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  • Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep  (8)
  • Maloney, William  (6)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (14)
  • Environment  (9)
  • Social Protections and Labor  (5)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cyclical Movements In Unemployment And Informality In Developing Countries (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano Cyclical Movements In Unemployment And Informality In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Adjustment process ; Formal labor market ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Worker ; Workers ; Adjustment process ; Formal labor market ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Worker ; Workers ; Adjustment process ; Formal labor market ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Worker ; Workers
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the cyclical properties of worker flows in Brazil and Mexico, two important developing countries with large unregulated or "informal" sectors. It generates three stylized facts that are critical to the accurate modeling of the sector and which suggest the need to rethink the approaches to date. First, the unemployment rate is countercyclical essentially because job separations of informal workers increase dramatically in recessions. Second, the share of formal employment is countercyclical because of the difficulty of finding formal jobs from inactivity, unemployment and other informal jobs during recessions rather than because of increased separation from formal jobs. Third, flows from formality into informality are not countercyclical, but, if anything, pro-cyclical. Together, these challenge the conventional wisdom that has guided the modeling the sector that informal workers are primarily those rationed out of the formal labor market. They also offer a new synthesis of the mechanics of the cyclical adjustment process. Finally, the paper offers estimates of the moments of worker flows series that are needed for calibration
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Long-Term Adaptation : Selecting Farm Types Across Agro-Ecological Zones In Africa (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol Long-Term Adaptation
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems
    Abstract: Using economic data from more than 8,500 household surveys across 10 African countries, this paper examines whether the choice of farm type depends on the climate and agro-ecological zone of each farm. The paper also studies how farm type choice varies across farmers in each zone, using a multinomial logit choice model. Farmers are observed to choose from one of the following five types of farms: rainfed crop-only, irrigated crop-only, mixed rainfed (crop and livestock), mixed irrigated, and livestock-only farming. The authors compare current decisions against future decisions as if the only change were climate change. They focus on two climate scenarios from existing climate models: the Canadian Climate Centre scenario, which is hot and dry, and the Parallel Climate Model scenario, which is mild and wet. The results indicate that the change in farm types varies dramatically by climate scenario but also by agro-ecological zone. Policy makers must be careful to encourage the appropriate suite of measures to promote the most adapted farm type to each location
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  • 3
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    A Ricardian Analysis of The Distribution of Climate Change Impacts On Agriculture Across Agro-Ecological Zones In Africa (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol A Ricardian Analysis of The Distribution of Climate Change Impacts On Agriculture Across Agro-Ecological Zones In Africa
    Keywords: Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil
    Abstract: This paper examines the distribution of climate change impacts across the 16 agro-ecological zones in Africa using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization combined with economic survey data from a Global Environment Facility/World Bank project. Net revenue per hectare of cropland is regressed on a set of climate, soil, and socio-economic variables using different econometric specifications "with" and "without" country fixed effects. Country fixed effects slightly reduce predicted future climate related damage to agriculture. With a mild climate scenario, African farmers gain income from climate change; with a more severe scenario, they lose income. Some locations are more affected than others. The analysis of agro-ecological zones implies that the effects of climate change will vary across Africa. For example, currently productive areas such as dry/moist savannah are more vulnerable to climate change while currently less productive agricultural zones such as humid forest or sub-humid zones become more productive in the future. The agro-ecological zone classification can help explain the variation of impacts across the landscape
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  • 4
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    Differential Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change In African Cropland By Agro-Ecological Zones (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change In African Cropland By Agro-Ecological Zones
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables
    Abstract: This paper quantifies how African farmers have adapted their crop and irrigation decisions to their farm's current agro-ecological zone. The results indicate that farmers carefully consider the climate and other conditions of their farm when making these choices. These results are then used to forecast how farmers might change their irrigation and crop choice decisions if climate changes. The model predicts African farmers would adopt irrigation more often under a very hot and dry climate scenario but less often with a mild and wet scenario. However, farms in the deserts, lowland humid forest, or mid elevation humid forest would reduce irrigation even in the very hot and dry climate scenario. Area under fruits and vegetables would increase Africa-wide with the very hot and dry climate scenario, except in the lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zone. Millet would increase overall under the mild and wet scenario, but decline substantially in the lowland dry savannah and lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zones. Maize would be chosen less often across all the agro-ecological zones under both climate scenarios. Wheat would decrease across Africa. The authors recommend that care must be taken to match adaptations to local conditions because the optimal adaptation would depend on the agro-ecological zone and the climate scenario
