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  • International Finance Corporation  (8)
  • Seo, Niggol  (6)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (14)
  • Agriculture  (12)
  • Social Protections and Labor
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (526 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Finance ; Agriculture ; Climate-Smart Agriculture ; Farmer Cooperatives ; Farmer Cooperatives Training ; Gender and Agriculture ; ICT4Ag ; Smallholder Agriculture ; Smallholder Farmers ; Smallholder Supply Chains ; Smallholders
    Abstract: Smallholder farmers are the stewards of more than 80 percent of the world's farms. These small family businesses produce about one-third of the world's food. In Africa and Asia, smallholders dominate the production of food crops, as well as export commodities such as cocoa, coffee, and cotton. However, smallholders and farm workers remain among the poorest segments of the population, and they are on the frontline of climate change. Smallholder farmers face constraints in accessing inputs, finance, knowledge, technology, labor, and markets. Raising farm-level productivity in a sustainable way is a key development priority. Agribusinesses are increasingly working with smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries to secure agricultural commodities. More productive smallholders boost rural incomes and economic growth, as well as reduce poverty. Smallholders also represent a growing underserved market for farm inputs, information, and financial services. Working with Smallholders: A Handbook for Firms Building Sustainable Supply Chains (third edition) shows agribusinesses how to engage more effectively with smallholders and to develop sustainable, resilient, and productive supply chains. The book compiles practical solutions and cutting-edge ideas to overcome the challenges facing smallholders. This third edition is substantially revised from the second edition and incorporates new material on the potential for digital technologies and sustainable farming. This handbook is written principally to outline opportunities for the private sector. The content may also be useful to the staffs of governmental or nongovernmental development programs working with smallholders, as well as to academic and research institutions
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Business Environment ; COVID-19 ; Emerging Markets ; Energy Sector ; Livestock ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Special Economic Zones
    Abstract: Until the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV2) COVID-19 pandemic and despite the deteriorating security situation, Mali's economic growth averaged five percent since 2014, on par with its long-term potential. Mali's fragile state status has also taken a toll on economic activity and social welfare by reducing access to markets, threatening food security, and degrading human capital indicators. With an increasing debt burden resulting in limited fiscal space to address persistent security risks and to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the government of Mali is compelled to refocus the role of the state and unleash the potential of the private sector to boost productivity growth, to diversify the economy away from a narrow base, and to ensure inclusive economic and social welfare for all Malians. The growth model will be readdressed around energizing investment, creating resilient markets, and building back better for a more resilient recovery via (a) improving the business environment; (b) crowding-in private participation in the delivery of infrastructure and certain public services; (c) ensuring that remaining state-owned enterprises and private firms compete on equal terms - that is, upholding competitive neutrality principles; (d) expanding public-private partnerships in key sectors, through transparent and competitive procurement; and (e) leveraging digital solutions by further enhancing digital infrastructure that would, in turn, increase the uptake of digital financial services and digital platforms for key sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, and digitize government services (e-government)
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Covid-19 ; General Manufacturing ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics
    Abstract: Sri Lanka is a country of paradoxes. With the lowest poverty rates, best social indicators, and highest per capita income in South Asia, Sri Lanka's economic performance since independence had generally been hailed as a success before the current debt crisis. However, past performance occurred amidst many distortions and an economy less open than its peers, largely reflecting the strong involvement of the state in the economy. Even if this interventionist model of economic policy and the presence of many state-owned enterprises (SOEs) served the country well through the years of conflict and their aftermath, it is no longer sustainable. Indeed, after the rapid growth of the peace dividend in the years post-2009, the economy has faltered and progress on social indicators has stagnated. Many of market distortions remain and have been exacerbated by COVID-19. Understanding how, despite these handicaps, Sri Lanka achieved positive economic and social outcomes in the past provides the building blocks of a realistic, forward-looking growth strategy, one of the objectives of this Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD). The research for this report was conducted prior to the current crisis, but the recommendations remain relevant to implementing public policies that will support private sector-led inclusive and sustainable growth
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agriculture ; Asset Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Structures
    Abstract: The demand for more efficient use of land and water resources to enable farmers to produce food using climate-resilient processes continues to grow in the face of a growing global population and the impacts of climate change and other shocks such as Coronavirus (COVID-19). Although irrigation has been widely promoted as important for productivity and resilience, it has not been sufficiently expanded. Large, well-established irrigation projects developed by public institutions and select private sector projects play an important role in providing access to irrigation, but they are insufficient to meet need. In parallel, farmers have been developing effective small-scale irrigation (SSI) options that include a range of technologies, financing methods, and operating models. International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) are global organizations focused on promoting resilient agriculture and food system transformation. This handbook takes a practical approach in guiding its target readers, which comprise policy makers, governments and government agencies, private sector actors, and development institution partners, on how to deliver effective design and operation strategies, combined with financing models, to implement and sustainably expand use of irrigation
