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  • 1975-1979  (9)
  • Spicker, Stuart F.  (5)
  • Hooker, Clifford Alan  (4)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (9)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
  • 1
    ISBN: 9789400993990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Intuitions, Hunches, and Rules for Reasoning -- Clinical Judgment -- Human Factors in Clinical Judgment: Discussion of Scriven’s ‘Clinical Judgment’ -- The Art and Science of Clinical Judgment: An Informational Approach -- When Does a Diagnosis Become a Clinical Judgment? Verifiability, Reliability and Umbrella Effects in Diagnosis -- Section II / The Logic of Health Care -- Classification and Its Alternatives -- Comments on Murphy’s ‘Classification and Its Alternatives’ -- Simulating Clinical Judgment: An Essay in Technological Psychology -- A Clinician’s Quest for Certainty -- A Reply to Ernan McMullin -- The Logic of Clinical Judgment: Bayesian and Other Approaches -- Suppes on the Logic of Clinical Judgment -- Section III / Clinicians on Clinical Judgment -- The Anatomy of Clinical Judgments: Some Notes on Right Reason and Right Action -- Comments on Pellegrino’s ‘Anatomy of Clinical Judgment’ -- The Subjective in Clinical Judgment -- Subjectivity and the Scope of Clinical Judgment -- Section IV / Judgment and Methods in Clinical Judgment -- Round Table Discussion -- Round Table Discussion -- Round Table Discussion -- Round Table Discussion -- Round Table Discussion -- Closing Remarks -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: Over a period of a year, the symposium on clinical judgment has taken shape as a volume devoted to the analysis of how knowledge claims are framed in medicine and how choices of treatment are made. We hope it will afford the reader, whether layman, physician or philosopher, a useful perspective on the process of knowing what occurs in medicine; and that the results of the dis­ cussions at the Fifth Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine will lead to a better understanding of how philosophy and medicine can usefully challenge each other. As the interchange between physicians, philosophers, nurses and psychologists recorded in the major papers, the commentaries and the round table discussion shows, these issues are truly interdisciplinary. In particular, they have shown that members of the health care professions have much to learn about themselves from philosophers as well as much of interest to engage philosophers. By making the structure of medical reasoning more apparent to its users, philosophers can show health care practitioners how better to master clinical judgment and how better to focus it towards the goods and values medicine wishes to pursue. Becoming clearer about the process of knowing can in short teach us how to know better and how to learn more efficiently. The result can be more than (though it surely would be enough!) a powerful intellectual insight into a major cultural endeavor, medicine.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789401569095
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 302 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / American Legal Perspectives on Insanity: Some Roots in the Nineteenth Century -- American Medico-Legal Traditions and Concepts of Mental Health: The Nineteenth Century -- Philosophical Reflections in the Nineteenth Century Medicolegal Discussion -- Section II / Mental Illness and Mental Complaints: Some Conceptual Presuppositions -- How Much Neurosis Should We Bear? -- Psychic Health, Mental Clarity, Self-Knowledge and Other Virtues -- Models and Mental Illness -- Disease Viewed as a Symbolic Category -- Health and Disease: The Holistic Approach -- Section III / Phenomenological and Speculative Views of Mental Illness -- A Metabletic-Philosophical Evaluation of Mental Health -- Synchronism and Therapy -- Commemorative Remarks in Honor of Erwin W. Straus -- Bibliography of the Works of Erwin W. Straus -- Environments of the Mind -- Luminosity: The Unconscious in the Integrated Person -- Body, Mind, and Conditions of Novelty: Some Remarks on Leonard C. Feldstein’s Luminosity -- Section IV / Acting Freely and Acting in Good Health -- Motivational Disturbances and Free Will -- Towards an Understanding of Motivational Disturbance and Freedom of Action: Comments on ‘Motivational Disturbances and Free Will’ -- Section V / The Myth of Mental Illness: A Further Examination -- The Concept of Mental Illness: Explanation or Justification? -- Szasz on Mental Illness -- Section VI / Reappraising the Concepts of Mental Health and Disease -- H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. / Chairman’s Remarks -- Closing Reflections -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: The concept 'health' is ambiguous [18,9, 11]. The concept 'mental health' is even more so. 