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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Scalable Tracking of CO2 Emissions : A Global Analysis with Satellite Data (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dasgupta, Susmita Scalable Tracking of CO2 Emissions: A Global Analysis with Satellite Data
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Co2 Emissions ; Environment ; Local and Regional Co2 Tracking ; OCO-2 ; Satellite-Based Carbon Dioxide Measurement ; Urban Emissions Tracking ; Urban Pollution
    Abstract: This paper extends recent research on satellite-based carbon dioxide measurement to an easily updated template for tracking changes in carbon dioxide concentrations at local and regional scales. Using data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 satellite platform and a large sample of urban areas, a comparison of trend estimation models suggests that the template can use a simple model that estimates trends directly from satellite data pre-filtered to isolate local concentration anomalies. Illustrative applications are developed for a long-period trend model and a short-period model focused on change in the most recent year. In addition, the paper estimates carbon dioxide emissions for thousands of urban areas and identifies cities whose emissions performance is above or below expectation. Although the tracking model is "simple," it requires software and hardware that are beyond the means of many interested stakeholders. For this reason, the World Bank's Development Economics Vice Presidency has established an open web facility that pre-filters data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2satellite and publishes monthly mean concentration anomalies for all terrestrial cells of a 25-kilometer global grid. The website will also publish annual carbon dioxide tracking reports for urban areas and provide information that links the 25-kilometer global grid cell IDs to IDs for urban areas and national administrative units (levels 0, 1, and 2)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10297
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identifying and Monitoring Priority Areas for Methane Emissions Reduction (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dasgupta, Susmita Identifying and Monitoring Priority Areas for Methane Emissions Reduction
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture Methane Pollution ; Environment ; Environmental Case Study ; Global Methane Pledge ; Methane Emission Reduction ; Oil Production Pollution ; Pollution Management and Control ; Rice Production Methane ; Satellite Methane Data
    Abstract: This paper identifies high-priority areas for methane emissions reduction and estimates recent emissions changes in those areas using atmospheric concentration data from the European Space Agency's Sentinel-5P satellite platform. The modeling approach is illustrated with three case studies: landfills in Spain (Madrid), irrigated rice production in India (Karnal district, Haryana state), and oil production in Iraq (Al Amarah district, Maysan governorate). For each case, the paper estimates two change models by fixed effects: the monthly trend in methane concentration from January 2019 to November 2022, and the difference between mean concentration in 2022 and the previous three years. The paper estimates the change models for 775 high-priority areas and finds that cases with decreasing methane emissions are outnumbered four to one by cases with increasing emissions. The paper also analyzes trends in high-priority areas for seven major methane source sectors (agricultural soils, livestock, gas, oil, coal, landfills, and wastewater) and finds only two where emissions decreases outnumber increases (gas and oil). Among World Bank income groups, decreases outnumber increases in high-income economies but increases are hugely dominant in the other three groups. The paper concludes with a presentation of summary emissions trend reports for all 775 high-priority areas, with accompanying maps and an Excel file. As satellite-based monitoring becomes more widely employed, such reports will provide a useful template for judging further progress toward fulfillment of the Global Methane Pledge
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10391
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Tracking Methane Emissions by Satellite : A New World Bank Database Andcase Study for Irrigated Rice Production (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dasgupta, Susmita Tracking Methane Emissions by Satellite: A New World Bank Database Andcase Study for Irrigated Rice Production
    Keywords: Agricultural Emissions ; Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agriculture Case Study ; Ch4 Emissions ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Global Methane Pledge ; Green Issues ; Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction ; Irrigated Rice Production ; Methane Emissions ; Pollution Management and Control ; Satellite Imagery ; Sentinel-5P
    Abstract: Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas that has accounted for 23 percent of radiative forcing in the lower atmosphere since 1750. Since methane has a much shorter atmospheric duration than carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, it provides a critical opportunity for near-term atmospheric greenhouse gas reduction. Thus, 122 countries have joined the recently launched Global Methane Pledge to reduce methane emissions at least 30 percent from 2020 levels by 2030. Unfortunately, the Pledge confronts a serious information problem at the outset: the near-total absence of directly measured data for problem diagnosis, program design, and performance assessment. At present, priority areas for emissions reduction are identified with spatially formatted "bottom-up" emissions inventories, such as the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, which combines sectoral activity data with broadly calibrated emissions factors from engineering studies. This paper addresses the information problem by introducing a new World Bank database of monthly atmospheric methane concentrations, calculated for a high-resolution spatial grid from data provided by the European Space Agency's Sentinel-5P satellite platform. It illustrates the potential utility of the database with a global study of methane emissions from irrigated rice production, which accounts for about 10 percent of agricultural methane emissions. A comparative analysis suggests that the Sentinel-5P data supplement the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research data with more fine-grained spatial information, which may support local programs to track, verify, and reward adoption of methane-reducing rice production techniques. If this approach proves valuable for irrigated rice production, it seems likely to work for other methane sources as well
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10224
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Urban CO2 Emissions : A Global Analysis with New Satellite Data (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Dasgupta, Susmita Urban CO2 Emissions: A Global Analysis with New Satellite Data
