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  • 1
    Online Resource
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    Culture, Family Ties and the Saving Hand (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.35
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Culture, liens familiaux et épargne
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Different cultures entail both a great diversity of household structures and different saving patterns. The diversity of family relations and saving patterns creates different incentives for physical and human capital accumulation. Policies can alter saving incentives and create the conditions for household structures themselves to change.
    DOI: 10.1787/244703652764
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  • 2
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    Structures familiales, transferts et épargne : Examen (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.255
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This study shows a new approach concerning the concept of family in developing countries. This new approach notably takes into account numerous family related constraints placed upon members of a household. This allows us to analyse more effectively the impact of family structures and intra-family money transfers on saving and investment, which are important factors for growth and poverty reduction. The study revealed that these family structures can lead to opportunistic behaviour which can hinder saving and investment within households, but they also often provide the only social protection for some of the poorest people. The challenge for politicians will be to anticipate the response from households faced with policies to increase saving and investment when they are subject to such strong institutional constraints.
    DOI: 10.1787/347536521343
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  • 3
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    Measuring Gender (In)equality : Introducing the Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base (GID) (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.247
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Efforts to establish, test and analyse hypotheses regarding cross-country variations in women’s economic status are hampered by the lack of a readily accessible and easily used information resource on the various dimensions of gender inequality. Addressing this gap, this paper introduces the Gender, Institutions and Development database (GID) of the OECD Development Centre. The GID constitutes an important improvement upon existing sources, notably because it incorporates institutional variables related to norms, laws, codes of conduct, customs, and family traditions that heretofore have been neglected in quantitative comparative studies. To illustrate the utility of the GID, the paper models the determinants of women’s participation in the labour force – an indicator of gender equality as well as an important ingredient for long-run economic growth – and demonstrates that the economic role of women hinges critically on variations in discriminatory social institutions.
    DOI: 10.1787/354470443614
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  • 4
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    Culture, Gender and Growth (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 5 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Culture, genre et croissance
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: While the overall picture for gender equality is still gloomy, recent changes in family institutions in come countries provide an enlightening example.
    DOI: 10.1787/246727453385
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  • 5
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    Culture, genre et croissance (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: French
    Pages: 5 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Centre de développement de l'OCDE - Repères no.15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Culture, Gender and Growth
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Si les perspectives générales de l’égalité des genres restent sombres, les récents changements survenus au sein des institutions familiales de certains pays offrent un exemple déterminant.
    DOI: 10.1787/002055551334
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  • 6
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    Renforcer le rôle économique des femmes dans les pays en développement : Pour le changement des institutions sociales (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.27
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Changing Social Institutions to Improve the Status of Women in Developing Countries
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Des institutions sociales profondément enracinées – normes, codes de conduite, lois et traditions – entraînent une discrimination entre les sexes. . La religion n’est pas systématiquement le vecteur d’une telle discrimination. Toutes les religions dominantes font preuve de flexibilité dans l’interprétation du rôle des femmes dans la société. . Les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement plaident pour le changement des institutions sociales discriminatoires, en complément des sept priorités stratégiques identifiées par l’équipe de travail des Nations unies sur l’éducation et l’égalité des sexes. . Les bailleurs de fonds doivent redéfinir leurs stratégies, pour s’attacher simultanément non seulement à améliorer les compétences et les capacités des femmes mais aussi à surmonter la résistance des hommes vis-à-vis des réformes en faveur de l’égalité des sexes.
    DOI: 10.1787/507745543748
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  • 7
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    Changing Social Institutions to Improve the Status of Women in Developing Countries (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.27
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcer le rôle économique des femmes dans les pays en développement : Pour le changement des institutions sociales
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Deeply rooted social institutions – societal norms, codes of conduct, laws and tradition – cause gender discrimination. . Religion per se does not systematically define such discrimination. All dominant religions show flexibility in interpreting the role of women in society. . The Millennium Development Goals demand change in gender-discriminating social institutions, which should be added to the seven strategic priorities identi?ed by the UN Task Force on Education and Gender Equality. . Donors must redesign their strategies to focus not only on improving women’s capacities and capabilities, but also and concurrently on lowering men’s resistance against reforms that improve gender equality.
    DOI: 10.1787/518103673332
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  • 8
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    La condition des femmes en Inde, Kenya, Soudan et Tunisie (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.235
    Keywords: Development ; India ; Kenya ; Sudan ; Tunisia
    Abstract: The institutional framework of a country plays a determining role in the well-being of the women who live in it. This paper examines the cases of four case countries: India, Kenya, Sudan and Tunisia. In each of these case studies, the status of women has been analysed along with the reforms that have been implemented to improve it. Comparisons between the four countries have brought to light several obstacles to change in the institutional framework such as age-old traditions, religion, economic interests and parliamentary opposition. Where there are important initial obstacles, the government’s room for manoeuvre is limited, particularly in the short-term since magistrates, administrations, media and families often endeavour to postpone the application of new, more inclusive, laws. There are, however, examples of successful reform efforts. These successes are generally attributable to the presence of numerous women in parliament and government and in the legal service, the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/355565338134
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  • 9
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    The Impact of Social Institutions on the Economic Role of Women in Developing Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.234
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Donor agencies and policy makers tend to agree that increased access of women to education, health, credit, formal legal rights and employment opportunities, in conjunction with economic growth, will substantially improve the socio-economic role of women in developing countries. This paper challenges that view. It argues that these measures might not be sufficient if the institutional framework within a country constrains women from participating in economic activities. It finds that social institutions — laws, norms, traditions and codes of conduct — constitute the most important single factor determining women’s freedom of choice in economic activities. They have not only a direct impact on the economic role of women but also an indirect one through women’s access to resources like education and health care. The findings suggest that an institutional framework that disadvantages half of the adult population hinders development. To address gender inequalities effectively, policy ...
