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  • 2005-2009  (46)
  • Pain, Nigel  (17)
  • Jones, Randall  (15)
  • Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques  (14)
  • Economics  (46)
  • 1
    Online Resource
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    Défis posés par la poursuite de la mondialisation en matière de politique macroéconomique (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The macroeconomic policy challenges of continued globalisation
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cet article étudie les défis de politiques économiques posés par la poursuite éventuelle au cours des deux prochaines décennies de l’intégration commerciale et financière internationales. Cette étude est fondée sur l’utilisation d’un modèle macroéconomique mondial récemment développé par l’OCDE. L’analyse conduit à plusieurs implications politiques importantes. Tout d’abord, avec une part croissante des économies non membres de l’OCDE dans la production mondiale, le commerce et les marchés financiers, les changements économiques mondiaux deviendront beaucoup plus dépendants de ceux de ces économies. Ensuite, la soutenabilité des déséquilibres mondiaux des comptes courants existants dépendra en partie de la construction et de la composition futures des avoirs et engagements internationaux. Alors que les déséquilibres devraient être soutenables un certain temps si l’intégration économique continue à ce rythme, un ralentissement du processus de mondialisation augmenterait la possibilité d’un ajustement brutal des marchés financiers. Enfin, l’accroissement des liens commerciaux et internationaux implique que les chocs macroéconomiques affectant un pays ou une région donnée auront dans le futur un impact plus fort sur les autres économies que maintenant. Les décideurs politiques des pays de l’OCDE devraient donc agir plus rapidement et plus fortement aux chocs économiques affectant les économies non membres de l’OCDE afin d’en limiter l’impact sur les économies membres.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-5-fr
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  • 2
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    Mondialisation et emploi dans les pays de l'OCDE (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Globalisation and employment in the OECD
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Nous examinons dans cet article certains des changements qui pourraient se produire sur les marchés nationaux du travail de nombreux pays de l’OCDE en raison de l’internationalisation de la production des entreprises multinationales, en mettant plus particulièrement l’accent sur l’impact des flux d’investissement direct étranger (IDE) en provenance des pays de l’OCDE sur l’emploi dans le pays d’origine des entreprises investisseuses. Les études existantes laissent à penser que l’effet global des échanges et de l’internationalisation de la production sur la situation d’ensemble du marché du travail a été relativement modeste, même si certaines catégories de qualifications et de professions ont été plus fortement touchées. Les résultats empiriques présentés dans cet article tendent à indiquer que l’impact global sur l’emploi des flux sortants d’IDE varie suivant les branches d’activité et les pays. En ce qui concerne les secteurs manufacturiers entretenant des liens commerciaux étroits avec les économies non membres de l’OCDE, certains éléments montrent que l’emploi intérieur est devenu plus sensible aux variations des coûts de main-d’œuvre dans le pays considéré. À l’échelon national, nous parvenons à la conclusion que la croissance de l’investissement à l’étranger exerce un effet positif significatif sur la croissance de l’emploi intérieur aux États-Unis. À l’inverse, on constate l’existence d’une relation négative au Japon, en particulier pour les flux d’IDE à destination de la Chine. Par Margit Molnar, Nigel Pain et Daria Taglioni.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-3-fr
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  • 3
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    Reforming the Tax System in Korea to Promote Economic Growth and Cope with Rapid Population Ageing (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.671
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Korea has one of the lowest tax burdens in the OECD area, reflecting its small public sector. However, rapid population ageing will put upward pressure on government spending. The challenge is to meet the long-run need for greater expenditures and tax revenue while sustaining strong economic growth. A pro-growth tax reform implies relying primarily on consumption taxes for additional revenue. There is also scope for raising personal income tax revenue from its current low level by broadening the base by reducing the exemptions for personal income. The planned cuts in the corporate tax rate should be financed at least in part by reductions in tax expenditures. The broadening of direct tax bases would also help finance an expansion of the earned income tax credit to address widening income inequality. In addition, the local tax system should be simplified and reformed to enhance the autonomy of local governments.
    DOI: 10.1787/226518762318
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  • 4
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    Improving the Policy Framework in Japan to Address Climate Change (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.740
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: Japan, a relatively energy-efficient country, has been active in combating climate change. Under the Kyoto Protocol, Japan is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 6% relative to 1990 over the period 2008-12. As of 2007, however, its emissions were up by 9%. Japan has relied primarily on voluntary measures, which are monitored by the government, without binding commitments or price signals on carbon. It is essential to improve the policy framework to achieve its ambitious longer-term target of a 60% to 80% emission reduction by 2050 in a cost-effective manner. Japan should shift from voluntary measures to market-based instruments, notably a mandatory and comprehensive emission trading scheme, supplemented if necessary, by carbon taxes in areas not covered by trading, which minimise abatement costs and promote innovation to reduce emissions. Trading schemes should be linked to those in other countries, while expanding Japan’s use of a well-functioning Clean Development Mechanism. Continued public support for R&D in emission reduction technology, particularly in basic research, is important.
    DOI: 10.1787/218874608768
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  • 5
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    Sustaining Growth in Korea by Reforming the Labour Market and Improving the Education System (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.672
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: A well-functioning labour market is essential to sustain rapid economic growth in the face of population ageing. Priorities are to reverse the rising share of non-regular workers, which has negative implications for both growth and equity, and encourage greater employment of women and youth, who are under-represented in the labour force. Attracting more women to employment requires increasing the availability of childcare, strengthening maternity leave and creating more family-friendly workplaces. Youth employment rates should be boosted by upgrading tertiary education through stronger competition and closer links to enterprises to reduce mismatches. Educational reform should be extended to elementary and secondary schools to enhance efficiency and decrease the burden of private tutoring. The age of retirement of employees should be raised by eliminating mandatory retirement and phasing out the retirement allowance. Active labour market policies should focus on policies to expand human capital rather than wage subsidies.