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Emissions ; City Carbon Performance ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environment Kuznets Curve ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Greenhouse Gas Emissions ; Railways Transport ; Satellite Date ; Subway ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urban Environment ; Urban Pollution
    Abstract: This paper estimates an urban carbon dioxide emissions model using satellite-measured carbon dioxide concentrations from 2014 to 2020, for 1,236 cities in 138 countries. The model incorporates the global trend in carbon dioxide concentration, seasonal fluctuations by hemisphere, and a large set of georeferenced variables that incorporate carbon dioxide-intensive industry structure, emissions from agricultural and forest fires in neighboring areas, demography, the component of income that is uncorrelated with industry structure, and relevant geographic conditions. The income results provide the first test of an Environmental Kuznets Curve relationship for carbon dioxide based on actual observations. They suggest an environmental Kuznets curve that reaches a peak near or above USD 40,000 per capita, which is at the 90th percentile internationally. The research also finds that economic development has a significant effect on the direction of the relationship between population density and carbon dioxide emissions. The relationship is positive at very low incomes but becomes negative at higher incomes. The paper also uses cities' mean regression residuals to index their carbon dioxide emissions performance within and across regions, decomposes model carbon dioxide predictions into broad source categories for each city, and uses the regression residuals to explore the impact of subway systems. The findings show significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions for subway cities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9845
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Country stakes in climate change negotiations : two dimensions of vulnerability (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (101 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wheeler, David Country stakes in climate change negotiations
    Keywords: Carbon emissions ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Negotiations ; Distribution of energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy resources ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Greenhouse gases ; Renewable energy ; Renewable energy resources ; Carbon emissions ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Negotiations ; Distribution of energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy resources ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Greenhouse gases ; Renewable energy ; Renewable energy resources ; Carbon emissions ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Negotiations ; Distribution of energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy resources ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Greenhouse gases ; Renewable energy ; Renewable energy resources
    Abstract: Using a comprehensive geo-referenced database of indicators relating to global change and energy, the paper assesses countries' likely attitudes with respect to international treaties that regulate carbon emissions. The authors distinguish between source and impact vulnerability and classify countries according to these dimensions. The findings show clear differences in the factors that determine likely negotiating positions. This analysis and the resulting detailed, country level information help to explain the incentives required to make the establishment of such agreements more likely
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving Indoor Air Quality For Poor Families : A Controlled Experiment In Bangladesh (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita Improving Indoor Air Quality For Poor Families
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Animal Dung ; Bio-Fuels ; Biofuels ; Biomass ; Clean Fuels ; Cooking ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Fuel ; Pollution Management and Control ; Renewable Energy ; Sanitation and Sewerage ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Wood ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Animal Dung ; Bio-Fuels ; Biofuels ; Biomass ; Clean Fuels ; Cooking ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Fuel ; Pollution Management and Control ; Renewable Energy ; Sanitation and Sewerage ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Wood ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Animal Dung ; Bio-Fuels ; Biofuels ; Biomass ; Clean Fuels ; Cooking ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Fuel ; Pollution Management and Control ; Renewable Energy ; Sanitation and Sewerage ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Wood
    Abstract: The World Health Organization's 2004 Global and Regional Burden of Disease Report estimates that acute respiratory infections from indoor air pollution (pollution from burning wood, animal dung, and other bio-fuels) kill a million children annually in developing countries, inflicting a particularly heavy toll on poor families in South Asia and Africa. This paper reports on an experiment that studied the use of construction materials, space configurations, cooking locations, and household ventilation practices (use of doors and windows) as potentially-important determinants of indoor air pollution. Results from controlled experiments in Bangladesh are analyzed to test whether changes in these determinants can have significant effects on indoor air pollution. Analysis of the data shows, for example, that pollution from the cooking area diffuses into living spaces rapidly and completely. Furthermore, it is important to factor in the interaction between outdoor and indoor air pollution. Among fuels, seasonal conditions seem to affect the relative severity of pollution from wood, dung, and other biomass fuels. However, there is no ambiguity about their collective impact. All are far dirtier than clean fuels. The analysis concludes that if cooking with clean fuels is not possible, then building the kitchen with porous construction material and providing proper ventilation in cooking areas will yield a better indoor health environment
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impact of Sea Level Rise On Developing Countries : A Comparative Analysis (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita The Impact of Sea Level Rise On Developing Countries
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Analysis ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Data Sources ; Environment ; Floods ; Geographic Information ; Geographic Information System ; Indicators ; Islands ; Land ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Agriculture ; Analysis ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Data Sources ; Environment ; Floods ; Geographic Information ; Geographic Information System ; Indicators ; Islands ; Land ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Agriculture ; Analysis ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Data Sources ; Environment ; Floods ; Geographic Information ; Geographic Information System ; Indicators ; Islands ; Land ; Water Resources ; Wetlands
