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  • Olarreaga, Marcelo  (11)
  • International Finance Corporation  (10)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (21)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing
  • Macroeconomics and Economic Growth  (17)
  • Finance and Development
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    IFC Annual Report 2023 : Building a Better Future (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2128
    Keywords: Energy Access ; Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Innovation ; Public-Private Partnerships ; Science and Technology Development ; Technology ; Trade Finance
    Abstract: IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, is the largest global development institution focused on the private sector in emerging markets and developing economies. We work in more than 100 countries, using our capital, mobilization capacity, expertise, and influence to create jobs and raise living standards, especially for the poor and vulnerable. In fiscal year 2023, IFC committed a record 43.7 billion dollars to private companies and financial institutions in developing countries, leveraging the power of the private sector to improve people's lives as economies grapple with the impacts of global compounding crises
    DOI: 10.1596/40506
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Creating Markets in Botswana - A Diamond in the Rough : Toward a New Strategy for Diversification and Private Sector Growth - Country Private Sector Diagnostic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Water
    Abstract: Diamonds have been at the center of Botswana's growth miracle for decade - but the urgency to diversify is stronger than ever. Although Botswana's economy has undergone transformation over the past decades, the shift has been largely into non-tradable services, with limited gains in employment, income equality, and export diversification. In addition, Botswana's high vulnerability to climate change, which affects all major sectors of the economy, underscores the need to strengthen Botswana's response to climate factors as a basis for renewed, sustainable growth. A positive growth outlook and steps taken as part of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis response should give the government new impetus to accelerate reforms. Success in diversifying the economy will depend on the decisive implementation of structural measures to increase private sector participation in nonmineral exports and transformative sectors. The dominant role that the government of Botswana still plays in large parts of the economy, particularly through its footprint as a shareholder in companies in the corporate sector, is a critical constraint that inhibits the entry and success of private sector participants. Gaps in infrastructure, access to finance, and skills are additional key constraints to employment and productivity growth. A coordinated approach to financing entrepreneurship and policies to increase uptake of digital finance can help close the gap. Trade barriers are another key cross-cutting constraint for the private sector, and a greener path for the economy can be unlocked by facilitating improved trade in environmental goods and services (EGS). Three key recommendations for the energy sector are as follows. The first recommendation is the fast tracking of instruments to facilitate investment in energy infrastructure development, including independent power producer (IPP) licensing, and procurement guidelines and processes. The second recommendation is the enhancement of the institutional capacity and governance model of the Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority (BERA). The third recommendation is the development of credit-enhancement and risk-mitigation strategies and supporting instruments to attract and mobilize private sector investment
    DOI: 10.1596/37881
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  • 3
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    Investing in Sustainable Access to Communications : The Role of Telecom Energy Services Companies (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Keywords: Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Telecommunications
    Abstract: The expansion of telecommunications services to unserved and underserved areas is key to reduce the digital connectivity gap. In order to do so, it is important to explore innovative and cost-efficient technologies and business models. Telecom Energy Services Company (TESCOs) offer solutions for powering and managing telecom companies' networks in off-grid and bad-grid areas in chapter one. International Finance Corporation (IFC) is seeking to contribute to the growth and development of innovative solution providers for telecom sites located in areas with little to no access to electricity by providing insights into the growth perspectives of the TESCO market globally in chapters two and three. IFC presents a market segmentation framework based on current business models in chapter four. The report then examines the typical commercial arrangements and key drivers which influence the bankability of TESCOs in chapter five. IFC also estimates the total amount of financing needed in order to address the pressing need for connectivity in unserved and underserved areas and acts as a call to action to stakeholders in the industry and in the financing community to work towards bridging this important connectivity gap. The five sections covered in this report represent the key dimensions required to assess the investment opportunity for TESCOs
    DOI: 10.1596/37852
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  • 4
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    Using Blended Concessional Finance to Invest in Challenging Markets : Economic Considerations, Transparency, Governance, and Lessons of Experience (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Investment ; Transparency