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  • 5
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    Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: This paper examines how farmers have adapted their livestock operation to the current climate in each agro-ecological zone in Africa. The authors examine how climate has affected the farmer's choice to raise livestock or not and the choice of animal species. To measure adaptation, the analysis regresses the farmer's choice on climate, soil, water flow, and socio-economic variables. The findings show that climate does in fact affect the farmer's decision about whether to raise livestock and the species. The paper also simulates how future climates may alter these decisions using forecasts from climate models and the estimated model. With a hot dry scenario, livestock ownership will increase slightly across all of Africa, but especially in West Africa and high elevation agro-ecological zones. Dairy cattle will decrease in semi-arid regions, sheep will increase in the lowlands, and chickens will increase at high elevations. With a mild and wet scenario, however, livestock adoption will fall dramatically in lowland and high latitude moist agro-ecological zones. Beef cattle will increase and sheep will fall in dry zones, dairy cattle will fall precipitously and goats will rise in moist zones, and chickens will increase at high elevations but fall at mid elevations. Livestock adaptations depend on the climate scenario and will vary across the landscape. Agro-ecological zones are a useful way to capture how these changes differ from place to place
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  • 6
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    Scarperation : an empirical inquiry into the role of scarcity in fostering cooperation between international river riparians (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep Scarperation
    Keywords: Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: The environment and security literature has argued that freshwater scarcity often leads to inter-state conflict, and possibly acute violence. The contention, however, ignores the long history of hydro-political cooperation exemplified by hundreds of documented agreements. Building on a theory that considers the relationship between scarcity and hydro-political cooperation, this paper empirically investigates why treaties are negotiated for some rivers and between some riparians, and not others. The paper suggests that long-term water scarcity has a significant influence on levels of cooperation. Additional variables considered include trade, level of governance among the riparian states, and the geography of the river. Findings confirm that cooperation and scarcity embody a concave (inverted U curve) relationship. Governance has a positive impact on cooperation. In addition, riparians may either arrange the use of their scarce water resources via a treaty or trade (and indirectly exchange [virtual] water). Scarcity, governance, and trade were found to be most salient in explaining levels of cooperation while geography is significant in some of the estimates
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  • 7
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    The Impact of Climate Change On African Agriculture : A Ricardian Approach (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maddison, David The Impact of Climate Change On African Agriculture
    Keywords: Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Common Property Resource Development ; Emissions ; Environment ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Kyoto Protocol ; Potential impacts ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Temperature ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Common Property Resource Development ; Emissions ; Environment ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Kyoto Protocol ; Potential impacts ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Temperature ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Common Property Resource Development ; Emissions ; Environment ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Kyoto Protocol ; Potential impacts ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Temperature
    Abstract: This paper uses the Ricardian approach to examine how farmers in 11 countries in Africa have adapted to existing climatic conditions. It then estimates the effects of predicted changes in climate while accounting for whatever farmer adaptation might occur. This study differs from earlier ones by using farmers' own perceptions of the value of their land. Previous research, by contrast, has relied on either observed sale prices or net revenues, sometimes aggregated over geographically large tracts of terrain. The study also makes use of high resolution data describing soil quality and runoff. Furthermore, it tackles the challenges involved in modeling the effect of climate on agriculture in a study that includes countries in the northern and southern hemispheres, as well as the tropics. The study confirms that African agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Even with perfect adaptation, regional climate change by 2050 is predicted to entail production losses of 19.9 percent for Burkina Faso and 30.5 percent for Niger. By contrast, countries such as Ethiopia and South Africa are hardly affected at all, suffering productivity losses of only 1.3 percent and 3 percent, respectively. The study also confirms the importance of water supplies as measured by runoff, which, being affected by both temperature and precipitation, may itself be highly sensitive to climate change
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  • 8
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    Can foreign lobbying enhance development ? : The case of tourism in the Caribbean (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Rojas, Gabriel V. Montes Can foreign lobbying enhance development ?
