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  • 2005-2009  (13)
  • Olarreaga, Marcelo  (13)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (13)
  • Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
  • Leiden : Brill
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Export Promotion Agencies Revisited (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel Export Promotion Agencies Revisited
    Abstract: The number of national export promotion agencies has tripled over the past two decades. Although more countries made them part of their export strategy, studies criticized their efficacy in developing countries. The agencies were retooled, partly in response to these critiques. This paper studies the impact of today's export promotion agencies and their strategies, based on new survey data covering 103 developing and developed countries. The results suggest that on average they have a statistically significant effect on exports. The identification strategies highlight the importance of EPA services for overcoming foreign trade barriers and solving asymmetric information problems associated with exports of heterogeneous goods. There are also strong diminishing returns, suggesting that as far as export promotion agencies are concerned, small is beautiful
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5125
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    China's and India's challenge to Latin America : opportunity or threat? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821373080 , 0821373099 , 9780821373088 , 9780821373095
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxviii, 331 pages) , illustrations , 23 cm
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Latin American development forum series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 337.8051
    Keywords: China Foreign economic relations ; India Foreign economic relations ; Latin America Foreign economic relations ; Latin America Foreign economic relations
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7308-8
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
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    Smoke in the Water : the Use of Tariff Policy Flexibility in Crises (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Foletti, Liliana Smoke in the Water
    Abstract: As the economic crisis deepens and widens, fears of a return to the protectionist spiral of the 1930s become more common. However, an important difference between the 1930s and today is the existence of the World Trade Organization and the legal limits it imposes on the protectionist responses members can pursue. The objective of this paper is threefold. First, to assess the extent to which applied tariff can legally be raised without violating tariff-bound obligations, and compare it with what is economically possible. Second, to examine what has been the protectionist response of individual countries when facing an economic crisis since the creation of the WTO. Finally, to predict how far the protectionist responses will go during the current crisis. Results suggest that the policy space left when looking at what is economically possible is indeed quite large. However, in the recent past very little of the available policy space has been used by countries suffering from an economic crisis. Our predictions for the current crisis are modest tariff hikes in the order of 8 percent
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5050
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  • 4
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    Do Trade Agreements Reduce the Volatility of Agricultural Distortions? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is to evaluate the extent to which trade agreements affect agricultural trade policy volatility. Using a new panel database compiled as part of the World Bank's agricultural distortions research project, the author estimate the effect of regionalism on the volatility of price distortions measured by the absolute value of their first differences, averaged, for each country and year, over all agricultural goods. Using an instrumental-variable approach to correct for the endogeneity of regional trade agreements, (RTAs), the author fined that participation in RTAs has a significantly negative effect on agricultural trade-policy volatility. The author find that the World Trade Organization (WTO) agricultural agreement also contributed to reducing agricultural trade-policy volatility, in spite of the weak disciplines involved, but the effect is only weakly identified. The results are robust to a variety of robustness checks and hold, in particular, for the Latin American sub-sample
    DOI: 10.1596/28165
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  • 5
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    Substitutability And Protectionism : Latin America's Trade Policy And Imports From China And India (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Willmann, Gerald Substitutability And Protectionism
    Keywords: Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demands ; Domestic Prices ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exogenous Shocks ; Export Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Effects ; Free Trade ; Import ; Imports ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Rapid Grow ; Trade Policy ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demands ; Domestic Prices ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exogenous Shocks ; Export Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Effects ; Free Trade ; Import ; Imports ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Rapid Grow ; Trade Policy ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demands ; Domestic Prices ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exogenous Shocks ; Export Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Effects ; Free Trade ; Import ; Imports ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Rapid Grow ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: The authors examine the trade policy response of Latin American governments to the rapid growth of China and India in world markets. To explain higher protection in sectors where a large share is imported from these countries, they extend the "protection for sale" model to allow for different degrees of substitutability between domestically produced and imported varieties. The extension suggests that higher levels of protection toward Chinese goods can be explained by high substitutability between domestically produced goods and Chinese goods, whereas lower levels of protection toward goods imported from India can be explained by low substitutability with domestically produced goods. The data support the extension to the "protection for sale" model, which performs better than the original specification in terms of explaining Latin America's structure of protection
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  • 6
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    The Growth of China And India In World Trade : Opportunity Or Threat For Latin America And The Caribbean? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel The Growth of China And India In World Trade