    Abstract: Blended concessional finance is the combination of concessional funds from development partners with commercial finance from development finance institutions (DFIs) and private sources. These resources can be used strategically to help mitigate risk in challenging emerging markets and attract private investment where it otherwise would not go. It can be an important source of finance to help reach the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and address the economic challenges brought on by Coronavirus (COVID-19). This report examines IFC's two decades of experience supporting pioneering projects with blended concessional finance. The report addresses issues such as why and when concessional finance is appropriate to support private sector projects; the key transparency, access, and governance processes required to implement projects efficiently and effectively; the principles for selecting and structuring projects; how to use blended concessional finance to invest in lower-income countries; and the different ways of structuring concessional finance facilities used by DFIs
    DOI: 10.1596/36262
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 5
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    Gender Equality in Nigeria's Private Sector : A Gender Gap Assessment of the 30 Most Capitalized Companies Listed on the Nigerian Exchange (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa, and it is projected to have the fifth largest population in the world by 2026. The gender gap is particularly acute in Nigeria, and three market failures stand out: (1) a persistent gender gap at the company leadership level; (2) lack of access to finance for women who want to start a business; and (3) women's limited access to markets through supply chains and procurement opportunities. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Nigerian Exchange Limited (NGX) have joined forces to rally some of the largest Nigerian companies to increase women's participation in private sector development. Through the Nigeria2Equal initiative, IFC is working with the chief executive officers (CEOs) of companies listed on NGX that are committed to implementing gender-smart solutions to reduce gender gaps across leadership, employment, and entrepreneurship. Through the Nigeria2Equal initiative, IFC is working with the chief executive officers (CEOs) of companies listed on NGX that are committed to implementing gender-smart solutions to reduce gender gaps across leadership, employment, and entrepreneurship. By conducting market research and publishing studies such as this report, IFC is establishing the business case for the private sector to invest in women in Nigeria, and are helping companies to identify gaps and constraints, and invest in reducing those gaps
    DOI: 10.1596/37860
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  • 6
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    How Firms are Responding and Adapting During COVID-19 and Recovery : Opportunities for Accelerated Inclusion in Emerging Markets (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Emerging Markets ; Gender ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Insurance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which began as a health crisis in early 2020, has rapidly evolved to become an unprecedented economic crisis affecting global, national, and regional economies and billions of individuals around the world. This report analyzes the widespread implications of the crisis on industry sectors, businesses, individuals, families, and communities. It closely examines evidence and data from business sectors and segments of society that may face challenging paths to recovery, including the most vulnerable firms and individuals in emerging markets that are likely to experience continuing hardship and specific difficulties coping with the crisis. And it highlights opportunities for the private sector to respond, to support a vigorous recovery and to build back better. The first section of the report, chapters 1 to 5 addresses issues that cut across sectors, as well as ways the development community can join with the private sector to help impacted communities and sectors recover and rebuild. The second section, chapters 6 to 9 focus on sector-specific responses to the crisis. The final section, chapters 10 to 12 attends to gender inequities, how they have been aggravated by the crisis, and potentially effective remedies
    DOI: 10.1596/36265
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  • 7
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    Leading Tanzanian Women in Financial Services : An Examination of Gender Equality in Tanzania's Financial Services Sector (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender
    Abstract: There is a strong business and economic case for increasing women's representation in companies' leadership, globally, and especially in Africa. In 2019, the International Labor Organization (ILO) conducted a worldwide survey on the impact of gender diversity initiatives on 13,000 enterprises. In the study, ILO found that approximately 90 percent of companies track the quantitative impact of gender diversity initiatives around promoting women in management, and of those nearly 74 percent saw an increase in profits of between 5 and 20 percent. Given how critical the financial services sector is to economic growth, to help accelerate its progress, International Finance Corporation (IFC) launched several initiatives to better understand the opportunities and constraints to increasing the recruitment, retention, and promotion of women. In Tanzania, for example, IFC's finance2equal gender program is working in partnership with a selection of companies to reduce gender gaps in the financial services sector through research, peer learning, and firm-level support. Under this initiative, the study summarized in this report investigates gaps in workplace policies and practices as well as differences in the roles of women and men and makes recommendations to reduce gender gaps