    DOI: 10.1787/226580861153
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  • 6
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    Financial Stability : Overcoming the Crisis and Improving the Efficiency of the Banking Sector (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.738
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The crisis that originated in mid-2007 in the United States and deepened in September 2008 is the largest peace-time disruption of financial markets since the Great Depression. It was triggered by a number of factors, namely the large amount of lending to subprime borrowers, the expansion of securitisation resulting in a disconnect between loan originators and final investors, the questionable assessments of credit rating agencies and the unprecedented resort to off-balance sheet vehicles. These developments took place during a traditional credit boom and reinforced the skyrocketing of asset prices, erosion of lending standards and under-pricing of risk. The crisis had serious repercussions worldwide, particularly in Europe, given the global nature of financial markets. This paper begins by considering why the Japanese banking system was initially relatively resilient to the deterioration in the global financial system, although there were some secondary effects that are discussed in the following section. The third section outlines the emergency response of the Japanese authorities to the financial crisis, including quantitative measures by the central bank and other institutions and regulatory changes by the Financial Services Agency (FSA). At the same time, the authorities have taken steps to improve the regulatory framework. The fourth section goes beyond the crisis to consider policies to boost chronically low profitability in the banking sector. Measures to promote efficiency in the financial sector by upgrading capital markets and improving the range and quality of financial products are discussed in the following section.
    DOI: 10.1787/220053357172
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  • 7
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    Boosting Productivity in Korea's Service Sector (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.673
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Labour productivity growth in the service sector has been low relative to manufacturing. This is explained in part by weak competition in services resulting from strict product market regulation and the low level of import penetration and inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI). Increasing productivity growth in the service sector, which accounts for 67% of employment and 58% of value added in Korea, is essential to sustain high potential growth. The priority is to strengthen competition by eliminating domestic entry barriers, accelerating regulatory reform, upgrading competition policy and reducing barriers to trade and inflows of FDI. Another challenge is to enhance the performance and accelerate the restructuring of small and medium-sized enterprises, which account for over 90% of service-sector employment. Furthermore, it is essential to boost productivity in service industries with high growth potential, such as telecommunications and financial and business.
    DOI: 10.1787/226625875038
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  • 8
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    Revue économique de l'OCDE : Volume 2008 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264053656
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal; Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce numero de la Revue économique de l'OCDE comprend des articles sur services assurés par les pouvoirs publics et distribution des ressources économiques des ménages, améliorer l’efficacité des dépenses de santé et les politiques structurelles.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-fr
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  • 9
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    Manuel de l'OCDE sur les statistiques des brevets (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056466
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Patent Statistics Manual
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: L’édition 2009 du Manuel de l’OCDE sur les statistiques de brevets intègre les développements récents du domaine. Elle fournit des lignes directrices pour l’utilisation des données de brevets à des fins de mesure de S&T, et des recommandations pour la compilation et l’interprétation des indicateurs de brevets dans ce contexte. Le manuel vise à montrer à quoi les données de brevets peuvent ou ne peuvent pas être utilisées, et comment compter les brevets de façon à maximiser l’information sur la S&T tout en minimisant le bruit et les biais statistiques. Enfin, il décrit comment les données de brevets peuvent être utilisées dans l’analyse d’un large spectre de thèmes liés au changement technique et à la prise de brevets, y compris les liens science-industrie, les stratégies de brevets des entreprises, l’internationalisation de la recherche, et la mesure de la valeur des brevets.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056466-fr
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  • 10
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    Health-Care Reform in Japan : Controlling Costs, Improving Quality and Ensuring Equity (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.739
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: Japan’s health-care system has provided universal access to care and contributed to the outstanding health status of the Japanese. Public spending has been kept below the OECD average through high co-payment rates and reductions in medical fees. However, with continued upward pressure on expenditure, in part due to rapid population ageing, reforms are needed to limit spending increases through greater efficiency, while improving quality. It is essential to shift long-term care out of hospitals, reform the pricing mechanism away from pay-for-visit, increase the use of generic drugs, encourage healthy ageing and promote restructuring in the hospital sector. Quality should be improved by increasing the availability of effective new drugs and medical devices. In funding spending increases, it is important to limit the share borne by employees to avoid negative effects on the labour market. Japan may need to allow more mixed billing to enhance access to some advanced medical treatments.
