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  • 2015-2019  (12)
  • Avvisati, Francesco  (12)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (12)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
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Year
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  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (12)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
Keywords
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.95
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Problems associated with the environment loom large over the future well-being of young generations. A previous issue of PISA in Focus (PISA in Focus 87) shows that in 2015 many 15-year-old students believed that the future – their future – was going to be worse, environmentally, than the present. In particular, only a minority of students (fewer than one in five, on average across OECD countries) believed that problems related to air pollution, the extinction of plants and animals, clearing forests for land use, water shortages and nuclear waste would improve over the next 20 years. But are teenagers more or less pessimistic than their parents?
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.201
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Large-scale surveys such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), and the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competences (PIAAC) use advanced statistical models to estimate scores of latent traits from multiple observed responses. The comparison of such estimated scores across different groups of respondents is valid to the extent that the same set of estimated parameters holds in each group surveyed. This issue of invariance of parameter estimates is addressed in model fit indices which gauge the likelihood that one set of parameters can be used across all groups. Therefore, the problem of scale invariance across groups of respondents can typically be framed as the question of how well a single model fits the responses of all groups. However, the procedures used to evaluate the fit of these models pose a series of theoretical and practical problems. The most commonly applied procedures to establish invariance of cognitive and non-cognitive scales across countries in large-scale surveys are developed within the framework of confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory. The criteria that are commonly applied to evaluate the fit of such models, such as the decrement of the Comparative Fit Index in confirmatory factor analysis, work normally well in the comparison of a small number of countries or groups, but can perform poorly in large-scale surveys featuring a large number of countries. More specifically, the common criteria often result in the non-rejection of metric invariance; however, the step from metric invariance (i.e. identical factor loadings across countries) to scalar invariance (i.e. identical intercepts, in addition to identical factor loadings) appears to set overly restrictive standards for scalar invariance (i.e. identical intercepts). This report sets out to identify and apply novel procedures to evaluate model fit across a large number of groups, or novel scaling models that are more likely to pass common model fit criteria.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.100
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Most adolescents desire strong social ties and value acceptance, care and support from others. Many adolescents find friends and caring adults among members of the school community. As students go through a decisive period of their lives, discovering and redefining their identity, a strong sense of belonging at school can help them feel secure, and can support their academic and social development. Adolescents who feel that they are part of a school community are also more motivated to learn and, as a result, more likely to perform well at school. But in recent years, many traditional communities formed around shared physical spaces – neighbourhoods, workplaces or schools – have been profoundly affected by advances in technology. How did students’ feelings of belonging at school change over a period in which online friendships and social networks were growing in importance?
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.80
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Dans quel pays et établissements les élèves défavorisés réussissent-ils ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: PISA 2015 data show that, on average across OECD countries, as many as three out of four students from the lowest quarter of socio-economic status reach, at best, only the baseline level of proficiency (Level 2) in reading, mathematics or science. While in Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong (China), Ireland, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, Slovenia and Viet Nam, more than 30% of disadvantaged students scored at Level 3 or above in all PISA subjects in 2015, and can thus be considered “academically resilient”. Students who perform at Level 3 begin to demonstrate the ability to construct the meaning of a text and form a detailed understanding from multiple independent pieces of information when reading. They can work with proportional relationships and engage in basic interpretation and reasoning when solving mathematics problems; and they can handle unfamiliar topics in science. Such skills are the foundations for success and further learning later in life. PISA data collected over a decade (in 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015) show that several countries have been able to increase the share of academically resilient students among those in the bottom quarter of socio-economic status.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.167
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Resilience refers to the capacity of individuals to prosper despite encountering adverse circumstances. This paper defines academic resilience as the ability of 15-year-old students from disadvantaged backgrounds to perform at a certain level in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in reading, mathematics and science that enables them to play an active role in their communities and prepares them to make the most of lifelong-learning opportunities. Using data from the most recent PISA cycles, this paper explores changes in the share of resilient students over time (2006-2015); highlights the importance of school environments and resources in mitigating the risk of low achievement for disadvantaged students; and identifies school-level factors that are associated with the likelihood of academic resilience among socio-economically disadvantaged students. Analyses reveal that several countries were able to increase the share of resilient students over time, reflecting improvements in the average performance of students, or a weaker relationship between socio-economic status and performance. In the vast majority of education systems examined, the likelihood of academic resilience among disadvantaged students is lower in schools where students report a negative classroom climate. The paper concludes by exploring school policies and practices that are associated with a positive classroom climate.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.85
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Dans quels pays les enseignants les plus qualifiés et expérimentés exercent-ils dans les établiseements les plus difficiles ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Teachers are the most important school resource. In every country, teachers’ salaries and training represent the greatest share of expenditure on education; and this investment in teachers can have significant returns. Research shows that being taught by the best teachers can make a real difference in the learning and life outcomes of otherwise similar students. But not all students are equal when it comes to access to high-quality teaching. In fact, PISA data show that there are inequities in access to experienced and qualified teachers in many countries, and that they are related to the gap in learning outcomes between advantaged and disadvantaged students.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.88
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Performance et climat des établissements : Quel lien avec l’expérience des enseignants ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Research studies indicate that experienced teachers are more effective, but also suggest multiple explanations why this might be the case – whether because teachers gain valuable skills on the job and through formal professional development opportunities, or because the least effective teachers tend to quit teaching earlier, while more effective teachers remain in the profession. Each of these possible reasons has distinct implications for policy: from increasing hiring standards, improving teacher training and raising the attractiveness of the teaching profession, to ensuring that novice teachers receive the necessary support to quickly learn the tools of the trade and taking measures to prevent good teachers from dropping out of the profession.
