Urban Heating (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Ulaanbaatar's heating sector is struggling to meet accelerating demand growth. Over the past twodecades, population growth in Mongolia's capital city has increased exponentially, mainly due to rapid rural-to-urban migration, and it is expected to reach 1.9 million by 2035. With urbanization and economic growth, new buildings are being built at a rapid pace, requiring connections to the district heating (DH) network. Over the next decade, it is projected that urban heating demand will grow by an average annual rate of 5-6 percent. At the same time, the DH network-once Ulaanbaatar's principal heat supply-is deteriorating. About two-fifths of the population (some 120,000 households) are supplied from the DH network. However, the system is dilapidated, resulting from a lack of investments for needed rehabilitation and upgrading in past decades. Owing to high water losses, the quality of replenishment water has not been adequately maintained to prevent corrosion; thus, piping is typically quite old and corroded. The total length of transmission pipelines is about 130 km (dual pipe) with pipe diameters in a range of 200-1,200 mm. It is estimated that 50 percent of the transmission pipelines are in poor technical condition, urgently requiring replacement. The secondary (distribution) network, with a total trench length of about 226 km, has a variety of owners and operators and also requires major rehabilitation and replacement. Tariffs, which are set below cost-recovery levels, exacerbate the sector's financial distress and contribute to its decay. Despite recent adjustments, consumer tariffs remain lower than the cost-recovery level, requiring state subsidies for sector operators and cross-subsidies at various points along the entire heat supply chain. Tariff-related cost allocations between electricity and heat customers lead to indirect subsidies for residential DH customers. The average DH price of 0.8 US Dollars per GJ (2014 figure) is approximately 10-20 times lower than in such Eastern European cities as Vilnius or Warsaw, and even lower than in other European cities. The sector's 2013 Master Plan estimated that a 130 percent increase in the heat tariff would be needed to achieve full cost recovery. The situation has changed little in recent years
    DOI: 10.1596/31571
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    Gender Equality in The Geothermal Energy Sector : Road to Sustainability (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Although geothermal energy is globally recognized as a clean and reliable source of heat and electric power its development can inadvertently lead to adverse outcomes that disproportionately disadvantage women. Based on good practices and lessons learned, this report introduces ways that geothermal projects can mitigate risks and pursue opportunities to address gender gaps within the project cycle. It outlines the risks and opportunities associated with (i) changes in land and natural resource use, (ii) changes to employment and economic patterns, and (iii) changes to environment and health. Beyond mapping risks and opportunities, the report makes the case for focusing on the gaps between men and women from the project outset. Once gaps, key stakeholder risks, and additional development opportunities have been identified, project teams have an opportunity to address them through actions. The report provides guidance on how to include specific monitoring and evaluation indicators in the results framework for geothermal projects that measure progress toward closing gaps between men and women. In addition, the report contains an overview of guidance and toolkits developed, selected global case studies, and other resources so that project teams, governments, and geothermal developers have additional guidance on hand to prepare more equitable projects
    DOI: 10.1596/31607
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    Grid Integration Requirements for Variable Renewable Energy (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This technical guide is the first in a series of four technical guides on variable renewable energy (VRE) grid integration produced by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) of the World Bank and the Global Sustainable Electricity Partnership (GSEP). It provides a general overview of the intrinsic characteristics of VRE generation, mainly solar PV and wind, what the main challenges are along with some recommendations for VRE technical specifications, applicable standards, and essential testing. The main focus of the document presents a detailed outline of the essential requirements for VRE integration into the power grid. The requirements differ for different levels of penetration but would require fundamental grid compliance requirements that must be reflected in any grid. This document provides these requirements along with recommendations of advanced VRE integration requirements that could be reflected in the power system operations with these VRE resources. The compliance with the technical requirements where applicable is validated through extensive series of interconnection studies which are further elaborated in "STUDIES FOR GRID CONNECTION OF VARIABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION PLANTS - Technical Guide 3"
    DOI: 10.1596/32075