    DOI: 10.1787/220005270870
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  • 11
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    Mondialisation et hausse des prix à la consommation dans les pays de l'OCDE (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Globalisation and OECD consumer price inflation
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Au cours des 25 dernières années, l'inflation a considérablement diminué dans toutes les économies de l’OCDE. Pendant ce temps, la production de nombreux biens et services est devenue de plus en plus internationalisée et le niveau du commerce entre les pays de l’OCDE et les pays non membres a augmenté. Cet article étudie dans quelle mesure les changements observés dans le mécanisme d’inflation peuvent être attribués à l’intégration croissante des pays non membres de l’OCDE dans l’économie mondiale. Les résultats de l’analyse montrent que i) les prix d’importation jouent un rôle plus important dans la détermination des prix de consommation domestiques depuis le milieu des années 1990 ; ii) la sensibilité de l’inflation aux conditions économiques domestiques a diminué alors que la sensibilité aux conditions économiques extérieures a augmenté, en jouant à travers les prix d’importation ; et iii) la croissance forte du PIB dans les pays non membres au cours des cinq dernières années a contribué à l’augmentation des prix réels du pétrole et des métaux. Les simulations montrent que la globalisation a entraîné des pressions inflationnistes via des prix des matières premières plus élevés et des pressions désinflationnistes via des prix des importations des produits hors matières premières plus faibles. Le dernier effet semble avoir dominé dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-4-fr
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  • 12
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    The macroeconomic policy challenges of continued globalisation (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-51
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Défis posés par la poursuite de la mondialisation en matière de politique macroéconomique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-51
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article investigates the macroeconomic policy challenges associated with a prospective continuation of international trade and financial integration over the next two decades, making use of a global macroeconomic model newly developed by the OECD. The analysis has several important policy implications. First, with the shares of non-OECD economies in world output, trade, and capital markets rising substantially, global economic developments would become much more dependent on developments in these economies than they used to be. Second, the sustainability of existing global current account imbalances will depend in part on the future build-up and composition of international assets and liabilities. While the imbalances could be sustainable for some time if economic integration continues at its current pace, a slowdown of the globalisation process would raise the likelihood of a disruptive adjustment in financial markets. Third, the increase in trade and financial linkages implies that macroeconomic shocks in a given country or region have a larger impact on other economies in the future than they do today. Policymakers in the OECD may have to act more promptly and more vigorously to economic “shocks” in the non-OECD economies in order to limit the impact on OECD economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art5-en
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  • 13
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    Globalisation and OECD consumer price inflation (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-32
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mondialisation et hausse des prix à la consommation dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-32
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past 25 years inflation has moderated considerably in all OECD economies. At the same time, the production of many goods and services has become increasingly internationalised and the level of trade between the OECD and non-OECD economies has risen markedly. This paper investigates the extent to which the observed changes in the inflation process can be attributed to the increasing integration of non-OECD economies into the global economy. The results of the analysis show that i) import prices have become a more important driver of domestic consumer prices since the mid-1990s; ii) the sensitivity of inflation to domestic economic conditions has declined whereas the sensitivity to foreign economic conditions has risen, working through import prices; and iii) the strong GDP growth in the non-OECD economies over the past five years has contributed to the growth of real oil and metals prices. A scenario analysis shows that globalisation has put upward pressure on inflation via higher commodity prices and downward pressure via lower non-commodity import prices with the latter effect having dominated in most OECD economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art4-en
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  • 14
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    Globalisation and employment in the OECD (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-34
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mondialisation et emploi dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-34
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article reviews some of the possible changes that may occur in the national labour markets of many OECD countries as a result of the internationalisation of production by multinational companies, with a particular focus on the impact of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) from OECD countries on employment in the home country of the investing firms. Existing studies suggest that the overall impact of trade and the internationalisation of production on aggregate labour market outcomes has been comparatively small, although particular skill and occupational groups have been affected more strongly. The empirical findings in the paper suggest that the aggregate employment impact of outward FDI varies across industries and countries. For manufacturing industries with strong commercial links with the non-OECD economies, there is evidence that domestic employment has become more sensitive to movements in domestic labour costs. At the country level, the growth of outward investment is found to have a significant positive effect on domestic employment growth in the United States. In contrast, there is a negative association in Japan, especially from outward investment in China.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art3-en
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  • 15
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    Enhancing the Productivity of the Service Sector in Japan (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.651
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: Labour productivity growth in the service sector, which accounts for 70% of Japan’s economic output and employment, has slowed markedly in recent years in contrast to manufacturing. The disappointing performance is associated with weak competition in the service sector resulting from strict product market regulation and the low level of import penetration and inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI). Reversing the deceleration in productivity growth in the service sector is essential to raise Japan’s growth potential. The key is to eliminate entry barriers, accelerate regulatory reform, upgrade competition policy and reduce barriers to trade and inflows of FDI. Special attention should be given to factors limiting productivity growth in services characterised by either low productivity or high growth potential, such as retail, transport, energy and business services. Finally, it is essential to increase competition in public services, such as health and education, where market forces have been weak.
    DOI: 10.1787/230272412875
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  • 16
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    Panorama économique du secteur spatial 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040830
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (107 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Space Economy at a Glance 2007
    Keywords: Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Les applications spatiales prennent une place de plus en plus importante dans la vie quotidienne. Les prévisions météorologiques, le contrôle de la circulation aérienne, les communications et la radiodiffusion à l’échelle mondiale ou la gestion des catastrophes sont autant d’activités clés qui avec bien d’autres seraient inimaginables aujourd’hui sans les satellites. L’industrie spatiale proprement dite constitue un domaine d’activité relativement limité par rapport aux autres industries manufacturières, mais son dynamisme technologique et son importance stratégique lui confèrent un rôle de plus en plus crucial dans la société moderne. Paradoxalement, c’est aussi l’un des secteurs à propos desquels on manque de données fiables et comparables au plan international. Cette publication s’attache à combler cette lacune en rassemblant des informations provenant d’un large éventail de sources officielles et non officielles, qui permettent de brosser un tableau complet de l’industrie spatiale, de ses activités de services en aval et de ses retombées économiques et sociales plus larges. Quelles sont les grandes nations spatiales ? Quelle est l’importance du chiffre d’affaires et de l’emploi dans ce secteur ? Quelle est l’ampleur des activités de R-D et sur quels domaines celles-ci se concentrent-elles ? Quelle est la valeur des retombées des dépenses spatiales ? On trouvera des réponses à ces questions ainsi qu’à d’autres dans ce tout premier tour d’horizon statistique publié par l’OCDE sur l’économie émergente du secteur spatial. Un lien dynamique (StatLink) accompagne les graphiques. Il dirige le lecteur vers une page Web où les chiffres correspondants sont disponibles en format Excel®.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040830-fr
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  • 17
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    Reforming the Tax System in Japan to Promote Fiscal Sustainability and Economic Growth (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.650
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: Tax reform is an urgent priority, as Japan needs as much as 5% to 6% of GDP of additional government revenue just to stabilise public debt, which has risen to 180% of GDP. In addition to raising revenue, tax reform should promote economic growth, address the deterioration in income distribution and improve the local tax system. Additional revenue should be obtained primarily by increasing the consumption tax rate, currently the lowest in the OECD area, while broadening the personal and corporate income tax bases. The corporate tax rate, now the highest in the OECD area, should be cut to promote growth, while eliminating aspects of the tax system which discourage labour supply and distort the allocation of capital. Japan should also consider introducing an Earned Income Tax Credit to promote equity. The local tax system should be simplified, increasing reliance on existing taxes on property, income and consumption.