    DOI: 10.1596/37848
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  • 8
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    Markham/Ramu Agricultural Growth Corridor : A Possible Path of Transformational Agricultural Development (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in investments from the government, development partners and the private sector in integrated development/growth corridors and other spatial development initiatives, where coordinated investments in transport infrastructure, power, communications and markets are expected to create conditions to unleash Papua New Guinea's undoubted agricultural potential. Growth corridor strategies are increasingly invoked to coordinate public and private investment around strategic backbone infrastructure in developing countries. Investments in soft and hard infrastructure to promote investment in processing zones or out-grower schemes and facilitate multi-stakeholder dialogue aim to overcome coordination failures and bottlenecks related to market linkages or producer-relations to secure supply chains. This paper discusses the model of growth corridors as a tool for inclusive agricultural development in Papua New Guinea. It provides corridor and other spatial development approaches in terms of i) their geographical scope, ii) their objectives and iii) their governance mechanisms, the driving force behind the corridor initiative. Finally, it analyzes the potential and the needs of how the Markham and Ramu valleys can be a role model for an agricultural transformation in Papua New Guinea
    DOI: 10.1596/37864
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  • 9
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    She Matters : Women in Kazakhstan Corporate Leadership (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economics
    Abstract: This report makes a case for greater gender diversity on Kazakhstan corporate boards (including the board of directors and management board). Empirical evidence from around the world shows the importance and value of gender diversity in improving firms' overall performance, including but not limited to financial performance. Gender diversity among business leaders typically leads to balanced decision-making processes, better monitoring and strategy involvement, and greater attention to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues to foster sustainability. This report analyzes the relationship between board gender diversity (defined as having at least 30 percent women on the board of directors) and the financial performance of Kazakhstan joint-stock companies (JSCs). For this purpose, a series of financial and gender indicators were collected from the data of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Depository of Financial Statements and the Register of State Enterprises and Institutions, Legal Entities with the State Participation in the Authorized Capital of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Central Securities Depository, et cetera In total, the study includes financial and non-financial information from 788 JSCs between 2017-2019
    DOI: 10.1596/37851
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  • 10
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    Sourcing2Equal Kenya : Barriers and Approaches to Increase Access to Markets for Women-Owned Businesses (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) make up a large part of Kenya's economy, accounting for approximately 98 percent of all businesses. SMEs are found in all sectors of the economy, they are estimated to contribute about 80 percent of total employment in Kenya, and they play a central role in Kenya's economic growth. Women's ownership of formal SMEs is low, comprising only about one third of registered SMEs. Women-owned and led SMEs (WSMEs) face structural barriers in growing their businesses due to their limited access to: finance, business networks and connections, and market information. Consequently, these barriers limit WSMEs' ability to access new markets, such as procurement contracts with private sector Buyers. In 2020, IFC established Sourcing2Equal, a global program that aims to connect 5,000 WSMEs to private procurement opportunities by 2023. The first project under the program is in Kenya. This report examines the barriers that Kenyan SMEs face in accessing private procurement contracts, and if there are differences based on whether companies are owned by women, men, or owned jointly by women and men. Analysis of survey data from 571 SMEs, and interviews with 14 corporate Buyers in Kenya, provide unique data on gender gaps in the participation of SMEs in corporate supply chains, and it reveals emerging practices that are aiming to increase the procurement of goods and services from WSMEs. The sample of formally registered SMEs was selected from a defined population in business membership organizations' databases, rather than from a national census dataset. Due to the potential risk of homogeneity in the sample, the statistically significant results of this study should not be assumed to be representative of the whole SME population
    DOI: 10.1596/37853
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  • 11
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    Substitution Between Foreign Capital In China, India, The Rest of The World, And Latin America : Much Ado About Nothing ? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cravino, Javier Substitution Between Foreign Capital In China, India, The Rest of The World, And Latin America