    Keywords: Bilateral trade ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic size ; Export growth ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Growth rate ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Substitution effect ; Telecommunications ; Trade Policy ; Bilateral trade ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic size ; Export growth ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Growth rate ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Substitution effect ; Telecommunications ; Trade Policy ; Bilateral trade ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic size ; Export growth ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Growth rate ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Substitution effect ; Telecommunications ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper studies the relationship between the growth of China and India in world merchandise trade and Latin American and Caribbean commercial flows from two perspectives. First, the authors focus on the opportunity that China and India's markets have offered Latin American and Caribbean exporters during 2000-2004. Second, empirical analyses examine the partial correlation between Chinese and Indian bilateral trade flows and Latin American and Caribbean trade with third markets. Both analyses rely on the gravity model of international trade. Econometric estimations that control for the systematic correlation between expected bilateral trade volumes and the size of their regression errors, as well as importer and exporter fixed effects and year effects, provide consistent estimates of the relevant parameters for different groups of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Results suggest that the growth of the two Asian markets has produced large opportunities for Latin American and Caribbean exporters, which nevertheless have not been fully exploited. The evidence concerning the effects of Chinese and Indian trade with third markets is not robust, but there is little evidence of negative effects on Latin American and Caribbean exports of non-fuel merchandise. In general, China's and to a large extent India's growing presence in world trade has been good news for Latin America and the Caribbean, but some of the potential benefits remain unexploited
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  • 7
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    Substitution Between Foreign Capital In China, India, The Rest of The World, And Latin America : Much Ado About Nothing ? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cravino, Javier Substitution Between Foreign Capital In China, India, The Rest of The World, And Latin America
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign direct investment ; Foreign investment ; International Economics & Trade ; International investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Production processes ; Results ; Search ; Web ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign direct investment ; Foreign investment ; International Economics & Trade ; International investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Production processes ; Results ; Search ; Web ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign direct investment ; Foreign investment ; International Economics & Trade ; International investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Production processes ; Results ; Search ; Web
    Abstract: This paper explores the impact of the emergence of China and India on foreign capital stocks in other economies. Using bilateral data from 1990-2003 and drawing from the knowledge-capital model of the multinational enterprises to control for fundamental determinants of foreign capital stocks across countries, the evidence suggests that the impact of foreign capital in China and India on other countries' foreign capital stocks has been positive. This finding is robust to the use of ordinary least squares, Poisson, and negative binomial estimators; to the inclusion of time and country-pair fixed effects; to the inclusion of natural-resource endowments; and to the use of the sum of foreign capital stocks in Hong Kong (China) and mainland China instead of using only the latter's foreign capital stocks. There is surprisingly weak evidence of substitution in manufacturing foreign capital stocks away from Central America and Mexico in favor of China, and from the Southern Cone countries to India, but these findings are not robust to the use of alternative estimation techniques
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  • 8
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    Foreign Direct Investment In Latin America During The Emergence of China And India : Stylized Facts (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cravino, Javier Foreign Direct Investment In Latin America During The Emergence of China And India
    Keywords: Capital formation ; Capital stocks ; Common Carriers Industry ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Fixed capital ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign capital ; Host countries ; Host country ; Industry ; International Bank ; Law and Development ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Capital formation ; Capital stocks ; Common Carriers Industry ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Fixed capital ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign capital ; Host countries ; Host country ; Industry ; International Bank ; Law and Development ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Capital formation ; Capital stocks ; Common Carriers Industry ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Fixed capital ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign capital ; Host countries ; Host country ; Industry ; International Bank ; Law and Development ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics
    Abstract: In spite of the growing concerns about foreign direct investment being diverted from Latin America to China and India, the best available data show that Latin America has performed relatively well since 1997. Foreign capital stocks from OECD countries and the United States in particular in China and India are still far from those in the largest Latin American economies. The evidence shows that foreign capital stocks in China increased more than in Latin America during 1990-1997, but not as much since 1997. In fact, Latin America has actually performed better than China since 1997 given its lack of relative growth. The growth of foreign capital stocks in India was more stable than in China. Nonetheless, after controlling for shocks emanating from the source countries and bilateral distance between source and host countries, this paper finds a significant change in foreign capital stocks relative to China between 1990 and 1997, but no change relative to India
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  • 9
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    The Impact of Trade With China And India On Argentina's Manufacturing Employment (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Castro, Lucio The Impact of Trade With China And India On Argentina's Manufacturing Employment