    DOI: 10.1787/230312273167
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  • 18
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    Reforming the Labour Market in Japan to Cope with Increasing Dualism and Population Ageing (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.652
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: The proportion of non-regular workers has risen to one-third of total employment. While non-regular employment provides flexibility and cost reductions for firms, it also creates equity and efficiency concerns. A comprehensive approach that includes relaxing the high degree of employment protection for regular workers and expanding the coverage of non-regular workers by the social security system would help to reverse dualism. Given that non-regular workers receive less firm-based training, it is also necessary to expand training outside of firms to support Japan’s growth potential, while enhancing the employment prospects of non-regular workers. Reversing the upward trend in non-regular employment may also encourage greater female labour force participation, which is essential given rapid population ageing that is already reducing Japan’s working-age population by almost 1% each year. Expanding childcare facilities and paying more attention to work-life balance would also boost female employment, while also raising Japan’s exceptionally low birth rate.
    DOI: 10.1787/230264641407
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  • 19
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    Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 (Vol. 2) : Electricité, eau et transports : quelles politiques ? (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264031340
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (586 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructure to 2030 (Vol.2); Mapping Policy for Electricity, Water and Transport
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructure to 2030 (Vol.2): Mapping Policy for Electricity, Water and Transport
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: Les réseaux d’infrastructure jouent un rôle vital dans le développement économique et social. La demande d’infrastructures est appelée à sensiblement augmenter dans les décennies à venir, sous l’impulsion de facteurs majeurs de changement comme la croissance économique mondiale, le progrès technologique, le changement climatique, l’urbanisation et l’aggravation de la congestion. Les défis à relever sont multiples. Dans les pays de l’OCDE, de nombreux éléments de réseaux d’infrastructure connaissent un vieillissement rapide, les budgets publics sont de plus en plus serrés et le financement de l’infrastructure devient de plus en plus complexe. Cette publication évalue la viabilité future des modèles économiques actuels dans cinq secteurs infrastructurels : électricité, eau, transport ferroviaire de marchandises, transports collectifs urbains et transport routier. Elle propose des recommandations pratiques visant à renforcer les capacités afin de répondre aux besoins futurs d’infrastructures, notamment des mesures qui pourraient être prises par les gouvernements tant collectivement qu’individuellement pour mettre en place des cadres institutionnels, politiques et réglementaires plus favorables.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264031340-fr
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    Le pari de la croissance : Contribution du Secrétaire général de l'OCDE aux travaux de la Commission Attali (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040878
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (190 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: Cette publication présente un recueil d'analyses de l’OCDE sur les politiques susceptibles de relancer durablement l'économie française. Elle a été produite en préparation de l'intervention du Secrétaire général de l’OCDE, M. Angel Gurría, devant la Commission pour la libération de la croissance française (Commission Attali) en novembre 2007. Elle comporte une série de recommandations sur les thèmes suivants : Stimuler la croissance en France : Réformer le marché du travail pour stimuler la croissance et l’emploi ; Promouvoir la croissance à long terme : Le rôle de la fiscalité ; Améliorer la gestion de l’environnement et son impact sur la croissance ; Développer les performances du système éducatif ; Promouvoir l’innovation pour stimuler la croissance économique ; Renforcer la compétitivité régionale ; Améliorer l’efficacité de l’administration publique ; Réduire les obstacles à la croissance : le rôle de la réforme réglementaire ; Renforcer la concurrence ; Supprimer les obstacles au commerce ; Développer l’agriculture française.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040878-fr
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  • 21
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    The Internationalisation of Production, International Outsourcing and Employment in the OECD (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 74 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.561
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews some of the possible changes that may occur in the national labour markets of many OECD countries as a result of international trade and the internationalisation of production by multinational companies, with a particular focus on the impact of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) from OECD countries on employment in the home country of the investing firms. Existing studies suggest that the overall impact of trade and the internationalisation of production on aggregate labour market outcomes has been comparatively small, although particular skill and occupational groups have been affected more strongly. The empirical findings in the paper suggest that the aggregate employment impact of outward FDI varies across industries and countries. For manufacturing industries with strong commercial links with the non-OECD economies, there is evidence that domestic employment has become more sensitive to movements in domestic labour costs. At the country level, the growth of outward investment is found to have a significant positive effect on domestic employment growth in the United States. In contrast, there is a negative association in Japan, especially from outward investment in China.