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    Policy Matters : Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Sustainable energy is at the heart of the global development and climate change agenda. Reaching the targets set by the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) will require a rapid increase in energy access, renewable energy and the efficient use of existing energy resources. Public debate centers on securing adequate finance to meet these global targets, but evidence demonstrates that policy can often be a prerequisite for mobilizing finance. RISE 2018 demonstrates that progress on sustainable energy outcomes has often been preceded by long-term efforts to strengthen policy and regulatory environments. Precisely because policy matters, it is important to track how well countries are doing in creating the regulatory environment needed to accelerate achievement of sustainable energy goals. RISE provides such a global scorecard which summarizes countries' regulatory environments. It does so by tracking the adoption of good-practice policies with respect to energy access, energy efficiency, and renewable energy at the country level as of December 2017, scoring them on a scale from 1 to 100, and classifying the strength of a country's policy environment according to a "traffic light" system with green for advanced, yellow for intermediate, and red for early stage. Poor creditworthiness of utilities undermines the sustainable energy agenda. Power utilities are among the central actors in the energy sector in most countries, and their financial health is critical for the viability of investments across the sustainable energy agenda. As of 2016, however, only about half of all power utilities met several basic creditworthiness requirements. Moreover, performance on almost all dimensions of credit-worthiness has deteriorated since 2012. The situation is particularly acute in low-access countries, where the number of utilities meeting basic creditworthiness criteria has dropped, falling from 63 percent in 2012 to 37 percent in 2016. Good institutions and enforcement are also necessary elements to achieve sustainable energy results. Adopting good practice policies will not yield results without strong institutions and consistent enforcement. RISE 2018 has incorporated proxy enforcement indicators to provide some sense of the level of attention that countries are giving to enforcement issues
    DOI: 10.1596/30970
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    Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE 2.0) : A Manual for Experts and City Officials (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: TRACE 2.0 incorporates almost 100 recommendations for energy interventions. Following requests from municipal officials for more detailed technical and financial assessment, this version provides simple customizable models for each intervention. Through intervention calculators, users can quickly calculate costs and benefits for each recommendation. The manual is a practical guide for city officials and energy experts. TRACE 2.0 software and manual are available at https://esmap.org/TRACE. ESMAP first developed TRACE in 2008 to help city officials quickly identify energy efficiency performance gaps and opportunities in various public sectors including lighting, water/wastewater, buildings, transportation, solid waste, and power/heating. It guides users through data collection and sector prioritization-considering constraints such as technical capacity and finance-to generate recommendations to improve cities' energy efficiency. TRACE can help build this framework and initiate a process in a municipal government by using standardized data to address various issues. TRACE has supported more than 80 cities to develop long-term energy efficiency strategies and investment pipelines by increasing understanding of cross-sectoral energy challenges, helping direct funds for dedicated energy efficiency investments, and pointing to legislative adjustments, as well as improving local administrators' ability to identify, plan, and implement energy efficiency solutions across sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/29260
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    Securing Energy for Development in West Bank and Gaza : Summary Report (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Palestinian Territories face significant energy security challenges, already severe in Gaza, but also emerging in the West Bank.The Palestinian Territories rely primarily on Israeli imports to meet its electricity needs.The only large scale generation capacity in the Palestinian Territories is the troubled Gaza Power Plant.The Palestinian electricity sector has undergone a number of institutional reforms, which still require further consolidation.Measures to improve energy efficiency can also make a valuable contribution to energy security going forward. Palestine's existing National Energy Efficiency Action Plan aims to make savings equivalent to one percentage point of energy consumption annually through to 2020, focusing primarily on reducing electricity consumption by improving the energy efficiency of residential buildings. A much more ambitious action plan is under consideration by the Palestinian Energy and National Resources Authority for 2020-2030, and aims to save 5 percent of the energy consumption anticipated during that period. The new strategy encompasses high impact energy efficient appliances (such as heaters, fridges and air conditioners), further tightening of efficiency standards for buildings, and smart grid infrastructure to allow consumers to participate in the energy market as demand response. Investments to improve energy efficiency are proven to be much more cost-effective than expanding power generation capacity
    DOI: 10.1596/28093
