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  • 2020-2024  (14)
  • 1965-1969
  • Wang, Huihui  (14)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (14)
  • Paris
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ghana's Pharmacovigilance Experience : From Vertical Program Activity to Nationwide System (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: FDA ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Sector Funding ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pharmacovigilance ; Safety Monitoring
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to examine the development of pharmacovigilance (PV) in Ghana and illustrate the role it plays in the health system, and more recently, during the COVID-19 emergency response. It concludes by offering some relevant lessons for building PV capacity in other low-and middle-income countries
    DOI: 10.1596/40382
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Caribbean Regulatory System : A Subregional Approach for Efficient Medicine Registration and Vigilance (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Drug Safety ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pharmaceutical Surveillance ; Pharmacovigilance ; Public Health Agency Administration ; Public Health Cooperation ; Regulatory Medicine Review Process
    Abstract: This report focuses on the Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA), one of the three multi-national public health agencies in the world, that commenced operations on Jan 1, 2013, with the aim of delivering the functions of five previous regional health institutions through one platform for greater synergy and cost-effectiveness and as the principal institutional expression of Caribbean Cooperation in Health. The activities of CARPHA include the provision of a subregional mechanism that supports regulatory action to ensure access to safe medicines, such as the subregional system for reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and substandard and falsified products (VigiCarib), and the regional post marketing drug quality testing program under the CARPHA Medicines Quality Control and Surveillance Department. Another relevant CARPHA activity is reviewing new medicines which want to enter the Caribbean market. This was especially important during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the plethora of new vaccines. VigiCarib is a good example of a subregional approach to facilitate well-functioning post marketing monitoring activities, including PV. Although this is a relatively new program, it is well established, integrates lessons from more experienced regulatory authorities, and supports small economies without specific PV programs, thus helping ensure the safety, quality, and effectiveness of medicines and vaccines. VigiCarib can serve as a model in other parts of the world where a regional approach to strengthening regulatory systems is under consideration. However, a key lesson of the experience of CARICOM, is that regional initiatives are complex and require clear objectives, harmonization, respect for the individual countries and territories, and mutual trust
    DOI: 10.1596/40207
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
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    Online Resource
    The Economic Burden of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Amongst Health Care Workers in the First Year of the Pandemic in Kenya, Colombia, Eswatini, and South Africa (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Burden ; Health Care Workers ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pandemics ; Sars-COV-2
    Abstract: Health care workers (HCWs) face disproportionate risk of exposure and becoming ill in any infectious disease outbreak. SARS-CoV-2 has proven to be no exception: From Wuhan to Manaus, London to Tehran, and Delhi to Johannesburg, HCWs working in clinics and hospitals have been at heightened risk of developing COVID-19 disease, especially at the beginning of the pandemic when little was known about the then-novel pathogen. This study thus aims to estimate the economic costs of SARS-CoV-2 infections in HCWs during the first year of the pandemic from the societal perspective in four low or middle- income countries. The authors propose a framework to translate SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst HCWs into economic costs along three pathways, provide the estimated burden of HCW infections, and offer recommendations to mitigate against future economic losses due to HCW infections. The economic burden due to SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs makes a compelling investment case for pandemic preparedness, particularly the protection of HCWs, and resilient health systems going forward
    DOI: 10.1596/40070
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
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    Financing of Essential Public Health Services in the Caribbean Region : Case Study (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Expenditures ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health
    Abstract: This study examines the expenditure by Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries on the delivery of Essential Public Health Services (EPHS), in the context of the global response to COVID-19. In particular, the study focuses on financing arrangements enacted to ensure the predictability of funding and the sustainability in the level and flow of funds over the medium and long terms to carry out essential public health functions in Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. The study also highlights the close, synergistic relationship between the Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) and its Member States
    DOI: 10.1596/40381
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 5
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    Safety Monitoring of Medicines and Vaccines : A Situation Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: China-World Bank Partnership Trust Fund (CWPF) ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Korea-World Bank Partnership Facility (KWPF) ; Medication Effectiveness Monitoring ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Pharmacovigilance ; Program for International Drug Monitoring (PIDM) ; Public Health Surveillance ; Vaccine Effectiveness Monitoring