    DOI: 10.1787/167350640103
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  • 22
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    Globalisation and the Macroeconomic Policy Environment (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 82 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.552
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper investigates the macroeconomic policy challenges associated with a prospective continuation of international trade and financial integration over the next two decades, making use of a global macroeconomic model newly developed by the OECD. The analysis has several important policy implications. First, with the shares of non-OECD economies in world output, trade, and capital markets rising substantially, global economic developments would become much more dependent on developments in these economies than they used to be. Second, the sustainability of existing global current account imbalances will depend in part on the future build-up and composition of international assets and liabilities. While the imbalances could be sustainable for some time if economic integration continues at its current pace, a slowdown of the globalisation process would raise the likelihood of a disruptive adjustment in financial markets. Third, the increase in trade and financial linkages implies that macroeconomic shocks in a given country or region have a larger impact on other economies in the future than they do today. Policymakers in the OECD may have to act more promptly and more vigorously to economic 'shocks' in the non-OECD economies in order to limit the impact on OECD economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/185006265382
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  • 23
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    Income Inequality, Poverty and Social Spending in Japan (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.556
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: Income inequality and relative poverty among the working-age population in Japan have risen to levels above the OECD average. This trend is partially explained by labour market dualism, with an increasing proportion of non-regular workers who are paid significantly less than regular workers, as well as by other factors, including the ageing of the workforce. Social spending as a share of GDP has been expanding in the context of population ageing, although it remains below the OECD average and the proportion received by low-income households is small. Consequently, the impact of social spending on inequality and poverty is weak compared to other OECD countries and inadequate to offset the deterioration in market income. The scope for increasing social spending is constrained by the fiscal situation. Instead, reversing the upward trend in inequality and poverty requires reforms to reduce labour market dualism and better target social spending on low-income households, particularly single parents. This Working Paper relates to the 2006 OECD Economic Survey of Japan (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/japan).
    DOI: 10.1787/177754708811
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  • 24
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    OECD Forum 2007 : Forum Highlights (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064645
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (66 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Forum 2007; Forum Highlights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Forum 2007: Forum Highlights
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064645-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 25
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    Indicator models of real GDP growth in the major OECD economies (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2005, no. 1, p. 167-217
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2005, no. 1, p. 167-217
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Accurate and timely information on the current state of economic activity is an important requirement for the policymaking process. Delays in the publication of official statistics mean that a complete picture of economic developments within a particular period emerges only some time after that period has elapsed. Thus considerable resources are, at times, devoted to making an assessment of the immediate past and the current conjuncture as well as projections about future developments. In practice, a regular flow of information is provided by the large number of quantitative and qualitative indicators that appear each month for different sectors of the economy. One challenge for policymakers is to put these together in a consistent manner to obtain a picture of the overall state of the economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2005-art7-en
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  • 26
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    Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 : Télécommunications, transports terrestres, eau et électricité (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264024014
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (412 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructure to 2030; Telecom, Land Transport, Water and Electricity
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructure to 2030: Telecom, Land Transport, Water and Electricity
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics
    Abstract: L’énergie, les transports, l’eau et les télécommunications sont autant d’infrastructures indispensables au développement et à la croissance, aujourd’hui comme demain. Au cours des prochaines décennies, les besoins en investissements infrastructurels seront massifs, et se chiffreront en trillions de dollars. Comment seront financés ces investissements, alors que les populations des pays de l’OCDE vieillissent rapidement et que la situation des finances publiques devient plus délicate ? Comment des facteurs tels que l’urbanisation, le changement climatique et la mondialisation affecteront-ils le développement des infrastructures dans les pays de l’OCDE ? et comment le rôle du secteur public et des acteurs privés évoluera-t-il au fil du temps ? Ce ne sont là que quelques-unes des questions que le rapport de l'OCDE rapport soulève dans son évaluation à long terme du devenir des infrastructures des pays de l'OCDE et de la zone non-OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264024014-fr
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  • 27
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    Upgrading Japan's Innovation System to Sustain Economic Growth (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.527
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: Increasing productivity growth through innovation is a key to raising living standards. Although R&D intensity in Japan is the third highest in the OECD area, the benefits do not appear to have been commensurate with the level of investment. The innovation system, which developed during the catchingup process, is largely input-driven and focused on incremental innovation based on closed and stable corporate and employment systems. However, this approach is less appropriate in the current global environment that favours risk-taking and a more open system relying on external linkages. To improve the innovation system, a broad-based strategy is needed, including a reform of framework conditions in the product and labour markets to strengthen competition and mobility, enhance international R&D links and improve the environment for venture business. Education and public research should be upgraded through stronger competition. The effectiveness of science and technology policy should be increased by strengthening its link to economic framework policies. This Working Paper relates to the 2006 OECD Economic Survey of Japan (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/japan).
    DOI: 10.1787/365562216004
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  • 28
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    Strengthening the Integration of Japan in the World Economy to Benefit more Fully from Globalisation (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.526
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: Globalisation through international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and international movements of labour is a key force driving economic growth. However, Japan is an outlier among OECD countries, with the lowest levels of import penetration, stock of inward FDI relative to GDP and foreign workers as a share of employment, reflecting the legacy of policies during its post-war development. Policy reforms would help Japan make greater use of goods, services, capital, technology and human resources from abroad. Given the close links among trade, investment and labour flows, it is important to pursue a comprehensive approach, including; i) reducing barriers to FDI and imports, particularly in agriculture, through multilateral trade negotiations and regional trade agreements; ii) relaxing product market regulations, notably in the service sector; iii) fully opening the M&A market to foreign firms; and iv) easing controls on the inflow of foreign workers, including those in non-technical occupations. This Working Paper relates to the 2006 Economic Survey of Japan (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/japan).