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    Mini Grids in Bangladesh : A Case Study of an Incipient Market (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: The study's objective is to understand what regulatory settings governments may adopt to scale up electrification through private development of mini grids, drawing on the experience of these six jurisdictions; provide technical assistance to four countries that want to further develop their mini grids framework; and disseminate findings and recommendations globally to inform successful mini grids regulation. The study focuses on mini grids defined as small, privately-owned and operated systems with generation of up to 10 megawatts (MW) capacity and a network that distributes power to several customers. The study includes small mini grids of less than 1 kilowatt (kW) capacity, also known as 'micro' or 'pico' grids. The six case studies are intended to be synthesized in one report. The report is to provide a cross-country comparison of these topics: it examines side by side how each of the countries studied have responded to a specific regulatory question, and presents a decision-tree approach to developing regulatory frameworks for mini grids. This case study is based on in-depth interviews with a number of key stakeholders in Bangladesh, conducted during and after a research trip in August 2017. Several experts in the Bangladesh context and mini grids more broadly reviewed this case study for accuracy and clarity, and their have incorporated their comments while retaining a neutral fact-based position. The Government aims to provide electricity to all by 2021 through grid extension, mini grids and stand-alone systems. The Power Sector Master Plan (PSMP) 2010 sets out to accommodate the Government's vision by 2021.The Government recognizes that public sector investment alone will not be sufficient to achieve its target and wants to mobilize resources from the private sector. The Government seeks to catalyze and promote private sector participation in renewable energy projects through Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), a fully government-owned financial institution.IDCOL works alongside the Ministry of Power, Energy, and Mineral Resources (MPEMR) to identify areas where grid expansion is unlikely in the foreseeable future, and to entice private mini grid developers. Mini-grid operators are occupying a small but growing space in Bangladesh, with seven mini-grids connecting around 2,243 households in rural areas. IDCOL has approved 18 mini grid systems and plans to install 50 by 2018
    DOI: 10.1596/29020
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    Mini Grids in Cambodia : A Case Study of a Success Story (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: The Global Facility on Mini Grids of the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) hired Castalia to study the regulation of mini grids in six jurisdictions in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia (Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria; and Bangladesh, Cambodia, and the state of Uttar Pradesh in India). The study's objective is to understand what regulatory settings governments may adopt to scale up electrification through private development of mini grids, drawing on the experience of these six jurisdictions; provide technical assistance to four countries that want to further develop their mini grids framework; and disseminate findings and recommendations globally to inform successful mini grids regulation. The study focuses on mini grids defined as small, privately-owned and operated systems with generation of up to 10 megawatts (MW) capacity and a network that distributes power to several customers. The study includes small mini grids of less than 1 kilowatt (kW) capacity, also known as 'micro' or 'pico' grids. The six case studies are intended to be combined in one report. The report is to provide a cross-country comparison of these topics: it examines side by side how each of the countries studied have responded to a specific regulatory question, and presents a decision-tree approach to developing regulatory frameworks for mini grids. This case study is based on in-depth interviews with a number of key stakeholders in Cambodia, conducted during and after a research trip in August 2017. We supplemented the insights gained from these interviews with extensive background research. Several experts in the Cambodia context and mini grids more broadly reviewed this case study for accuracy and clarity, and we have incorporated their comments while retaining a neutral fact-based position
    DOI: 10.1596/29019
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    Mini Grids in Kenya : A Case Study of a Market at a Turning Point (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: The Global Facility on Mini Grids of the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) hired Castalia to study the regulation of mini grids in six jurisdictions in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia (Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria; and Bangladesh, Cambodia, and the state of Uttar Pradesh in India). The study's objective is to understand what regulatory settings governments may adopt to scale up electrification through private development of mini grids, drawing on the experience of these six jurisdictions; provide technical assistance to four countries that want to further develop their mini grids framework; and disseminate findings and recommendations globally to inform successful mini grids regulation. The study focuses on mini grids defined as small, privately-owned and operated systems with generation of up to 10 megawatts (MW) capacity and a network that distributes power to several customers. The study includes small mini grids of less than 1 kilowatt (kW) capacity, also known as 'micro' or 'pico' grids. The six case studies are intended to be combined in one report. The report is to provide a cross-country comparison of these topics: it examines side by side how each of the countries studied have responded to a specific regulatory question, and presents a decision-tree approach to developing regulatory frameworks for mini grids. This case study is based on in-depth interviews with a number of key stakeholders in Kenya, conducted during and after a research trip in September 2017. The supplemented the insights gained from these interviews with extensive background research. Several experts in the Kenya context and mini grids more broadly reviewed this case study for accuracy and clarity, and we have incorporated their comments while retaining a neutral fact-based position
