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  • Immervoll, Herwig  (22)
  • Keeley, Brian  (13)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (35)
  • Social Issues/Migration/Health  (35)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Who pays for higher carbon prices? : Illustration for Lithuania and a research agenda (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.283
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Lithuania
    Abstract: This paper lays out an approach, and a research agenda, for assessing the impact of carbon pricing on household budgets. It relies on a rich set of available data and policy models and combines them in a way that is informative for mapping the gains and losses at the household level in the short term as countries transition to a low-carbon economy. After accounting for direct burdens from higher fuel prices, indirect effects from higher prices of goods other than fuel, and households’ behavioural responses, overall burdens are only mildly regressive. Recycling carbon-tax revenues back to households allows considerable scope for avoiding or cushioning losses for large parts of the population, and existing policy models can be used to design compensation measures that facilitate majority support for carbon tax packages.
    DOI: 10.1787/8f16f3d8-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    De-facto gaps in social protection for standard and non-standard workers : An approach for monitoring the accessibility and levels of income support (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.271
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment
    Abstract: Social protection systems play a key stabilising role for individuals and societies, especially in the recent context of heightened uncertainties. This paper proposes a new empirical approach for quantifying the accessibility and value of income transfers following an earnings loss. The approach allows to estimate and monitor gaps in the accessibility and value of social transfers between so-called “standard” and “non-standard” workers. It first presents a methodology for assessing support levels for jobless individuals in specific circumstances that allows for comparisons across countries and over time. It then illustrates the approach using longitudinal survey data in 16 OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/48e282e7-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Faces of joblessness in Finland : A people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.258
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Finland
    Abstract: Following five years of economic growth, employment in Finland increased to 72.6% of the working-age population in 2019. The effects of the strong recovery, however, were not felt by all, and long-term unemployment remains stubbornly high. This report uses a statistical clustering model to map individuals with similar support needs into 8 “faces” of joblessness: (1) the rural inactive; (2) unstable workers; (3) skilled retirees; (4) urban active; (5) female carers; (6) low-skilled youth; (7) prime-aged low skilled; and finally (8) those with limited financial incentives. These results shed light on the effectiveness of existing employment support strategies, and lay the foundation for the development of holistic policy packages: that are tailored to the barriers people face; that recognise most people with weak labour-market attachment face multiple barriers, and that coordinate policy interventions across policy domains and institutions accordingly.
    DOI: 10.1787/ca3bc4a4-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How reliable are social safety nets? : Value and accessibility in situations of acute economic need (2020)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.252
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Austria ; Belgium ; Czech Republic ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Italy ; Korea, Republic of ; Slovak Republic ; Spain ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Social protection systems use a range of entitlement criteria. First-tier support typically requires contributions or past employment in many countries, while safety net benefits are granted on the basis of need. In a context of volatile and uncertain labour markets, careful and continuous monitoring of the effectiveness of income support is a key input into an evidence-based policy process. This paper proposes a novel empirical method for monitoring the accessibility and levels of safety net benefits. It focusses on minimum-income benefits (MIB) and other non-contributory transfers and relies on data on the amounts of cash support that individuals in need receive in practice. Results show that accessibility and benefit levels differ enormously across countries – for instance, in 2015/16, more than four out of five low-income workless one-person households received MIB in Australia, France and the United Kingdom, compared to only one in five in Greece, Italy and Korea, three countries that have since sought to strengthen aspects of safety-net provisions.
    DOI: 10.1787/65a269a3-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Can disability benefits promote (re)employment? : Considerations for effective disability benefit design (2020)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.253
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Previous OECD reports have concluded that disability policy has changed substantially in many OECD countries in recent decades. Nevertheless, large employment gaps remain between people with a disability and those without. This paper builds on earlier OECD analysis and recent extensions to OECD’s tax-benefit model (http://oe.cd/TaxBEN) for selected countries. The paper aims to assess the adequacy of income support programmes for people with reduced work capacity and their related work incentives. It describes how the system characteristics of these programs shape labour-market behaviour and employment. The paper finds evidence that the broader institutional setup of a disability programme does not necessarily have a major impact on key aspects of social-protection effectiveness. All types of scheme can achieve reasonable levels of benefit adequacy and broad benefit coverage for people with work limitations. However, design specifics matter considerably for people’s likelihood of (re-)employment.