    DOI: 10.1787/371585541612
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  • 29
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    Globalisation and Inflation in the OECD Economies (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.524
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past 25 years inflation has moderated considerably in all OECD economies. At the same time, the production of many goods and services has become increasingly internationalised and the level of trade between the OECD and non-OECD economies has risen markedly. This paper investigates the extent to which the observed changes in the inflation process can be attributed to the increasing integration of non-OECD economies into the global economy. The results of the analysis show that i) import prices have become a more important driver of domestic consumer prices since the mid-1990s; ii) the sensitivity of inflation to domestic economic conditions has declined whereas the sensitivity to foreign economic conditions has risen, working through import prices; and iii) the strong GDP growth in the non-OECD economies over the past five years has contributed to the growth of real oil and metals prices. A scenario analysis shows that globalisation has put upward pressure on inflation via higher commodity prices and downward pressure via lower non-commodity import prices with the latter effect having dominated in most OECD economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/377011785643
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  • 30
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    International Production Relocation and Exports of Services (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2004, no. 1, p. 67-94
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Relocalisation internationale de la production et exportations de services
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2004, no. 1, p. 67-94
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between the relocation of international production and exports of services from the United States using a number of different panel data estimators for six different categories of services. A conventional export demand relationship is augmented by three different measures of the extent of international production relocation by US-based parent companies in service and non-service industries. Our results reveal considerable heterogeneity in the relationship...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2004-art4-en
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  • 31
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    Relocalisation internationale de la production et exportations de services (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2004, no. 1, p. 75-105
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 44 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Production Relocation and Exports of Services
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2004, no. 1, p. 75-105
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ces vingt dernières années, les échanges internationaux et l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) dans le secteur des services ont connu une remarquable expansion dans presque tous les pays de l’OCDE. Cette évolution s’explique en partie par la mondialisation générale des activités économiques durant cette période, comme le montrent, par exemple, Nicoletti et al. (2003). Cependant, le rythme de l’internationalisation dans le secteur des services a été encore plus rapide que dans les autres secteurs. Entre 1983 et 2003, la part (en dollars) des exportations de services dans les exportations totales de biens et de services de la zone de l’OCDE a progressé de plus de 2 points pour s’établir à un peu moins de 22 pour cent. Il est plus difficile d’estimer la part des transactions portant sur...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2004-art4-fr
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  • 32
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    Les Services et la croissance économique : Emploi, productivité et innovation (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064584
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Growth in Services; Fostering Employment, Productivity and Innovation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Growth in Services: Fostering Employment, Productivity and Innovation
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Lors de sa réunion de mai 2003, le Conseil au niveau des ministres avait demandé à l’OCDE d’analyser la contribution du secteur des services à la croissance de l’emploi, à la productivité et à l’innovation et de mettre en évidence les facteurs, institutions et politiques susceptibles de renforcer les perspectives de croissance de ce secteur. En conséquence, l’OCDE a lancé une étude associant plusieurs Directions. Le présent rapport tire les principales conclusions de fond de ce projet. Il complète le rapport de l’OCDE sur les échanges et l’ajustement structurel, et propose des orientations stratégiques sur la manière dont les pays de l’OCDE peuvent s’ajuster à l’évolution des échanges internationaux. Pris ensemble, ces rapports présentent un programme concret en vue de renforcer la croissance et de réagir à la mondialisation, au changement structurel et à la montée en puissance des services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064584-fr
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  • 33
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    The New OECD International Trade Model (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 105 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.440
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a detailed description of recent research to re-estimate and re-specify the international trade volume and price equations that are used in the OECD Economics Department to analyse international trade developments. New panel data estimates of the factors affecting export performance, import penetration and exchange rate pass-through into trade prices are reported for both OECD and non-OECD economies. The model set out has already been used successfully to monitor the global consistency of the international trade projections in the Economic Outlook.
    DOI: 10.1787/680050777016
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  • 34
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    L' espace à l'horizon 2030 : Relever les défis de la société de demain (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264008359
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Space 2030; Tackling Society's Challenges
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Space 2030: Tackling Society's Challenges
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage explore le rôle potentiel de la technologie spatiale dans cinq grands domaines : l'environnement, l'utilisation des ressources naturelles, la mobilité des biens et des personnes, les menaces sur le plan de la sécurité et le développement de la société de l'information. Il passe en revue les problèmes que peut poser le développement d’applications spatiales, et analyse les forces et les faiblesses des dispositifs institutionnels, légaux et réglementaires qui régissent actuellement les activités spatiales dans la zone de l’OCDE et au-delà. Sur la base de cette analyse, il propose pour finir un cadre général dans lequel les gouvernements pourraient inscrire des politiques qui permettraient de concrétiser le potentiel que l’espace a à offrir.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264008359-fr
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  • 35
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    Les échanges et l'ajustement structurel (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064607
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade and Structural Adjustment
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Sur la base d’une proposition formulée par la Suède à la réunion du Conseil de l’OCDE au niveau des ministres de 2003, l’OCDE a entrepris une étude sur les échanges et l’ajustement structurel, qui a été lancée en tant que projet horizontal par le Conseil après délibérations dans les comités de substance concernés. Le Conseil souhaitait que soit réalisée une analyse sectorielle et prospective des échanges et de l’ajustement structurel, étayée par des monographies par pays. L’objectif était d’achever le projet à temps pour la réunion ministérielle de 2005. L’objectif de cette étude a été de mettre en évidence, pour les pays développés et les pays en développement, les conditions nécessaires à la réussite de l’ajustement structurel induit par les échanges, en redéployant le travail et le capital vers des utilisations plus efficaces, tout en limitant les coûts de l’ajustement pour les individus, les communautés et la société dans son ensemble. Huit secteurs ont été plus particulièrement retenus : l’agriculture, les pêcheries, les textiles et les vêtements, l’acier, la construction navale, les véhicules à moteur, les services de santé et la soustraitance internationale des TI et des services aux entreprises.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064607-fr
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  • 36
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    Getting the Most Out of Public-Sector Decentralisation in Korea (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.468
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: This paper discusses policies to improve fiscal relations between levels of government to better meet the needs of citizens, an objective of the government’s “Roadmap for Decentralisation”. Although local government accounts for around half of total government spending, they have little autonomy and fiscal resources vary sharply between regions. The priority should be to enhance the independence of local authorities by establishing a clear division of responsibilities and transferring additional assignments to the local level. The general local governments should also have more influnence on education, while providing more support, through stronger linkages with the local education authorities, with a final aim of merger. The allocation of intergovernmental grants should be more transparent and the regulations attached to them should be relaxed to expand flexibility, while increasing reliance on block grants. Improving the fiscal federalism framework also requires more revenue raising power for local governments while simplifying the structure of local taxes. Greater accountability and rules are needed to ensure sound fiscal management by local governments. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/korea).