'Health' compasses senses of well-being, wholeness, and sound­ ness that mean more than the simple freedom from illness - a fact appreci­ ated in the World Health Organization's definition of health as more than the absence of disease or infirmity [7]. The wide range of viewpoints of the con­ tributors to this volume attests to the scope of issues placed under the rubric 'mental health. ' These papers, presented at the Fourth Symposium on Philos­ ophy and Medicine, were written and discussed within a broad context of interests concerning mental health. Moreover, in their diversity these papers point to the many descriptive, evaluative, and, in fact, performative functions of statements concerning mental health. Before introducing the substance of these papers in any detail, I want to indicate the profound commerce between philosophical and psychological ideas in theories of mental health and disease. This will be done in part by a consideration of some conceptual developments in the history of psychiatry, as well as through an analysis of some of the functions of the notions of mental illness and health. 'Mental health' lays a special stress on the wholeness of human intuition, emotion, thought, and action.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789400997899
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (476p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 13a
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 13a
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: The ‘Tracing Procedure’ and a Theory of Rational Interaction -- Variety Among Hierarchies of Preference -- Conflict and Structure in Multi-Level Multiple Objective Decision-Making systems -- Inadequacies in the Decision Analysis Model of Rationality -- Counterfactuals and Two Kinds of Expected Utility -- Coordination Theory -- A Piagetian Approach to Decision and Game Theory -- Axiomatizing the Logic of Decision -- On Indeterminate Probabilities -- Irrelevance -- On a Decision Theoretic Method for Social Decisions -- Consensus and Comparison: A Theory of Social Rationality -- Conjoint Measurement: A Brief Survey -- The Minimax Theory and Expected-Utility Reasoning -- Newcomb’s Many Problems -- Newcomb’s Problem, Dominance and Expected Utility -- The Copernican Revelation -- Prolegomena to a Theory of Rational Motives -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: 1. INTRODUCTION In the Spring of 1975 we held an international workshop on the Foundations and Application of Decision Theory at the University of Western Ontario. To help structure the workshop into ordered and manageable sessions we distri­ buted the following statement of our goals to all invited participants. They in turn responded with useful revisions and suggested their own areas of interest. Since this procedure provided the eventual format of the sessions, we include it here as the most appropriate introduction to these collected papers result­ ing from the workshop. The reader can readily gauge the approximation to our mutual goals. 2. STATEMENT or OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE (Attached to this statement is a bibliography; names of persons cited in the statement and writing in this century will be found referenced in the biblio­ graphy - certain 'classics' aside. ) 2. 1. Preamble We understand in the following the Theory of Decisions in a broader sense than is presently customary, construing it to embrace a general theory of deciSion-making, induding social, political and economic theory and applica­ tions. Thus, we subsume the Theory of Games under the head of Decision Theory, regarding it as a particularly clearly formulated version of part of the general theory of decision-making.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789400997837
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (357p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Prometheus Unbound? A New World in the Making -- Section I / Humanity, History, and Medicine -- The System of Anthropina -- Philosophy and Medicine in Medieval and Renaissance Italy -- Care of the Healthy and the Sick from the Attending Physician’s Perspective: Envisioned and Actual (1977) -- The Conflict Between the Desire to Know and the Need to Care for the Patient -- The Execution of Euthanasia: The Right of the Dying to a Re-Formed Health Care Context -- Section II / Philosophy of Organism -- Teleology and Darwin’s The Origin of Species: Beyond Chance and Necessity? -- Individuals and Their Kinds: Aristotelian Foundations of Biology -- The Organism According to Process Philosophy -- Whitehead and Jonas: On Biological Organisms and Real Individuals -- The Redefinition of Death -- Section III/ Science, Infirmity, and Metaphysics -- Descartes and Mastery of Nature -- The Philosopher and the Scientist: Comments on the Perception of the Exact Sciences in the Work of Hans Jonas -- Life, Disease, and Death: A Metaphysical Viewpoint -- Ontology and the Body: A Reflection -- Intentionality and the