    DOI: 10.1787/227e7990-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Faces of joblessness in Spain : a people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 79 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 207
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Spanien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Spain either did not work or only to a limited extent. As the employment rate bottomed out in 2013, 30% were without employment during the entire year, and a further 15% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates how these empirical results can inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Spain were a lack of work experience, low education and skill levels, and scarce job opportunities. Although financial disincentives, health limitations and care responsibilities were less widespread overall, they remained important barriers for some groups. A striking finding is that 45% of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/6149118d-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Faces of joblessness in Portugal : a people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 210
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Portugal ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: .In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Portugal either did not work or only to a limited extent. As the employment rate bottomed out in 2013, 29% were without employment during the entire year, and a further 10% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates how these empirical results can inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Portugal were low education/skills, a lack of recent work experience, scarce job opportunities and health problems. Financial disincentives and care responsibilities were less widespread overall, although important barriers for some groups. A striking finding is that 45% of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/b0fa55e7-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Faces of joblessness in Ireland : a people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 209
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Irland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Ireland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Ireland either did not work or only to a limited extent. As the labour-market recovery gathered pace during 2013, 32% were without employment during the entire year, and a further 14% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates how the empirical results can inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Ireland were limited work experience, low skill levels, and scarce job opportunities. Although financial disincentives, health problems and care responsibilities were less widespread overall, they remained important barriers for some groups. A notable finding is that just under 40% of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/40958439-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Faces of joblessness in Estonia : a people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 75 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 206
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Estland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Estonia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Estonia either did not work or only to a limited extent. By 2013, several years after the start of the labour-market recovery, 18% were still without employment during the entire year, and a further 13% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates how the empirical results can inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Estonia were low skill levels, health limitations and limited work experience. Financial disincentives, care responsibilities and scarce job opportunities were less widespread overall, although important barriers for some groups. A notable finding is that almost one third of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/6d9cd656-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How demanding are activation requirements for jobseekers (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 215
    Keywords: Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; EU-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents new information on activity-related eligibility criteria for unemployment and related benefits in OECD- and EU-countries in 2017, comparing the strictness of “demanding” elements built into unemployment benefits across countries and over time. Eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits determine what claimants need to do to successfully claim benefits initially or to continue receiving them. Benefit systems feature specific rules that define the type of job offers that claimants need to accept, requirements for reporting on the outcomes of independent job-search efforts, obligations to participate in active labour market programmes, as well as sanctions for failing to meet these requirements. Such rules aim to strengthen incentives to look for, prepare for, and accept employment. They may also be used as a targeting device to reduce demands on benefit systems, and on associated employment services. While this may serve to limit support to genuine jobseekers, strict requirements can also exclude some intended recipients from financial and re-employment support, e.g., by discouraging them from applying. This paper presents detailed information on policy rules in 2017, summarises them into an overall policy indicator of eligibility strictness, and gauges recent policy trends by documenting changes in the strictness measures. A novelty is the inclusion of lower-tier unemployment or social assistance benefits in the compilation of policy rules. Results document a large number of reforms enacted after the Great Recession and suggest a slight convergence of policy rules across countries even though overall measures of the strictness of activity-related eligibility criteria have remained broadly unchanged during the recent past. In countries with multiple layers of support for the unemployed, availability requirements tend to be more demanding for lower-tier assistance benefits, while sanction rules tend to be more stringent for first-tier programmes.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/2bdfecca-en
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  • 11
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    Online Resource
    Inégalités de revenu : l'écart entre les riches et les pauvres (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264300682 , 9789264300408
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 p.) , 14.5 x 22cm.