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Housing Finance ; Private Investment ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Renewable Energy
    Abstract: Since achieving independence in 1990, Namibia's remarkable growth has been fueled by foreign direct investment and enabled by prudent economic management. Since 2016, however, growth has declined steadily and the economy fell into recession, exposing the vulnerability of Namibia's economic growth model to external and climate shocks. These challenges were exacerbated by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, an economic slowdown in neighboring South Africa, worsening terms of trade on the back of declining global demand and commodity prices, a decline in Southern African Customs Union (SACU) revenues, and the effects of crippling droughts on agricultural and industrial production. Namibia has very high levels of poverty and inequality, which are largely driven by high levels of unemployment. The primary objective of this Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) is to identify near and medium-term reform opportunities to revitalize the private sector and help reposition Namibia's growth on a green, resilient, and inclusive trajectory. This CPSD explores priority reform opportunities to address five cross-cutting bottlenecks: (1) enhancing the role and performance of the state-owned enterprise (SOE) sector through a more effective competition policy environment; (2) strengthening implementation of the public-private partnership (PPP) framework to expand private investments, especially in infrastructure; (3) leveraging the potential for digital transformation of the economy; (4) addressing inefficiencies in logistics and trade facilitation; and (5) tapping opportunities in the water sector for green and resilient growth. The diagnostic then looks in depth at three sectors prioritized by the Namibian government - renewable energy, climate-smart agribusiness, and housing, and provides recommendations for reducing sector-specific bottlenecks to stimulate growth potential
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Law and Development ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: Workplace violence and harassment is pervasive, and it affects all countries, occupations, and work arrangements. This problem comprises a range of unacceptable behaviors that result in, or threaten physical, psychological, sexual, or economic harm, including gender-based violence and harassment. Between 2020 and 2022, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) conducted a study to better understand the prevalence and impact of violence and harassment on employees and businesses in Sri Lanka. This research covered workplace experiences and behaviors, and how these affect employees. The findings presented in this report will be used to develop tools and resources to help companies prevent and address violence and harassment connected with the workplace. The findings demonstrate the importance of employers' measures to address workplace violence and harassment, including through implementing measures that are consistent with International Labour Organization Convention 190 on Violence and Harassment
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Employment and Unemployment ; Job Creation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report presents an updated methodology to estimate the number of SME jobs created as a result of SME loans.5 It analyzes job multipliers across developing countries through a firm-level regression of annual employment change on loan size. Put simply, the framework presented here analyzes the relationship between the size of loans to SMEs and the jobs these enterprises create. This methodology builds on previous papers that found an association between access to finance and job growth, including Ayyagari and others (2016),6 and draws on data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (ES) and IFC's own "tracer surveys" to develop a new SME jobs multiplier that would allow for the estimation of job creation effects that correlate with SME loan size.7 The use of tracer surveys has enabled IFC to analyze how the SME customers of a particular IFC partner financial institution have benefited from greater access to finance and generated positive developmental impacts such as greater SME growth, productivity, and female ownership
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in investments from the government, development partners and the private sector in integrated development/growth corridors and other spatial development initiatives, where coordinated investments in transport infrastructure, power, communications and markets are expected to create conditions to unleash Papua New Guinea's undoubted agricultural potential. Growth corridor strategies are increasingly invoked to coordinate public and private investment around strategic backbone infrastructure in developing countries. Investments in soft and hard infrastructure to promote investment in processing zones or out-grower schemes and facilitate multi-stakeholder dialogue aim to overcome coordination failures and bottlenecks related to market linkages or producer-relations to secure supply chains. This paper discusses the model of growth corridors as a tool for inclusive agricultural development in Papua New Guinea. It provides corridor and other spatial development approaches in terms of i) their geographical scope, ii) their objectives and iii) their governance mechanisms, the driving force behind the corridor initiative. Finally, it analyzes the potential and the needs of how the Markham and Ramu valleys can be a role model for an agricultural transformation in Papua New Guinea
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change In African Cropland By Agro-Ecological Zones
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables
    Abstract: This paper quantifies how African farmers have adapted their crop and irrigation decisions to their farm's current agro-ecological zone. The results indicate that farmers carefully consider the climate and other conditions of their farm when making these choices. These results are then used to forecast how farmers might change their irrigation and crop choice decisions if climate changes. The model predicts African farmers would adopt irrigation more often under a very hot and dry climate scenario but less often with a mild and wet scenario. However, farms in the deserts, lowland humid forest, or mid elevation humid forest would reduce irrigation even in the very hot and dry climate scenario. Area under fruits and vegetables would increase Africa-wide with the very hot and dry climate scenario, except in the lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zone. Millet would increase overall under the mild and wet scenario, but decline substantially in the lowland dry savannah and lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zones. Maize would be chosen less often across all the agro-ecological zones under both climate scenarios. Wheat would decrease across Africa. The authors recommend that care must be taken to match adaptations to local conditions because the optimal adaptation would depend on the agro-ecological zone and the climate scenario