    Abstract: Sea level rise (SLR) due to climate change is a serious global threat. The scientific evidence is now overwhelming. Continued growth of greenhouse gas emissions and associated global warming could well promote SLR of 1m-3m in this century, and unexpectedly rapid breakup of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets might produce a 5m SLR. In this paper, the authors have assessed the consequences of continued SLR for 84 developing countries. Geographic Information System (GIS) software has been used to overlay the best available, spatially-disaggregated global data on critical impact elements (land, population, agriculture, urban extent, wetlands, and GDP) with the inundation zones projected for 1-5m SLR. The results reveal that hundreds of millions of people in the developing world are likely to be displaced by SLR within this century, and accompanying economic and ecological damage will be severe for many. At the country level, results are extremely skewed, with severe impacts limited to a relatively small number of countries. For these countries (such as Vietnam, A. R. of Egypt, and The Bahamas), however, the consequences of SLR are potentially catastrophic. For many others, including some of the largest (such as China), the absolute magnitudes of potential impacts are very large. At the other extreme, many developing countries experience limited impacts. Among regions, East Asia and the Middle East and North Africa exhibit the greatest relative impacts. To date, there is little evidence that the international community has seriously considered the implications of SLR for population location and infrastructure planning in developing countries. The authors hope that the information provided in this paper will encourage immediate planning for adaptation
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Poverty/Environment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita The Poverty/Environment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic
    Keywords: Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Environmental degradation can inflict serious damage on poor people because their livelihoods often depend on natural resource use and their living conditions may offer little protection from air, water, and soil pollution. At the same time, poverty-constrained options may induce the poor to deplete resources and degrade the environment at rates that are incompatible with long-term sustainability. In such cases, degraded resources may precipitate a downward spiral, by further reducing the income and livelihoods of the poor. This "poverty/environment nexus" has become a major issue in the recent literature on sustainable development. In regions where the nexus is significant, jointly addressing problems of poverty and environmental degradation may be more cost-effective than addressing them separately. Empirical evidence on the prevalence and importance of the poverty/environment nexus is sparse because the requisite data are often difficult to obtain in developing countries. The authors use newly available spatial and survey data to investigate the spatial dimension of the nexus in Cambodia, and Lao People's Democratic Republic. The data enable the authors to quantify several environmental problems at the district and provincial level. In a parallel exercise, they map the provincial distribution of poor households. Merging the geographic information on poverty and the environment, the authors search for the nexus using geo-referenced indicator maps and statistical analysis. The results suggest that the nexus is country-specific: geographical, historical, and institutional factors may all play important roles in determining the relative importance of poverty and environment links in different contexts. Joint implementation of poverty and environment strategies may be cost-effective for some environmental problems, but independent implementation may be preferable in many cases as well. Since the search has not revealed a common nexus, the authors conclude on a cautionary note. The evidence suggests that the nexus concept can provide a useful catalyst for country-specific work, but not a general formula for program design. This paper—a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand poverty/environment links in different contexts
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Endogenous Enforcement and Effectiveness of China's Pollution Levy System (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Hua Endogenous Enforcement and Effectiveness of China's Pollution Levy System
    Keywords: Abatement ; Air Pollution ; Economic Development ; Economists ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Performance ; Environmental Protection ; Environmental Quality ; Green Issues ; Income ; Industry ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Pollution ; Pollution Charges ; Poverty ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Standards ; Sulfur Dioxide ; Water ; Water Pollution ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Abatement ; Air Pollution ; Economic Development ; Economists ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Performance ; Environmental Protection ; Environmental Quality ; Green Issues ; Income ; Industry ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Pollution ; Pollution Charges ; Poverty ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Standards ; Sulfur Dioxide ; Water ; Water Pollution ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: May 2000 - How well air and water pollution regulation is implemented depends very much on both the level of economic development and actual environmental quality. Pollution pricing is closer to the dictates of environmental economics than China's formal regulatory statutes would suggest - and there is considerable scope for using economic instruments to reduce China's industrial pollution problems. Wang and Wheeler investigate two aspects of China's pollution levy system, which was first implemented about 20 years ago. First, they analyze what determines differences in enforcement of the pollution levy in various urban areas. They find that collection of the otherwise uniform pollution levy is sensitive to differences in economic development and environmental quality. Air and water pollution levies are higher in areas that are heavily polluted. Second, they analyze the impact of pollution charges on industry's environmental performance, in terms of the pollution intensity of process production and the degree of end-of-pipe abatement for both water pollution and air pollution. Econometric analysis shows that plants respond strongly to the levy by either abating air pollution in the production process or providing end-of-pipe treatment for water pollution. This paper - a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study environmental regulation in developing countries. The authors may be contacted at hwang1worldbank.org or dwheeler1@worldbank.org
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