    Series Statement: Les essentiels de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Income Inequality: The Gap between Rich and Poor
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Desigualdad de ingresos : La brecha entre ricos y pobres
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Les inégalités de revenu s’accroissent. Il y a vingt-cinq ans, le revenu disponible moyen des 10 % les plus riches dans les pays de l’OCDE était environ sept fois plus élevé que celui des 10 % les plus pauvres ; aujourd’hui, il est environ neuf fois et demie plus élevé. Pourquoi est-ce important ? Beaucoup craignent que cet écart grandissant n’affecte les individus, les sociétés et même les économies. Cet ouvrage analyse les inégalités de revenu en cinq points. Tout d’abord, il définit les notions essentielles pour appréhender l’enjeu des inégalités. Ensuite, il décrit les tendances récentes et explique pourquoi les inégalités varient selon les pays. Puis, il se penche sur les causes des écarts de revenu grandissants et, en particulier, de l’essor des « 1 % ». Il poursuit en analysant les conséquences des inégalités, notamment en évoquant les recherches qui suggèrent un impact potentiellement négatif sur la croissance économique. Enfin, il examine les politiques visant à s’attaquer aux inégalités de revenu et à rendre nos économies plus inclusives.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264300408-fr
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mechanics of replacing benefits systems with a basic income : comparative results from a microsimulation approach (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 201
    Keywords: Soziale Sicherheit ; Grundeinkommen ; Mikrosimulation ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Recent debates of basic income (BI) proposals shine a useful spotlight on the challenges that traditional forms of income support are increasingly facing, and highlight gaps in social provisions that largely depend on income or employment status. A universal “no questions asked” public transfer would be simple and have the advantage that no-one would be left without support. But an unconditional payment to everyone at meaningful but fiscally realistic levels would likely require tax rises as well as reductions in existing benefits. We develop a comprehensive BI scenario that facilitates an assessment of the resulting fiscal and distributional effects in a comparative context, undertake a microsimulation study to quantify them, and propose a simple decomposition to identify the mechanisms that drive effects in different country contexts. Results illustrate the challenges, but also the strengths, of existing social protection systems. A BI would fix benefit coverage gaps that exist in many countries, but would require very substantial tax rises if it were to be set at a meaningful level. As support would not be targeted on those most in need, it would not be a cost-effective way of directly reducing income poverty.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/ec38a279-en
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Faces of joblessness in Lithuania : a people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 78 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 205
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Litauen ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Lithuania ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Lithuania either do not work or only to a limited extent. By 2013, several years after the start of the labour-market recovery, 21% were still without employment during the entire year, and a further 11% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates how these empirical results can inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Lithuania were health limitations, limited work experience, and scarce job opportunities. Although financial disincentives and care responsibilities were less widespread overall, they remained important barriers for some groups. A notable finding is that just over one third of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/3657b81e-en
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  • 14
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    Faces of joblessness in Italy : a people-centred perspective on employment barriers and policies (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 82 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 208
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Italien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Italy ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Italy either did not work or only to a limited extent. As the employment rate bottomed out in 2013, 32% were without employment during the entire year, and a further 7% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates the use of these empirical results to inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Italy were limited work experience, low education and skill levels, and scarce job opportunities. Although financial disincentives, health limitations and care responsibilities were less widespread overall, they remained important barriers for some groups. A striking finding is that more than half of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/e5d510c2-en
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  • 15
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    Desigualdad de ingresos : La brecha entre ricos y pobres (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264300521
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (136 p.) , 14.5 x 22cm.
    Series Statement: Esenciales OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Income Inequality: The Gap between Rich and Poor
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Inégalités de revenu : l'écart entre les riches et les pauvres
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: La desigualdad de ingresos va en aumento. Un cuarto de siglo atrás, el ingreso disponible promedio del 10% más rico de la población de los países de la OCDE ganaba cerca de siete veces más que el 10% más pobre; hoy, gana alrededor de nueve y media veces más. ¿Por qué es importante este dato? Muchos temen que esta creciente brecha es perjudicial para las personas, las sociedades e incluso las economías. En este libro se explora la desigualdad de ingresos bajo tres principales categorías. Se empieza por explicar algunos términos clave abordados en el discurso sobre desigualdad. Después se analizan las tendencias recientes y se describe por qué la desigualdad de ingresos varía entre un país y otro. A continuación, se estudian las razones del aumento de las brechas en los ingresos y, en particular, el incremento del 1% ubicado en el extremo superior. Asimismo, se abordan las consecuencias de lo anterior, incluidos los resultados de la investigación, los cuales sugieren que el crecimiento de la desigualdad lesionaría el crecimiento económico. Por último, se revisan las políticas para hacer frente a la desigualdad y aumentar el carácter incluyente de las economías.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264300521-es
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  • 16
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    Faces of joblessness : characterising employment barriers to inform policy (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 192