    DOI: 10.1596/29022
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    Energy Analytics for Development : Big Data for Energy Access, Energy Efficiency, and Renewable Energy (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: With unprecedented speed and scale, digital transformation is affecting multiple industries, including energy. A combination of technologies, and a more complex world demanding greater agility and new competences impact all aspects of the energy sector and manifest themselves in changing patterns of consumption, new ways of asset optimization, and cross-industry partnerships. 'Smart solutions' are a product of this transformation and energy data are its source. By nature, the energy sector generates vast amounts of big data through meters, sensor networks, customer payments, credit history, satellite imagery, etc. It is not surprising that private and public energy companies are turning to the idea of leveraging big data analytics for performance optimization and improved service delivery. The transition to a digitized energy sector will not happen on its own, and a number of enablers are required to facilitate this change. Beyond improved digital infrastructure, digital skills and analytics capabilities will need to be strengthened. This new solutions brief aims to encourage the use of big data analytics in the energy sector by outlining opportunities and identify cases for where the use of big data analytics could help better address challenges faced by the energy sector today
    DOI: 10.1596/28432
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    Assessing and Measuring the Performance of Energy Efficiency Projects (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Energy efficiency is a cost-effective solution to meet energy, climate change, and sustainabledevelopment goals and critical for supporting access to affordable, reliable, and sustainableenergy services in developing countries. The energy efficiency potential is vast and largelyuntapped across the world. This is widely recognized by most governments, the developmentcommunity, and international organizations, and forms the foundation of global initiatives such asSustainable Energy for All. The benefits of improving energy efficiency are multiple, but so are the barriers. There is no silver bullet, but recognizing the multiple benefits of energy efficiency - including energy savings, as well as others and making them more visible and credible is an integral part of the solution. If demonstrated suitably, these multiple benefits can motivate stakeholders to invest and participate in energy efficiency programs. The report makes the case that M&V should be a critical aspect of any energy efficiency project or program in order to ensure value for money, justify continued or increased funding, as well as provide the basis of performance-based payment mechanisms. M&V is essential to assess resource savings and to ensure that savings persist over time. Energy efficiency practitioners use M&V for several reasons, such as, to: improve engineering design and project costing; enhance energy savings through adjustments in facility operations and maintenance; document financial transactions; enhance financing for energy efficiency projects; and support development of broader energy efficiency programs
    DOI: 10.1596/28402
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    Mini Grids in Uttar Pradesh : A Case Study of a Success Story (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India, has among the lowest levels of electricity connection in the country.1 Over 100 million people, at least half of the rural population, lack a formal connection to a distribution grid. The level of electricity services remains low despite the physical extension of the state-owned grid to all official villages. Unelectrified households are reluctant to apply for grid connection because they expect electricity supply to be unreliable, and they would have to spend money on coping strategies to replace electricity. In addition, connecting individual households in each village is costly to the state-owned distribution utilities. Highly regulated tariffs and a high cost of servicing remote areas mean that rural connections promise few returns to the utilities.Electrification has been a public policy priority for decades of successive state and central governments across the political spectrum. Public policy has maintained ambitious objectives to expand grid services from the state-owned medium-voltage (MV) distribution grid to rural areas. The state-owned grid has electrified all cities and surrounding towns. The high-voltage (HV) transmission grid extends throughout most of the state, in contrast to other energy-poor countries in Asia such as Cambodia, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. Private mini grid operators have occupied a small but growing