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign direct investment ; Foreign investment ; International Economics & Trade ; International investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Production processes ; Results ; Search ; Web ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign direct investment ; Foreign investment ; International Economics & Trade ; International investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Production processes ; Results ; Search ; Web ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign direct investment ; Foreign investment ; International Economics & Trade ; International investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Production processes ; Results ; Search ; Web
    Abstract: This paper explores the impact of the emergence of China and India on foreign capital stocks in other economies. Using bilateral data from 1990-2003 and drawing from the knowledge-capital model of the multinational enterprises to control for fundamental determinants of foreign capital stocks across countries, the evidence suggests that the impact of foreign capital in China and India on other countries' foreign capital stocks has been positive. This finding is robust to the use of ordinary least squares, Poisson, and negative binomial estimators; to the inclusion of time and country-pair fixed effects; to the inclusion of natural-resource endowments; and to the use of the sum of foreign capital stocks in Hong Kong (China) and mainland China instead of using only the latter's foreign capital stocks. There is surprisingly weak evidence of substitution in manufacturing foreign capital stocks away from Central America and Mexico in favor of China, and from the Southern Cone countries to India, but these findings are not robust to the use of alternative estimation techniques
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  • 12
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    The Growth of China And India In World Trade : Opportunity Or Threat For Latin America And The Caribbean? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel The Growth of China And India In World Trade
    Keywords: Bilateral trade ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic size ; Export growth ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Growth rate ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Substitution effect ; Telecommunications ; Trade Policy ; Bilateral trade ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic size ; Export growth ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Growth rate ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Substitution effect ; Telecommunications ; Trade Policy ; Bilateral trade ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic size ; Export growth ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Growth rate ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Substitution effect ; Telecommunications ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper studies the relationship between the growth of China and India in world merchandise trade and Latin American and Caribbean commercial flows from two perspectives. First, the authors focus on the opportunity that China and India's markets have offered Latin American and Caribbean exporters during 2000-2004. Second, empirical analyses examine the partial correlation between Chinese and Indian bilateral trade flows and Latin American and Caribbean trade with third markets. Both analyses rely on the gravity model of international trade. Econometric estimations that control for the systematic correlation between expected bilateral trade volumes and the size of their regression errors, as well as importer and exporter fixed effects and year effects, provide consistent estimates of the relevant parameters for different groups of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Results suggest that the growth of the two Asian markets has produced large opportunities for Latin American and Caribbean exporters, which nevertheless have not been fully exploited. The evidence concerning the effects of Chinese and Indian trade with third markets is not robust, but there is little evidence of negative effects on Latin American and Caribbean exports of non-fuel merchandise. In general, China's and to a large extent India's growing presence in world trade has been good news for Latin America and the Caribbean, but some of the potential benefits remain unexploited
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  • 13
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    Substitutability And Protectionism : Latin America's Trade Policy And Imports From China And India (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Willmann, Gerald Substitutability And Protectionism
    Keywords: Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demands ; Domestic Prices ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exogenous Shocks ; Export Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Effects ; Free Trade ; Import ; Imports ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Rapid Grow ; Trade Policy ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demands ; Domestic Prices ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exogenous Shocks ; Export Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Effects ; Free Trade ; Import ; Imports ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Rapid Grow ; Trade Policy ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demands ; Domestic Prices ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exogenous Shocks ; Export Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Effects ; Free Trade ; Import ; Imports ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Rapid Grow ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: The authors examine the trade policy response of Latin American governments to the rapid growth of China and India in world markets. To explain higher protection in sectors where a large share is imported from these countries, they extend the "protection for sale" model to allow for different degrees of substitutability between domestically produced and imported varieties. The extension suggests that higher levels of protection toward Chinese goods can be explained by high substitutability between domestically produced goods and Chinese goods, whereas lower levels of protection toward goods imported from India can be explained by low substitutability with domestically produced goods. The data support the extension to the "protection for sale" model, which performs better than the original specification in terms of explaining Latin America's structure of protection