Mind/Body Problem -- Epilogue -- Metaphor and the Ineffable: Illumination on “The Nobility of Sight” -- Bibliography of the Works of Hans Jonas -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: This Festschrift is presented to Professor Hans Jonas on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday, as affirmation of the contributors' respect and admiration. As a volume in the series 'Philosophy and Medicine' the contributions not only reflect certain interests and pursuits of the scholar to whom it is dedi­ cated, but also serve to bring to convergence the interests of the contributors in the history of humanity and medicine, the theory of organism, medicine in the service of the patient's autonomy, and the metaphysical, i.e., phenome­ nological foundations of medicine. Notwithstanding the nature of such personal gifts as the authors' contributions (which, with the exception of the late Hannah Arendt's, appear here for the first time), the essays also transcend the personal and serve to elaborate specific themes and theses disclosed in the numerous writings of Hans Jonas. The editor owes a personal debt of gratitude to many, including Hannah Arendt, who offered their assistance during the preparation of the volume.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789401014366
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (466p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 6b
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 6b
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Poverty of Statisticism -- Discussion -- On the Equivalence of Standard Inference Procedures -- Discussion -- Empirical Probability, Objective Statistical Methods, and Scientific Inquiry -- Discussion -- Philosophy of Survey-Sampling Practice -- Discussion -- The Bayesian Influence, or How to Sweep Subjectivism Under the Carpet -- Confidence Intervals vs Bayesian Intervals -- Discussion -- On Tests of Significance -- Discussion -- Statistics and the Philosophers -- Discussion -- Statistical Knowledge and Statistical Inference -- Discussion -- Bayesian Statistics -- Discussion -- A Theory of Statistical Evidence -- Discussion -- Testing Theories and the Foundations of Statistics -- Discussion.
    Abstract: In May of 1973 we organized an international research colloquium on foundations of probability, statistics, and statistical theories of science at the University of Western Ontario. During the past four decades there have been striking formal advances in our understanding of logic, semantics and algebraic structure in probabilistic and statistical theories. These advances, which include the development of the relations between semantics and metamathematics, between logics and algebras and the algebraic-geometrical foundations of statistical theories (especially in the sciences), have led to striking new insights into the formal and conceptual structure of probability and statistical theory and their scientific applications in the form of scientific theory. The foundations of statistics are in a state of profound conflict. Fisher's objections to some aspects of Neyman-Pearson statistics have long been well known. More recently the emergence of Bayesian statistics as a radical alternative to standard views has made the conflict especially acute. In recent years the response of many practising statisticians to the conflict has been an eclectic approach to statistical inference. Many good statisticians have developed a kind of wisdom which enables them to know which problems are most appropriately handled by each of the methods available. The search for principles which would explain why each of the methods works where it does and fails where it does offers a fruitful approach to the controversy over foundations.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789401014380
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (253p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with The University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 6c
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 6c
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Statistics of Non-Boolean Event Structures -- Possibility and Probability -- Some Remarks on Hamiltonian Systems and Quantum Mechanics -- The Possibility Structure of Physical Systems -- Quantum Mechanical Physical Quantities as Random Variables -- On the Interference of Probabilities -- Classical and Quantum Probability and Set Theory -- Discussion -- A Generalized Measure and Probability Theory for the Physical Sciences -- Discussion -- Quantum Logic, Convexity, and a Necker-Cube Experiment -- On the Applicability of the Probability Concept to Quantum Theory -- Discussion -- A Mathematical Setting for Inductive Reasoning -- Discussion -- Classical Statistical Mechanics Versus Quantal Statistical Thermodynamics: A Study in Contrasts -- Discussion -- A Semantic Analysis of Niels Bohr’s Philosophy of Quantum Theory.