space in the rural electricity market in Uttar Pradesh since around 2010. Several small companies, as well as individual entrepreneurs, are now providing electricity services in almost 1,900 settlements (villages and hamlets) in the state, and have made about 37,000 connections (and growing)Independent mini grid operators in Uttar Pradesh have proven they can earn rural customers' trust and their business. Rural consumers' simple energy needs can absorb up to a third of households' monthly expenditure without an electricity connection.Mini grid operators are addressing these gaps in service through renewable-based systems that deliver power to underserved villages. They have gained credibility as a more reliable service than the state-owned grid in rural areas by providing a reliable solution to residents' and businesses' lighting, phone charging, and appliance-powering problems. They provide basic light-emitting diode (LED) home lighting and a mobile phone charging outlet to a household for a scheduled 6 to 8 hours a day
    DOI: 10.1596/29021
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    Mini-Grids and Gender Equality : Inclusive Design, Better Development Outcomes (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This note is intended to serve as a quick reference guide for applying a gender lens to the design and implementation of a mini-grid to enhance development outcomes. As mini-grids are increasingly seen as a potential solution to energy access issues, importance must be placed on ensuring that the benefits and opportunities of the intervention are realized for both men and women. The guidance below provides energy access, social development and gender specialists, with additional ideas and best-practice approaches to integrate at all stages of the project cycle in order to enhance gender equality
    DOI: 10.1596/29050
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    A Retrospective Analysis of the Role of Isolated and Mini Grids in Power System Development (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This report provides the first historic overview of power system development focused on its evolution from distributed systems to centralized grid systems. It tracks the early development of power systems in several (now) middle- and high-income economies to inform the current drive to deploy new systems and achieve universal access to electricity services. We find that history can provide certain insights to a set of questions faced by today's energy policy makers. Our review is non-comprehensive, but will hopefully provide fodder for future, more detailed historical research, and shed some light on the complex and fascinating role of mini- or isolated grids in power system development globally. The development of power systems began in several regions of the world in the second half of the 19th century, marking the start of a new era, characterized by disruptive innovation, rapid development and opportunity. Today, electric power systems constitute a fundamental pillar of modern societies and electricity is increasingly recognized as a crucial prerequisite for the achievement of socio-economic prosperity. The development of power systems was affected by multiple factors, some systemically endogenous, such as technical advancements, innovation, entrepreneurial drive and decisions, and some exogenous, such as economic principles, legislative constraints and support, institutional structures, historical contingencies and geographical aspects (Hughes 1983). While numerous paths have been followed over the years there was a common igniting point; small isolated power systems and mini-grids. As technologies improved, demand increased and the policy and regulatory regimes stabilized, larger generators could be built (taking advantage of economies of scale) and electricity could be transmitted over longer distances. These factors resulted in the emergence of centralized utilities (either privately or publicly owned). Typically, mini-grids either became integrated with one another forming the nucleus of a larger centralized system or were absorbed by a larger grid system as it expanded
    DOI: 10.1596/29023
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    State of Electricity Access Report 2017 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The State of Electricity Access Report, 2017, aims to prompt governments, donors, the private sector, civil society organizations, and practitioners to develop interventions to close the electricity access gap by integrating lessons learned with insights drawn from emerging innovative business and delivery models. The Report is organized around five main questions: Why is electricity access critical for achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development? What is the status of electricity access? What are the challenges and drivers of transformative electricity access? Why is it important to explore synergies between access, renewables, and energy efficiency? What are the emerging and innovative business and delivery models? The key findings are that urgent measures are needed to speed up access to modern energy services or there will still be several countries in 2030, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a significant percentage of the population going without electricity. Both grid and off-grid approaches will be critical, but they will have to be supported by a conducive enabling environment of the right institutions, policies, strategic planning, regulations, and incentives. The good news is that lower costs for renewable energy technologies, adequate energy efficiency measures, and innovation should make it possible for countries to be creative in meeting this challenge. There is also a growing role for the private sector to finance interventions, assuming the incentives are in place for investors to earn returns on their investments