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Beschäftigungsfähigkeit ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Estland ; Spanien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper proposes a novel method for identifying and visualising key employment obstacles that may prevent individuals from participating fully in the labour market. The approach is intended to complement existing sources of information that governments use when designing and implementing activation and employment-support policies. In particular, it aims to provide individual and household perspectives on employment problems, which may be missed when relying on common labour-force statistics or on administrative data, but which are relevant for targeting and tailoring support programmes and related policy interventions. A first step describes a series of employment-barrier indicators at the micro level, comprising three domains: work-related capabilities, financial incentives and employment opportunities. For each domain, a selected set of concrete employment barriers are quantified using the EU-SILC multi-purpose household survey. In a second step, a statistical clustering method (latent class analysis), is used to establish profiles and patterns of employment barriers among individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment. A detailed illustration for two countries (Estonia and Spain) shows that “short-hand” groupings that are often highlighted in the policy debate, such as “youth” or “older workers”, are in fact composed of multiple distinct sub-groups that face very different combinations of employment barriers and likely require different policy approaches. Results also indicate that individuals typically face two or more simultaneous employment obstacles suggesting that addressing one barrier at a time may not have the intended effect on employment levels. From a policy perspective, the results support calls for carefully sequencing activation and employment support measures, and for coordinating them across policy domains and institutions.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlwvz47xptj-en
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  • 17
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    Income Inequality : The Gap between Rich and Poor (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264250024 , 9789264246010
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (120 p.) , 14.5 x 22cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Inégalités de revenu : l'écart entre les riches et les pauvres
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Desigualdad de ingresos : La brecha entre ricos y pobres
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Keeley, Brian Income inequality
    RVK:
    QI 200
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; OECD ; Einkommensunterschied ; OECD ; Einkommensunterschied
    Abstract: Income inequality is rising. A quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher. Why does this matter? Many fear this widening gap is hurting individuals, societies and even economies. This book explores income inequality across five main headings. It starts by explaining some key terms in the inequality debate. It then examines recent trends and explains why income inequality varies between countries. Next it looks at why income gaps are growing and, in particular, at the rise of the 1%. It then looks at the consequences, including research that suggests widening inequality could hurt economic growth. Finally, it examines policies for addressing inequality and making economies more inclusive.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264246010-en
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  • 18
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    De la ayuda al desarrollo : El combate internacional de la pobreza (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264226197
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (192 p.) , 14.5 x 22cm.
    Series Statement: Esenciales OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe De l'aide au développement : La lutte mondiale contre la pauvreté
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe From Aid to Development: The Global Fight against Poverty
    Keywords: Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics
    Abstract: La balanza del poder económico está inclinándose hacia el otro lado. Los países que antes eran pobres ahora se están convirtiendo en dinamos económicos. No obstante, la pobreza persiste en todo el mundo y priva a miles de millones de personas de lo más fundamental, y de la posibilidad de lograr una vida mejor. ¿Cómo estamos respondiendo a este reto? Este libro explora el mundo multifacético de la ayuda y la cooperación para el desarrollo, toda una serie de iniciativas globales, y a veces controvertidas, encaminadas a amortiguar el impacto de la pobreza. Rastrea la historia de estas iniciativas, explica su origen y su destino, y pregunta si están logrando tanto como pudieran. También analiza algunas de las maneras en las que se pueden volver más eficaces mediante la buena gobernanza, y la creación de alianzas más profundas entre los países desarrollados y en desarrollo. Asimismo, estudia de qué modo el ascenso económico de países como China e India está propiciando una nueva dinámica en la cooperación para el desarrollo. ÍNDICE 1. Introducción 2. La persistencia de la pobreza 3. ¿Qué es la ayuda? 4. Cambios en los objetivos y motivos del desarrollo 5. ¿Estamos logrando resultados? 6. Cambios en las relaciones y las políticas 7. La gobernanza sí es importante 8. Los nuevos socios para el desarrollo Bibliografía
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264226197-es
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  • 19
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    Are Recipients of Social Assistance 'Benefit Dependent'? : Concepts, Measurement and Results for Selected Countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (94 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.162
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Means-tested Social Assistance (SA) benefits play an important role as social protection floors sup-porting households in financial difficulties. This paper presents evidence on the patterns of SA benefit re-ceipt in a selection of OECD and EU countries. It provides an overview of the role of SA benefits in social protection systems and assesses the generosity of benefit payments. It then studies the dynamics of SA benefit receipt based on micro-level data describing trends in aggregate receipt and transition rates and presenting new evidence on spell durations and repeat spells. The final part of the paper summarizes recent empirical evidence on state dependence (or ‘scarring effects’) in benefit receipt and discusses its possible sources and policy implications.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en
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  • 20
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    Migración internacional : El lado humano de la globalización (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264205086
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Esenciales OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Migration; The Human Face of Globalisation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les migrations internationales ; Le visage humain de la mondialisation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationale Migration; Die menschliche Seite der Globalisierung
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Cerca de 190 millones de personas en el mundo viven fuera de su país natal. Estos migrantes aportan energía, espíritu empresarial e ideas frescas a nuestras sociedades. Pero el asunto tiene desventajas: jóvenes migrantes que fracasan en el ámbito educativo, adultos que no encuentran empleo y, por supuesto, la migración irregular. Estos retos pueden hacer que la migración se convierta en un pararrayos político y en tema de un acalorado debate. A partir de los conocimientos especializados de la OCDE, singulares en este terreno, en la presente obra se avanza más allá de la retórica para analizar las realidades de la migración internacional en nuestros días: ¿de dónde provienen y a dónde van los migrantes?, ¿cómo gestionan la migración los gobiernos?, ¿cuán bueno es el desempeño de los migrantes en la educación y en la fuerza de trabajo? y ¿ayuda —u obstaculiza— la migración a los países en desarrollo?
