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  • 2005-2009  (7)
  • Geloso Grosso, Massimo  (7)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (7)
  • Trade  (7)
  • OECD
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Market Structure in the Distribution Sector and Merchandise Trade (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.68
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.68
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study aims at exploring how recent developments in the retail sector affect trade in consumer goods. It focuses on three areas of development: i) internationalisation; ii) market structure; and iii) the growing market share of retailers? private labels. It distinguishes between food and non-food products as there are significant differences between the sourcing patterns of these two product categories. The gravity model is extended by integrating a retail intermediary sector, and a novel estimation technique (zero inflated Poisson) is proposed. It is found that the foreign operations of a retailer are positively related to imports from the host to the home country of the retailer. The rate of market concentration and the market share of private labels are both found to be negatively related to imports of food and positively related to imports of non-food consumer goods, but private labels tend to shift sourcing towards low-income countries. Lower tariffs yield a stronger import response in countries with a less concentrated retail sector, particularly for food items suggesting that competition policy and trade policy are complementary. In developing countries the entry of international retailers can have a positive impact on exports and product quality.
    DOI: 10.1787/244328264654
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Analysis of Subsidies for Services : The Case of Export Subsidies (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.66
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.66
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study presents an exploratory analysis of export subsidies in the services field. It draws from a variety of sources in an effort to provide insights into the characteristics and use of these measures. The report, while not generating accurate measures of the extent and effects of export subsidies for services, provides evidence that these measures are used by many countries in the developed and developing worlds to support a wide range of services sectors. The analysis also indicates that broadly speaking the definitions contained in the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) are relevant for services. The most important types of export support appear to be direct tax incentives, particularly profit tax exemptions or reductions. Based on the detailed analysis of export subsidies for services, the study then discusses some possible elements of a definition of these measures.
    DOI: 10.1787/244346861402
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Services Trade Liberalisation and Tourism Development (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.57
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.57
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study analyses the role that services trade liberalisation could play in fostering tourism growth in developing countries. The economic and social importance of tourism means that the industry is high on the list of development priorities in many developing countries and LDCs. In order to have a successful tourism export industry, effective linkages need to be established with many different sectors, most of which are other services. Trade and investment liberalisation at the national, regional and multilateral levels can be a means to complement national efforts to attain these goals. Sustainable tourism development, though, requires strong public sector management and support. Due consideration needs to be given to develop effective regulation, including competition policy and institutions, to avoid exceeding the carrying capacity of assets, and to strengthen national capacity in order to minimise financial leakages.
    DOI: 10.1787/244767010605
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Liberalising Network Infrastructure Services and the GATS (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.34
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.34
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study reviews key issues in liberalising network infrastructure services ? including telecommunications, postal/courier, energy, water and sewage ? in the national and multilateral contexts. The economic and social significance of these services means that they are high on the list of development priorities in many countries. Enhanced trade and investment in network infrastructure services can help achieve these development goals. Liberalisation, however, is no easy task and requires sound regulation and effective institutions to address market failures and ensure public policy objectives. If appropriately designed, bound liberalisation under the GATS can contribute to the advancement of national objectives by improving investor?s confidence when countries decide to allow private sector participation in these services. The WTO services agreement can affect the regulatory conduct of governments in some areas of network infrastructure services, particularly when specific commitments are made. This is intensified by the fact that the GATS is a relatively young agreement and some of its provisions remain to be tested in practice. It is thus crucial to carefully examine its provisions and tailor-specific commitments to national policy objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/865488538258
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Logistics and Time as a Trade Barrier (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.35
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.35
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper analyses the relation between time for exports and imports, logistics services and international trade. Time is found not only to reduce trade volumes, but more importantly lengthy procedures for exports and imports reduce the probability that firms will enter export markets for timesensitive products at all. Furthermore, a broader range of products are becoming time-sensitive following the proliferation of modern supply chain management in manufacturing as well as retailing. Labourintensive products such as clothing and consumer electronics are increasingly time-sensitive and many developing countries urgently need to shorten lead time in order to stay competitive in these sectors. The report argues that reforms to this effect can be implemented at relatively low cost also in low-income countries. The study provides case studies as well as econometric estimates of the relation between time, logistics services and trade performance and draws policy implications.
    DOI: 10.1787/664220308873
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Organisation des négociations fondées sur le principe des "Offres et requêtes" dans le cadre de l'AGCS : Services environnementaux (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing Request-Offer Negotiations under the GATS: The Case of Environmental Services
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: La présente étude s’inscrit dans le cadre des travaux en cours à l’OCDE sur les échanges de services, qui sont réalisés en coopération avec la CNUCED et ont pour but d’aider les Membres de l’OMC à organiser les négociations fondées sur le principe des offres et requêtes dans le cadre de l’AGCS. Le principal objectif est d’aider les pays Membres de l’OMC à mieux appréhender les problèmes particuliers qui revêtent de l’importance dans le secteur des services environnementaux et à voir comment les aborder lors des négociations. Les négociations actuelles organisées dans le cadre de l’AGCS offrent aux Membres de l’OMC la possibilité d’atteindre des niveaux plus élevés de libéralisation des services environnementaux, ce qui pourrait procurer d’importants avantages économiques et environnementaux à tous les pays. Néanmoins, la libéralisation, en particulier celle des services environnementaux d’infrastructure, doit être conçue de façon appropriée et s’appuyer sur un cadre réglementaire solide. La prise d’engagements dans ces services soulève donc des questions quant à leur nature, même si la flexibilité prévue dans l’AGCS peut permettre d’établir des listes d’engagements en fonction de leurs caractéristiques. Les risques de défaillance du marché du point de vue de la réalisation d’objectifs sociaux paraissent moins importants pour les services ne touchant pas à l’infrastructure et les services de soutien dans le domaine de l’environnement.
    DOI: 10.1787/271823053082
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Managing Request-Offer Negotiations under the GATS : The Case of Environmental Services (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.11
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Organisation des négociations fondées sur le principe des "Offres et requêtes" dans le cadre de l'AGCS : Services environnementaux
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study forms part of on-going OECD work on trade in services, in co-operation with UNCTAD, aimed at assisting WTO Members in managing request-offer negotiations under the GATS. The key objective is to help officials of WTO Members in both gaining a greater insight into the particular issues of importance in the environmental services sector and how they might be approached in the negotiations. The current set of GATS negotiations offers WTO Members an opportunity to achieve greater levels of liberalisation of environmental services, which may lead to significant economic and environmental benefits for all countries. Nevertheless, liberalisation, particularly of environmental infrastructure services, must be appropriately designed and supported by a strong regulatory framework. Making commitments in these services thus raises questions in relation to their nature, although the flexibility provided for in the GATS can be used to schedule them to take account of their characteristics. Risks of market failure to achieve social objectives appear to be less significant for environmental non-infrastructure and support services.
    DOI: 10.1787/276102368237
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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