    DOI: 10.1596/26646
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    Mini-Grids and Arrival of the Main Grid : Lessons from Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Most mini grids in developing countries begin life as isolated electrical systems that are not connected to the country's main grid. In recent years, the main grid has expanded to reach more rural areas in many African, Asian, and Latin American countries. Its expansion raises a critical question of What happens to the mini grid when the main grid arrives? This study attempts to answer this question, using the recent experiences of Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. The three country case studies follow a similar structure. Each describes the regulatory, commercial, and technical characteristics before and after the main grid arrived in villages that had previously been served by the isolated mini grids. In two of the case-study countries (Indonesia and Sri Lanka), the isolated mini grids were owned by community organizations. It is possible that the post-interconnection outcomes would have been different if the isolated mini grids had been built and operated by private entities. The issuance of regulatory rules and policy pronouncements does not guarantee that the options they specify will be of practical interest to mini grid developers. Good intentions of government officials do not translate into on-the-ground results if the economics of an option are not viable. At the end of the day, it is the underlying economics that determine whether a rule or policy is workable
    DOI: 10.1596/29018
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    Mini Grids for Timely and Low-Cost Electrification in Ghana : Exploring Regulatory and Business Models for Electrifying the Lake Volta Region (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Ghana has been remarkably successful in extending its national grid into the rural areas. According to its Ministry of Power, about 83.4 percent of communities with more than 500 people have access to grid electricity. The main remaining frontier is to bring electricity to communities living on islands in Lake Volta and in isolated lakeside locations. The summary of this report first highlights some areas where clear recommendations have emerged, and then presents areas where choices are to be made between options with different advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this assignment is to explore the most feasible business models for mini and micro grids for Ghana's island and lake-side communities, together with a pragmatic policy and regulatory regime that will reinforce the development of such systems. The remainder of the report is arranged as follows: 1) Chapter 1 does the Analysis and discussion of the various options for business models of mini grids; (ii) Chapter 2 is about Analysis and discussion of the costs of mini grid delivery, tariff calculations and financing options; (iii) Chapter 3 discusses on the Review and proposals for required policy, legislation, regulations, permits, and institutional arrangements; and (iv) Chapter 4 concludes with Review and recommendations for necessary technical assistance to implement the delivery of mini grids
    DOI: 10.1596/29017
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    Mini Grids in Nigeria : A Case Study of a Promising Market (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: The mini grid sector in Nigeria started to develop only recently. The study focuses on mini grids defined as small, privately-owned and operated systems with generation of up to 10 megawatts (MW) capacity and a network that distributes power to several customers. The report is to provide a cross-country comparison of these topics: it examines side by side how each of the countries studied have responded to a specific regulatory question, and presents a decision-tree approach to developing regulatory frameworks for mini grids. This document is structured as follows: (i) Section 1 starts with brief introduction; (ii) Section 2 has brief description of the context of the country; (iii) Section 3 sets out an overview of the power sector; (iv) Section 4 examines the main aspects of the policy setting for mini grids; (v) Section 5 surveys technologies and business models used in the mini grids sector; (vi) Section 6 explains the process to authorize mini grid operators; (vii) Section 7 assesses technical and service standards for mini grids; (viii) Section 8 explains tariff setting, financing, and subsidies; (ix) Section 9 describes handling the relationship with the main grid; and (x) Section 10 concludes with a summary of lessons learnt from the experience of the country
    DOI: 10.1596/29016