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264205086-es
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  • 21
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    De l'aide au développement : La lutte mondiale contre la pauvreté (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264178076
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (202 p.)
    Series Statement: Les essentiels de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. From Aid to Development; The Global Fight against Poverty
    Keywords: Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics
    Abstract: Nous assistons à un basculement du pouvoir économique. Des pays autrefois pauvres deviennent des puissances économiques. Cependant, la pauvreté persiste à travers le monde : les besoins fondamentaux de milliards de personnes ne sont pas satisfaits, et les perspectives d’une vie meilleure leur sont fermées. Que faisons-nous pour relever ce défi ? Ce livre analyse l’univers multidimensionnel de l’aide et du développement, c’est-à‑dire les efforts – parfois controversés – menés à l’échelle mondiale pour améliorer la vie des plus pauvres de la planète. Il retrace l’histoire de l’aide, explique d’où elle vient et où elle va, tout en se demandant si elle accomplit autant qu’elle le pourrait. Il analyse également certains moyens d’accroître son efficacité, que ce soit à travers une bonne gouvernance ou un partenariat plus approfondi entre pays développés et pays en développement. Sans oublier l’essor économique de pays tels que la Chine et l’Inde et la nouvelle dynamique qu’il apporte à la coopération pour le développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264178076-fr
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  • 22
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    From Aid to Development : The Global Fight against Poverty (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264123571
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'aide au développement ; La lutte mondiale contre la pauvreté
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De la ayuda al desarrollo ; El combate internacional de la pobreza
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Keeley, Brian From aid to development
    RVK:
    MF 9100
    RVK:
    QK 640
    RVK:
    QN 200
    Keywords: Armut ; Entwicklung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics ; OECD ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Rezession ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut ; Bekämpfung
    Abstract: The balance of economic power is shifting. Countries that were once poor are becoming economic powerhouses. Yet poverty persists worldwide, depriving billions of people of basic necessities and the prospects of creating a better life. How are we responding to this challenge? This book explores the multi-faceted world of aid and development co-operation – a range of global, and sometimes contested, efforts aimed at reducing the impact of poverty. It traces the history of these efforts, explains where they come from and where they are going, and asks whether they are achieving as much as they could. It also examines some of the ways in which development efforts can be made more effective in achieving lasting benefits through good governance and the creation of a deeper partnership between developed and developing countries. And it looks at how the economic emergence of countries like China and India is bringing a new dynamic to development co-operation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264123571-en
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  • 23
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    Internationale Migration : Die menschliche Seite der Globalisierung (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075740
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Migration; The Human Face of Globalisation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les migrations internationales ; Le visage humain de la mondialisation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Migration: The Human Face of Globalisation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les migrations internationales : Le visage humain de la mondialisation
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Etwa 190 Millionen Menschen leben weltweit außerhalb ihres Herkunftslands. Diese Zuwanderer bereichern unsere Gesellschaften durch ihre Energie, ihren Unternehmergeist und ihre Ideen. Dabei gibt es aber auch negative Aspekte wie schulisches Versagen unter jungen Zuwanderern, Arbeitslosigkeit unter Migranten und natürlich irreguläre Migration. Solche Herausforderungen können die Zuwanderung zu einem politischen Zankapfel und heiß umstrittenen Diskussionsthema machen. Gestützt auf die einzigartige Fachkompetenz der OECD betrachtet diese Publikation die Realitäten internationaler Migration in der heutigen Zeit jenseits aller rhetorischen Floskeln: Woher kommen die Zuwanderer, und wohin gehen sie? Wie steuern die Staaten die Migration? Mit welchem Erfolg nehmen Zuwanderer an Bildung und Arbeitsleben teil? Und hilft Zuwanderung – oder schadet sie – den Entwicklungsländern?