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol Long-Term Adaptation
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems
    Abstract: Using economic data from more than 8,500 household surveys across 10 African countries, this paper examines whether the choice of farm type depends on the climate and agro-ecological zone of each farm. The paper also studies how farm type choice varies across farmers in each zone, using a multinomial logit choice model. Farmers are observed to choose from one of the following five types of farms: rainfed crop-only, irrigated crop-only, mixed rainfed (crop and livestock), mixed irrigated, and livestock-only farming. The authors compare current decisions against future decisions as if the only change were climate change. They focus on two climate scenarios from existing climate models: the Canadian Climate Centre scenario, which is hot and dry, and the Parallel Climate Model scenario, which is mild and wet. The results indicate that the change in farm types varies dramatically by climate scenario but also by agro-ecological zone. Policy makers must be careful to encourage the appropriate suite of measures to promote the most adapted farm type to each location
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol An Analysis of Crop Choice
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types
    Abstract: The authors explore how Latin American farmers adapt to climate by changing crops. They develop a multinomial choice model of farmer's choice of crops. Estimating the model across over 2,000 farmers in seven countries, they find that both temperature and precipitation affects the crops that Latin American farmers choose. Farmers choose fruits and vegetables in warmer locations and wheat and potatoes in cooler locations. Farms in wetter locations are more likely to grow rice, fruits, and squash, and in dryer locations maize and potatoes. Global warming will cause Latin American farmers to switch away from wheat and potatoes toward fruits and vegetables. Predictions of the impact of climate change must reflect not only changes in yields or net revenues per crop but also crop switching
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (18 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol An Analysis of Livestock Choice
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef Cattle ; Chickens ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy Cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Feed ; Goats ; Livesto ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Income ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef Cattle ; Chickens ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy Cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Feed ; Goats ; Livesto ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Income ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef Cattle ; Chickens ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy Cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Feed ; Goats ; Livesto ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Income ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: The authors explore how Latin American livestock farmers adapt to climate by switching species. They develop a multinomial choice model of farmer's choice of livestock species. Estimating the models across over 1,200 livestock farmers in seven countries, they find that both temperature and precipitation affect the species Latin American farmers choose. The authors then use this model to predict how future climate scenarios would affect species choice. Global warming will cause farmers to switch to beef cattle at the expense of dairy cattle
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mendelsohn, Robert Changing Farm Types And Irrigation As An Adaptation To Climate Change In Latin American Agriculture
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Climate Impacts ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land Use ; Land Value ; Less ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Models ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Climate Impacts ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land Use ; Land Value ; Less ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Models ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Climate Impacts ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land Use ; Land Value ; Less ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Models ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil
    Abstract: This paper estimates a model of a farm that treats the choice of crops, livestock, and irrigation as endogenous. The model is composed of a multinomial choice of farm type, a binomial choice of irrigation, and a set of conditional land value functions. The model is estimated across over 2,000 farmers in seven Latin America countries. The results quantify how farmers adapt their choice of farm type and irrigation to their local climate. The results should help governments develop effective adaptation policies in response to climate change and improve the forecasting of climate effects. The paper compares the predicted effects of climate change using both endogenous and exogenous models of farm choice
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol A Ricardian Analysis of The Impact of Climate Change On Latin American Farms
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Impacts ; Climate Sensitivity ; Climate Variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; GDP ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Impacts ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Impacts ; Climate Sensitivity ; Climate Variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; GDP ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Impacts ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Impacts ; Climate Sensitivity ; Climate Variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; GDP ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Impacts ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems
    Abstract: This study estimates the vulnerability of Latin American agriculture to climate change using a Ricardian analysis of both land values and net revenues. Examining a sample of over 2,500 farms in seven countries, the results indicate both land value and net revenue are sensitive to climate. Both small farms and large farms have a hill-shaped relationship with temperature. Estimating separate regressions for dryland and irrigated farms reveals that dryland farms are more sensitive to temperature but irrigated farms are more sensitive to precipitation. Examining the effects from future climate change scenarios reveals that severe scenarios could reduce farm earnings by as much as 62 percent by 2100, whereas more moderate scenarios could reduce earnings by about 15 percent. Small and large farms are equally sensitive to global warming. Land value and net revenue analyses produce quite similar results
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