    Keywords: Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Developed countries ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Export earnings ; Hotels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Lobbying ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Protectionism ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Real income ; Tariff preferences ; Tourism ; Tourism and Ecotourism ; Trade Policy ; Trade promotion ; Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Developed countries ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Export earnings ; Hotels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Lobbying ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Protectionism ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Real income ; Tariff preferences ; Tourism ; Tourism and Ecotourism ; Trade Policy ; Trade promotion ; Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Developed countries ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Export earnings ; Hotels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Lobbying ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Protectionism ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Real income ; Tariff preferences ; Tourism ; Tourism and Ecotourism ; Trade Policy ; Trade promotion
    Abstract: There exist legal channels for informational lobbying of U.S. policymakers by foreign principals. Foreign governments and private sector principals frequently and intensively use this institutional channel to lobby on trade and tourism issues. The authors empirically study whether such lobbying effectively achieves its goal of trade promotion in the context of Caribbean tourism and it is the first paper to examine the potential for using foreign lobbying as a vehicle for development. They use panel data to explore and quantify the association between foreign lobbying by Caribbean principals and U.S. tourist arrivals to Caribbean destinations. A variety of sensitivity analyses support the finding of a strong association. The policy implications are obvious and potentially important for developing countries
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  • 9
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    Endogenous irrigation : the impact of climate change on farmers in Africa (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mendelsohn, Robert Endogenous irrigation
    Keywords: Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Drought Management ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Irrigation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Soil ; Temperature ; Temperature Change ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Assessment ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Drought Management ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Irrigation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Soil ; Temperature ; Temperature Change ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Assessment ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Drought Management ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Irrigation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Soil ; Temperature ; Temperature Change ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Assessment ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Systems
    Abstract: Previous Ricardian analyses of agriculture have either omitted irrigation or treated irrigation as though it is exogenous. In practice, it is a choice by farmers that is sensitive to climate. This paper develops a choice model of irrigation in the context of a Ricardian model of cropland. The authors examine how climate affects the decision to use irrigation and then how climate affects the net revenues of dryland and irrigated land. This Ricardian "selection" model, using a modified Heckman model, is then estimated across 8,400 farmers in Africa. The analysis explicitly models irrigation but controls for the endogeneity of irrigation. The authors find that the choice of irrigation is sensitive to both temperature and precipitation. Simulations of the welfare impacts of several climate scenarios demonstrate that a model which assumes irrigation is exogenous provides a biased estimate of the welfare effects of climate change. If dryland and irrigation are to be estimated separately in the Ricardian model, irrigation must be modeled endogenously. The results also indicate that African agriculture is sensitive to climate change. Many farmers in Africa will experience net revenue losses from warming. Irrigated farms, on the other hand, are more resilient to temperature change and, on the margin, are likely to realize slight gains in productivity. But any reduction in precipitation will be especially deleterious to dryland farmers, generally the poorest segment of the agriculture community. The results indicate that irrigation is an effective adaptation against loss of rainfall and higher temperatures provided there is sufficient water available. This will be an effective remedy in select regions of Africa with water. However, for many regions there is no available surface water, so that warming scenarios with reduced rainfall are particularly deleterious
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  • 10
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    The Determinants of Rising Informality In Brazil : Evidence From Gross Worker Flows (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano The Determinants of Rising Informality In Brazil
    Keywords: Business cycles ; Drivers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal sector ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor costs ; Labor force ; Labor legislation ; Labor market ; Labor markets ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker ; Business cycles ; Drivers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal sector ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor costs ; Labor force ; Labor legislation ; Labor market ; Labor markets ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker ; Business cycles ; Drivers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal sector ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor costs ; Labor force ; Labor legislation ; Labor market ; Labor markets ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker
    Abstract: This paper studies gross worker flows to explain the rising informality in Brazilian metropolitan labor markets from 1983 to 2002. This period covers two economic cycles, several stabilization plans, a far-reaching trade liberalization, and changes in labor legislation through the Constitutional reform of 1988. First, focusing on cyclical patterns, the authors confirm that for Brazil, the patterns of worker transitions between formality and informality correspond primarily to the job-to-job dynamics observed in the United States, and not to the traditional idea of the informal queuing for jobs in a segmented market. However, the analysis also confirms distinct cyclical patterns of job finding and separation rates that lead to the informal sector absorbing more labor during downturns. Second, focusing on secular movements in gross flows and the volatility of flows, the paper finds the rise in informality to be driven primarily by a reduction in job finding rates in the formal sector. A small fraction of this is driven by trade liberalization, and the remainder seems driven by rising labor costs and reduced flexibility arising from Constitutional reform
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  • 11
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    Comparative Analysis of Labor Market Dynamics Using Markov Processes : An Application To Informality (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano Comparative Analysis of Labor Market Dynamics Using Markov Processes
    Keywords: Informal Labor Market ; Informal Sector ; Job Turnover ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Younger Workers ; Informal Labor Market ; Informal Sector ; Job Turnover ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Younger Workers ; Informal Labor Market ; Informal Sector ; Job Turnover ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Younger Workers