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075740-de
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  • 24
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    Les migrations internationales : Le visage humain de la mondialisation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107120 , 9789264055803
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Les essentiels de l'OCDE
    Series Statement: Les essentiels de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Migration; The Human Face of Globalisation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationale Migration; Die menschliche Seite der Globalisierung
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Migration: The Human Face of Globalisation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationale Migration: Die menschliche Seite der Globalisierung
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; OECD ; Internationale Migration ; Globalisierung
    Abstract: À travers le monde, environ 190 millions de personnes vivent dans un autre pays que celui où elles sont nées. Ces migrants sont une source d’énergie, d’esprit d’entreprise et d’idées nouvelles pour nos sociétés. Il y a cependant des inconvénients : certains jeunes migrants sont en échec scolaire, certains adultes ne trouvent pas de travail et il existe bien sûr des flux migratoires non régulés. De tels défis peuvent faire des migrations un enjeu politique incontournable et une question très controversée. Cet ouvrage s’appuie sur l’expertise incomparable de l’OCDE pour dépasser les débats rhétoriques et examiner les réalités des migrations internationales d’aujourd’hui. D’où les migrants viennent-ils et où vont-ils ? Comment les gouvernements gèrent-ils les migrations ? Comment les migrants s’en sortent-ils à l’école et sur le marché du travail ? Et les migrations sont-elles un atout – ou un frein – pour les pays en développement ?
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: International migration : the human face of globalisation
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055803-fr
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  • 25
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    International Migration : The Human Face of Globalisation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107113 , 9789264055780
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les migrations internationales ; Le visage humain de la mondialisation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationale Migration; Die menschliche Seite der Globalisierung
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Keeley, Brian International migration
    RVK:
    MS 1560
    RVK:
    MS 3600
    RVK:
    QU 400
    Keywords: OECD ; Internationale Migration ; Welt ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Internationale Migration ; Geschichte ; Globalisierung ; Bedeutung ; Rolle ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Einwanderer ; Überweisung ; Braindrain ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Sozialer Indikator ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD ; Internationale Migration ; Globalisierung
    Abstract: About 190 million people around the world live outside their country of birth. These migrants bring energy, entrepreneurship and fresh ideas to our societies. But there are downsides: young migrants who fail in education, adults who don’t find work and, of course, unregulated migration. Such challenges can make migration a political lightning rod and a topic for angry debate. Drawing on the unique expertise of the OECD,this book moves beyond rhetoric to look at the realities of international migration today: Where do migrants come from and where do they go? How do governments manage migration? How well do migrants perform in education and in the workforce? And does migration help – or hinder – developing countries?
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055780-en
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  • 26
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    Humankapital : Wie Wissen unser Leben bestimmt (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264047952
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital; How what you know shapes your life
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le capital humain ; Comment le savoir détermine notre vie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Capital humano ; Cómo influye en su vida lo que usted sabe
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital; How what you know shapes your life (Croatian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le capital humain : Comment le savoir détermine notre vie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Capital humano : Cómo influye en su vida lo que usted sabe
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life (Croatian version)
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Welche Auswirkungen haben Bildung und Lernen auf unsere Gesellschaften und Volkswirtschaften? Wie lassen sich Ungleichheiten in der Bildung beseitigen? Und wie können wir gewährleisten, dass jeder Einzelne in allen Lebensphasen die Art von Lernmöglichkeit erhält, die ihm den größtmöglichen Nutzen bringt und durch die er sein Humankapital voll entfalten kann? Dieser Bericht erläutert die zunehmende Bedeutung des Humankapitals für den Einzelnen und für die Gesellschaft bei der Bewältigung des sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Wandels. Ferner wird untersucht, inwiefern es den Ländern gelingt, die Menschen Zeit ihres Lebens durch die Bereitstellung von Aus- und Weiterbildungsangeboten zu unterstützen.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264047952-de
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  • 27
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    Minimum Wages, Minimum Labour Costs and the Tax Treatment of Low-Wage Employment (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.46
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: International comparisons of minimum-wage levels have largely focused on the gross value of minimum wages, ignoring the effects of taxation on both labour costs and the net income of employees. This paper presents estimates of the tax burdens facing minimum-wage workers. These are used as a basis for cross-country comparisons of the net earnings of these workers as well as the cost of employing them. In addition, results show the evolution of net incomes and labour costs during the 2000-2005 period and the relative importance of minimum-wage adjustments and...