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  • 14
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    The Impact of Trade With China And India On Argentina's Manufacturing Employment (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Castro, Lucio The Impact of Trade With China And India On Argentina's Manufacturing Employment
    Keywords: Capital Stock ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Demand ; Distortions ; Econometric Model ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Appreciation ; Exchange Rate Appreciations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Res ; Water and Industry ; Capital Stock ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Demand ; Distortions ; Econometric Model ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Appreciation ; Exchange Rate Appreciations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Res ; Water and Industry ; Capital Stock ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Demand ; Distortions ; Econometric Model ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Appreciation ; Exchange Rate Appreciations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Res ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: For many in Latin America, the increasing participation of China and India in international markets is seen as a looming shadow of two "mighty giants" on the region's manufacturing sector. Are they really mighty giants when it comes to their impact on manufacturing employment? The authors attempt to answer this question by estimating the effects of trade with China and India on Argentina's industrial employment. They use a dynamic econometric model and industry level data to estimate the effects of trade with China and India on the level of employment in Argentina's manufacturing sector. Results suggest that trade with China and India only had a small negative effect on industrial employment, even during the swift trade liberalization of the 1990s
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  • 15
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    Specialization And Adjustment During The Growth of China And India : The Latin American Experience (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel Specialization And Adjustment During The Growth of China And India
    Keywords: Comparative advantage ; Econometric estimates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Global integration ; Gross domestic product ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Patterns of trade ; Public Sector Development ; Specialization ; Terms of trade ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; World markets ; Comparative advantage ; Econometric estimates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Global integration ; Gross domestic product ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Patterns of trade ; Public Sector Development ; Specialization ; Terms of trade ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; World markets ; Comparative advantage ; Econometric estimates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Global integration ; Gross domestic product ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Patterns of trade ; Public Sector Development ; Specialization ; Terms of trade ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; World markets
    Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which the growth of China and India in world markets is affecting the patterns of trade specialization in Latin American economies. The authors construct Vollrath's measure of revealed comparative advantage by 3-digit ISIC sector, country, and year. This measure accounts for both imports and exports. The empirical analyses explore the correlation between the revealed comparative advantage of Latin America and the two Asian economies. Econometric estimates suggest that the specialization pattern of Latin A-with the exception of Mexico-has been moving in opposite direction of the trade specialization pattern of China and India. Labor-intensive sectors (both unskilled and skilled) probably have been negatively affected by the growing presence of China and India in world markets, while natural resource and scientific knowledge intensive sectors have probably benefited from China and India's growth since 1990
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  • 16
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    Export Promotion Agencies : What Works And What Doesn't (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel Export Promotion Agencies
    Keywords: Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy ; Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy ; Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: The number of national export promotion agencies (EPAs) has tripled over the past two decades. While more countries have made them part of their national export strategy, studies have criticized their efficiency in developing countries. Partly in reaction to these critiques, EPAs have been retooled (see ITC 1998 or 2000, for example). This paper studies the impact of existing EPAs and their strategies based on a new data set covering 104 industrial and developing countries. Results suggest that on average they have a strong and statistically significant impact on exports. For each
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  • 17
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    How Costly Is It For Poor Farmers To Lift Themselves Out of Poverty? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Olarreaga, Marcelo How Costly Is It For Poor Farmers To Lift Themselves Out of Poverty?