    DOI: 10.1787/262577344262
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  • 10
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    Education and Health Expenditure, and Development : The Cases of Indonesia and Peru (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194281
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Dépenses d'éducation et de santé, et développement ; Les cas de l'Indonésie et du Pérou
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Indonesia ; Peru
    Abstract: When setting spending priorities in education and health, countries all too often target expensive schemes which can be shown only to benefit specific sections of the population, often the non-poor. The building of certain urban hospitals and universities may fall into this category. Wherever expenditure is directed to universal schemes, such as establishing rural and urban clinics, kindergartens and primary schools, however, the poor can be shown to benefit more. This book pleads for a series of policy orientations leading towards pro-poor health and education spending.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194281-en
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  • 11
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    Santé, éducation et réduction de la pauvreté (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.19
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Health, Education and Poverty Reduction
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Les pauvres sont les premiers bénéficiaires de la généralisation des services sociaux. . Il faut satisfaire la demande de services des pauvres et non raisonner en termes d’offre. . Les politiques doivent être jugées sur les résultats obtenus plutôt que sur les moyens mis en œuvre. . Pour interrompre la reproduction de la pauvreté, les interventions doivent être cohérentes, à long terme et participatives.
    DOI: 10.1787/763808720562
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  • 12
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    Health, Education and Poverty Reduction (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.19
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Santé, éducation et réduction de la pauvreté
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . The poor are the principal beneficiaries of universal access to social services. . Instead of thinking in terms of supply, we need to meet the demand for services from the poor. . Policies should be judged by their outcomes rather than by the amount of resources employed. . Coherent, long-term and participatory policy are needed to escape from the poverty trap.
    DOI: 10.1787/764315057662
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  • 13
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    Les facteurs explicatifs de la malnutrition en Afrique subsaharienne (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.167
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Technical Paper uses all available data collected on the malnutrition of children in 20 countries for Demographic and Health Surveys. The paper thus presents an exhaustive analysis of the factors of malnutrition in Africa, following a standard approach where the health indicator of the child, in this case height, depends on exogenous variables, i.e. characteristics of the child, the parents, the environment and parents’ property income. The econometric tests confirm the effects of certain variables used in preceding studies. Above all, these tests present new results by introducing variables which had not previously been taken into account, such as the presence of a twin, breastfeeding, family situation and access of the mother to news and information sources. We find that access to the media always has a positive effect on child health, whereas polygamy has the opposite effect. The effects of infrastructure had scarcely been considered previously whereas, in this wide-ranging ...
    DOI: 10.1787/513743835456
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  • 14
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    Une estimation de la pauvreté en Afrique subsaharienne d'après les données anthropométriques (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.158
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Technical Paper reports on the first assessments of poverty in sub-Saharan Africa based on anthropometric data collected in 19 countries for the Demographic and Health Surveys. The poverty studied is absolute poverty, which can be defined as the inability of a family to meet sufficient consumption levels to maintain a satisfactory state of health and normal growth of its children in order to avoid serious malnutrition. (The other two concepts of poverty, relative poverty and subjective poverty, are not used in this study). Statistically, any child under five years of age whose height (or weight) is more than two standard deviations below median height in developed countries is considered to be suffering from serious malnutrition. The percentages of children with serious malnutrition (and thereby of families classed as below the threshold of absolute poverty) range from, roughly, 15-20 per cent in mediumincome countries (Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Zimbabwe) to more than 50 per ...
    DOI: 10.1787/213103000452
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  • 15
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    La faisabilité politique de l'ajustement (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Political Feasibility of Adjustment
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Les risques politiques de la stabilisation dépendent des mesures prises. • Un bon calendrier de mise en œuvre, une constitution adaptée et un affaiblissement des corporatismes réduisent les risques. • L'ajustement structurel présente beaucoup moins de risques, exception faite de la réforme des entreprises publiques. • Une nouvelle conception de la conditionnalité et des aides bilatérales adaptées diminueraient les risques.