    Abstract: Medicines, vaccines, medical devices, and blood are commonly used to treat disease. Medicines deserve a special focus because almost any medical visit ends with at least one prescription. So, monitoring the safety and effectiveness of therapeutic treatments and procedures is crucial at both the individual and community levels. In the case of medicines and vaccines, this surveillance activity is known as pharmacovigilance. Various methods are used to monitor the adverse and unwanted effects of medicinal products after they have received authorization for marketing, but reporting adverse reactions is the most widespread. The network of the Program for International Drug Monitoring (PIDM), which is supported by the World Health Organization (WHO), involves more than 170 countries. Its activities were initiated in 1968. The WHO-PIDM is the world's most comprehensive network involving health professionals, patients, and manufacturers. This situation analysis describes relevant aspects of the PIDM, including achievements and weak points. The analysis is the product of a systematic revision of studies that focus on the WHO-PIDM activities and related findings published in different medical journals and listed in PubMed. Available information was selected and organized according to different topics and summarized and presented in the different sections of the report. As information for some countries and regions is lacking in the available literature, the report is not a comprehensive review of the pharmacovigilance across countries. The report, therefore, shows what is in place and highlight some of the difficulties faced by many countries, particularly low-and-middle income countries. It offers an overview of the (1) common points and failures; (2) the advantages of a national PV system; (3) the difficulties in scaling up and consolidating these systems; and (4) the advantages of regional collaboration. This report is part of a series of companion reports on pharmacovigilance, that provide a detailed overview and discussion on technical aspects and country and regional experiences
    DOI: 10.1596/40197
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Overview of the Republic of Korea Pharmacovigilance System : Learning from Best Practices (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Drug Regulation ; Drug Safety ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Korea-World Bank Partnership Trust Fund (KWPF) ; People-Centered Drug Safety Policy ; Pharmaceutical Safety System ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Pharmacovigilanc
    Abstract: Building capacity in countries to conduct thorough surveillance of the use of all newly authorized drugs and vaccines, both brand name and generic, is a critical "public good" investment to ensure that drugs work correctly and that their health benefits outweigh their known risks. Korea's pharmacovigilance system (PVS) is an international best practice. It is the result of a continuous and sustained government effort over the past three decades-from small pilot projects to a nationwide monitoring network-and offers valuable lessons to other countries on the vital role that such a system can play in ensuring the safety of drugs post-marketing. This report provides an overview of the Korean pharmacovigilance system, describing its main structural and operational elements, to monitor the safety and effectiveness of medicines. It draws from a review of available literature in journal articles, as well as from the websites and reports of Korean institutions
    DOI: 10.1596/40208
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Learning from the Republic of Korea : Building Health System Resilience (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Communicable Diseases ; COVID-19 Pandemic Respons ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Governance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Systems ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; National Governance ; Public Health Emergency Response ; Public Health Promotion ; Public Health Risk ; Successful COVID Countermeasures
    Abstract: The response of the government of the Republic of Korea to COVID-19 has been heralded as among the most successful. In the first two years of the pandemic, the government was able to keep the size of the outbreak relatively small and the death toll relatively low. Although the number of COVID-19 cases jumped significantly subsequently in 2022 and 2023 due to the spread of the more transmissible Omicron variant and a revamped testing regime that cast a broader net to detect infections, Korea had a much lower rate of total confirmed COVID-19 deaths per million population than other high income countries (676 in Korea, as compared to 3,379 in the United Kingdom, 3,331 in the United States, and 2,599 in France). The government achieved this relatively positive result without resorting to the highly restrictive measures that were adopted by most high-income countries, such as strictly controlling borders, shuttering businesses, or issuing severe lockdown or stay-at-home orders. Indeed, since the start of the outbreak in January 2020, the distinguishing features of the response in Korea include the government's ability to mobilize swiftly, even in the early stages of the pandemic, to flatten the epidemic curve. This report dissects the COVID-19 countermeasures successfully adopted in Korea. The analysis draws out insights and lessons that may be relevant to other countries as they mount responses to ongoing crises and prepare for future public health emergencies
    DOI: 10.1596/40203
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
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    Starting and Strengthening a National Pharmacovigilance System : The Case of Catalan Regional Activities that Propelled the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 Vaccine ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Emerging Disease Challenge ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; National Health Surveillance System ; Pharmacovigilance Case Study ; Public Health Risk