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to provide estimates of the cost of moving out of subsistence for Madagascar's farmers. The analysis is based on a simple asset-return model of occupational choice. Estimates suggest that the entry (sunk) cost associated with moving out of subsistence can be quite large - somewhere between 124 and 153 percent of a subsistence farmer's annual production. Our results make it possible to identify farm characteristics likely to generate large gains, if moved out of subsistence, yielding useful information for the targeting of trade-adjustment assistance programs
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  • 18
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    Trade Preferences to Small Developing Countries and the Welfare Costs of Lost Multilateral Liberalization (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Limao, Nuno Trade Preferences to Small Developing Countries and the Welfare Costs of Lost Multilateral Liberalization
    Keywords: Balance of Payments ; Competitive Position ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Political Economy ; Preferential Access ; Preferential Tariff ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Region ; Balance of Payments ; Competitive Position ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Political Economy ; Preferential Access ; Preferential Tariff ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Region ; Balance of Payments ; Competitive Position ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Political Economy ; Preferential Access ; Preferential Tariff ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Region
    Abstract: The proliferation of preferential trade liberalization over the last 20 years has raised the question of whether it slows down multilateral trade liberalization. Recent theoretical and empirical evidence indicates this is the case even for unilateral preferences that developed countries provide to small and poor countries but there is no estimate of the resulting welfare costs. To avoid this stumbling block effect we suggest replacing unilateral preferences by a fixed import subsidy. We argue that this scheme would reduce the drag of preferences on multilateral liberalization and generate a Pareto improvement. More importantly, we provide the first estimates of the welfare cost of preferential liberalization as a stumbling block to multilateral liberalization. By combining recent estimates of the stumbling block effect of preferences with data for 170 countries and over 5,000 products we calculate the welfare effects of the United States, European Union and Japan switching from unilateral preferences to Least Developed Countries to the import subsidy scheme. Even in a model with no dynamic gains to trade we find that the switch produces an annual net welfare gain for the 170 countries (
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  • 19
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    Reciprocity across Modes of Supply in the World Trade Organization : A Negotiating Formula (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Reciprocity across Modes of Supply in the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Agreement On Trade ; Border Trade ; Comparative Advantage ; Concessions ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign Labor ; Foreign Markets ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Reciprocal Reduction ; Reciprocity ; Tariff ; Tariff Reduction ; Terms Of Trade ; Terms Of Trade Effects ; Trade Effect ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Services ; Volume Of Trade ; Welfare Gains ; World Trade ; World Trade Organization ; Agreement On Trade ; Border Trade ; Comparative Advantage ; Concessions ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign Labor ; Foreign Markets ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Reciprocal Reduction ; Reciprocity ; Tariff ; Tariff Reduction ; Terms Of Trade ; Terms Of Trade Effects ; Trade Effect ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Services ; Volume Of Trade ; Welfare Gains ; World Trade ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: June 2000 - If negotiations on trade in services at the World Trade Organization are to advance liberalization beyond levels undertaken unilaterally and lead to more balanced outcomes, reciprocity must play a greater role in negotiations. This may be facilitated by the use of negotiating rules that establish credible links across sectors and modes of delivery. Negotiations on trade in services at the World Trade Organization (WTO) have so far produced little liberalization beyond levels countries have undertaken unilaterally. One reason: limited application of the traditional negotiating principle of reciprocity. In particular, participants have failed to exploit the scope of the services agreement (GATS) for the exchange of market-access concessions across different modes of supply - cross-border delivery and the movement of capital and workers. Using the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek framework, Mattoo and Olarreaga propose a negotiating formula that generalizes the fundamental WTO principle of reciprocity to include alternative modes of delivery. Adoption of this formula as a basis for negotiations could bring greater commitments to liberalization on all modes of delivery, producing substantial gains in global welfare and more balanced outcomes. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to improve trade policy in goods and services. The authors may be contacted at amattooworldbank.org or molarreaga@worldbank.org
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  • 20
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    What's Behind Mercosur's Common External Tariff? (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Soloaga, Isidro What's Behind Mercosur's Common External Tariff?