    Abstract: In May of 1973 we organized an international research colloquium on foundations of probability, statistics, and statistical theories of science at the University of Western Ontario. During the past four decades there have been striking formal advances in our understanding of logic, semantics and algebraic structure in probabilistic and statistical theories. These advances, which include the development of the relations between semantics and metamathematics, between logics and algebras and the algebraic-geometrical foundations of statistical theories (especially in the sciences), have led to striking new insights into the formal and conceptual structure of probability and statistical theory and their scientific applications in the form of scientific theory. The foundations of statistics are in a state of profound conflict. Fisher's objections to some aspects of Neyman-Pearson statistics have long been well known. More recently the emergence of Bayesian statistics as a radical alternative to standard views has made the conflict especially acute. In recent years the response of many practising statisticians to the conflict has been an eclectic approach to statistical inference. Many good statisticians have developed a kind of wisdom which enables them to know which problems are most appropriately handled by each of the methods available. The search for principles which would explain why each of the methods works where it does and fails where it does offers a fruitful approach to the controversy over foundations.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789401014731
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 274 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Historical Foundations of Modern Neurology -- Varieties of Cartesian Experience in Early Nineteenth Century Neurophysiology -- Historical Development of the Concept of Hemispheric Cerebral Dominance -- Reflections on Our Condition: The Geography of Embodiment Comments on ‘Varieties of Cartesian Experience in Early Nineteenth Century Neurophysiology’ and ‘Historical Development of the Concept of Hemispheric Cerebral Dominance’ -- Section II / Philosophical Implications of Psychosurgery -- Persons and Psychosurgery -- Psychosurgery: What’s the Issue? Comments on ‘Persons and Psychosurgery’ -- Section III / Neural Integration and the Emergence of Consciousness -- Mind, It Does Matter -- Mind and Brain: The Embodied Person -- The Misleading Mediation of the Mental: Comments, on ‘Mind, It Does Matter’ and ‘Mind and Brain: The Embodied Person’ -- Section IV / The Causal Aspect of the Psycho-Physical Problem: Implications for Neuro-Medicine -- On the Power or Impotence of Subjectivity -- The Spurious Psyche-Soma Distinction: Comments on ‘On the Power or Impotence of Subjectivity’ -- Section V / Altered Affective Responses to Pain -- Pain and Unpleasantness -- Pain — The Existential Symptom -- The Evaluation of Pain Responses: A Need for Improved Measures -- Pain and Suffering: Comments on ‘Pain and Unpleasantness,’ ‘Pain — The Existential Symptom,’ and ‘The Evaluation of Pain Responses: A Need for Improved Measures’ -- Section VI / The Function of Philosophical Concepts in the Neuro-Medical Sciences -- Round-Table Discussion -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: Although the investigation and regulation of the faculties of the human mind appear to be the proper and sole concern of philosophers, you see that they are in some part nevertheless so little foreign to the medical forum that while someone may deny that they are proper to the physician he cannot deny that physicians have the obliga­ tion to philosophize. Jerome Gaub, De regimine mentis, IV, 10 ([ 10], p. 40) The Second Trans-Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine, whose principal theme was 'Philosophical Dimensions of the Neuro-Medical Sciences,' convened at the University of Connecticut Health Center at the invitation of Robert U. Massey, Dean of the School of Medicine, during May 15, 16, and 17, 1975. The Proceedings constitute this volume. At this Symposium we intended to realize sentiments which Sir John Eccles ex­ pressed as director of a Study Week of the Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, CiWl del Vaticano, in the fall of 1964: "Certainly when one comes to a [study] . . . devoted to brain and mind it is not possible to exclude relations with philosophy" ([5], p. viii). During that study week in 1964, a group of distinguished biomedical and behavioral scientists met under the director­ ship of Sir John C. Eccles to relate psychology to what Sir John called 'the Neurosciences. ' The purpose of that study week was to treat issues con­ cerning the functions of the brain and, in particular, to concentrate upon the relations between brain functions and consciousness.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789401017695