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    Proven Delivery Models for LED Public Lighting : Synthesis of Six Case Studies (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Most public lighting is concentrated in cities, where it can constitute up to 65 percent of municipal electricity budgets. Compared to alternative forms of public lighting, LED luminaries consume less electricity, have longer life cycles, and provide better quality lighting. Despite the benefits, many municipalities are unsure of how to implement an LED lighting program. This synthesis report summarizes the cross-cutting findings from the six case studies which document real-life experiences, challenges, and solutions encountered in implementing different LED lighting delivery models-ESCO, super-ESCO, joint procurement, public-private partnership, lease-to-own, and municipal financing. Crosscutting findings include various key roles played by governments, ranging from setting policies that support LED lighting programs to establishing an ESCO with a mandate to implement energy efficient programs while transforming the market. The report also highlights distinct ways used to mitigate technical, financial, and performance risks by the cities. These span from requiring third-party product test results to completely outsourcing the lighting infrastructure and procuring lighting as a service. It also highlights the importance of strategically engaging stakeholders-such as international partners, local utilities, non-profit groups, to name but a few-as the program advances
    DOI: 10.1596/25336
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Republic of Turkey : Towards Improving the Service Quality of Electricity Distribution Companies (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The objective of this review is to analyze the current status on achievement of targeted benefits from distribution privatization and identify the gaps between expectations and realizations, with a key task of proposing concrete procedures and methodologies to ensure that EMRA and other government agencies involved in monitoring and enforcing quality in electricity distribution and retail have timely access to reliable information on service actually provided by the DISCOMs to their customers. To reach these objectives, this report follows the following approach: section one presents an overview of the distribution sector and distribution privatization process; section two analyzes the existing regulatory framework related to DISCOM performance and provides expected performance targets in respective investment periods; section three analyzes the current status of DISCOMs' performance targets; section four identifies key issues and barriers in measuring and monitoring service quality in DISCOMs; and lastly, based on the global experience, section five recommends an approach for improving measuring and monitoring of service quality by the regulator
    DOI: 10.1596/25967
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Moldova Electric Power Market Options : Sector Study (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Keywords: Electric Power ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Policies and Economics
    Abstract: The principal strategic challenges that the electricity sector in Moldova faces are to increase the security of electricity supply by diversifying sources, and to provide affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy services. To some extent this could be achieved by increasing and/or rehabilitating local generation capacity where economically justified. In addition, establishing an effective interconnection with the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) would enable the import of competitively priced power from the Energy Community (EnC) and would help overcome Moldova's electricity sector challenges. Although Moldova joined the EnC in 2010 after having implemented major and successful sector reforms, its electric power system is physically still part of the former Soviet Union's Integrated Power System/United Power System (IPS/UPS) and is effectively not interconnected with the EU/EnC's Internal Energy Market (IEM). This sector Study provides guidance to the government on significantly improving Moldova's security of energy supply via interconnection with ENTSO-E and therefore with the EU/EnC's internal energy market. The study consists of two main parts: (i) electric power system planning; and (ii) power market design, plus associated annexes
    DOI: 10.1596/36299
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    Innovative Approaches to Energy Access for the Urban Poor : Summaries of Best Practices from Case Studies in Four Countries (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Rapid urban growth in developing countries has created an unprecedented demand for energy services. Cities face the enormous challenge of improving energy access to urban communities in order to improve education, health, and basic socioeconomic conditions. South Asia and Sub- Saharan Africa have the fastest growing urban populations in the world projected to grow by 50 percent by 2025. This will put tremendous pressure on cities in these regions as they work to provide basic services, including energy services, to underserved areas. While there is widespread understanding of the critical role energy access plays in sustainable development, there is still a lack of policies targeted at growing urban poor populations. The objective of these case studies is to share lessons learned in successful energy access initiatives and to provide a point of reference for energy practitioners. The case studies identify barriers to energy access that are unique to the urban poor, innovative approaches to finding solutions, and the roles of communities, service providers, and governments in successfully providing access to legal modern energy services. Eight case studies focused on electrification and clean fuels were selected from India, Bangladesh, Colombia, and Brazil all countries that have had varying success in providing access to modern energy services for slum dwellers. The cases selected highlight several common barriers facing the urban poor in achieving access to safer, cleaner, and legal sources of energy. They also outline the innovative approaches adopted by all stakeholders. This study demonstrates several common barriers and highlights diverse ways to overcome them. It shows that success depends on several enabling factors working together, such as stakeholder collaboration and community empowerment. Sustainable initiatives that have the potential to be replicated in other urban poor communities depend on the continued commitment of stakeholders, and the presence of strong financial and institutional mechanisms