    DOI: 10.1787/110210303112
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  • 16
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    The Political Feasibility of Adjustment (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La faisabilité politique de l'ajustement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In the history of adjustment, concern with the political aspects appeared only after long reflection. At the beginning of the 1980s, given the urgency of the financial crises afflicting many developing countries, the only thought was to restore macroeconomic balances, particularly the balance of payments, by means of short-term measures — budget cuts and tight monetary policy — and through devaluation. Adjustment was limited to a stabilization programme, the sole criterion being the reduction of the external deficit as rapidly as possible. It was soon realised, however, that stabilization is not an end in itself: reducing demand is not enough; it is also necessary to increase supply by improving resource allocation. Under the goading of the international organisations, stabilization measures were therefore supplemented by structural adjustment measures, such as reducing customs duties, deregulating financial markets and eliminating distortions in agricultural prices. This distinction between stabilization and structural adjustment is important from the political standpoint. In fact, a stabilization programme is a kind of emergency treatment....
    DOI: 10.1787/112047535116
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  • 17
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    What Institutional Framework for the Informal Sector? (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quel cadre institutionnel pour le secteur informel ?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Many micro-enterprises are known to the authorities, in particular because they pay taxes. • Intermediate-revenue countries impose certain standards to protect consumers. • Wages regulations are only rarely respected. • The creation and development of micro-enterprises could be assisted by institutional reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/163720661354
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  • 18
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    Quel cadre institutionnel pour le secteur informel ? (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. What Institutional Framework for the Informal Sector?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Beaucoup de micro-entreprises sont connues de l’administration, notamment parce qu’elles paient un impôt. • Les pays à revenu intermédiaire font respecter certaines normes pour protéger le consommateur. • Les règlements pour protéger les salariés sont peu respectés. • La création et la croissance des micro-entreprises peuvent être favorisées par des réformes institutionnelles.
    DOI: 10.1787/160205668881
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  • 19
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    La faisabilité politique de l'ajustement dans les pays africains (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.88
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Il est désormais admis qu'on ne peut pas mettre au point un programme d'ajustement sans tenir compte des réactions politiques qu'il peut susciter. Les expériences malheureuses de pays où les troubles provoqués par des mesures de stabilisation ont entraîné des dizaines, voire des centaines de morts, en ont convaincu tous les responsables politiques. Ceci a conduit à construire un modèle politico-économique adapté aux pays en développement. On a ensuite appliqué ce modèle à 23 pays africains sur la période 1980-1990. Les résultats des estimations s'avèrent satisfaisantes : l'ensemble des variables endogènes, qu'elles soient économiques ou politiques, peuvent être expliquées de façon précise et les coefficients obtenus prouvent qu'il existe des interactions importantes entre la sphère politique et la sphère économique. Il est assuré par exemple que les troubles résultent en partie des mesures de stabilisation. A partir d'une simulation de référence, on a ensuite estimé les ...
    DOI: 10.1787/548847573280
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  • 20
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    Ajustement et équité (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Adjustment and Equity
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • L'ajustement n'est pas synonyme 'aggravation de la pauvreté • Ajuster avant la crise permet d'en réduire les coûts sociaux • Le refus d'ajuster et la réduction forcée des importations conduisent à un sousdéveloppement autocentré beaucoup plus coûteux socialement que l'ajustement • Le choix de mesures macroéconomiques pour stabiliser n'est pas neutre : on peut obtenir le même résultat à des coûts sociaux plus ou moins élevés • Plusieurs mesures d'ajustement structurel ont des effets sociaux favorables, mais d'autres, comme la remise en ordre des entreprises publiques, sont coûteuses • L'intervention des pays donneurs est indispensable pour compenser l'aggravation de la pauvreté liée aux mesures de stabilisation et aux licenciements dans les entreprises publiques
    DOI: 10.1787/487881601588
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  • 21
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    Adjustment and Equity (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ajustement et équité
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Adjustment does not necessarily increase poverty • Adjusting before a crisis reduces social costs • Refusal to adjust and the suspension of imports leads to self-centred underdevelopment, which is socially much more costly • The choice of macroeconomic stabilisation measures is important: the same result can be obtained with higher or lower social costs • Some structural adjustment measures have beneficial social effects but others, like the reorganisation of public enterprises, involve high costs • Action by donor countries is indispensable to offset the increase in poverty linked to stabilisation measures and to the reduction of employment in public enterprises
    DOI: 10.1787/534374616322
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  • 22
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    Ajustement et distribution des revenus : Application d'un modèle macro-micro au Maroc (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.7
    Keywords: Development ; Morocco
    Abstract: This paper presents the first application of a macro-micro model introduced in Technical Paper No. 1 "Macroeconomic Adjustment and Income Distribution. A Macro-micro Simulation Model". Here, the model is applied to Morocco from 1980 to 1986. A stabilization programme was undertaken by Morocco in 1983. We first looked at the immediate effects of each macroeconomic measure implemented by the state on main macroeconomic variables and on unemployment, income inequality, percentage of poor and the poverty gap. Other simulations show the effects on the same variables of exogenous shocks, like droughts or price increases of imports, over one year. Dynamic simulations (on 3- to 5-year periods) were the second step of this analysis, in order to estimate the effects of a package of stabilization measures. We thus simulated three scenarios: a pre-emptive adjustment; a different policy in 1983 and the absence of adjustment in 1983-85. The first lesson we can draw from these simulations is that ...
    DOI: 10.1787/106628388818
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