    DOI: 10.1787/570027228062
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  • 37
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    Manuel d'Oslo : Principes directeurs pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation, 3e édition (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264013124
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Edition: 3e édition
    Series Statement: La mesure des activités scientifiques et technologiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oslo Manual; Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Oslo ; Guía para la recogida e interpretación de datos sobre innovación, 3 edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oslo Manual; Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Oslo : Guía para la recogida e interpretación de datos sobre innovación, 3 edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition (Russian version)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Le Manuel d'Oslo est la principale source internationale de principes directeurs en matière de collecte et d'utilisation d'informations sur les activités d'innovation dans l'industrie. Cette troisième édition tient compte des progrès réalisés dans la compréhension du processus de l' l'innovation, de l'expérience acquise lors de la précédente série de recherche sur l'innovation. Elle prend également compte de l'ouverture du champ d'investigation vers d'autres secteurs de l'industrie et des dernières révisions de classification des normes internationales.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264013124-fr
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  • 38
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    L' espace à l'horizon 2030 : quel avenir pour les applications spatiales ? (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020351
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Space 2030; Exploring the Future of Space Applications
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Space 2030: Exploring the Future of Space Applications
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Depuis le lancement du Spoutnik en 1957, l’attention des médias a été pratiquement monopolisée par des missions spatiales spectaculaires comme l’alunissage d’Apollo en 1969 ou, plus récemment, les étonnantes images de Mars transmises par Mars Pathfinder en 1997 puis par Spirit en 2004. Pourtant, les acteurs de la conquête spatiale ont aussi connu des revers, avec des événements dramatiques comme la tragédie de Columbia, des dépassements budgétaires vertigineux, des espoirs largement déçus et des réductions drastiques des financements publics destinés aux programmes spatiaux. Au fil des années, les progrès des technologies spatiales ont conduit au développement d’équipements militaires et civils de plus en plus sophistiqués. Quelles sont maintenant les perspectives du secteur spatial ? Quels sont les obstacles à la poursuite de son développement ? Quel est son avenir à plus long terme ? Quelles sont ses applications les plus prometteuses ? Pour répondre à ces questions, ce rapport examine un certain nombre de scénarios afin d’explorer les possibilités d’évolution des principales composantes du secteur spatial (le volet militaire, le volet civil et le volet commercial) sur les trois décennies à venir, compte tenu des évolutions d’ordre géopolitique, socio-économique, énergétique et environnemental, et technologique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020351-fr
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  • 39
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    The Labour Market in Korea : Enhancing Flexibility and Raising Participation (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.469
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: This paper analyses the increasing dualism in the Korean labour market and the need to encourage greater labour force participation. Although the rising proportion of non-regular workers lowers labour costs and increases employment flexibility, it has a negative impact on both equity and efficiency over the long term. Relaxing employment protection for regular workers and increasing the coverage of the social safety net for non-regular workers would help limit the extent of dualism. Population ageing is projected to be exceptionally rapid in Korea, leading to a significant decline in the workforce by mid-century. Steps to boost the participation of women through family-friendly policies are a priority. It is also important to encourage employees to stay at firms beyond the age of 50. Making the wage system more dependent on productivity and less on seniority and implementing a company pension system in place of the retirement allowance would help maintain the employment of older persons. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/korea).
    DOI: 10.1787/548701741108
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  • 40
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    Innovation in the Business Sector (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.459
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper draws together the key findings from separate detailed analyses of the determinants of R&D, patenting and the commercial introduction of innovations in the business sector in order to identify the policies, institutions and framework factors that provide the most effective means of supporting innovation. The evidence suggests that there is a clear role for framework conditions, framework policies and specific science policies, both independently and in interaction with each other. Policies that raise the absorptive capacity of the economy (the capacity to understand and make use of new knowledge) are likely to have dual benefits, not only helping to stimulate new innovative activities, but also helping to maximise the benefits to be gained from the existing stock of knowledge. Potential policy trade-offs also need to be taken into account. Some policies that offer benefits for current innovation also have costs that could adversely affect future incentives to innovate. Others have trade-offs when considered in combination. Cross-country differences in the level of R&D intensity are shown to be closely correlated with crosscountry differences in science policies and institutions. Framework conditions and policies have an important influence when accounting for cross-country differences in the rate of change of R&D intensities over time.