    Abstract: This paper discusses a set of statistics for examining and comparing labor market dynamics based on the estimation of continuous time Markov transition processes. It then uses these to establish stylized facts about dynamic patterns of movement using panel data from Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. The estimates suggest broad commonalities among the three countries, and establish numerous common patterns of worker mobility among sectors of work and inactivity. As such, we offer some of the first comparative work on labor dynamics. The paper then particularly focuses on the role of the informal sector, both for its intrinsic interest, and as a case study illustrating the strengths and limits of the tools. The results suggest that a substantial part of the informal sector, particularly the self-employed, corresponds to voluntary entry although informal salaried work may correspond more closely to the standard queuing view, especially for younger workers
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  • 12
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    Crop Selection : Adapting To Climage Change In Africa (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep Crop Selection
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Availability of seed ; Beans ; Choice of crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Groundnut ; Maize ; Millet ; Soils ; Sorghum ; Agriculture ; Availability of seed ; Beans ; Choice of crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Groundnut ; Maize ; Millet ; Soils ; Sorghum ; Agriculture ; Availability of seed ; Beans ; Choice of crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Groundnut ; Maize ; Millet ; Soils ; Sorghum
    Abstract: This paper examines whether the choice of crops is affected by climate in Africa. Using a multinomial logit model, the paper regresses crop choice on climate, soils, and other factors. The model is estimated using a sample of more than 7,000 farmers across 11 countries in Africa. The study finds that crop choice is very climate sensitive. For example, farmers select sorghum and maize-millet in the cooler regions of Africa; maize-beans, maize-groundnut, and maize in moderately warm regions' and cowpea, cowpea-sorghum, and millet-groundnut in hot regions. Further, farmers choose sorghum, and millet-groundnut when conditions are dry; cowpea, cowpea-sorghum, maize-millet, and maize when medium wet; and maize-beans and maize-groundnut when wet. As temperatures warm, farmers will shift toward more heat tolerant crops. Depending on whether precipitation increases or decreases, farmers will also shift toward drought tolerant or water loving crops, respectively. There are several policy relevant conclusions to draw from this study. First, farmers will adapt to climate change by switching crops. Second, global warming impact studies cannot assume crop choice is exogenous. Third, this study only examines choices across current crops. Future farmers may well have more choices. There is an important role for agronomic research in developing new varieties more suited for higher temperatures. Future farmers may have even better adaptation alternatives with an expanded set of crop choices specifically targeted at higher temperatures
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  • 13
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    Human capital, trade liberalization, and income risk (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maloney, William Human capital, trade liberalization, and income risk
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign competition ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Income ; Incomplete Markets ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Labor Policies ; Lowering trade barriers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade policy ; Wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign competition ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Income ; Incomplete Markets ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Labor Policies ; Lowering trade barriers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade policy ; Wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign competition ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Income ; Incomplete Markets ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Labor Policies ; Lowering trade barriers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade policy ; Wages
    Abstract: Using data from Mexico, the authors study empirically the link between trade policy and individual income risk and the extent to which this varies across workers of different human capital (education) levels. They use longitudinal income data on workers to estimate time-varying individual income risk parameters in different manufacturing sectors in Mexico between 1987 and 1998, a period in which the Mexican economy experienced substantial changes in trade policy. In a second step, they use the variations in trade policy across different sectors and over time to estimate the link between trade policy and income risk for workers of varying education levels. The authors' findings are as follows. The level of openness of an economy is not found to be related to income risk for workers of any type. Furthermore, changes in trade policy (that is, trade policy reforms) are not found to have any effect on the risk to income faced by workers with either low or high levels of human capital. But workers with intermediate levels of human capital are found to experience a statistically and economically significant increase in income risk immediately following liberalization of trade. The findings thus point to an interesting non-monotonicity in the interaction between human capital, income risk and trade policy changes
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  • 14
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    Labor Market Dynamics In Developing Countries : Comparative Analysis Using Continuous Time Markov Processes (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano Labor Market Dynamics In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Business Cycle ; Disguised Unemployment ; Employment Spell ; Estimated Parameters ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Job Creation ; Job Destruction ; Job Destruction Rate ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Legislation ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment Spells ; Worker ; Workers ; Business Cycle ; Disguised Unemployment ; Employment Spell ; Estimated Parameters ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Job Creation ; Job Destruction ; Job Destruction Rate ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Legislation ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment Spells ; Worker ; Workers ; Business Cycle ; Disguised Unemployment ; Employment Spell ; Estimated Parameters ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Job Creation ; Job Destruction ; Job Destruction Rate ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Legislation ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment Spells ; Worker ; Workers
    Abstract: The authors study the dynamics of three developing country labor markets using recent advances in the estimation of continuous time Markov processes. They first examine the flows of workers among five states: three types of paid labor, unemployment, and out of the labor force. The authors find a high degree of commonality in patterns of worker flows among the three countries and attempt to compare the flexibility of the markets by examining an index of overall mobility. Second, they seek to establish whether the issues of advanced country labor markets apply to developing country markets or whether the latter constitute a different phylum. Paralleling the mainstream literature on the role of being out of the labor force as discouraged unemployment, the authors then identify some common stylized facts about the role of the informal self-employed and salaried sectors and to what degree they serve as a holding pattern versus a desirable alternative to formal sector work. In the process, the authors identify very strong differences in mobility patterns between men and women and attempt to shed some light on whether these differences arise from discrimination or perhaps instead the constraints imposed by household responsibilities. Finally, they study labor market adjustment across the business cycle in Mexico and identify patterns of job creation and destruction among the three paid sectors and confirm the mainstream view of the role of out of the labor force as a procyclical phenomenon
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