    DOI: 10.1787/337686556262
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  • 28
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    Le capital humain : Comment le savoir détermine notre vie (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264029118 , 9789264107021
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (163 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Les essentiels de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital; How what you know shapes your life
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital; How what you know shapes your life
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Humankapital; Wie Wissen unser Leben bestimmt
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Capital humano ; Cómo influye en su vida lo que usted sabe
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital; How what you know shapes your life (Croatian version)
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Cette première publication de la série Les essentiels de l’OCDE examine l’importance grandissante du capital humain dans la vie économique et sociale – notre éducation, nos qualifications, nos compétences et notre savoir. Alors que l'économie des pays développés se tertiarise, le succès économique des individus et des économies nationales dépend de plus en plus de la qualité du capital humain. Enrichir ce capital devient donc une priorité majeure des pouvoirs publics, notamment pour les travailleurs peu qualifiés qui risquent d’être marginalisés davantage. Mettre l’accent sur le développement de la petite enfance, améliorer la qualité et le choix de l’enseignement scolaire, viser l’excellence dans les établissements d’enseignement supérieur, et enfin faciliter l’accès à l’éducation et à la formation des adultes, sont quelques unes des pistes suivies. S’inspirant d’études et d’analyses de l’OCDE, cette publication dynamique explique en termes simples comment les pays de l’OCDE relèvent le défi et tentent d’augmenter leur capital humain.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264029118-fr
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  • 29
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    Human Capital : How what you know shapes your life (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107014 , 9789264029095 , 9789264048669
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le capital humain ; Comment le savoir détermine notre vie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Humankapital; Wie Wissen unser Leben bestimmt
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Capital humano ; Cómo influye en su vida lo que usted sabe
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital; How what you know shapes your life (Croatian version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Keeley, Brian Human capital
    DDC: 338.4737
    RVK:
    QX 800
    RVK:
    RB 10801
    Keywords: Humankapital ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Humankapital
    Abstract: This first book in the new OECD Insights Series examines the increasing economic and social importance of human capital - our education, skills, competencies, and knowledge. As economies in developed countries shift away from manufacturing, economic success for individuals and national economies is increasingly reliant on the quality of human capital. Raising human capital has emerged as a key policy priority, particularly for low-skilled individuals, who are at risk of being left even further behind. Policy in this area is focusing on early childhood development, improving quality and choice in schooling, creating excellence in tertiary education, and widening access to adult learning. Drawing on the research and analysis of the OECD, this dynamic new book uses straightforward language to explain how countries across the OECD area are responding to the challenge of raising their levels of human capital. This book includes Statlinks, URLs linking statistical tables and graphs in the text of the book to Excel spreadsheets showing the underlying data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264029095-en
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  • 30
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    An Age Perspective on Economic Well-Being and Social Protection in Nine OECD Countries (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.34
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: For a number of reasons, incomes vary strongly with age. The nature of this variation is of interest for a wide range of policy purposes. Since age structures differ across countries, knowledge about the incomes earned by different age groups is also necessary for understanding and interpreting international comparisons of overall inequality. This paper quantifies the economic well-being of different age groups and the extent to which they rely on incomes from public and private sources. The analysis aims at establishing how social benefits, and the taxes needed to finance them, affect income levels and income disparities across different age groups. Results are compared across nine OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/703336207745
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  • 31
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    Can Parents Afford to Work? : Childcare Costs, Tax-Benefit Policies and Work Incentives (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 73 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.31
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Finding a suitable balance of work and family life is not an easy task for parents who face multiple, and potentially conflicting, demands. Childcare policies play a crucial role in helping parents reconcile care and employment-related tasks. But inconsistent or poorly implemented policies can also introduce additional barriers that make it harder for families to arrange and share their responsibilities according to their needs and preferences. This paper quantifies the net cost of purchasing centre-based childcare in OECD countries taking into account a wide range of influences on household budgets, including fees charged by childcare providers as well as childcare-related tax concessions and cash benefits available to parents. Building on these calculations, family resources are evaluated for different employment situations in order to assess the financial trade-offs between work and staying at home. Results are disaggregated to identify the policy features that present barriers to work for parents whose employment decisions are known to be particularly responsive to financial work incentives: lone parents and second earners with young children requiring care.
