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  • 2015-2019  (12)
  • 1930-1934
  • Moarif, Sara  (12)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (12)
  • München
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2018/01
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The enhanced transparency framework for climate action and support envisaged by the Paris Agreement is to “build on and enhance” current transparency arrangements under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This paper draws lessons from current reporting by Annex I and non-Annex I countries both within and outside the UNFCCC reporting framework to provide options that might inform the development of modalities, procedures and guidelines (MPGs) for reporting of technology transfer and capacity-building support under the Paris Agreement. The paper offers six options for consideration by Parties, with an emphasis on reporting by developing country Parties, given that very limited guidance has been available to these Parties to date. The options include how Parties might provide more guidance for reporting separately on financial, technology and capacity-building support; frame reporting of support needs and support received in the context of nationally determined contributions (NDCs); and facilitate more consistent use of key terminology and clearer reporting.
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2018/03
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: An enhanced transparency framework is a central component of the Agreement, and will apply to all Parties, with flexibility for developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities. This paper examines how such flexibility might be operationalised when reporting information under the future enhanced transparency system for greenhouse gas inventories and for progress towards the mitigation component of NDCs under Article 4. The paper also highlights how improvements over time in reporting of adaptation, and support needed and received could be encouraged. For each individual reporting element in these four areas, the paper identifies possible ways that countries with a range of different capacity levels could provide information for specific elements under the four reporting areas examined in the paper.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2017/06
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The future enhanced transparency framework outlined in the Paris Agreement and its accompanying Decision is to build on, enhance and eventually supersede the existing measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system established under the Cancún Agreements. This paper explores the issues of “building on” and “enhancing” as they relate to the biennial reporting of information on mitigation and finance, by drawing lessons from the existing MRV system and examining the Paris Agreement’s provisions. It examines four areas: greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, reporting on progress with the mitigation component of nationally determined contributions (NDCs), finance provided and mobilised, and financial support received and needed. The paper also highlights the challenges met by Parties while reporting information for these areas to date, and provides suggestions on how forthcoming modalities, procedures and guidelines (MPGs) might reduce these difficulties.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2017/01
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are currently developing the operational elements of the Paris Agreement, including guidance for information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (CTU) when Parties communicate their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Drawing on Party submissions from 2016 and April 2017, and discussions held during the CCXG Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change in March 2017, this paper synthesises and discusses views on guidance for CTU in four areas: the purpose of the guidance; where further guidance is needed; the elements of the guidance; and the relationship between guidance for CTU and other operational elements of the Paris Agreement. The paper then suggests ways for Parties to consider selected issues, namely: the structure and content of the guidance; its status; the scope of NDCs; and links between sets of guidance, including timing issues.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2016/05
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Article 13 of the Paris Agreement, agreed at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2015, calls for the adoption of an enhanced transparency framework for both mitigation action and support. This note presents a possible structure for the modalities, procedures and guidelines for the mitigation-related aspects of the enhanced transparency framework. The scope of the note includes reporting, technical expert review and multilateral consideration of progress, taking into account lessons learned from experience with reporting, review and other relevant processes under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. The note aims to serve as a helpful reference for UNFCCC transparency negotiators, by flagging issues that will need to be addressed when Parties develop modalities, procedures and guidelines in this area, and by providing links to existing provisions or guidance for each topic.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2016/03
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: An enhanced transparency framework will be a central component of the post-2020 international climate policy regime under the Paris Agreement. This paper explores the issue of transparency of climate finance information in the context of climate finance goals under the United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The transparency framework of the Paris Agreement covers only a subset of climate finance, i.e. finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries, climate finance provided and mobilised by “other” countries for developing countries, as well as climate finance received by developing countries. This paper focuses on data collection, reporting and review of these elements, and explores how the transparency of information on climate finance provided and mobilised could be improved from current arrangements in order to meet the aims set out in the Paris Agreement.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2016/04
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: An enhanced transparency framework will be a central component of the post-2020 international climate policy regime under the Paris Agreement, underpinning the dynamic process of updating nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and providing input to the global stocktakes of progress towards the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. The enhanced transparency framework will apply to all Parties, with flexibility in light of capacities. This paper highlights lessons learned from the existing transparency framework for mitigation that can help inform the development of modalities, procedures and guidelines for the enhanced transparency framework under the Paris Agreement. It outlines how clearer and more detailed reporting guidelines could be developed for communication of the mitigation components of NDCs and reporting on progress in their implementation and achievement, based on NDC type.