    Abstract: The Spanish System of Pharmacovigilance (SSPV) started its activities almost 40 years ago, in 1985. Of particular interest to others considering various options for developing pharmacovigilance systems is the fact that this case study highlights an example that built from the ground up and actually started in academia: the SSPV began as a research project in a university institution in Catalonia that was later adopted by the Ministry of Health. From these origins, a regulatory framework gradually allowed this initiative to expand to the whole country. In 1990, after technical training for the professional staff involved, responsibility for coordinating the system was transferred to a specially created coordinating center for the SSPV located in the Spanish Medicines Agency. This report reviews the origins of the system and its key features, followed by two examples of the system in action and closing comments on aspects and lessons that may be of particular value to others developing pharmacovigilance systems elsewhere
    DOI: 10.1596/40206
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    The Value of Pharmacovigilance in Building Resilient Health Systems Post-COVID : Overview Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: China-World Bank Partnership Trust Fund (CWPF) ; COVID-19 Pandemic Response ; Emerging Disease Challenge ; Health Systems ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Korea-World Bank Partnership Facility (KWPF) ; National Health Surveillance System ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Pharmacovigilance ; Public Health Promotion ; Public Health Risk Response ; Public Health Surveillance ; Seasonal Epidemic Infection
    Abstract: Although indispensable for improving health outcomes, medicines and vaccines or their administration and use can produce adverse effects, requiring continuous vigilance to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks. Monitoring the safety of the use of marketed medicines and vaccines, also known as pharmacovigilance, should therefore become much more explicit in efforts to strengthen health systems and prepare for public health crises and normal times because the world is determined to build back better after the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this report is to examine the importance of pharmacovigilance in a health system both during a health crisis and in normal times, describe the function, structure, and processes of a functional pharmacovigilance system, and explain the value of drug safety monitoring in building resilience in health systems post-COVID-19 pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/40205
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
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    Why is the Safety of Medicines Important for Resilient Health Systems? : A Synthesis Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 Lessons ; Drug Safety ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Pharmacovigilance ; PV ; Resilient Health Systems ; Thalidomide Tragedy
    Abstract: This report discusses the importance of pharmacovigilance (PV) in contributing to building up resilient health systems. It is based on and summarizes the findings of a review of available literature on the topic and relevant case studies focusing on a set of country and regional experiences. Although indispensable in improving health outcomes, the administration and use of medicines may produce adverse reactions, requiring continuous monitoring to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks. PV, which involves the systematic detection, reporting, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), is an essential public health function, but it is often overlooked. The review suggests that successful PV programs are built on three essential pillars: statutory provisions that establish standards for PV centers and programs, well-trained health professionals and associated stakeholders, and engaged PV reporters using effective reporting systems. These pillars allow PV programs to be effective in three core activities: reporting adverse drug events (ADEs) and identifying signals, determining threats through a benefit-risk balance analysis, and taking appropriate actions. This is in addition to supporting various functions of a health system, such as national drug policy and regulation, the delivery of medical care, specific disease control programs, increasing the trust of the general public in the system, and promoting eco-PV. Aided by emerging opportunities for development through automation and machine learning, PV programs show immense potential to enhance the monitoring of patient safety and improve the use of medicines. The report offers policy considerations for countries and international partners in building PV capacity as an essential public function of a health system
    DOI: 10.1596/40247
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 11
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    Realizing a Regional Approach to Pharmacovigilance : A Review of the European Union Approach (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 Vaccines ; EMA ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Pharmacovigilance
    Abstract: This report reviews the pharmacovigilance system of the European Union (EU) mapping out its structure and processes with any eye to features that may be of particular interest to decision makers in other regions as they weigh options related to creating a regional pharmacovigilance architecture for themselves. It begins with a review of the European Medicines Agency (EMA), which plays a central role in the EU system, followed by an overview of the EU PV assessment and monitoring process and an example of the system in action regarding COVID-19 vaccines. It concludes with a summary several key insights of particular relevance for decision makers
    DOI: 10.1596/40178
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 12
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    Walking the talk : Reimagining primary health care after COVID-19 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464817687