    DOI: 10.1787/688727757285
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  • 41
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    Mesurer la mondialisation : Manuel de l'OCDE sur les indicateurs de la mondialisation économique (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264108110
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Globalisation; OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators; (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Globalisation: OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators: (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators: (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Ce manuel donne des indications sur la façon de mesurer et d’interpréter les mesures de l’intensité et l’ampleur de la mondialisation. Il définit les concepts et propose des lignes directrices pour le recueil des données et la mise au point d’indicateurs de la mondialisation. Il traite en particulier des indicateurs se rapportant à l’investissement direct étranger, aux activités économiques des entreprises multinationales, à l’internationalisation de la technologie et à la mondialisation des échanges.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108110-fr
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  • 42
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    Catastrophes de grande ampleur : les leçons du passé (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020214
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Large-scale Disasters; Lessons Learned
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Large-scale Disasters: Lessons Learned
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: Depuis l’accident nucléaire de Tchernobyl jusqu’aux attaques terroristes du 11 septembre, en passant par l’ouragan Andrew ou le tremblement de terre de Kobe, les années récentes ont vu se succéder des catastrophes de grande ampleur qui ont causé de lourdes pertes en termes de vies, d’actifs et de richesse. Ces événements ont mis à mal le fonctionnement de systèmes vitaux tels que les transports ou l’approvisionnement en énergie, et eu des répercussions dans les zones avoisinantes et parfois même lointaines. Ils ont pu créer un sentiment général d’anxiété, et parfois entraîner une méfiance durable des citoyens quant à la capacité des gouvernants à les protéger. Ce livre s’appuie sur un rapport préparé entre mai et juillet 2003 par une équipe pluridisciplinaire d’experts de l'OCDE et d’autres organisations. Il analyse les conséquences économiques et sociales des catastrophes de grande ampleur survenues dans le passé, et en tire des leçons pour l’avenir. Il s’intéresse en particulier aux moyens de mieux prévenir les désastres et à la façon dont on peut restaurer la confiance et assurer le redémarrage économique après leur survenue.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020214-fr
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  • 43
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    Sustaining High Growth Through Innovation : Reforming the R&D and Education Systems in Korea (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.470
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: With inputs of labour and capital slowing, sustaining high growth rates in Korea will increasingly depend on total factor productivity gains, which are in turn driven to a large extent by innovation. While a number of Korean firms are at the world technology frontier in areas such as ICT, the diffusion of technology to lagging sectors is a priority to sustain growth. This paper recommends policies to improve the science and technology system by upgrading the R&D framework, in part through closer linkages between firms, universities and the government, and enhanced intellectual property right protection. Strengthened competition, particularly in the service sector, is needed to promote the diffusion of new technologies. Innovation also requires policies to ensure the supply of high-quality human capital through reforms of tertiary education. This requires a restructuring of the university system through increased competition and deregulation, as well as additional financial resources to improve quality. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/korea).
    DOI: 10.1787/507484436664
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  • 44
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    From Innovation Development to Implementation : Evidence from the Community Innovation Survey (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.458
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Innovation surveys provide a broad measure of the successful commercial introduction of new product and process innovations. The dual purposes of this paper are to establish whether survey-based measures of innovation are related to more widely used intermediate measures, such as R&D and patents, and to identify the principal factors that affect the probability of successful innovation. Cross-country panel data is used from the third European Community Innovation Survey (CIS3), with allowance made for possible differences by firm size and by sector of activity. The survey measures of innovative activity and success are found to be positively correlated with past R&D and patenting, suggesting that factors affecting the development of innovations also affect their subsequent implementation. The availability of qualified personnel and private financing, less rigid product and labour market regulations, greater co-operation in the innovation process and public financial support are all found to be positively associated with the proportion of successful innovators for at least some sectors and firm sizes. Innovation in small firms is found to be more dependent on co-operation and the availability of finance than in larger firms.
    DOI: 10.1787/701385123017
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  • 45
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    From Ideas to Development : The Determinants of R&D and Patenting (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.457
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses panel regressions to investigate the effects of innovation policies and framework factors on business R&D intensity and patenting for a sample of 20 OECD countries over the period 1982- 2001. Both sets of factors are found to matter; the main determinants of innovativeness appear to be the availability of scientists and engineers, research conducted in the public sector (including universities), business-academic links, the degree of product market competition, a high level of financial development and access to foreign inventions. The effect of direct public financial support for business R&D is generally positive but modest, though it may larger for cash-constrained firms. Intellectual property rights appear to increase patenting significantly, but have little impact on R&D spending. Finally, the paper takes a closer look at the labour market for researchers, estimating jointly equations for employment and wages. Although the supply of scientists and engineers is eventually responsive to wage differentials, both with other professions and across countries, the evidence suggests that it may difficult to raise significantly the real amount of domestic R&D in the short run because the supply of researchers is relatively inelastic.
    DOI: 10.1787/702226422387
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  • 46
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    An Overview of Public Policies to Support Innovation (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.456
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Innovation is a broad topic, about which much has been written. Almost every kind of public policy has either a direct or an indirect impact on factors that affect innovative activity. The purpose of this paper is to draw out the key implications from selected studies concerning a small number of science-related policies that are widely employed in order to deal with perceived market failures in the innovation process. The main issues considered are fiscal incentives for private R&D, the role of public research organisations, the regulation of intellectual property, the availability of finance, and the supply of skilled human resources for science and technology. Two central themes developed in the paper are the need for accurate evaluation of all these policies, since each may have costs as well as benefits, and the likely enhancement of the wider social benefits from innovation if knowledge is able to diffuse freely, and if potential beneficiaries have sufficient absorptive capacity to be able to understand and use new knowledge productively.
    DOI: 10.1787/707375561288
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