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Market ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; External Tariff ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Market ; International Markets ; International Prices ; International Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Multilateral System ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regionalism ; Share Of World Exports ; Tariff Data ; Tariff Levels ; Tariff Structures ; Tariffs ; Terms Of Trade ; Trade ; Trade Effects ; Trade Externalities ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; World Prices ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Market ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; External Tariff ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Market ; International Markets ; International Prices ; International Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Multilateral System ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regionalism ; Share Of World Exports ; Tariff Data ; Tariff Levels ; Tariff Structures ; Tariffs ; Terms Of Trade ; Trade ; Trade Effects ; Trade Externalities ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; World Prices
    Abstract: Most researchers focus on the political economy (interest group pressures) approach to analyzing why customs unions are formed, but terms-of-trade effects were also important in formation of the Common Market of the Southern Cone (Mercosur). Terms-of-trade externalities among Mercosur's members have been internalized in the common external tariff. - The theoretical literature on trade follows two different approaches to explaining the endogenous formation of customs unions: (1) The terms-of-trade approach, in which integrating partners are willing to exploit terms-of-trade effects. Using the terms-of-trade approach, one concludes that tariffs on imports from the rest of the world should increase after the formation of a regional bloc, because the market power of the region increases and terms-of-trade externalities can be internalized in the custom union's common external tariff. As the union forms, the domestic market gets larger and members' international market power increases. (2) The interest group pressures (political economy) approach, in which, for example, the customs union may offer the potential for exchanging markets or protection within the enlarged market. Using this approach, one would usually conclude that tariffs for the rest of the world decline after the custom union's formation - a rationale related to free-rider effects in larger lobbying groups. It is important to recognize the forces behind the formation of customs unions. Most researchers have focused on the second approach and neglected terms of trade as a possible explanatory variable. Both rationales explain a significant share of tariff information. Results, write Olarreaga, Soloaga, and Winters, suggest that both forces were important in formation of the Common Market of the Southern Cone (Mercosur). Terms-of-trade effects account for between 6 percent and 28 percent of the explained variation in the structure of protection. There is also evidence that the terms-of-trade externalities among Mercosur's members have been internalized in the common external tariff. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the political economy of trade protection. Marcelo Olarreaga may be contacted at molarreagaworldbank.org
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  • 21
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    Should Credit Be Given for Autonomous Liberalization in Multilateral Trade Negotiations? (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Should Credit Be Given for Autonomous Liberalization in Multilateral Trade Negotiations?
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Dispute Settlement ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Negotiations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Reciprocal Concessions ; Tariff ; Tariff Reductions ; Tariff Schedule ; Tariffs ; Terms Of Trade ; Terms Of Trade Loss ; Trade ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Unilateral Liberalization ; Unilateral Reduction ; Unilateral Tariff Reduction ; World Trade ; World Trade Organization ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Dispute Settlement ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Negotiations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Reciprocal Concessions ; Tariff ; Tariff Reductions ; Tariff Schedule ; Tariffs ; Terms Of Trade ; Terms Of Trade Loss ; Trade ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Unilateral Liberalization ; Unilateral Reduction ; Unilateral Tariff Reduction ; World Trade ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: June 2000 - As each new round of multilateral trade negotiations approaches, there is a demand for a negotiating rule that would give credit for previous unilateral liberalization. The feasibility and desirability of such a rule depend on when it is instituted. As each new round of multilateral trade negotiations approaches, there is a demand for a negotiating rule that would give credit for autonomous (unilateral) liberalization. Mattoo and Olarreaga show that the feasibility and desirability of such a rule depend on when it is instituted. A credit rule established at the beginning of a round of negotiations has a primarily distributional effect, favoring those who have already undertaken liberalization. Implementing such a rule would depend on the generosity of those who have not liberalized. The authors propose instead establishing a credit rule at the end of a round of negotiations, which creates an ex ante assurance that any unilateral liberalization will receive credit in the next round. Such a rule would help induce or enhance liberalization in some countries between negotiating rounds by reducing the gains from retaining protection as negotiating currency. More strikingly, it could also lead to deeper levels of multilateral liberalization and induce other countries to go further than they would in the absence of a rule. Most important, such an ex ante rule would not rely on altruism to be generally acceptable. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to improve trade policy in goods and services. The authors may be contacted at amattooworldbank.org or molarreaga@worldbank.org
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