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (pages cm)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Very few topics in global health have been as controversial as primary health care since it was introduced half a century ago as the panacea for providing health care to the masses. Yet the debate continues because of the controversy over what it really means, how it should be conceptualized, and how healthcare systems could walk the talk to make it the cornerstone of health services delivery. In this book the authors focus on what it takes to reimagine primary health care in the 21st century, an era of increasing and rapidly changing health care needs, population expectations, availability of financial and human resources, and technology, both medical and digital. They propose an innovative unifying framework bringing together four requirements to reimagine primary health care and ensure a transition from: (i) a limited package of low-quality services to a broader range of higher quality primary care and public health services; (ii) fragmented care to person-centered integrated care; (iii) inequity in access to fairness and accountability regardless of one's ability and willingness to pay; and (iv) fragility to resilience, particularly in times of pent-up demand as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. They present three areas of reform focusing on modalities of service delivery: health work force production, fit-for-purpose deployment and retention; and resource allocation and compensation schemes to "walk the talk" for high quality, integrated, continuous, comprehensive, and community-oriented primary health care. Key takeaways include team-based organization and service delivery, training and licensing to acquire the right mix of skills and competencies, and compensating the level of effort and engagement accordingly. Finally, the authors indicate how the World Bank Group and its development partners could join efforts to help countries deliver on reimagined primary health care through technical advice and financial assistance for global- and country-level dialogue for advocacy--
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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  • 13
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    A Guiding Framework for Nutrition Public Expenditure Reviews (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 pages)
    Series Statement: International Development in Practice
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Budget Evaluation ; Nutrition Budget ; Nutrition Financing ; Nutrition Investment ; Nutrition Spending ; Nutrition Weights ; Nutrition-Specific Budget ; Public Expenditure Review ; Public Financial Management
    Abstract: Nutrition investments affect human capital formation, which in turn affects economic growth. Malnutrition is intrinsically connected to human capital-undernutrition contributes to nearly half of child mortality, and stunting reduces productivity and earnings in adulthood. Improving nutrition requires a multisectoral effort, but it is difficult to identify and quantify the basic financing parameters as used in traditional sectors. What is being spent and by whom and on what? To address these questions, nutrition public expenditure reviews (NPERs) determine the level of a country's overall nutrition public spending and assess whether its expenditure profile will enable the country to realize its nutrition goals and objectives. When done well, NPERs go beyond simply quantifying how much is spent on nutrition; they measure how well money is being spent to achieve nutrition outcomes and identify specific recommendations for improvement. A Guiding Framework for Nutrition Public Expenditure Reviews presents the key elements of an NPER and offers guidance, practical steps, and examples for carrying out an NPER. The book draws upon good practices from past NPERs as well as common practices and expertise from public expenditure reviews in other sectors. This handbook is intended for practitioners who are tasked with carrying out NPERs. Other target audiences include country nutrition policy makers, development partner officials, government technical staff, and nutrition advocates. The book presents data and analytical challenges faced by previous NPER teams and lays out the kinds of analyses that past NPERs have been able to carry out and those that they were unable to perform because of data or capacity constraints. It concludes with further work needed at the global and country levels to create the conditions necessary to conduct more comprehensive NPERs
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 14
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    Online Resource
    A Guiding Framework for Nutrition Public Expenditure Reviews (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Health Economics and Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Nutrition ; Public Sector Development ; Public Spending
    Abstract: The main purpose of this Guiding Framework document is to present the key elements of a Nutrition Public Expenditure Review (NPER) and offer guidance, practical steps, and examples on carrying out an NPER. It targets a wide-ranging audience, including country nutrition policy makers, development partners (DPs), government technical staff, and advocates and practitioners who are tasked with carrying out NPERs (who are also the main target audience). The Guiding Framework draws upon good practices from the growing body of NPERs as well as common practices and expertise from Public Expenditure Reviews (PERs). However, given the limited number of existing NPERs, this document should be considered as a starting point, or a 'living document,' and is not meant to provide a comprehensive coverage of a standard methodology for NPERs, as this would require further work and analysis. Specifically, this Guiding Framework aims to be a useful tool for practitioners involved in developing an NPER. It does this by: (i) situating NPERs within the context of other similar efforts such as a nutrition budget analysis or sector-specific PERs; (ii) presenting the literature of existing NPERs and related literature to serve as reference; (iii) providing guidance on preparatory work before beginning an NPER (i.e., defining the scope, setting up an NPER team, and identifying data sources); (iv) providing guidance on conducting the core analysis (i.e.,framing the analysis, analyzing the institutional framework, and linking the analysis to the policy dialogue); and (v) clearly identifying knowledge gaps and necessary additional work to enhance the robustness of future NPER analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/36907
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