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2016/02
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The agreement of an enhanced transparency framework was a key outcome of the COP 21 climate change conference in Paris. This enhanced transparency framework will play an important role in tracking progress towards the individual and collective goals agreed at COP 21 and in understanding achievement of nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement. This paper unpacks the transparency-related provisions within the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 relating to mitigation and support. It also explores the relationship between the existing and future transparency framework, information required to track progress towards nationally determined contributions for mitigation, and fulfilling reporting provisions on finance provided, mobilised and received.
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2015/06
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are currently negotiating a climate change agreement scheduled for adoption at the 21st Conference of the Parties in December 2015. At the centre of the new agreement are nationally determined contributions (NDCs). These are the objectives and actions relating to mitigation or other aspects of climate change responses that countries are willing to put forward internationally and be bound by in some way. This paper seeks to clarify and discuss ideas contained in the draft agreement and draft decision text for the 2015 agreement that may serve to enhance the dynamism and ambition of nationally determined mitigation contributions or commitments (NDMCs). Provisions for ambition and dynamism are included in the procedures framing NDMCs, namely common, regular communications and the requirement that NDMCs become more ambitious over time. Several multilateral processes are also proposed, which might influence the ambition of NDMCs in terms of their content and implementation. The paper discusses proposals for a clarification exercise, a regular global stocktake, and individual assessment and review processes contained with the transparency system and a potential facilitative compliance and implementation system. There are implementation challenges associated with all proposals, though overall these could encourage countries to maximise effort, and provide an opportunity for countries to revise and update their contributions and commitments at regular intervals.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2015/03
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Climate support will be an important element in reaching a post-2020 climate agreement at COP 21 in December 2015. To further increase and mobilise the levels of climate support post-2020, a number of proposals have been made in the negotiating text produced in the Geneva session of the Ad-hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in February 2015. This paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of several of these proposals, focusing on those that are clear and specific. The paper assesses proposals on mobilising climate finance using the following criteria: (i) the level of financial flows that they could generate; (ii) how much of this could be mobilised in the UNFCCC context; (iii) the ease of implementation of the proposal; (iv) if and how such increased mobilisation could be monitored; and (v) whether the proposal would fill a specific gap in the context of climate support within the UNFCCC. The paper undertakes a similar assessment for proposals in the Geneva text on enhancing the level of technology development and transfer, as well as capacity building. It discusses whether the proposals could potentially increase technology development and transfer, capacity building and development, as well as whether they are likely to do so in practice, based on current experience and ease of implementation. The proposals vary significantly in the amount of climate support they could mobilise (or enhance, in the case of technology and capacity building), for a range of reasons. These include the particular wording of the proposals, their sensitivity to national implementation, uncertainty in measuring progress towards objectives, and in some cases the limited role the UNFCCC plays as an institution in a given area of climate support.
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2015/07
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: There are many reasons why the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reporting framework requests information from countries. These include understanding and tracking progress with individual or collective commitments or pledges, providing confidence and enhancing accountability in quantified information measured and reported, and providing background information on the scope and ambition of national climate responses. This paper highlights the gaps, inconsistencies and uncertainties in the current reporting framework, which was developed for both long-standing obligations and mitigation pledges for the period to 2020. The paper also identifies possible improvements in the UNFCCC reporting framework in the context of the post-2020 transparency framework and nationally determined contributions (NDCs) for the post-2020 period.
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2015/02
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) produced a negotiating text in February 2015, which forms the basis for negotiations toward a climate change agreement scheduled for adoption at the 21st Conference of the Parties in December 2015. This document aims to better understand proposals in the Geneva negotiating text related to the notion of strengthening nationally determined contributions (NDCs) over time, contained under the headings “strategic review of implementation”, “aggregate ambition assessment” and “enhanced ambition mechanism”. This paper focuses on how key elements of these proposals might apply to mitigation contributions or the mitigation component of NDCs: The document examines the main proposals in terms of their relevance, coherence, assumptions, scope, and feasibility, in the context of a cycle of mitigation contributions that seek to become more ambitious over time. It also explores whether the proposals are likely to be effective in achieving their foreseen outcomes, the majority of which involve changes to NDCs. In general, it finds that there is significant overlap between proposals for various “review” processes in different parts of the Geneva negotiating text, as well as overlap with monitoring, reporting and verification processes under the UNFCCC. The document also presents some broad messages on the subject of “strategic review” expressed during the CCXG Global Forum in March 2015. It is currently unclear what a review or assessment process would comprise, largely because it relates to an overarching process – a cycle of contributions – for which there is not yet an agreed vision or scope.
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