    DOI: 10.1596/26510
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    Best Operational and Maintenance Practices for City Bus Fleets to Maximize Fuel Economy (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In most large cities in developing countries, buses continue to be the public transport option of choice, carrying a large share of urban travelers. However, transit bus companies in these countries are often cash-strapped. In many cases, the operating cost per bus kilometer exceeds revenues and bus fares are often kept low irrespective of the cost of providing service. Many cities are dominated by old and fuel-intensive buses with high operating costs. Transit systems are also often plagued by overcrowded and undependable service, congested roadways and chaotic operating environments. Across the board, city officials in developing countries are under strong pressure to improve the efficiency and enhance the attractiveness of bus transportation. Fuel makes up a relatively large fraction of total bus operating costs, especially when labor costs are low, as in many developing countries. Fuel costs can be reduced by improving the driving style of bus drivers and through sound maintenance practices. A safe and economical driving style can reduce variable costs, decrease down time due to repair work and maintenance, mitigate negative environmental impacts and improve road safety. This guidance note1 provides detailed and practical recommendations on how city bus operations managers and their technical staff can plan and implement such enhancements to their fleets through Operations and Maintenance (O and M) practices without significant capital investments. By implementing such recommendations, municipal officials and bus operators can increase the efficiency and fuel economy of their bus systems and reduce their cities' energy consumption, congestion and pollution. This guidance note provides detailed and practical recommendations on how city bus operations managers and their technical staff can plan and implement such enhancements to their fleets through O and M practices without significant capital investments
    DOI: 10.1596/26529
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    Honduras : Power Sector issues and Options (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report was prepared in response to a request by the government of Honduras for assistance in the preparation of a power sector strategy for the country. Specifically, the government asked for help in identifying the main issues in the power sector, and in addressing them through formulation of a clearly defined, achievable strategy. Left unresolved, these issues risk derailing the country's macroeconomic framework, potentially damaging the competitiveness of the country and its prospects for poverty reduction. The main issues to be analyzed in the study were identified at a workshop held on September 19, 2006, in Tegucigalpa, jointly with the Secretaria de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente (SERNA) and the Comision Presidencial de Modernizacion del Estado (CPME), and with the participation of representatives from the Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica (ENEE), civil society, the private sector, Congress, public sector agencies, donors, utilities, and ministries. It was decided that the study would be divided into two components: (a) the first would identify and evaluate options on institutional reforms, particularly ENEE's restructuring and management, and securing electricity supply; and (b) the second would formulate a power sector strategy. Two reports will be prepared, with the second report to be finalized according to the timing of the government's decision. This first report analyzes the institutional and policy issues; financial and fiscal concerns; social aspects, such as tariffs and subsidies, and access to electricity; and investment requirements including the development of renewable resources. The report is divided into two parts. Part A presents a diagnostic of the electricity sector, including ENEE's financial performance, fiscal impacts, and reliability of supply, institutional and legal framework, pricing policy, and electricity coverage. Part B evaluates the options available to improve sector efficiency, ensure financial sustainability, promote the diversification of energy sources, and increase electrification coverage
    DOI: 10.1596/27724
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    Managing an Electricity Shortfall : A Guide for Policymakers (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Supply-demand tension has taken its toll in various countries around the world over the last several years. Governments and utilities have faced gaps between electricity supply and demand, which has led to blackouts and load shedding and translated into electricity shortfalls. While countries look to avoid the prospects of supply shortages by, inter alia, strengthening planning capacity and working to achieve a sounder and more sustainable electricity sector, the possibility of shortages in the future remains. This document summarizes the framework for action and a broad menu of options available to policymakers to bridge a supply demand gap in the short- to medium-term
    DOI: 10.1596/27756
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