    Keywords: Capital Stock ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Demand ; Distortions ; Econometric Model ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Appreciation ; Exchange Rate Appreciations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Res ; Water and Industry ; Capital Stock ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Demand ; Distortions ; Econometric Model ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Appreciation ; Exchange Rate Appreciations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Res ; Water and Industry ; Capital Stock ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Demand ; Distortions ; Econometric Model ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Appreciation ; Exchange Rate Appreciations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Res ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: For many in Latin America, the increasing participation of China and India in international markets is seen as a looming shadow of two "mighty giants" on the region's manufacturing sector. Are they really mighty giants when it comes to their impact on manufacturing employment? The authors attempt to answer this question by estimating the effects of trade with China and India on Argentina's industrial employment. They use a dynamic econometric model and industry level data to estimate the effects of trade with China and India on the level of employment in Argentina's manufacturing sector. Results suggest that trade with China and India only had a small negative effect on industrial employment, even during the swift trade liberalization of the 1990s
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  • 10
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    Specialization And Adjustment During The Growth of China And India : The Latin American Experience (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel Specialization And Adjustment During The Growth of China And India
    Keywords: Comparative advantage ; Econometric estimates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Global integration ; Gross domestic product ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Patterns of trade ; Public Sector Development ; Specialization ; Terms of trade ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; World markets ; Comparative advantage ; Econometric estimates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Global integration ; Gross domestic product ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Patterns of trade ; Public Sector Development ; Specialization ; Terms of trade ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; World markets ; Comparative advantage ; Econometric estimates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Global integration ; Gross domestic product ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Patterns of trade ; Public Sector Development ; Specialization ; Terms of trade ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; World markets
    Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which the growth of China and India in world markets is affecting the patterns of trade specialization in Latin American economies. The authors construct Vollrath's measure of revealed comparative advantage by 3-digit ISIC sector, country, and year. This measure accounts for both imports and exports. The empirical analyses explore the correlation between the revealed comparative advantage of Latin America and the two Asian economies. Econometric estimates suggest that the specialization pattern of Latin A-with the exception of Mexico-has been moving in opposite direction of the trade specialization pattern of China and India. Labor-intensive sectors (both unskilled and skilled) probably have been negatively affected by the growing presence of China and India in world markets, while natural resource and scientific knowledge intensive sectors have probably benefited from China and India's growth since 1990
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  • 11
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    Online Resource
    Export Promotion Agencies : What Works And What Doesn't (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel Export Promotion Agencies
    Keywords: Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy ; Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy ; Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: The number of national export promotion agencies (EPAs) has tripled over the past two decades. While more countries have made them part of their national export strategy, studies have criticized their efficiency in developing countries. Partly in reaction to these critiques, EPAs have been retooled (see ITC 1998 or 2000, for example). This paper studies the impact of existing EPAs and their strategies based on a new data set covering 104 industrial and developing countries. Results suggest that on average they have a strong and statistically significant impact on exports. For each
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  • 12
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    How Costly Is It For Poor Farmers To Lift Themselves Out of Poverty? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Olarreaga, Marcelo How Costly Is It For Poor Farmers To Lift Themselves Out of Poverty?
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to provide estimates of the cost of moving out of subsistence for Madagascar's farmers. The analysis is based on a simple asset-return model of occupational choice. Estimates suggest that the entry (sunk) cost associated with moving out of subsistence can be quite large - somewhere between 124 and 153 percent of a subsistence farmer's annual production. Our results make it possible to identify farm characteristics likely to generate large gains, if moved out of subsistence, yielding useful information for the targeting of trade-adjustment assistance programs
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  • 13
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    Trade Preferences to Small Developing Countries and the Welfare Costs of Lost Multilateral Liberalization (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Limao, Nuno Trade Preferences to Small Developing Countries and the Welfare Costs of Lost Multilateral Liberalization
    Keywords: Balance of Payments ; Competitive Position ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Political Economy ; Preferential Access ; Preferential Tariff ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Region ; Balance of Payments ; Competitive Position ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Political Economy ; Preferential Access ; Preferential Tariff ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Region ; Balance of Payments ; Competitive Position ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Political Economy ; Preferential Access ; Preferential Tariff ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Region
    Abstract: The proliferation of preferential trade liberalization over the last 20 years has raised the question of whether it slows down multilateral trade liberalization. Recent theoretical and empirical evidence indicates this is the case even for unilateral preferences that developed countries provide to small and poor countries but there is no estimate of the resulting welfare costs. To avoid this stumbling block effect we suggest replacing unilateral preferences by a fixed import subsidy. We argue that this scheme would reduce the drag of preferences on multilateral liberalization and generate a Pareto improvement. More importantly, we provide the first estimates of the welfare cost of preferential liberalization as a stumbling block to multilateral liberalization. By combining recent estimates of the stumbling block effect of preferences with data for 170 countries and over 5,000 products we calculate the welfare effects of the United States, European Union and Japan switching from unilateral preferences to Least Developed Countries to the import subsidy scheme. Even in a model with no dynamic gains to trade we find that the switch produces an annual net welfare gain for the 170 countries (
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