    DOI: 10.1787/312744260654
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  • 32
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    Welfare Reform in European Countries : A Microsimulation Analysis (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.28
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper estimates the welfare and distributional impact of two types of welfare reform in the 15 (pre-enlargement) member countries of the European Union. The reforms are revenue neutral and financed by an overall and uniform increase in marginal tax rates on earnings. The first reform distributes the additional tax revenue uniformly to everybody (traditional welfare) while the second reform distributes tax proceeds uniformly to workers only (in-work benefit). We build a simple model of labour supply encompassing responses to taxes and transfers along both the intensive and extensive margin. We then use EUROMOD to describe current welfare and tax systems in European Union countries and use calibrated labour supply elasticities along the intensive and extensive margins to analyze the effects of the two welfare reforms. We quantify the equity-efficiency trade-off for a range of elasticity parameters. In most countries, because of large existing welfare programmes with high phase-out rates, the uniform redistribution policy is undesirable unless the redistributive tastes of the government are extreme. The inwork benefit reform, on the other hand, is desirable in a very wide set of cases. We discuss the practical policy implications for European welfare policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/873766824646
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  • 33
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    Average and Marginal Effective Tax Rates Facing Workers in the EU : A Micro-Level Analysis of Levels, Distributions and Driving Factors (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.19
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; European Union
    Abstract: Macro-based effective tax rate (ETR) measures do not provide information on the level or distribution of marginal effective tax rates thought to influence household behaviour. They also do not capture differences in average ETRs facing different population sub-groups. I use EUROMOD, an EUwide tax-benefit model, to derive distributions of average and marginal ETR measures for fourteen countries. Results for each country show how many and which types of individuals face different ETR levels. I consider effective tax burdens on labour income as well as the marginal tax rates faced by working men and women. Results are broken down to isolate the influence of income taxes, social contributions and various types of social benefits ...
    DOI: 10.1787/652730151886
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  • 34
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    Indicators of Unemployment and Low-Wage Traps : Marginal Effective Tax Rates on Employment Incomes (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.18
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper presents results from an on-going joint European Commission / OECD project, aimed at monitoring the direct influence of tax and benefit instruments on household incomes. The project uses and extends OECD tax-benefit models to compute a range of work incentive indicators such as marginal effective tax rates on earned income. This paper provides a methodological background describing these extensions. It also discusses the usefulness of a range of indicators such as net replacement rates and marginal effective tax rates and to what extent they can be used to quantify possible work disincentives. The approaches are illustrated using detailed tax-benefit calculations for 2001 and comparing relevant indicators across 15 EU and 8 non-EU countries. The results presented in this paper permit the identification of family circumstances where (1) financial incentives to increase work are either small or missing altogether; or (2) resources provided by social transfers may be ...
    DOI: 10.1787/137550327778
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  • 35
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    Benefit Coverage Rates and Household Typologies : Scope and Limitations of Tax-Benefit Indicators (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 91 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.20
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The OECD regularly produces estimates of tax burdens and benefit entitlements for a range of “typical household” situations. The results of these calculations (published in the Benefits and Wages and Taxing Wages series) are frequently used to compare countries’ tax-benefit systems and to assess progress towards specific policy objectives. This paper presents information on particular aspects of the structure of household populations across countries in order to help in the interpretation of results based on such “typical” family situations. A range of internationally comparable data sources are used to assess how relevant household circumstances such as family structure, labour market attachment and benefit coverage vary across countries. The results are used as a basis for clarifying the scope of tax-benefit indicators based on synthetically constructed household typologies. “Typical household” calculations cannot be used to address essential distributional issues such as how ...
    DOI: 10.1787/081036000058
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