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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lokshin, Michael Toward Environmentally Sustainable Public Institutions: The Green Government IT Index
    Keywords: Environment ; Environmental Sustainability ; Government Institutions ; Green Agenda ; Green Government ; Informaiton and Communications Technology (ICT) ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sustainable Development
    Abstract: This paper proposes a new Green Government IT index to assess the environmentally responsible use of computers and other resources by the information technology departments of government institutions and nonprofit organizations. The methodology used in the paper relies on the established literature on index construction and the existing models for evaluating the environmental sustainability of information and communications technologies. The paper discusses the conceptual and theoretical foundations behind the new index and defines a set of verifiable, comparable, and transparent indicators for index construction. This framework allows for future index revisions as the green agenda evolves. The new index could be the first step before more resource-intensive assessments to inform an organization's long-term environmentally sustainable strategy
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (122 pages)
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Cost-Of-Living ; Economic Forecasts ; Growth ; Inflation ; Policy Recommendations ; Poverty ; Uncertainty ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: Economic growth slowed sharply last year in Europe and Central Asia, as Russia's invasion of Ukraine, a surge in inflation, and the sharp tightening of monetary policy and financing conditions hit private consumption, investment, and trade. The marked increase in food and energy prices boosted inflation to a pace not seen in 20 years. The burden of inflation was spread unevenly across households. The poorest households faced inflation that was more than 2 percentage points higher than the inflation faced by the richest households, with this difference exceeding 5 percentage points in some countries. Poverty and inequality rates derived from household-specific inflation rates differ from those based on the standard consumer price index (CPI) approach. These differences have important policy implications, because many programs use CPI-based inflation adjustments, which do not accurately capture changes in the cost of living of targeted populations. Output growth in the region is projected to remain little changed in 2023 but better than projected in January 2023, largely reflecting upgrades to the pace of expansion in Poland, Russia, and Turkiye
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lokshin, Michael Electoral Cycles and Public Spending during the Pandemic
    Keywords: COVID-19 Direct Assistance ; Direct Pandemic Assistance ; Election Year Pandemic Social Assistance ; Electoral Cycle ; Governance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Politics and Government ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protection Spending Politics
    Abstract: This paper uses a newly assembled data set on various types of social protection spending in 154 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 to analyze the effect of the electoral cycle on the size and composition of the social protection stimulus budget. The analysis shows that the longer is the time since the last election in a country-and thus the sooner the next election date-the larger is the share of the social protection pandemic budget allocated to social assistance and income protection and the lower is the share allocated to job retention schemes. The electoral cycle appears to have impacted the size of social assistance spending only in countries with high political competition. In this sense, countries with higher political competition experience stronger effects of political budget cycles
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lokshin, Michael Is Social Protection a Luxury Good?
    Keywords: Distribution ; Economic Assistance ; Engel Curve ; Governance ; ICT Economics ; ICT Support To Social Protections ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic ; Selective Data Reporting ; Social Protection ; Social Protection Expenditure ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The claim that social protection is a luxury good-with a national income elasticity exceeding unity-has been influential. The paper tests the "luxury good hypothesis" using newly-assembled data on social protection spending across countries since 1995, treating the pandemic period separately, as it entailed a large expansion in social protection efforts. While the mean income share devoted to social protection rises with income, this is attributable to multiple confounders, including relative prices, weak governance in low-income countries and access to information-communication technologies. Controlling for these, social protection is not a luxury good. This was also true during the pandemic
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