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  • 8
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.80
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe In which countries and schools do disadvantaged students succeed?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: D’après les données de l’enquête PISA, en moyenne, dans les pays de l’OCDE, trois élèves sur quatre se situant dans le quartile inférieur du statut socio-économique n’atteignent au mieux que le niveau de compétence de base (niveau 2) en compréhension de l’écrit, en mathématiques ou en sciences. Cependant, en Allemagne, au Canada, en Corée, au Danemark, en Estonie, en Finlande, à Hong-Kong (Chine), en Irlande, au Japon, en Norvège, aux Pays-Bas, à Singapour, en Slovénie et au Viet Nam, plus de 30 % des élèves défavorisés atteignent au moins le niveau 3 de compétence dans l’ensemble des domaines d’évaluation de l’enquête PISA 2015 – et peuvent donc être considérés comme « résilients sur le plan scolaire ». Au niveau 3 de compétence, les élèves commencent à faire preuve de capacités à : dégager la signification d’un texte et parvenir à une compréhension détaillée à partir de multiples fragments indépendants d’information en compréhension de l’écrit ; établir des relations proportionnelles et se livrer à une interprétation et un raisonnement simples dans le cadre de la résolution d’un problème mathématique ; et appréhender des sujets qui ne leur sont pas familiers en sciences – autant de compétences au fondement de la réussite et de la poursuite de l’apprentissage tout au long de la vie. D’après les données collectées sur une période de dix ans dans le cadre de l’enquête PISA (en 2006, 2009, 2012 et 2015), plusieurs pays sont parvenus à accroître le pourcentage d’élèves résilients sur le plan scolaire parmi ceux se situant dans le quartile inférieur du statut socio-économique.
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  • 9
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.75
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Does the quality of learning outcomes fall when education expands to include more disadvantaged students?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les taux de scolarisation dans l’enseignement secondaire ont dans l’ensemble enregistré une hausse considérable au cours des dernières décennies. Cette expansion se reflète aussi dans les données de l’enquête PISA, en particulier pour les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Entre 2003 et 2015, la population totale de jeunes de 15 ans éligibles à la participation à l’enquête PISA a ainsi augmenté de plus de 1.1 million d’élèves en Indonésie, de plus de 400 000 élèves au Brésil et en Turquie, et de plus de 300 000 élèves au Mexique. Cette expansion bienvenue de l’accès à l’éducation rend plus difficile l’interprétation de l’évolution dans le temps des scores moyens obtenus dans le cadre de l’enquête PISA. L’élargissement de la couverture de l’enquête peut en effet entraîner une sous-estimation des progrès réellement accomplis par les systèmes d’éducation. Les enquêtes auprès des ménages montrent souvent que les enfants issus de foyers défavorisés, de minorités ethniques ou de zones rurales sont plus exposés au risque de ne pas suivre ou terminer le premier cycle du secondaire. En général, l’accès de groupes de population auparavant exclus à des niveaux supérieurs d’enseignement entraîne l’augmentation du pourcentage d’élèves peu performants inclus dans les échantillons PISA.
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  • 10
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.88
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How are school performance and school climate related to teachers’ experience?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les élèves des établissements les plus performants obtiennent, en moyenne, des scores nettement supérieurs aux évaluations PISA à ceux de leurs pairs des établissements les moins performants. Certains aspects du climat de l’établissement, tels que le climat de discipline dans les cours de sciences, varient aussi sensiblement entre les établissements. Ces variations inter-établissements de la performance et du climat de discipline sont fortement liées aux différences de statut socio-économique de l’effectif d’élèves des établissements. En outre, les établissements où les enseignants sont plus expérimentés tendent à obtenir de meilleurs résultats aux évaluations PISA et présentent, en classe, un climat plus propice à l’apprentissage.
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  • 11
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.85
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe In which countries do the most highly qualified and experienced teachers teach in the most difficult schools?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les enseignants constituent la ressource scolaire principale. Dans tous les pays, leur salaire et leur formation représentent la part la plus importante des dépenses d’éducation – un investissement par ailleurs susceptible d’avoir des rendements considérables. Les travaux de recherche montrent ainsi que le fait de recevoir leur instruction des meilleurs enseignants peut avoir une réelle incidence sur la réussite scolaire et personnelle d’élèves par ailleurs similaires. Toutefois, tous les élèves ne sont pas égaux en termes d’accès à un enseignement de qualité. Les données de l’enquête PISA révèlent ainsi l’existence, dans de nombreux pays, d’inégalités d’accès à des enseignants expérimentés et qualifiés, ainsi que la relation de ces inégalités avec les écarts de résultats d’apprentissage entre élèves favorisés et défavorisés.
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.75
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La plus grande inclusion des élèves défavorisés se fait-elle au détriment de la qualité des résultats d’apprentissage ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Globally, enrolment in secondary education has expanded dramatically over the past decades. This expansion is also reflected in PISA data, particularly for low- and middle-income countries. Between 2003 and 2015, Indonesia added more than 1.1 million students, Turkey and Brazil more than 400 000 students, and Mexico more than 300 000 students, to the total population of 15-year-olds eligible to participate in PISA. This welcome expansion in education opportunities makes it more difficult to interpret how mean scores in PISA have changed over time. Indeed, increases in coverage can lead to an underestimation of the real improvements that education systems have achieved. Household surveys often show that children from poor households, ethnic minorities or rural areas face a greater risk of not attending or completing lower secondary education. Typically, as populations that had previously been excluded gain access to higher levels of schooling, a larger proportion of low-performing students will be included in PISA samples.
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