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (246p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Value and Explanation: Historical Roots -- Some Basic Explanations of Disease: An Historian’s Viewpoint -- Diseases Versus Healths: Some Legacies in the Philosophies of Modern Medical Science -- Section II / Philosophy of Science in Transition to a Philosophy of Medicine -- Concepts of Function and Mechanism in Medicine and Medical Science (Hommage à Claude Bernard) -- Organs, Organisms and Disease: Human Ontology and Medical Practice -- Comments on “Concepts of Function and Mechanism in Medicine and Medical Science” and “Organs, Organisms and Disease” -- Section III / Ethics and Medicine -- How Virtues Become Vices: Values, Medicine and Social Context -- Moral Philosophy and Medical Perplexity: Comments on “How Virtues Become Vices” -- Section IV / Concepts in Medical Theory -- The Concepts of Health and Disease -- On Disease: Theories of Disease and the Ascription of Disease: Comments on “The Concepts of Health and Disease” -- Section V / Body and Self: Phenomenological Perspectives -- Context and Reflexivity: The Genealogy of Self -- Comments on “Context and Reflexivity” -- The Lived-Body as Catalytic Agent: Reaction at the Interface of Medicine and Philosophy -- Comments on “The Lived-Body as Catalytic Agent” -- Section VI / The Role of Philosophy in the Biomedical Sciences: Contribution or Intrusion? -- Round-Table Discussion -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: This volume inaugurates a series concerning philosophy and medicine. There are few, if any, areas of social concern so pervasive as medicine and yet as underexamined by philosophy. But the claim to precedence of the Proceedings of the First Trans-Disciplinary Symposium on Philos­ ophy and Medicine must be qualified. Claims to be "first" are notorious in the history of scientific as well as humanistic investigation and the claim that the First Trans-Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine has no precedent is not meant to be put in bald form. The editors clearly do not maintain that philosophers and physicians have not heretofore discussed matters of mutual concern, nor that individual philosophers and physicians have never taken up problems and concepts in medicine which are themselves at the boundary or interface of these two disciplines - concepts like "matter," "disease," "psyche. " Surely there have been books published on the logic and philosophy of medi­ 1 cine. But the formalization of issues and concepts in medicine has not received, at least in this century, sustained interest by professional phi­ losophers. Groups of philosophers have not engaged medicine in order to explicate its philosophical presuppositions and to sort out the various concepts which appear in medicine. The scope of such an effort takes the philosopher beyond problems and issues which today are subsumed under the rubric "medical ethics.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789401018531
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (319p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with The University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 6a
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 6a
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Prior Probabilities and Counterfactual Conditionals -- Incomplete Descriptions in the Language of Probability Theory -- A Computational Complexity Viewpoint on the Stability of Relative Frequency and on Stochastic Independence -- A Logic for Subjective Belief -- Discussion -- Rational Belief Change, Popper Functions and Counterfactuals -- Letter by Robert Stalnaker to W. L. Harper -- Ramsey Test Conditionals and Iterated Belief Change (A Response to Stalnaker) -- Toward an Optimization Procedure for Applying Minimum Change Principles in Probability Kinematics -- Simplicity -- Discussion -- Conditionalization, Observation, and Change of Preference -- Discussion -- Probabilities of Conditionals -- Discussion -- Letter by Stalnaker to Van Fraassen -- Letter by Van Fraassen to Stalnaker.
    Abstract: In May of 1973 we organized an international research colloquium on foundations of probability, statistics, and statistical theories of science at the University of Western Ontario. During the past four decades there have been striking formal advances in our understanding of logic, semantics and algebraic structure in probabilistic and statistical theories. These advances, which include the development of the relations between semantics and metamathematics, between logics and algebras and the algebraic-geometrical foundations of statistical theories (especially in the sciences), have led to striking new insights into the formal and conceptual structure of probability and statistical theory and their scientific applications in the form of scientific theory. The foundations of statistics are in a state of profound conflict. Fisher's objections to some aspects of Neyman-Pearson statistics have long been well known. More recently the emergence of Baysian statistics as a radical alternative to standard views has made the conflict especially acute. In recent years the response of many practising statisticians to the conflict has been an eclectic approach to statistical inference. Many good statisticians have developed a kind of wisdom which enables them to know which problems are most appropriately handled by each of the methods available. The search for principles which would explain why each of the methods works where it does and fails where it does offers a fruitful approach to the controversy over foundations.
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